Racial Disparities in Police Stops in Kingston, Ontario: Democratic Racism and Canadian Racial Profiling in Theoretical Perspective

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Racial Disparities in Police Stops in Kingston, Ontario: Democratic Racism and Canadian Racial Profiling in Theoretical Perspective Racial disparities in police stops in Kingston, Ontario: Democratic Racism and Canadian racial profiling in theoretical perspective by Lysandra R. Marshall A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Criminology Centre for Criminology and Socio-legal Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by Lysandra R. Marshall 2017 Racial disparities in police stops in Kingston, Ontario: Democratic Racism and Canadian racial profiling in theoretical perspective Lysandra R. Marshall Doctor of Philosophy, Criminology Centre of Criminology and Sociolegal Studies University of Toronto 2017 Abstract This study takes a quantitative and qualitative approach to examine police stops in an Ontario city. The author finds that Black residents were over stopped by police, and the over stopping may not be fully explained by the police-reported reasons and dispositions of the stops. In other words, the author suggests that police stops have less to do with crime control models of criminal justice, and more to do with surveiling marginalized populations. The author uses critical discourse analysis to examine news coverage of the racial profiling controversy in Ontario, including news reports on the study. The author argues that public discourse (both liberal 'anti- profiling' advocates and conservative supporters of police) contributes to the continued targeting of certain groups, by constructing an ideal victim of racial profiling (middle class, respectable), thus excluding all other subjects from legitimately seeking freedom from being hassled by police and having freedom of movement enjoyed by the nonprofiled population. The study also uncovers the influential role of police unions in Ontario in manipulating political discourse on race and policing. ii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my supervisor, Scot Wortley, for many years of support. Thanks also to Matthew Light, for believing it can be done. Thanks to everyone at the Centre of Criminology, especially Mariana Valverde, Jessica Chlebowski, Anthony Doob and Rosemary Gartner. I would also like to gratefully acknowledge the late Richard Ericson, David Sealy and Jayne London. Thanks also to Tara Marshall, Brian and Lynne Marshall, Carmy, P.P. and G.G. This dissertation is dedicated to my two daughters, Catherine and Scarlet. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Race and Ethnicity in Canadian Society ............................................................................. 3 1.3 Inequality: the Vertical Mosaic ........................................................................................... 5 1.4 What is ‘racial profiling’? ................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Race and Policing in England and Wales ......................................................................... 16 1.6 Canada: a profound silence ............................................................................................... 19 1.7 Impact of racial profiling .................................................................................................. 21 1.8 The Present Study ............................................................................................................. 25 1.9 Chapter Outline ................................................................................................................. 26 Chapter 2: Literature Review and Research Setting ........................................................ 30 2.1 Race and the Criminal Justice System: Origins and Debates ........................................... 30 2.2 Front Stage and Back Stage of the Criminal Justice System ............................................ 33 2.2.1 Sentencing: A front-stage activity ........................................................................ 35 2.3 Back Stage in the Criminal Justice System ....................................................................... 36 2.3.1 DNA fingerprinting ............................................................................................... 37 2.3.2 Pre-Sentencing Reports ......................................................................................... 39 2.4 Research on Racial Profiling: The Evidence .................................................................... 41 2.4.1 Qualitative Methods .............................................................................................. 41 2.4.2 Survey Methods .................................................................................................... 43 2.4.3 Observational Data ................................................................................................ 51 iv 2.4.4 Official Police Administrative Data ...................................................................... 54 2.5 Research Setting ................................................................................................................ 69 2.6 Background to the Kingston Data Collection Project ....................................................... 75 2.7 Kingston Data Collection Project Methodology ............................................................... 78 Chapter 3: Police Stops in Kingston, Ontario ......................................................................... 83 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 83 3.1.1 Interpolation of Census Data ................................................................................ 84 3.2 Stops of ‘Visible minorities’ in Kingston ......................................................................... 84 3.3 Stops of all racial groups in Kingston ............................................................................... 86 3.4 Stops of Pedestrians and Motorists ................................................................................... 92 3.5 Stops of Residents of Kingston ......................................................................................... 94 3.6 Stops of Individuals ........................................................................................................ 100 3.7 Stops by Age and Sex ..................................................................................................... 106 3.8 Benchmarking stops by street observations: the ‘available for stops’ approach ............ 111 3.9 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 118 Chapter 4 – Outcomes Analysis: Explanations for Black Over-Representation in Police Stops ....................................................................................................................................... 119 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 119 4.2 Part 1 : Understanding stop rates from a crime control perspective ............................... 120 4.2.1 Hit Rates Analysis – Citations and Arrests during the study period................... 120 4.2.2 Statistical Discrimination and ‘The Ratchet Effect’ ........................................... 131 4.2.3 Pretext Stops and the Legal Justification for Stop .............................................. 134 4.2.4 Productive Targeting Ratio/Index ....................................................................... 137 4.3 Part 2: Explanations for stop rates beyond crime control ............................................... 147 4.3.1 Getting ‘hassled’: Police Stops as Surveillance .................................................. 147 4.3.2 ‘Symbolic Assailants’” ....................................................................................... 160 v 4.4 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................... 164 Chapter 5: Politics & Discourse in Local Responses to the racial profiling crisis in Kingston: a case for Democratic Racism ............................................................................... 167 5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 167 5.2 Part 1- Responses to Mark Wallen incidents in Kingston .............................................. 171 Dominant narratives published in the Kingston-Whig Standard .................................... 174 Counter-narratives published in Kingston Whig-Standard ............................................ 180 5.3 Part 2 - Official Responses to the Kingston Police Data Collection Project .................. 186 Background to the project ............................................................................................... 186 Police Union Responses .................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • 2009-2010 Athlete Carding
    2009-2010 ATHLETE CARDING Senior Provincial Carding - Thirty Cards: The top 30 FINA scoring swimmers based on Olympic events from selected Long Course competitions. Funding level is based on the following FINA Point thresholds. Performance Threshold 900+ FINA Points = $6000 880 FINA Points = $5000 850 FINA Points = $4000 800 FINA Points = $3000 Junior Provincial Carding – Ten Cards: The top 5 FINA scoring females 16 & under and the top 5 FINA scoring males 17 & under each receive $1000, (10 X $1000 = $10,000); excluding swimmers who qualify for the Senior Carding (30 spots). Selected Long Course Competitions in 2009 - Ontario Carding. • Junior Pan Pacific Swimming Championships (January - Guam) • Australian Youth Olympic Festival (January - Australia) • 2009 Charlotte UltraSwim - (May - North Carolina) • Grand Prix Mel Zajac International • Grand Prix Quebec Cup • Swim Ontario Long Course Senior Championships (June - Etobicoke) • Swim Ontario Junior Provincials (July - Etobicoke) • World University Games (July - Serbia) • SNC Summer Nationals (July - Montreal) • Canadian Age Group Championships (July - Montreal) • 13th FINA World Championships (July/August – Italy) • Long Course Dual Meet (August - Great Britain) TBC • North American Challenge Cup (August - Mexico) 1 Criteria and Guidelines Payment: • Carding money is payable to the individual athlete. • Ontario Residents: Receive 50% after the SNC Canada Cup in November 2009, and 50% after the SNC Spring Nationals in April 2010. • Out of Province Swimmers: Funding will be prorated on the amount of time (monthly basis) the athlete resides and trains in Ontario during the competitive season (September 2009 to August 20010). Payment will be made after SNC Spring Nationals in April 2010. It is the responsibility of the athlete (or their family) to notify Swim Ontario with proof of athlete residence and training conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021-06-15 Joint TPP Complaint Final
    Vancouver Police Board 2120 Cambie Street Vancouver, BC V56 4N6 Via Email June 15, 2021 Dear Police Board Members, RE: Service & Policy Complaint Regarding the VPD Trespass Prevention Program On January 28, 2021, a group of seven Indigenous, women’s, Downtown Eastside and legal organizations voiced their opposition to the Trespass Prevention Program.1 Despite the concerns raised, the Trespass Prevention program has not been cancelled. We understand that businesses and stratas are still able to qualify for the program, which authorizes all police officers of the Vancouver Police Department (VPD) to act as authorized representatives and take enforcement action based on VPD officers’ reasonable belief that the person is acting in contravention to the BC Trespass Act.2 Further to the statement issued in January 2021, we are now filing a Service and Policy Complaint in accordance with s. 168 of British Columbia’s Police Act. 1 https://www.pivotlegal.org/end_trespass_prevention_program 2 Vancouver Police Department, “Trespass Prevention Program” intake form (Appendix A) In light of the reviews initiated by the Director of Police Services into how the VPD board handled a previous service and policy complaint,3 we expect the board to consider the relevant and available findings of the review(s) in its response to this complaint. Complaint Specifically, we are writing to complain about the inappropriate creation of the Trespass Prevention Program (TPP), as reported by the VPD in a report dated October 19, 2020.4 Based on VPD Report 2010C02, the VPD describes a TPP as an initiative that was recently launched, “which gives police written consent from the property owner to move along unwanted parties from private property.”5 We submit that the lack of transparency about how the TPP has been initiated and managed highlights fundamental problems related to the general direction and management of the VPD as well as the inadequacy and inappropriateness of VPD internal procedures and policies.
    [Show full text]
  • Policing and Surveilling the Black Community in Toronto, Canada, 1992-2016
    From the Yonge Street Riot to the Carding Controversy: Policing and Surveilling the Black Community in Toronto, Canada, 1992-2016 By Maria Kyres A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Program in Cultural Studies in Conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada September, 2017 Copyright © Maria Kyres Abstract In the last decade, the conversation surrounding racial profiling and carding in the city of Toronto garnered much public and scholarly attention. Many journalists, academics and activists have examined the Community Contacts Policy, also known as carding, as well as mass incarceration and the police shootings and killings of unarmed, young Black men. The Yonge Street Uprising and the carding controversy in Toronto serve as two case studies to explore the ways that Black men have been disproportionately profiled, policed and surveilled in this country, particularly in the province of Ontario. Despite the fact that the Yonge Street Uprising and the carding controversy occurred decades apart, a common thread throughout both cases was the narrative of Black male criminality. In addition, it became apparent that many of the practices employed in contemporary society, such as racial profiling, carding and mass incarceration were derived from slavery, with the goal of limiting the freedom and mobility of Black people. Therefore, an examination of Canada’s historical treatment of Black people is necessary in order to demonstrate how practices rooted in slavery, such as, fugitive slave advertisements and historical representations of Black criminality helped inform current police practices. Through an analysis of historical, legal, criminological, and critical race scholarship, this work seeks to examine how and why Black people, specifically Black men, were and continue to be disproportionately more likely to be policed, surveilled and incarcerated.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating Fatal Police Shootings Using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification Framework (HFACS)
    Police Practice and Research An International Journal ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gppr20 Investigating fatal police shootings using the human factors analysis and classification framework (HFACS) Paul McFarlane & Amaria Amin To cite this article: Paul McFarlane & Amaria Amin (2021): Investigating fatal police shootings using the human factors analysis and classification framework (HFACS), Police Practice and Research, DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2021.1878893 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2021.1878893 © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Published online: 01 Feb 2021. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 239 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 1 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=gppr20 POLICE PRACTICE AND RESEARCH https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2021.1878893 ARTICLE Investigating fatal police shootings using the human factors analysis and classification framework (HFACS) Paul McFarlane and Amaria Amin Department of Security and Crime Science, Institute For Global City Policing, University College London, London, UK ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Fatal police shootings are highly contentious and troublesome for norma­ Received 4 February 2020 tive standards of police legitimacy. Fatal police shooting investigations are Accepted 9 January 2021 often criticised because they lack impartiality, transparency and rigour. To KEYWORDS assist policing practitioners and policymakers in the UK and beyond with Fatal police shootings; managing these issues, we present a new analytical framework for inves­ Human Factors Analysis and tigating fatal policing shootings.
    [Show full text]
  • Manitoba Police Boards: Policy and Procedure
    2018 Manitoba Police Boards: Policy and Procedure Manitoba Police Commission 8/1/2018 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Chapter 2: Roles and Responsibilities of Policing Officials and Agencies ....................................................... 7 2.1 Role of the Minister of Justice ................................................................................................................ 8 2.2 Role of the Director of Policing .............................................................................................................. 8 2.3 Role of the Manitoba Police Commission .............................................................................................. 8 2.4 Role of Police Board................................................................................................................................ 8 2.5 Role of Municipal Council ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.6 Role of Police Chief ................................................................................................................................. 9 2.7 Role of Police Officer .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Archived Content Contenu Archivé
    ARCHIVED - Archiving Content ARCHIVÉE - Contenu archivé Archived Content Contenu archivé Information identified as archived is provided for L’information dont il est indiqué qu’elle est archivée reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. It est fournie à des fins de référence, de recherche is not subject to the Government of Canada Web ou de tenue de documents. Elle n’est pas Standards and has not been altered or updated assujettie aux normes Web du gouvernement du since it was archived. Please contact us to request Canada et elle n’a pas été modifiée ou mise à jour a format other than those available. depuis son archivage. Pour obtenir cette information dans un autre format, veuillez communiquer avec nous. This document is archival in nature and is intended Le présent document a une valeur archivistique et for those who wish to consult archival documents fait partie des documents d’archives rendus made available from the collection of Public Safety disponibles par Sécurité publique Canada à ceux Canada. qui souhaitent consulter ces documents issus de sa collection. Some of these documents are available in only one official language. Translation, to be provided Certains de ces documents ne sont disponibles by Public Safety Canada, is available upon que dans une langue officielle. Sécurité publique request. Canada fournira une traduction sur demande. Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police CACP Meetings Winnipeg, Manitoba August 15, 2013 Ethics Committee Update Mandate: To promote appropriate ethical behaviour in the Canadian law enforcement community. Strategic Priorities/Objectives: 1. To promote ethical and professional leadership amongst the CACP membership. 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Family Legal Services Review
    Ministry of the Attorney General Family Legal Services Review Report submitted to: Attorney General Yasir Naqvi and Treasurer Paul Schabas By: Justice Annemarie E. Bonkalo Date: December 31, 2016 December 31, 2016 The Honourable Yasir Naqvi Attorney General of Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General McMurtry-Scott Building 720 Bay Street, 11th Floor Toronto, ON M7A 2S9 Treasurer Paul Schabas The Law Society of Upper Canada Osgoode Hall 130 Queen Street West Toronto, ON M5H 2N6 Dear Attorney General Naqvi and Treasurer Schabas, Re: Family Legal Services Review On February 9, 2016, I was appointed by then Attorney General Madeleine Meilleur and then Treasurer of the Law Society of Upper Canada Janet Minor to lead a review of the provision of family legal services by persons other than lawyers. I have the honour to present to you my report in this matter. Yours sincerely, Justice Annemarie E. Bonkalo Disclaimer As set out in the Terms of Reference establishing the Family Legal Services Review, the Attorney General and the Treasurer of the Law Society of Upper Canada agreed to work together on a review of the provision of family legal services by persons in addition to lawyers. Chief Justice Lise Maisonneuve of the Ontario Court of Justice agreed to assign me to undertake this review. Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the following members of my advisory body for taking the time to meet with me and for their thoughtful consideration of the issues: • Lisa Bernstein • Nikki Gershbain • Judith Huddart • Hilary Linton • Alf Mamo • The Honourable Mary Jo Nolan • Elaine Page and • Noel Semple.
    [Show full text]
  • Harris Disorder’ and How Women Tried to Cure It
    Advocating for Advocacy: The ‘Harris Disorder’ and how women tried to cure it The following article was originally commissioned by Action Ontarienne contre la violence faite aux femmes as a context piece in training material for transitional support workers. While it outlines the roots of the provincial transitional housing and support program for women who experience violence, the context largely details the struggle to sustain women’s anti-violence advocacy in Ontario under the Harris regime and the impacts of that government’s policy on advocacy work to end violence against women. By Eileen Morrow Political and Economic Context The roots of the Transitional Housing and Support Program began over 15 years ago. At that time, political and economic shifts played an important role in determining how governments approached social programs, including supports for women experiencing violence. Shifts at both the federal and provincial levels affected women’s services and women’s lives. In 1994, the federal government began to consider social policy shifts reflecting neoliberal economic thinking that had been embraced by capitalist powers around the world. Neoliberal economic theory supports smaller government (including cuts to public services), balanced budgets and government debt reduction, tax cuts, less government regulation, privatization of public services, individual responsibility and unfettered business markets. Forces created by neoliberal economics—including the current worldwide economic crisis—still determine how government operates in Canada. A world economic shift may not at first seem connected to a small program for women in Ontario, but it affected the way the Transitional Housing and Support Program began. Federal government shifts By 1995, the Liberal government in Ottawa was ready to act on the neoliberal shift with policy decisions.
    [Show full text]
  • RIDING MPP CANDIDATE PARTY Ajax Joe Dickson Liberal Stephen
    RIDING MPP CANDIDATE PARTY Ajax Joe Dickson Liberal Stephen Leahy Green Rod Phillips PC Monique Hughes NDP Algoma—Manitoulin Charles Fox Liberal Justin Tilson Green Jib Turner PC Michael Mantha NDP Aurora - Oak Ridges - Richmond Hill Naheed Yaqubian Liberal Stephanie Nicole Duncan Green Michael Parsa PC Katrina Sale NDP Barrie-Innisfil Bonnie North Green Pekka Reinio NDP Andrea Khanjin PC Ann Hoggarth Liberal Barrie-Springwater-Oro-Medonte Keenan Aylwin Green Jeff Kerk Liberal Doug Downey PC Dan Janssen NDP Bay of Quinte Robert Quaiff Liberal Mark Daye Green Todd Smith PC Joanne Belanger NDP Beaches—East York Rima Berns-McGown NDP Arthur Potts Liberal Debra Scott Green Sarah Mallo PC Brampton Centre Safdar Hussain Liberal Laila Zarrabi Yan Green Harjit Jaswal PC Sara Singh NDP Brampton East Dr. Parminder Singh Liberal Raquel Fronte Green Sudeep Verma PC Gurratan Singh NDP Brampton North Harinder Malhi Liberal Pauline Thornham Green Ripudaman Dhillon PC Kevin Yarde NDP Brampton South Sukhwant Thethi Liberal Lindsay Falt Green Prabmeet Sarkaria PC Paramjit Gill NDP Brampton West Vic Dhillon Liberal Julie Guillemet-Ackerman Green Amarjot Sandhu PC Jagroop Singh NDP Brantford - Brant Ruby Toor Liberal Ken Burns Green Will Bouma PC Alex Felsky NDP Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound Elizabeth Marshall Trillium Francesca Dobbyn Liberal Don Marshall Green Karen Gventer NDP Bill Walker PC Burlington Jane McKenna PC Eleanor McMahon Liberal Andrew Drummond NDP Vince Fiorito Green Cambridge Kathryn McGarry Liberal Michele Braniff Green Belinda Karahalios PC Marjorie
    [Show full text]
  • Victoria Police Board Annual Report 2011
    ARCHIVED - Archiving Content ARCHIVÉE - Contenu archivé Archived Content Contenu archivé Information identified as archived is provided for L’information dont il est indiqué qu’elle est archivée reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. It est fournie à des fins de référence, de recherche is not subject to the Government of Canada Web ou de tenue de documents. Elle n’est pas Standards and has not been altered or updated assujettie aux normes Web du gouvernement du since it was archived. Please contact us to request Canada et elle n’a pas été modifiée ou mise à jour a format other than those available. depuis son archivage. Pour obtenir cette information dans un autre format, veuillez communiquer avec nous. This document is archival in nature and is intended Le présent document a une valeur archivistique et for those who wish to consult archival documents fait partie des documents d’archives rendus made available from the collection of Public Safety disponibles par Sécurité publique Canada à ceux Canada. qui souhaitent consulter ces documents issus de sa collection. Some of these documents are available in only one official language. Translation, to be provided Certains de ces documents ne sont disponibles by Public Safety Canada, is available upon que dans une langue officielle. Sécurité publique request. Canada fournira une traduction sur demande. VICTORIA POLICE BOARD ANNUAL REPORT 2011 MESSAGE FROM THE MAYORS 2011 POLICE BOARD ANNUAL REPORT As Chair and Vice-chair of the Victoria Police Board, it is an honour for us to introduce the Board’s 2011 Annual Report. Established under the authority of the Police Act, the role of the Victoria Police Board is to provide civilian oversight and governance of the Victoria Police Department, which provides policing services for the Township of Esquimalt and the City of Victoria.
    [Show full text]
  • Award Recipients
    ONTARIO LAW ENFORCEMENT TORCH RUN AWARD RECIPIENTS SPECIAL OLYMPICS ONTARIO HALL OF FAME The Special Olympics Ontario Hall of Fame was instituted to recognize builders and volunteer fundraisers who through their individual and collaborative efforts, have made Special Olympics Ontario a more capable and better known service to people with an intelectual disability, and a more deeply cherished cause in our province. Those whom are recognized have made remarkable contributions to the welfare of our athletes, inspired by the ideals that animate the work of Special Olympics in Ontario and throughout Canada. 2019 2008 Julie Tilbury, Thunder Bay Police Service Jim McIlveen, Hamilton-Wentworth Detention Centre 2018 Karen Moloney, Durham Regional Police Carrie Gouthro, Correctional Services Canada Service (Guelph Parole) 2007 2017 Chief Terry McLaren, Peterborough Lakefield Chief Al Frederick, Windsor Police Service Police Service 2016 2006 Kevin MacBean, Peel Regional Police Moe (Maurice) Pilon, Deputy Commissioner OPP 2015 Warren Giertuga, Thunder Bay Correctional 2005 Centre Chief Paul Hamelin, Halton Regional Police Service 2014 Shirley Roy, SO Volunteer Timmins Tammy Blackwell, Truck Convoy for Special Olympics 2004 Mark McGugan, London Police Service Chief Ean Algar, Halton Regional Police Service Larry Maracle, Niagara Regional Police Service 2013 Catherine Heaney, Peel Regional Police 2003 Chief Thomas Kaye, Owen Sound Police 2012 Service Chris Hartley, Owen Sound Police Service Mike McAllister, Niagara Regional Police
    [Show full text]
  • Police Resources in Canada, 2019
    Catalogue no. 85-002-X ISSN 1209-6393 Juristat Police resources in Canada, 2019 by Patricia Conor, Sophie Carrière, Suzanne Amey, Sharon Marcellus and Julie Sauvé Release date: December 8, 2020 How to obtain more information For information about this product or the wide range of services and data available from Statistics Canada, visit our website, www.statcan.gc.ca. You can also contact us by email at [email protected] telephone, from Monday to Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., at the following numbers: • Statistical Information Service 1-800-263-1136 • National telecommunications device for the hearing impaired 1-800-363-7629 • Fax line 1-514-283-9350 Depository Services Program • Inquiries line 1-800-635-7943 • Fax line 1-800-565-7757 Standards of service to the public Note of appreciation Statistics Canada is committed to serving its clients in a prompt, Canada owes the success of its statistical system to a reliable and courteous manner. To this end, Statistics Canada has long-standing partnership between Statistics Canada, the developed standards of service that its employees observe. To citizens of Canada, its businesses, governments and other obtain a copy of these service standards, please contact Statistics institutions. Accurate and timely statistical information could not Canada toll-free at 1-800-263-1136. The service standards are be produced without their continued co-operation and goodwill. also published on www.statcan.gc.ca under “Contact us” > “Standards of service to the public.” Published by authority of the Minister responsible for Statistics Canada © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada as represented by the Minister of Industry, 2020 All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]