The East Midlands in 2009/10

Final Report February 2011

The East Midlands in 2009/10

This report provides a description and analysis of the condition of the East Midlands in 2009/10 and includes data relating to housing, the economy, the environment, transport, minerals extraction and waste.

It has been produced by East Midlands Councils (EMC), a voluntary partnership of 46 local authorities in the East Midlands. The information provided is designed to be useful to local planning authorities, central Government, other public sector bodies, and private sector interests, as well as the general public.

The targets and indicators are taken from the East Midlands Regional Plan (March 2009), the Regional Spatial Strategy (RSS). Unlike previous Annual Monitoring Reports, the East Midlands in 2009/10 does not cover polices relating to RSS sub- areas in any detail nor does it offer any policy commentary. It does outline key statistics measuring progress in implementing the key policies of the Regional Plan and thereby meets the requirement under the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 to produce an Annual Monitoring Report covering RSS policies.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 2

Contents

Executive Summary 4

Section 1 Introduction 14

Section 2 Housing 16

Section 3 Economy 44

Section 4 Environment 67

Section 5 Minerals, Aggregates and Waste 92

Section 6 Transport 102

Appendix 1 Data Sources and References 123

Appendix 2 Boundary Maps 127

The East Midlands in 2009/10 3 Executive Summary

 Housing

In 2009/10 there was a net gain of 12,274 dwellings in the East Midlands, which continues a substantial drop from 2006/07 and 2007/08 figures. The low figure for the last two years means that the average annual provision remains below the average annual target figure laid out in the Regional Plan of 21,517 dwellings per annum to 2026 to an actual four year average completion rate from 2006/07 to 2009/10 of 17,405.

69,619 dwellings were completed between 2006/07 and 2009/10. A further 262,909 dwellings have been predicted up to 2026 giving a total of 332,528. This figure falls short of the target figure of 430,325, however it should be noted that there were a few authorities who did not produce housing trajectories as far as 2025/26.

The North East, North West, West Midlands and London had the highest proportions of Local Planning Authorities (91 per cent each) reporting at least a sufficient supply of land for housing requirements over the next 5 years. The East Midlands and the South West had the lowest proportion of Local Planning Authorities (78 per cent each) reporting at least a sufficient supply of land for housing requirements over the next 5 years.

During 2009/10 a total of 2,918 affordable dwellings were completed in the East Midlands. A further 159 affordable dwellings were acquired through transfers and acquisitions, giving a total increase of 3,077 dwellings. This is just below the 2008/09 total new build affordable dwellings and those acquired through transfers and acquisitions at 3,253.

During 2009/10, 259 student dwellings were completed in Nottingham and 37 in Leicester.

In 2009, 57 per cent of new dwellings in the East Midlands were built on previously developed land (a fall of 11 percentage points from the previous year) which increases to 61 per cent if conversions are included. These figures are lower than the national levels of 77 and 80 per cent respectively.

In 2009/10, 84.4 per cent of dwellings on sites with 10 or more completions were at a density of 30 or more dwellings per hectare. This is slightly higher than the 2008/09 figure of 82.2 per cent.

Of those local authorities who could provide a breakdown of housing completions by size for 2009/10, the largest proportion of flats (67.3 per cent) were 2 bedroom and the largest proportion of housing (43.7 per cent) was 3 bedroom. These proportions were virtually unchanged from the previous year’s figures for 2 bedroom flats and 3 bedroom houses (67 per cent and 41 per cent respectively).

2009/10 was the second year local authorities were asked for the number of sites and the number of dwellings assessed against the Code for Sustainable Homes. Only three local authorities were able to provide data. Bolsover District Council reported 2 sites (287 dwellings) meeting Code Level 3; South Holland District reported 6 sites (71 dwellings) meeting Code Level 3 and Leicester City reported 7 Sites (43 dwellings) also meeting Code Level 3.

As with the Code for Sustainable Homes only a minority of local authorities could provide data on Building for Life. Out of the 8 authorities who provided returns in 2009/10, 1,358 dwellings were assessed as poor (24 sites), 607 as average (13 sites), 157 as good (4 sites) and 0 as very good.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 4

52 per cent of vacant property in the region has been empty for 6 months or more (1.5 per cent of total stock). This equates to some 30,176 properties in the region. Of these, the highest total number are in the Leicester and Leicestershire HMA (6,913 properties) whereas in percentage terms Peak Dales HMA have recorded almost all (99.7 per cent) empty properties as being long term vacant.

A total of 72 new permanent pitches for gypsies and travellers and 14 new transit pitches were provided in 2009/10 (seven local authorities were unable to provide data) bringing the total number of pitches in the region up to 932 (745 permanent and 187 transit). This compares with 34 new permanent pitches provided in 2008/09 (no new transit pitches were provided).

248 gypsy and traveller caravans were recorded on unauthorised sites in 2009/10 (9 local authorities did not provide figures). This can be broadly compared with 403 ‘unauthorised encampments’ recorded in 2008/09.

The East Midlands had a total area of 78,930 ha of Green Belt at 31 March 2010. This was unchanged since 31 March 2009. This represents some 4.8 per cent of the England total.

In terms of new households, the East Midlands, along with the East, Yorkshire and The Humber and South West regions, are all projected to grow by at least 29 per cent from 2008 to 2033. All regions, except the North East and West Midlands, are projected to grow by at least 20,000 households per year on average (22,000 in the East Midlands). The relative number of households in each region remains similar between 2008 and 2033.

In 2009, the average house price in the East Midlands was £172,415, a -7.7 per cent average annual percentage change from 2008. The decrease on this measure is identical to the national average percentage change. Up until 2008, house prices in the East Midlands increased broadly in line with the national trend, although remain consistently lower than the English mean (by around 28 per cent each year). However, house prices in the East Midlands have remained consistently higher than the means for Yorkshire and the Humber, the North East and North West.

In the East Midlands, property sales fell from 102,838 properties in 2007 to 51,549 in 2009.

In 2006, the average value for new mortgage loans written in the East Midlands was estimated to be £113,746, compared to £138,407 in the UK. This increased to £121,338 in 2007 in the East Midlands, before falling to £117,548 in 2008 and £108,860 in 2009. This represents a decline of -10.3 per cent between 2007 and 2009, a steeper fall than the -8.9 per cent experienced nationally.

In the mid 1990s around half of all mortgages were to first time buyers. This had dropped to around 43 per cent in the East Midlands and nationally by 2000. By 2008 this had further dropped to less than 35 per cent in the region, slightly below the national figure of 35.2 per cent for 2008 and 2009.

Data comparing lower quartile house prices and lower quartile earnings shows that although affordability ratios fell in the East Midlands in 2008 and 2009 they began to rise again in 2010 and remain historically high. In 2010 the lower quartile house prices in the East Midlands were 5.83 times lower quartile earnings.

The number of households accepted by local authorities in the region as homeless has fallen steadily from 9,590 (or 1.7 per 1,000 households) in 2003/04 to 3,060 in 2009/10. Similar declines have been

The East Midlands in 2009/10 5 seen in most other regions. The East Midlands had 7.6 per cent of homeless households in England in 2009/10.

In 2008 about 19.2 per cent or nearly one in five of East Midlands’ households lived in fuel poverty, which is equivalent to 359,000 households. To put this in context with other regions, fuel poverty is most prevalent in the West Midlands and North East where 22.5 per cent and 21.2 per cent of households respectively were classified as being in fuel poverty. In absolute terms, the highest number of households in fuel poverty was in the North West at 531,000 households. The proportion of households in fuel poverty was the lowest in London and in the South East at 10.8 per cent and 9.9 per cent respectively.

 Economy

In terms of regional economic performance in 2009 to 2010, the vast majority of the key indicators (GVA, numbers employed, business start-ups, business confidence, development of employment, retail and leisure land) are all moving in the wrong direction or away from target in this time of economic uncertainty.

Productivity in the East Midlands is below the UK average and close to the EU average. Whether measured by output per filled job or output per hour worked, productivity in the region is around 7.5 percentage points below the national average.

Levels of investment have remained relatively high in the East Midlands. In 2006, the level of investment by UK owned companies was 0.3 percentage points higher than in 2002 but 0.3 percentage points below the UK average.

The East Midlands is home to around 148,000 businesses, 6.9 per cent of all businesses in the UK. The manufacturing sector accounts for a relatively large proportion of the East Midlands’ economy, at 20.5 per cent of regional GVA compared to the UK average of 13.7 per cent. In the past two decades the service sector has been both the largest and fastest growing sector in the UK and East Midlands.

The Q4 2010 edition of the ICAEW/Grant Thornton quarterly regional Business Confidence Monitor for the East Midlands reported an easing of annual growth in business turnover and sales volumes in Q4 2010, while annual gross profit growth slipped back into negative territory. Turnover increased by 0.1 per cent in the 12 months to Q4 2010, compared to 1.5 per cent reported in Q3. Annual gross profit growth slipped from 1.1 per cent reported in Q3 2010 to a 0.3 per cent fall over the period to Q4 2010.

In 2009, Resident based Gross Value Added (GVA) per head in the East Midlands was 86.8 per cent of the UK average. GVA per head in the region had previously fallen marginally from 89.7 per cent of the UK average in 2002 to 88.0 per cent in 2008. In 2009, the East Midlands’ share of UK total GVA was 6.3 per cent.

Regarding the number and percentage change in employees between 2008 and 2009, the authority which saw the greatest fall in jobs in the East Midlands was Derby City at 3.9 per cent, followed by Northamptonshire at 3.5 per cent and Leicestershire at 3.4 per cent. The smallest decline in jobs was seen in Nottinghamshire at 0.2 per cent. No authority within the East Midlands saw an increase in jobs between 2008 and 2009, highlighting the impact of the recession at this time.

Regarding new business start-ups, the largest drop in the birth of new enterprises between 2007 and 2009 was seen in Derbyshire (25.1 per cent fall) followed by Lincolnshire (23.7 per cent fall) and Derby

The East Midlands in 2009/10 6 City (20.8 per cent fall). Rutland saw the smallest fall over this time (2.8 per cent drop) although the actual numbers of business births here was relatively small. Overall the East Midlands saw a 20.2 per cent decline in business births from 2007 to 2009 from 18,610 in 2007 to 14,860 in 2009.

In the East Midlands, Nottingham has the highest jobs density at 0.93 jobs per resident, with Nottinghamshire having the lowest at 0.64 jobs per resident. Comparing the East Midlands with other English Regions shows it to have the same job density as Yorkshire and the Humber at 0.75 jobs per resident. Only the North East has a lower jobs density at 0.69.

The November 2010 quarterly Statistical Bulletin on Labour Market Statistics for the East Midlands reports the seasonally adjusted claimant count (Jobseeker’s allowance claimants aged 18+) in October 2010 as 4.4 per cent, down 0.1 percentage points from September 2010, and down 0.8 per percentage points since October 2009. The seasonally adjusted number of claimants in October 2010 was 97,000, down 1,200 on September 2010, and down 18,100 since October 2009. The claimant count as a proportion of the resident population aged 16 to 64 was lowest in Rutland at 1.2 per cent. It was highest in Leicester and Nottingham Cities both at 5.3 per cent.

Levels of employment land developed were fairly consistent between 2007/08 and 2008/09 (187.7 ha and 174.9 ha respectively) before falling back (to 75.6 ha) in 2009/10. The amount of floorspace developed in 2008/09 was almost 794,000 sqm but, as with land area, had fallen back significantly to under 357,000 sqm in 2009/10.

Of the data that was supplied on employment land losses, a total of 51.7 ha of employment land was lost to other land uses, mainly in the form of outstanding planning permissions (40.4 ha).

The proportion of employment development on previously developed land (PDL) in the East Midlands rose from 37.3 per cent in 2007/08 to 43.3 per cent in 2008/09 before falling back to 33.6 per cent in 2009/10. 2009/10 development on PDL was 100 per cent in Derby and 93.3 per cent in Northamptonshire.

In terms of the amounts and proportions of land and floorspace developed in the region’s principal urban areas (PUAs), the Nottingham PUA had the largest amount (3.2 ha and 15,198 sq m) representing 4.2 per cent and 4.3 per cent respectively of the East Midlands’ total. Overall, the four PUAs accounted for 4.6 per cent of the land and 4.8 per cent of the floorspace developed in the East Midlands (very little additional PUA development was recorded outside of Nottingham in 2009/10).

The amounts of employment land committed in the East Midlands at the end of 2007/08, 2008/09 and 2009/10 are similar at 2,793.8 ha, 2,515.5 ha and 2,491.4 ha respectively. There was a marked drop in the amount of land under construction between 2007/08 and 2008/09, from 130.3 ha to 72.8 ha but this had increased again by 2009/10 to 108.3 ha, a 49 increase from the 2008/09 figures. The two areas with the largest amounts of identified available land were Lincolnshire (762.0 ha) and Nottinghamshire (591.5 ha).

Details of 21,521 sqm of completed retail floorspace was returned by local authorities for 2009/10, of which 5,654 (26.3 per cent) was in a central location. A further 132,896 sqm of retail floorspace was reported as either under construction or committed across the East Midlands, of which 83.0 per cent was centrally located.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 7 During 2009/10, 29.5 ha of leisure land was developed, of which only 7.8 ha (26.4 per cent) was in a central location. The largest contributor to this total was in Derbyshire which saw 7.1 ha of leisure development taking place, all but 0.9 ha of which was out of centre development. A further 355.4 ha of leisure land was either under construction or committed at the end of 2009/10, of which only 2.5 ha (0.7 per cent) was centrally located.

Just 42 per cent of employment land developed in 2009/10 was accessible (defined as within 400 metres) by public transport, just over half the rate in the previous two years of 80 per cent (2007/08) and 81 per cent (2008/09).

Rents achieved in Nottingham and Leicester are generally lower than many other key centres. For example, industrial rents in Nottingham are 23 per cent lower than Birmingham and office rents are 50 per cent lower. Rents in Nottingham and Leicester are however, generally comparable to those in Sheffield and higher than those in Stoke.

Accessibility to essential services in the rural East Midlands (such as GP surgeries and schools) is generally good compared with other regions, with only the South West scoring higher than the East Midlands in most cases. That said, the figures show that no more than 1 in 4 rural households (and in some cases as low as 1 in 7 households) have access within the specified distance to key services.

Tourism generates approximately £6.05 billion for the East Midlands economy, including both direct and indirect revenue. Around one-third of this revenue (40 per cent) comes from overnight visitors. More than half (71 per cent) of the revenue from overnight tourists is from those staying in serviced and non- serviced accommodation. Day visitors represent the largest segment of tourists in terms of the £3.65 billion revenue that they generate.

Approximately 78,593 jobs (full time equivalents) were supported by direct tourist expenditure in the East Midlands and a further 20,104 jobs were supported by indirect revenue from tourism, making a total of 98,697.

A total of 15.53 million overnight trips were made to the East Midlands in 2009. The average length of stay was 2.95 nights, equating to 45.74 million tourist days. Friends and relatives welcomed the largest share of overnight visitors to the county (47 per cent). The average length of stay for this category was also longer at 2.55 nights, compared to 1.73 nights in serviced accommodation. Day visitors are by far the largest category making 126.2 million individual trips throughout the calendar year to the East Midlands.

 Environment

In September 2010, 98 per cent of the Sites of Special Scientific Interest in the East Midlands were in favourable condition, which is a slight increase from 96 per cent in 2009 and 93 per cent in 2008 and means the 2010 target (of 95 per cent being in favourable condition) has been achieved.

According to the 2010 ‘Heritage at Risk’ report by English Heritage, the East Midlands region now has the lowest proportion of scheduled monuments at high risk. In 2010, 7.7 per cent of scheduled monuments were at high risk, well below the national figure of 17.2 per cent. Since 1999 the proportion of Grade I and II* buildings at risk has fallen from 5.1 per cent to 4.6 per cent in both 2009 and 2010. Of the entries on the 1999 Buildings at Risk register, only 42.9 per cent have been removed, compared to

The East Midlands in 2009/10 8 50.7 per cent nationally. Other assets at risk in 2010 included 5.1 per cent of the registered parks and gardens but none of the East Midlands’ 5 registered battlefields were at risk.

Between 1994 and 2007, farmland bird populations in the East Midlands decreased by 17 per cent, compared to a 13 per cent decline in England as a whole. There was a 13 per cent increase in woodland bird populations over the same period in the region, compared to a 6 per cent decline in England. This led to an overall increase of all bird species of 3 per cent for the East Midlands.

The National Forest Company reports 6,230ha of new Forest creation since 1995, equating to some 7.8 million trees. In 2009/10, 204ha of new Forest creation was achieved which equates to around 10 per cent of the England total of 2,100ha over this period.

When compared to other regions in England more of the landscape character of the East Midlands is judged to be diverging from its existing character, a smaller proportion is judged as maintaining its character, a similar proportion as having its character enhanced and a smaller proportion judged as having its character neglected. This suggests a region where a great deal of change is affecting the landscape, some of which is positive and some negative. Careful management of landscape change is required to minimise negative changes to landscape character.

In April 2010 the East Midlands Landscape Partnership, who have been pioneering activity to help ensure the region plays its part in helping to implement the European Landscape Convention, put in place a regional tier landscape character assessment with accompanying guidance which provides a current description of the region’s landscape character, describing the forces acting on the landscape and presents guidance to help to secure positive landscape change for the region.

The number of objections to planning applications from the Environment Agency on water quality grounds varies year on year with 81 objections in total in 2006/07 in the East Midlands. In 2007/08 there were a total of 54 objections, 29 of which were for minor development and 25 for major development. By 2009/10 there were a total of 107 objections, 60 of which were for minor development and 47 for major development.

The number of objections to planning applications by the Environment Agency on flood risk grounds has increased since 2006/07 when there were a total of 188 objections on flood risk grounds in the East Midlands. A total of 902 objections were raised in 2009/10.

Under the Water Framework Directive, the Environment Agency monitors the quality of 590 stretches of rivers and canals in the East Midlands. These stretches are called water bodies and represent about 5,500 km length of watercourse. 20 per cent of river and canal water bodies in 2009 met the new target of ‘good’ ecological status or potential. 28 per cent of lakes and 71 per cent of groundwater sources also reached good status in 2009. No coastal or transitional water bodies met the standards.

In 2008, all seven of the East Midlands Bathing Water sites complied with mandatory European standards. They all also achieved the tougher guideline standards.

There were 49 water pollution incidents categorised as major or significant in 2009.

In per capita terms, road transport end user carbon dioxide emissions in the East Midlands exceeded the national average, at 2.4 tonnes compared to 2.1 tonnes in 2008. Road transport emissions in the East

The East Midlands in 2009/10 9 Midlands decreased at the same rate as the national average between 2005 and 2008, by only -0.2 percentage points.

In 2009, the Great Britain average non-domestic gas consumption was 662,656 kWh per meter. The comparable figure for the East Midlands was 734,326 kWh per meter.

The average (mean) domestic electricity consumption in Great Britain during 2009 was 4,152 kWh, 46 kWh per meter lower than the 2008 average. The East and West Midlands were the two regions nearest to the Great Britain average.

Figures for the East Midlands show little change in the actual number of combined heat and power schemes and electricity capacity from 2007-2009 so that by 2009 there were 74 schemes generating 221 MWe. The regional target of 511 MWe by 2010 has therefore been missed by some distance and the target of 1,120 MWe by 2020 is in doubt.

The East Midlands is making considerable progress in generating electricity from renewable resources. In 2009, 1,594 GWh were generated from renewable sources compared to 645 GWh in 2005. The East Midlands has improved against other English regions and is currently the 4th largest supplier of renewable energy.

In 2009, 7.5 per cent of the region’s electricity consumption came from renewable sources, 3.8 per cent of which was from wind and wave generation.

The figures for the East Midlands’ participation in cultural activities showed a small drop in participation rates in a number of activities monitored between 2005/06 and 2009/10. The largest decline was in those engaging in the arts which fell by 4.7 percentage points.

Regarding sports and recreational facilities, since 2007/08 the area of Sports Halls per 1,000 population in the region has fallen slightly, with the number of Swimming Pools remaining largely unchanged.

Between the 2007/08 and 2009/10 Active People Surveys carried out by Sport England, there has been a

statistically significant increase in sports participation in the North West and the West Midland’s regions where more adults are taking part in at least 30 minutes of sport at moderate intensity at least three times

a week. Between the same periods, there was a statistically significant decrease in sports participation in the East Midlands which was the only region shown by the survey to be demonstrating a significant reduction in sports participation against this measure and therefore moving away from the Sport England target.

 Minerals, Aggregates and Waste

In the East Midlands at the end of 2009, total rock reserves for aggregate purposes were 1,304 million tonnes and sand and gravel reserves for aggregate purposes were 81 million tonnes. During 2009 a total of 22 million tonnes of rock was sold for aggregate use, alongside sales of 6 million tonnes of sand and gravel.

Limestone/dolomite reserves for aggregate purposes have shown little change since 2005 so that by the end of 2009 reserves stood at 982.6 million tonnes.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 10 In terms of planning permissions granted for minerals extraction in 2009/10, the largest permission was for 1,120,000 tonnes of building stone in Lincolnshire.

Regarding the disposal of construction and demolition waste, in total 9.8 million tonnes were disposed of in the East Midlands in 2005. At the time of writing no update to this figure was available.

Data on existing waste capacity and future requirements from ‘The Waste Planning Guidance Report’ produced by SLR Consulting for the former East Midlands Regional Assembly (EMRA) in 2006 predicted a total requirement of 22,155 thousand tonnes of capacity required by 2020, 9,621 thousand tonnes of this for recycling or composing.

Landfill capacity in the East Midlands has fallen from over 87 million cubic metres in 2007 to under 68 million cubic metres by 2009.

Additional capacity, provided by planning permissions for waste management facilities granted in 2009/10 shows a total of just over 575,000 m3 of inert landfill space approved. 140,000 tonnes of composing was also approved, alongside nearly 216,000 tonnes of material recovery/recycling facilities. Just under 356,000 tonnes maximum annual operational throughput was also approved for transfer stations in the region, 170,000 tonnes energy from waste incineration and 161,000 tonnes of combined mechanical, biological and/or thermal treatment (MBT) facilities in Lincolnshire.

During 2009/10, 2.3 million tonnes of municipal waste was collected in the East Midlands. 2.1 million tonnes of this was household waste. Household waste per head of population varied from 389 kg per head in Leicester City to 519 kg per head in Rutland.

Regional household waste sites (RHWS) received 622 thousand tonnes of waste in 2009/10. The proportion of this recycled varied from 17.3 per cent in Leicester City to 49.6 per cent in Northamptonshire. Composing rates were highest in Leicestershire at 44.5 per cent.

Data on commercial and industrial waste are available for 2006/07 and 2009. Overall a small increase of 2.4 per cent in commercial and industrial waste arisings was seen, but within this there were wide variations in the figures for the categories of waste in 2006/07 and 2009.

A total of 463 thousand tonnes of hazardous waste was disposed of in the East Midlands in 2009, 40 per cent of which went for recycling or reuse.

Currently 45.6 per cent of household waste is recycled or composed in the East Midlands. The 2010 target of 30 per cent of household waste recycled has been significantly exceeded in the East Midlands and figures are nearing the 2015 target of 50 per cent, with some authorities already having reached this target.

As the amount of municipal waste recycled or composed has increased, the proportion of municipal waste going to landfill has decreased. Currently 44.2 per cent of municipal waste in the East Midlands is recycled or composed and 48.1 per cent goes to landfill.

Data from the Environment Agency shows that overall landfill deposits in the East Midlands fell by 14.6 per cent from 2008 to 2009.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 11  Transport

The East Midlands has experienced higher than average road traffic growth over the last decade (at 0.8 percentage points ahead of the England average). Between 1999 and 2009 the level of road traffic on major roads (motorways and A-roads) increased by 7.3 per cent in the East Midlands. However, the region still experienced the fourth lowest growth of the nine regions (ahead of London, East of England, and the South East).

Average vehicle speeds have remained little changed in most regions and in England as a whole since 2006/07. The East Midlands saw a 0.1 per cent reduction in average vehicle speeds in the previous 12 months, compared to a 0.2 per cent reduction in England.

There were over 2,300 deaths or serious injuries on the region’s roads in 2009 (2.4 per cent higher than in 2008 but 6.5 per cent lower than in 2007). The 2009 deaths or serious injuries in the region accounted for 10.3 per cent of the England total (up from 9.5 per cent in 2008). The number of killed or seriously injured casualties in the region has generally been steadily decreasing from a peak of 3,900 in 1998 to their current levels, a fall of 38.9 per cent. This compares to the equivalent fall in England of 39.2 per cent.

Figures for the East Midlands principal roads where maintenance should be considered range from 4 per cent in Derbyshire, Leicestershire and Northamptonshire to 1.5 per cent in Nottinghamshire. For non- principal roads where maintenance should be considered the figures range from 12 per cent in Derbyshire to 4 per cent in Leicestershire. In general these figures are little changed since 2008/09.

The use of the bicycle to get to work has remained at 3 per cent of journeys in the East Midlands and England since 2006.

77 per cent of East Midlands’ residents travel to work by car, whilst 7 per cent use public transport and 11 per cent walk. These figures are largely unchanged since 2006. The East Midlands, along with the North West (77 per cent), West Midlands (79 per cent) and South West (77 per cent), has the highest dependency on the car as a method to travel to work of any region. The East Midlands, along with the South West, has the lowest use of public transport as a means of getting to work (7 per cent and 5 per cent respectively.

For the combined survey years of 2008 and 2009, 46 per cent of school children in the East Midlands walked to school, a higher percentage than the England average (44 per cent). In the East Midlands the average distance travelled to get to school was 1.9 miles by 5-10 year olds, while 11-16 years olds travelled an average of 4.2 miles; both greater distances than the England average.

Rail patronage in the East Midlands has increased by almost 90 per cent between 1995/96 and 2008/09. Forty five percent of all journeys originating from the East Midlands were to destinations within the region in 2008/09. Other main destinations include London (22 per cent) and the West Midlands (9 per cent).

Between the 4th quarter of 2008/09 and the 4th quarter of 2009/10 the proportion of trains operated by East Midlands Trains arriving on time rose from 92.3 per cent to 92.7 per cent. This is 2.2 percentage points above the UK figure and is just above the 2014 target of 92.6 per cent.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 12 Overall bus and light rail journeys in the East Midlands have been increasing since 2006/07 from 209 million to 229 million in 2009/10. However, use of the Nottingham Express Transit has declined from a peak of 10.1 million passenger journeys in 2007/08 to 9.0 million journeys in 2009/10.

In 2008, 190 million tonnes of road freight was lifted in the East Midlands, an increase of 10.5 per cent from 2004. However, this had declined to 163 million tones by 2009, a decrease of 5.2 per cent from 2004. Of all the freight lifted in the East Midlands in 2009, 82 million tonnes (52 per cent) was to destinations within the region. The greatest proportion of freight transported outside of the region was to the West Midlands and the East of England (10 per cent each) and Yorkshire and the Humber (9 per cent).

In 2009, just over 255,000 tonnes of freight was lifted through East Midlands Airport (EMA), the largest amount of freight lifted in any region outside London. The tonnage of freight lifted has almost doubled over the past decade, from 128,400 tonnes in 1999 to its current level. The tonnage of air freight lifted in the East Midlands as a proportion of total air freight lifted in England has increased from 6.2 per cent in 1999 to 12.9 per cent in 2009. This increase has been driven primarily by developments and capacity improvements at EMA.

Air transport movements in the East Midlands increased by around 70 per cent between 1998 and 2008, the third largest increase in percentage terms of the nine regions. Only the South West and East of England experienced higher growth rates over the same time period. Between 2008 and 2009 at the height of the recession air transport movements fell back from 66.1 thousand to 57.4 thousand.

Terminal passenger numbers increased from 2.2 million in 2000 to 5.6 million in 2008 in the East Midlands, before falling back to 4.7 million in 2009. The East Midlands has experienced the third largest increase in passenger numbers, behind the East of England and the South West.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 13 Section 1 Introduction

1.1 The report is structured in 6 sections and each section presents the following:  Section 1: Introduction and context to the report, and key background information referring to the collection of relevant data  Section 2: Housing  Section 3: Economy - covering employment, leisure and retail issues  Section 4: Environment  Section 5: Minerals, Aggregates and Waste  Section 6: Transport

Notes on Geography used in the Report

Peak District National Park

1.2 The boundaries of the Peak District National Park extend beyond the boundaries of Derbyshire into the West Midlands, North West and Yorkshire & the Humber Standard Government Regions. The Regional Plan covers the whole of the East Midlands including the part of the Peak District National Park outside of Derbyshire. Wherever possible data provided in this report covers this area. However, this is not always possible and unless stated otherwise the following apply:

Data collected directly from local authorities via cdpVision 1.3 This includes the whole of the Peak District National Park. In these tables Derbyshire refers to the part of Derbyshire which excludes the Peak Park and the East Midlands refers to the whole Regional Plan area and not the standard Government definition of the East Midlands.

1.4 The exception to this is Transport data which is collected for Local Transport Plan (LTP) areas. The Derbyshire LTP area only includes the part of the Peak District National Park in Derbyshire.

Data collected from other sources 1.5 The majority of data collected from other sources is based on district/county authorities whose boundaries are not congruent with those of the Peak District National Park. When mentioned in the document Derbyshire refers to the whole county and the East Midlands figures will only include the part of the Peak District National Park which is in Derbyshire.

1.6 In the document where the data source is listed as 'Local Authorities' this refers to Local Planning Authorities, which, in the instance of the Peak District, can cover a larger area.

Hucknall in Ashfield District

1.7 The whole of Ashfield is contained in the Nottingham Outer Housing Market Area (HMA), as HMAs consist of whole districts. For the Regional Strategy, Ashfield district is split across two sub- areas; Hucknall is in the Three Cities sub-area whilst ‘the rest of Ashfield’ is in the Northern sub- area. For the previous three monitoring years data was presented as whole districts although data collected via cdpVision split Ashfield into Hucknall and 'excluding Hucknall'. However, data presented in the housing section of this report now includes Hucknall under the Nottingham Core HMA.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 14

Data Collection Issues

1.8 Out of the five key sections of cdpvision which were completed by local planning authorities between September and December 2010, a very good response rate was achieved, with all local authorities making a return. However, not all local authorities were able to fully complete all sections of each return due to differing monitoring arrangements and policy priorities.

1.9 East Midlands Councils would like to thank key partners who provided data for this Report including:

 The Environment Agency  Natural England  English Heritage  The Forestry Commission  East Midlands Development Agency  East Midlands Local Authorities  Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs  Department for Transport

Symbols used in the Report

1.10 The following symbols are used with the progress charts at the beginning of each topic chapter to summarise progress being made compared to the previous 12 months.

Key to Symbols

Moving in right direction or towards target

No significant change

Moving in wrong direction or away from target

Insufficient data

The East Midlands in 2009/10 15 Section 2 Housing

Key Points

 In 2009/10 there was a net gain of 12,274 dwellings in the East Midlands but average annual provision remains below the average annual target figure laid out in the Regional Plan  During 2009/10 a total of 2,918 affordable dwellings were completed in the East Midlands. A further 159 affordable dwellings were acquired through transfers and acquisitions  During 2009/10, 259 student dwellings were completed in Nottingham and 37 in Leicester  In 2009, 57 per cent of new dwellings in the East Midlands were built on previously developed land (a fall of 11 percentage points from the previous year)  In 2009/10, 84.4 per cent of dwellings on sites with 10 or more completions were at a density of 30 or more dwellings per hectare. This is slightly higher than the 2008/09 figure of 82.2 per cent  Out of only 8 authorities who provided returns on Building for Life in 2009/10, 1,358 dwellings were assessed as poor (24 sites), 607 as average (13 sites), 157 as good (4 sites) and 0 as very good  52 per cent of vacant property in the region has been empty for 6 months or more (1.5 per cent of total stock). This equates to some 30,176 properties in the region  Where data was provided, a total of 72 new permanent pitches for gypsies and travellers and 14 new transit pitches were provided in 2009/10 bringing the total number of pitches in the region up to 932  248 gypsy and traveller caravans were recorded on unauthorised sites in 2009/10  The East Midlands had a total area of 78,930 ha of Green Belt at 31 March 2010. This was unchanged since 31 March 2009 and represents some 4.8 per cent of the England total  In terms of new households, the East Midlands, along with the East of England, Yorkshire and The Humber and South West regions, are all projected to grow by at least 29 per cent from 2008 to 2033  In 2009, the average house price in the East Midlands was £172,415, a -7.7 per cent average annual percentage change from 2008  In the East Midlands, property sales fell from 102,838 properties in 2007 to 51,549 in 2009.  Data comparing lower quartile house prices and lower quartile earnings shows that although affordability ratios fell in the East Midlands in 2008 and 2009 they began to rise again in 2010 and remain historically high  The number of households accepted by local authorities in the region as homeless has fallen steadily from 9,590 (or 1.7 per 1,000 households) in 2003/04 to 3,060 in 2009/10. The East Midlands had 7.6 per cent of homeless households in England in 2009/10  In 2008 about 19.2 per cent or nearly one in five of East Midlands’ households lived in fuel poverty, which is equivalent to 359,000 households

Introduction

2.1 This section covers housing policies for the East Midlands.

Housing Indicators and Progress

Key Core/ Targets Status Progress Sources Indicators Contextual Regional and National Core To Meet Housing Average Annual Local Local Housing Significant Provision Targets in Provision is Below Authorities Trajectories Effect Indicator Policy 13a/b Target

The East Midlands in 2009/10 16 Five Year Regional Core - The East Midlands CLG Land Supply and the South West had the lowest proportion of Authorities (78 per cent each) reporting at least a sufficient supply of land for housing requirement over the next 5 years Affordable National Core To meet HMA Affordable Affordable housing Local Housing Significant Housing Targets in Policy completions have Authorities Completions Effect Indicator 14 been around 50 per by HMA cent of the target completion rate and fell slightly in 2009/10 Student National Core - The 2009/10 figure Local Dwellings for total student Authorities Completed dwellings is slightly above the total for 2008/09 Proportion of National Core 60 per cent of The Proportion of Local Housing Completions Housing Built on Authorities Completions Previously Achieved on Developed Land CLG Previously Declined from 2008 Developed to 2009 Land or Through Conversions Density of Regional Core To meet Local Housing In 2009/10 84.4 per Local New Housing Density Policies cent of Housing Authorities Completions were at a Density of 30 or More dph. This is Slightly Higher than the 2008/09 figure of 82.2 per cent Household Contextual - Data Remains Local Size (Number Unavailable from Authorities of Bedrooms) Many Authorities

Code for Regional Core New Homes to be Zero Insufficient Data Local Sustainable Carbon from 2016; 25% Returned Authorities Homes Reduction in Carbon Emissions by 2010; 44% by 2013 Building for National Core To be Developed Insufficient Data Local Life Returned Authorities

Long Term Regional Core - Baseline Data HSSA Vacancies

The East Midlands in 2009/10 17 Gypsy & National Core To Meet Targets for Overall Progress Local Traveller Minimum Pitch Towards Provision Authorities Pitches Requirements set out in of Minimum Pitch Provided Appendix 2 of the Requirements Regional Plan Improved on Previous Year Gypsy & Contextual - Fewer Local Traveller Unauthorised Authorities Caravans Caravans Recorded on Recorded in Unauthorised 2009/10 than in Sites Previous Year Green Belt Regional Core - No change in CLG Statistics Green Belt Land in Previous 12 Months Household Contextual - The East Midlands - CLG Projections is projected to grow and Estimates by at least 29 per cent from 2008 to 2033 House Prices Contextual - The Recession has CLG and Sales caused Prices and Sales to Fall Mortgage Contextual - The Rate of Council of Lending Mortgage Lending Mortgage to First Time Lenders Buyers has CLG Dropped in Recent Years Ratio of Wage Contextual - In 2010 Lower CLG Rates and Quartile House Housing Costs Prices in the East Midlands were 5.83 Times Lower Quartile Earnings, a Rise from 2009 Homelessness Contextual - The Number of CLG Households Accepted as Homeless has declined in recent years Fuel Poverty Contextual - Fuel Poverty has DECC been increasing since 2004

Regional and Local Housing Trajectories

2.2 Table 2.1 shows past housing completions. In 2009/10 there was a net gain of 12,274 dwellings in the East Midlands, which continues a substantial drop from 2006/07 and 2007/08 figures. The low figure for the last two years means that the average annual provision remains below the average annual target figure laid out in the Regional Plan of 21,517 per annum to 2026 to an actual four year average completion rate from 2006/07 to 2009/10 of 17,405.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 18 2.3 Resulting from overall falls in the numbers of completions, all HMAs except Coastal Lincolnshire and Peterborough (Partial) have average annual completion rates below target (although Peak, Dales (excluding Peak District) HMA remains close to target).

2.4 Data on future projected completions has been collected from local authorities. Care should be taken with this data as differing methodologies may have been used in various authorities. Not all authorities were able to provide data up to 2025/26, in some cases because their Regional Plan Targets do not run to 2026 e.g. Boston, East Lindsey and South Holland. Mansfield was not able to supply projected future completions while authorities in Central Lincolnshire have only provided figures to 2014/15.

Table 2.1 Dwelling Completions from 2006/07 HMA Net Net Net Net Average Proposed Completions Completions Completions Completions Annual Annual 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Completion Average Rate 2006 Completion to 2010 Rate 2006 to 2026 Central Lincolnshire 2,183 1,938 1,317 1,253 1,673 2,030 Coastal Lincolnshire 999 1,037 871 551 865 435 Derby 2,033 2,461 1,172 899 1,641 1,830 Leicester & Leicestershire 3,977 3,809 3,466 3,210 3,616 4,020 North Northants 2,041 2,153 1,363 1,129 1,672 2,748 Northern 1,389 1,470 896 557 1,078 1,510 Nottingham Core 2,999 3,114 1,768 1,827 2,427 2,850 Nottingham Outer 1,618 1,206 839 840 1,126 1,830 Peak, Dales (exc. Peak District) 785 594 336 265 495 500 Peak District* 103 28 100 41 68 # Peterborough (Partial) 1,523 1,552 1,191 922 1,297 1,200 West Northants 2,354 1,550 1,110 780 1,449 2,564 Total 22,004 20,912 14,429 12,274 17,405 21,517 *The Peak District is separated from Peak, Dales and Park HMA in this table. The Peak District National Park has no housing provision target but the RSS assumes 43 net additional dwellings per year – this is not a target nor a limit Source: Local Authorities

2.5 Table 2.2 summarises past housing provision alongside total projected supply and the Regional Plan targets. Completions are broken down by planning permissions, allocations and other projected additions. It should be noted that where authorities could not provide a split in their projections they have been included under the ‘Other Projected Additions to 2026’ column.

2.6 69,619 dwellings were completed between 2006/07 and 2009/10. A further 262,909 dwellings have been predicted giving a total of 332,528. This figure falls short of the target figure of 430,325, however it should be noted that there were a few authorities who did not produce trajectories as far as 2025/26.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 19 Table 2.2 Housing Supply at 31st March 2010 HMA Net Outstanding Allocations Other Total Target Completions Planning in LDDs and Projected Projections 2006** to 2006/07 to Permissions Local Plans Additions to and 2026 2009/10 to 2026 to 2026 2026*** Completions 2006 to 2026 Central Lincolnshire 6,691 13,754 0 0 20,445 40,600 Coastal Lincolnshire 3,458 3,995 879 660 8,992 8,700 Derby 6,565 6,428 1,256 10,577 24,826 36,600 Leicester & Leicestershire 14,462 22,176 15,702 6,740 59,080 80,400 North Northants 6,686 16,070 12,423 7,484 42,663 54,950 Northern 4,312 2,779 3,164 25,154 35,409 30,200 Nottingham Core 9,708 8,642 3,137 24,730 46,217 57,000 Nottingham Outer 4,503 3,346 196 12,159 20,204 36,600 Peak, Dales (exc. Peak District) 1,980 1,640 4,495 3,496 11,611 10,000 Peak District* 272 43 0 625 940 N/A Peterborough (Partial) 5,188 5,133 3,951 9,850 24,122 24,000 West Northants 5,794 1,727 3,558 26,940 38,019 51,275 Total 69,619 85,733 48,761 128,415 332,528 430,325 *The Peak District is separated from Peak, Dales and Park HMA in this table. The Peak District National Park has no housing provision target but the RSS assumes 43 net additional dwellings per year – this is not a target nor a limit **2001 for Northamptonshire HMAs ***Some authorities were unable to provide a split of their completions and have included total figures under ‘other projected additions’ N/A: Not applicable Source: Local Authorities

2.7 Figure 2.1 shows the annual completions and projected completions from 2006/07 to 2025/26. There is a predicted steady rate of completions at around target up to 2019/20 when completions of just above 20,000 per annum are then predicted for the region as a whole to 2025/26.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 20 Figure 2.1 Completions and Projected Completions Compared with Proposed Target East Midlands

25000

20000

15000

10000 Net New Dwellings

5000

0 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 17/18 18/19 19/20 20/21 21/22 22/23 23/24 24/25 26/26

Completions Projections Target

Source: Local Authorities

Five Year Land Supply

2.8 Five year land supply statistics from CLG include the number of and proportion of authorities which reported having identified at least a sufficient supply of sites for the housing requirements for 5 years from April 2009 and each local planning authority's reported proportion of the '5 year housing requirements' that can be accommodated on available, suitable and achievable sites.

2.9 As at April 2009, 86 per cent of all Local Planning Authorities in England reported to have identified sufficient sites to supply 100 per cent or more of the housing requirement for the next 5 years. The North East, North West, West Midlands and London had the highest proportions of Local Planning Authorities (91 per cent each) reporting at least a sufficient supply of land for housing requirements over the next 5 years. The East Midlands and the South West had the lowest proportion of Local Planning Authorities (78 per cent each) reporting at least a sufficient supply of land for housing requirement over the next 5 years.

2.10 Table 2.3 presents East Midlands Local Authorities’ which report 5 year land supplies of less than 70 per cent or greater than 130 per cent of requirement.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 21

Table 2.3 East Midlands Local Authorities with Identified 5 Year Land Supply <70 Percent or >130 Percent Identified at April 2009 Local Authority Percentage Identified Ashfield 215 Blaby 34 Bolsover 149 Broxtowe 145 Daventry 41 Gedling 150 Mansfield 150 Melton 134 Newark and Sherwood Over 300 percent North West Leicestershire 54 Rutland Over 300 percent South Derbyshire 57 West Lindsey 169 Source: CLG

Affordable Housing Completions by Housing Market Area

2.11 Before 2008/09 data on affordable housing was only collected from local authorities where this was new build. In order to make data collected consistent with National Indicator 155, from 2008/09 information has also been collected on additions to affordable housing stock through transfers and acquisitions. Table 2.4 gives totals for new build and total change in affordable dwelling stock, alongside an annual apportioned target. Total target figures for the period 2006- 2026 are in table 2.5, alongside current progress towards them. Note data in table 2.5 is for new build dwellings only.

2.12 During 2009/10 a total of 2,918 affordable dwellings were completed in the East Midlands. A further 159 affordable dwellings were acquired through transfers and acquisitions, giving a total increase of 3,077 dwellings. This is just below the 2008/09 total new build affordable dwellings and those acquired through transfers and acquisitions at 3,253.

2.13 Since 2006/07, 11,968 affordable dwellings have been completed in the East Midlands. This represents under 9 per cent of the twenty year target of 137,000. If a consistent level of affordable housing provision towards the 2026 target were to be assumed then 20 per cent of the target figure should have been achieved by now.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 22

Table 2.4 Affordable Housing 2008/09 to 2009/10 Number of New Dwellings Total Change in Stock Target 2009/10 Social Interme- Total Acquis- Total** Total* Ave Rented diate itions Including Including Annual 2009/10 Acquisitions Acquisitions Requir 2009/10 2008/09 ement Central 220 220 440 0 440 226 590 Lincolnshire HMA Coastal 154 0 154 3 157 282 180 Lincolnshire HMA Derby HMA 129 164 293 7 300 238 605 Leicester and 264 254 518 7 525 468 1,325 Leicestershire HMA North 322 92 414 54 468 489 715 Northamptonshire HMA Northern HMA 58 9 67 17 84 148 500 Nottingham Core 276 209 485 26 511 315 855 HMA Nottingham Outer 104 26 130 43 173 117 460 HMA Peak, Dales & 83 33 116 2 118 121 305 Park HMA Peterborough 233 68 301 0 301 445 420 Partial HMA West 0 0 0 0 0 404 895 Northamptonshire HMA East Midlands 1,843 1,075 2,918 159 3,077 3,253 6,850 * 2008/09 No data from Rushcliffe or Melton and not all local authorities could provide acquisitions data ** 2009/10 No data from Blaby, Harborough, Daventry, Northampton and not all local authorities could provide acquisitions data Source: Local Authorities

Table 2.5 Affordable Housing Built from 2006/07 to 2009/10 Affordable Dwellings Built Total 2006/07 to 2009/10* Requirement 2006-26 Central Lincolnshire HMA 870 11,800 Coastal Lincolnshire HMA 785 3,600 Derby HMA 1,088 12,100 Leicester and Leicestershire HMA 2,087 26,500 North Northamptonshire HMA 1,387 14,300 Northern HMA 461 10,000 Nottingham Core HMA 1,426 17,100 Nottingham Outer HMA 470 9,200 Peak, Dales & Park HMA 565 6,100 Peterborough Partial HMA 1,289 8,400 West Northamptonshire HMA 1,540 17,900 East Midlands 11,968 137,000 Excludes transfers and acquisitions * 2008/09 No data from Rushcliffe or Melton 2009/10 No data from Blaby, Harborough, Daventry, Northampton Source: Local Authorities

The East Midlands in 2009/10 23 Student Dwellings Completed

2.14 During 2009/10, 259 student dwellings (self-contained flats) were completed in Nottingham and 37 in Leicester. However, during 2009/10 there was a significant increase in planning applications for purpose built student accommodation in Leicester which will result in much higher completions in 2010/11. In light of Government guidance, student dwellings have been included in completions figures since 2008/09. Nottingham City has revised their past data to include student dwellings. Other authorities have not done this. The 2009/10 figure for total student dwellings (296) is slightly above the total for 2008/09 (259).

Proportion of Housing Completions Achieved on Previously Developed Land or Through Conversions

2.15 Table 2.6 presents data from Communities and Local Government (CLG) on the use of previously developed land (PDL) for housing; subsequent data is collected from local authorities. In 2009, 57 per cent of new dwellings in the East Midlands were built on previously developed land (a fall of 11 percentage points from the previous year) which increases to 61 per cent if conversions are included. These figures are lower than the national levels of 77 and 80 per cent respectively.

Table 2.6 Percentage New Dwellings on PDL East Midlands and England 2003-2009 (per cent) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Including East 58 59 60 68 64 71 61 Conversions Midlands England 70 75 77 76 77 80 80 Excluding East 54 55 54 65 61 68 57 Conversions Midlands England 67 72 74 73 74 78 77 Source: CLG Housing Statistics

2.16 Figures 2.2 and 2.3 provide comparisons of the level of development on PDL over time and across HMAs in the East Midlands, with the data collected directly from local authorities. In 2009/10, 67.8 per cent of housing completions in the East Midlands were on PDL, a slight decline on the 2008/09 figure of 68.1 per cent. Levels of PDL use are highest in the Derby HMA at 83.0 per cent of completed dwellings whilst Central Lincolnshire has the lowest level of PDL use at 46.0 per cent (although Central Lincolnshire authorities have not always been able to provide complete data split by pdl and non-pdl which may explain the relatively low rate of development on pdl).

The East Midlands in 2009/10 24 Figure 2.2 Percentage of Total New Dwellings on Previously Developed Land (PDL) East Midlands 2004/05 to 2009/10 (per cent)

72

70

68

66

64

per cent per 62

60

58

56 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10

Source: Local Authorities Note scale does not start at zero

Figure 2.3 Proportion of Total New Dwellings on Previously Developed Land (PDL) 2009/10 (per cent) by HMA East Midlands

Derby HMA

West Northamptonshire HMA

Leicester and Leicetershire HMA

Northern HMA

Peak Dales and Park HMA

Coastal Lincolnshire HMA HMA Nottingham Outer HMA

Peterborough Partial HMA

Nottingham Core HMA

North Northamptonshire HMA

Central Lincolnshire HMA

0 102030405060708090 Percentage

Source: Local Authorities

The East Midlands in 2009/10 25 Density of New Housing

2.17 In 2009/10, 84.4 per cent of dwellings on sites with 10 or more completions were at a density of 30 or more dwellings per hectare (dph) (table 2.7). This is slightly higher than the 2008/09 figure of 82.2 per cent. Derby HMA had the largest proportion of dwellings on high density sites, with 100 per cent of completions at 30 dph or higher. In contrast, in the Central Lincolnshire HMA, 38.6 per cent of dwellings were at a density of less than 30 dph (although data was not supplied by all districts in the Central Lincolnshire HMA) (figure 2.4).

2.18 It should be noted that although still a useful measure, the Government’s amendment to PPS3 in June 2010 has removed the national minimum density requirement of 30 dwellings per hectare.

Figure 2.4 Density of Housing on Sites of 10 or More Dwellings by Housing Market Area 2009/10 (per cent) 100

80

60

40

Percentage of dwellings of Percentage 20

0

h by cs er ts ncs cs r i ore t eak i e thern C u an L Lin D Le r O P l tt. . ral No t t ot erboroug n No N t Ce Coasta Pe North Northants West North Under 30 dph 30 to 50 dph Over 50 dph

No data from Ashfield, Bassetlaw, Blaby, Chesterfield, Daventry, Lincoln, NE Derbyshire, Northampton, South Northamptonshire, West Lindsey, Derby, Rutland dph: dwellings per hectare Source: Local Authorities

The East Midlands in 2009/10 26 Table 2.7 New Dwellings Completed at over 30dph 2005/06 to 2009/10 (per cent) Housing Market Area 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Central Lincolnshire *76.1 71.0 71.3 *71.7 *61.4 Coastal Lincolnshire 58.6 69.5 73.4 43.8 96.4 Derby 85.0 90.7 90.9 84.6 *100.0 Leicester & Leicestershire 87.1 95.3 84.6 86.0 *93.6 North Northamptonshire *82.7 *87.8 *91.7 92.1 78.0 Northern *60.1 89.8 74.3 64.4 *66.7 Nottingham Core *96.3 91.0 94.2 *95.8 89.2 Nottingham Outer 67.0 77.1 68.0 66.2 *66.3 Peak, Dales & Park 33.3 79.1 47.5 71.5 89.0 Peterborough Partial 64.2 71.4 83.3 *84.8 *76.5 West Northamptonshire 89.5 94.4 97.9 *99.4 *No data East Midlands 77.2 87.1 84.5 82.2 84.4 *Data missing or incomplete for some authorities: 2005/06 no data from North East Derbyshire, Erewash, North Kesteven, Kettering 2006/07 no data from Corby 2007/08 no data from Wellingborough 2008/09 no data from Rutland, South Northamptonshire, West Lindsey, Broxtowe no return for sites under 30dph 2009/10 No data from Ashfield, Bassetlaw, Blaby, Chesterfield, Daventry, Lincoln, NE Derbyshire, Northampton, South Northamptonshire, West Lindsey, Derby, Rutland dph: dwellings per hectare Source: Local Authorities

Household Size (Number of Bedrooms)

2.19 Table 2.8 gives a breakdown of housing completions by size. Not all local authorities were able to break their housing completions figures down by type and number of bedrooms (14 in total) and as such figures may not be representative of development in the East Midlands. Of those who could return data the largest proportion of flats (67.3 per cent) were 2 bedroom and the largest proportion of housing (43.7 per cent) was 3 bedroom. These proportions were virtually unchanged from the previous year’s figures for 2 bedroom flats and 3 bedroom houses (67 per cent and 41 per cent respectively).

The East Midlands in 2009/10 27 Table 2.8 Dwelling Completions by Size 2009/10* Flats, Maisonettes or Apartments Whole Houses or Bungalows 1 2 3 4+ Total 1 2 3 4+ Total HMA bed beds beds beds bed beds beds beds Central 18 101 1 0 120 22 177 256 127 582 Lincs Coastal 12 42 0 0 54 0 33 25 13 71 Lincs Derby 28 107 1 0 136 7 84 162 136 389 Leicester & 191 270 4 1 466 5 142 444 240 831 Leics North 43 165 0 0 208 6 96 211 154 467 Northants Northern 32 46 12 0 90 6 91 183 170 450 Nottingham 296 508 5 3 812 47 156 292 247 742 Core Nottingham 49 125 1 0 175 5 133 303 176 617 Outer Peak, Dales 0 14 0 0 14 0 12 36 30 78 & Park Peterborou 22 77 6 1 106 14 199 246 201 660 gh Partial West 9 63 3 0 75 7 27 55 86 175 Northants East 700 1,518 33 5 2,256 119 1,150 2,213 1,580 5,062 Midlands * No data from Ashfield, Blaby, Corby, Daventry, Derbyshire Dales, East Lindsey, Harborough, Melton, Northampton, West Lindsey, Derby, Leicester, Peak District, Rutland Source: Local Authorities

Code for Sustainable Homes

2.20 2009/10 was the second year local authorities were asked for the number of sites and the number of dwellings assessed against the Code for Sustainable Homes. Only three local authorities were able to provide data. Bolsover District Council reported 2 sites (287 dwellings) meeting Code Level 3; South Holland District reported 6 sites (71 dwellings) meeting Code Level 3 and Leicester City reported 7 Sites (43 dwellings) also meeting Code Level 3.

Building for Life

2.21 2009/10 was the second year local authorities were asked whether they employed a trained Building for Life Assessor as well as the number of sites and results of formal Building for Life Assessments undertaken.

2.22 Twenty one local authorities indicated that they do employ an Assessor (51.2 per cent), with 12 indicating that they do not (29.3 per cent) (eight authorities did not indicate whether they do or do not employ a trained Assessor (19.5 per cent)).

2.23 The Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE) Building for Life criteria is a Government-endorsed assessment benchmark. The assessment was designed to ensure that it meets the criteria described for housing quality in Planning Policy Statement 3 (PPS3). Each housing development is awarded a score out of 20, based on the proportion of Building for Life questions that are answered positively. The scores are categorised as very good (16 or more

The East Midlands in 2009/10 28

2.24 Unfortunately, as with the Code for Sustainable Homes only a minority of local authorities could provide data. Out of the 8 authorities who provided returns in 2009/10, 1,358 dwellings were assessed as poor (24 sites), 607 as average (13 sites), 157 as good (4 sites) and 0 as very good.

Long Term Vacancies

2.25 Void levels can reveal potential imbalances in the types of housing needed, or areas deemed to be desirable or undesirable. Since housing markets are dynamic, a certain level of vacancy (for short periods of time) is inevitable and may be desirable. However, high rates over the long term may indicate disparities between supply and demand in terms of certain locations and types of housing and it can mean that certain housing or areas are unpopular. Vacancy rates for England are available from the HSSA. Estimates of empty properties can be obtained from council tax registers, stock condition surveys or organisations owning or letting property, including estate agents. Once identified, partnerships may wish to identify areas with unusually high levels of long-term vacancies and establish the reasons for this through interviews with stakeholders for example. Bringing vacant property back into use provides the opportunity to relieve some of the pressure on demand for housing without the need for new build.

2.26 Table 2.9 shows that 52 per cent of vacant property in the region has been empty for 6 months or more (1.5 per cent of total stock). This equates to some 30,176 properties in the region. Of these, the highest total number are in the Leicester and Leicestershire HMA (6,913 properties) whereas in percentage terms Peak Dales HMA have recorded almost all (99.7 per cent) empty properties as being long term vacant.

Table 2.9 Long Term Vacant Housing by Housing Market Area, East Midlands 2009/10 % of long-term % of long term Total vacant empty properties Total Total Number of dwellings as a as a proportion of Number Number of Long Term proportion of total dwellings of Vacant Vacant all vacant (inc Private and Housing Market Area Dwellings Dwellings Dwellings dwellings LA owned) Derby 199,328 7,285 3,522 48.35 1.77 Peak Dales 73,042 1,359 1,355 99.71 1.86 Northern 176,254 5,779 3,039 52.59 1.72 Nottingham Core 327,573 8,172 4,171 51.04 1.27 Leicester & Leicestershire 399,292 12,464 6,913 55.46 1.73 Coastal Lincolnshire 93,802 3,691 1,955 52.97 2.08 Central Lincolnshire 129,777 4,953 2,458 49.63 1.89 Peterborough Partial 113,287 2,199 783 35.61 0.69 North Northamptonshire 137,033 3,150 2,048 65.02 1.49 West Northamptonshire 160,089 4,743 1,878 39.60 1.17 Nottingham Outer 150,458 4,314 2,054 47.61 1.37 East Midlands 1,959,935 58,109 30,176 51.93 1.54 Source: HSSA Data, CLG via Hi4em

The East Midlands in 2009/10 29 Gypsy & Traveller Pitches Provided

2.27 A total of 72 new permanent pitches and 14 new transit pitches were provided in 2009/10 (seven local authorities were unable to provide data) bringing the total number of pitches in the region up to 932 (745 permanent and 187 transit). This compares with 34 new permanent pitches provided in 2008/09 (no new transit pitches were provided) with 1 local authority not able to provide data.

Gypsy & Traveller Caravans Recorded on Unauthorised Sites

2.28 Local Authorities were also asked to report the number of caravans recorded on unauthorised sites (sites without planning permission whether or not owned by the gypsies and travellers and whether or not such encampments were tolerated) as reported in the official January 2010 Caravan Count.

2.29 248 caravans were recorded on unauthorised sites in 2009/10 (9 local authorities did not provide figures). This can be broadly compared with 403 ‘unauthorised encampments’ recorded in 2008/09 (with two local authorities not providing figures).

Green Belt Statistics

2.30 The 2009/10 National Statistics on the estimates of the area of designated Green Belt land in local authorities in England were released under the auspices of the UK Statistics Authority on 23 April 2010. This release presented estimates of the area of Green Belt land in England by region and by local authority as at 31 March 2010. The estimates are based on an improving methodology whereby an increasing number of local authority estimates are provided from digital mapping. This means that the 2009/10 estimates are regarded as more reliable than those previously published.

2.31 Designated Green Belt land in England as at 31 March 2010 was estimated at 1,639,560 hectares, about 13 per cent of the land area of England. Designated Green Belt land in England as at 31 March 2009 has been revised (due to corrections, improved measurements and Positional Accuracy Improvements from several authorities) and now is estimated at 1,639,650 hectares. The latest figures therefore represent a net decrease of 80 hectares compared to the 2008/09 estimates. Over the longer term, since these statistics were first compiled for 1997, there has been an increase in the area of Green Belt after taking account of the redesignation of some Green Belt as part of the New Forest National Park in 2005.

2.32 The East Midlands had a total area of 78,930 ha of Green Belt at 31 March 2010 (table 2.10). This was unchanged since 31 March 2009. This represents some 4.8 per cent of the England total. Please note that Leicestershire Planning Authorities do not have designated Green Belt areas because Green Wedge policies fulfilling similar objectives have been in Development Plans for some time.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 30 Table 2.10 East Midlands’ Authorities Green Belt Area 2009/10 Local Authority Green Belt (ha) Amber Valley 8,650 Ashfield 4,510 Bolsover 1,100 Broxtowe 5,150 Chesterfield 1,430 Derby 240 Erewash 7,850 Gedling 9,010 High Peak 3,980 Newark and Sherwood 6,280 North East Derbyshire 10,340 Nottingham 750 Rushcliffe 17,240 South Derbyshire 2,400 East Midlands 78,930 England 1,639,560 (1,639,650 in 2008/09) Source: CLG

Household Projections and Estimates

2.33 National Statistics have published the projected number of households in England and its regions to 2033. The figures are based on the 2008-based population projections, published by the Office for National Statistics in May 2010. They replace the 2006-based household projections released in March 2009.

2.34 The household projections are produced by applying projected household representative rates to the population projections published by the Office for National Statistics. Projected household representative rates are based on trends observed in Census and Labour Force Survey data. The assumptions underlying national household and population projections are demographic trend based. They do not attempt to predict the impact that future government policies, changing economic circumstances or other factors might have on demographic behaviour. They provide the household levels and structures that would result if the assumptions based on previous demographic trends in the population and rates of household formation were to be realised in practice. The projections are an important part of the evidence base for assessing future housing demand and informing national and local policies on housing and planning.

2.35 The East Midlands, along with the East, Yorkshire and The Humber and South West regions, are all projected to grow by at least 29 per cent from 2008 to 2033. All regions, except the North East and West Midlands, are projected to grow by at least 20,000 households per year on average (22,000 in the East Midlands) (Table 2.11 and figure 2.5). The relative number of households in each region remains similar between 2008 and 2033.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 31 Table 2.11 Household Projections by Region, 2008 to 2033

Average annual change Total change 2008 to 2008 to 2033 thousands 2008 2018 2028 2033 2033 (%) North East 1,112 1,202 1,287 1,324 8 19% North West 2,935 3,165 3,382 3,473 22 18% Yorkshire & The Humber 2,203 2,485 2,755 2,879 27 31% East Midlands 1,868 2,094 2,314 2,411 22 29% West Midlands 2,242 2,427 2,617 2,701 18 20% East 2,406 2,736 3,063 3,212 32 34% London 3,244 3,606 3,979 4,145 36 28% South East 3,480 3,875 4,280 4,467 39 28% South West 2,241 2,518 2,797 2,923 27 30% England 21,731 24,108 26,472 27,536 232 27% Source: CLG

Figure 2.5 Household Projections by Region, 2008 and 2033, thousands

5,000 2008 2033 4,500 4,000

3,500

3,000 2,500

2,000 '000 households 1,500 1,000

500

- North Eas t North Yorkshire Eas t West East London South South West & The Midlands Midlands Eas t West Humber

Source: CLG

2.36 The projected growth in the population is the main driver of the increase in households, accounting for nearly three quarters of the increase in England between 2008 and 2033. This reflects impacts of fertility, life expectancy and net migration in the population projections. If there was no change in the population level, age structure or marital status composition, the number of households would be projected to grow by 36,000 households per annum in England from 2008 to 2033 due to changes in household formation.

2.37 This pattern is reflected across the regions, although the North West and North East show smaller influences of level of population growth on household numbers, and slightly greater influences of changes in age structure and household formation. The East Midlands components of household

The East Midlands in 2009/10 32 change are close to those of England on all measures (table 2.12). The extent to which population growth translates into increases in households depends on the age structure, sex and marital status composition of the population.

Table 2.12 Components of Household Growth (2008-2033) by Region, England Percentage Population Age Marital Household Interaction 2008-2033 level structure status formation terms North East 57 29 -10 24 0 North West 52 29 -8 24 3 Yorkshire & The Humber 73 20 -6 15 -1 East Midlands 75 21 -7 14 -3 West Midlands 68 22 -10 21 -1 East 78 20 -6 12 -4 London 76 14 0 15 -5 South East 76 22 -5 13 -6 South West 75 20 -6 13 -3 England 72 20 -5 16 -3 Note: Interaction between components arises due to interdependence between terms in the projections model Source: CLG

2.38 The 2008-based household projections have a lower growth rate than the 2006-based projections, equating to 20,500 fewer households per year in England between 2008 and 2031 compared with the 2006-based projections. This mainly reflects the lower level of growth in the 2008-based population projections compared with the 2006-based population projections. There is lower household growth in all bands except those headed by households aged 85 or over. This reflects the increased life expectancy assumption in the 2008-based population projections.

2.39 The North West and the East Midlands show the larger decreases in household growth between these two sets of projections, which mirrors the decrease in the adult population projections in these regions. London and the North East have higher household growth in the 2008-based projections than the 2006-based projections. These regions also had higher adult population growth across the two projection rounds (Table 2.13).

The East Midlands in 2009/10 33 Table 2.13 2008-Based Projections Compared with 2006-Based Projections, by English Region 2008-based 2006-based Projection projection Average annual Average annual change change Difference Thousands 2008 – 2031 2008 – 2031 North East 9 8 0.3 North West 22 28 -5.9 Yorkshire & The Humber 27 30 -2.9 East Midlands 22 28 -5.7 West Midlands 19 21 -2.6 East 33 34 -1.3 London 36 34 2.1 South East 40 40 0.0 South West 28 32 -4.5 England 234 255 -20.5 Source: CLG

House Prices and Sales

2.40 In 2009, the average house price in the East Midlands was £172,415 (table 2.14), a -7.7 per cent average annual percentage change from 2008 (table 2.15 and figure 2.6). The decrease on this measure is identical to the national average percentage change. Up until 2008, house prices in the East Midlands increased broadly in line with the national trend, although remain consistently lower than the English mean (by around 28 per cent each year). However, house prices in the East Midlands have remained consistently higher than the means for Yorkshire and the Humber, the North East and North West. London is a significant outlier, with an average house price of £338,120 in 2009 (almost twice that of the East Midlands).

Table 2.14 Average House Prices by Dwelling Type East Midlands 2001 – 2009, £ Flat or Maisonette in Purpose Semi- Converted Built Flat or All Bungalow Detached Detached Terraced House Maisonette Dwellings 2001 91,274 134,679 68,850 58,028 74,093 52,973 87,280 2002 116,521 162,789 83,150 70,110 120,268 62,238 104,835 2003 147,444 204,180 106,376 88,813 122,389 90,367 132,013 2004 168,593 230,963 128,026 107,908 117,481 101,775 154,493 2005 176,249 244,901 134,824 116,687 111,244 108,299 161,487 2006 181,562 243,077 140,717 117,655 103,461 107,457 164,336 2007 188,867 262,798 149,105 128,670 108,544 113,087 176,255 2008 183,626 263,563 146,585 128,461 96,045 101,065 177,025 2009 166,779 247,304 138,830 119,853 94,187 99,574 172,415 Source: CLG

The East Midlands in 2009/10 34

Table 2.15 Year on Year Percentage Change in Mixed Adjusted House Prices by Region 2009 All dwellings 2009 December (average) 2009 annual % annual % Region change1 change2 England -7.7 3.0 Wales -8.0 1.0 Scotland -3.8 3.8 Northern Ireland -16.8 -6.0

North East -6.7 4.0 North West -6.6 2.8 Yorkshire and the Humber -7.1 2.1 East Midlands -7.7 0.8 West Midlands -6.5 2.6 East -8.2 2.9 London -8.2 4.9 South East -8.2 2.8 South West -7.8 1.7

Notes:

(1) The percentage change for 2009 is the average of the annual rates of change for each month during the year. This shows the position during the year as a whole.

(2) The percentage change shown for December 2009 is the percentage change between December 2008 and December 2009 (known as annual rate of change). This shows the position at the end of the year. Source: CLG

The East Midlands in 2009/10 35 Figure 2.6 Year on Year Percentage Change in Mixed Adjusted House Prices by Region 2009

England

Wales

Scotland

Northern Ireland

North East

North West

Yorkshire and the Humber

East Midlands

West Midlands

Eas t

London 2009 (average) South East December 2009 South West

-20.0 -15.0 -10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 Annual inflation (%)

Source: CLG

2.41 In the East Midlands, property sales fell from 102,838 properties in 2007 to 51,549 in 2009 – meaning that the number of properties sold almost halved in this time (table 2.16). Regional data (table 2.16) demonstrates that throughout the period the East Midlands has had the second or third smallest volume of sales, and has closely followed the trend of sales in the West Midlands and Yorkshire and the Humber, illustrating the inter-relationship of these housing markets. Prior to the contraction of the housing market through 2007 and 2008, sales in the East Midlands had been increasing at a somewhat faster rate than average in England (growing by 17.5 per cent between 1998 and 2007, compared to 15.4 per cent in England overall). Between 2008 and 2009 sales fell in the East Midlands by 4.9 per cent compared to a fall of 3.8 per cent for England.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 36 Table 2.16 Property Sales based on Land Registry Data, Regions 2004-2009 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 ENGLAND 1,170,327 974,340 1,223,129 1,190,311 609,840 586,894

North East 57,540 47,502 57,616 59,738 29,955 23,894 North West 162,169 128,714 158,242 156,647 78,726 66,213 Yorkshire and the Humber 117,248 99,037 121,291 117,620 62,069 53,250 East Midlands 102,627 84,714 105,581 102,838 54,197 51,549 West Midlands 109,226 91,575 112,243 108,191 57,136 51,313 East 136,449 114,582 144,583 140,515 70,729 75,353 London 158,018 131,875 166,578 163,514 80,796 74,977 South East 203,212 170,279 218,901 211,932 108,802 115,589 South West 123,838 106,062 138,094 129,316 67,430 74,756 Source: CLG

2.42 Within the East Midlands the greatest decrease in sales between 2007 and 2009 took place in Nottingham and Leicester at almost -56 per cent each which may in part result from the collapse of the buy-to-let market for city centre flats. The county which saw the largest decrease in sales over this time was Northamptonshire which saw 54 per cent fewer properties sold (table 2.17).

Table 2.17 Property Sales based on Land Registry Data, East Midlands 2004-2009 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Derby 5,141 4,427 5,451 5,313 2,937 2,647 Leicester 5,586 4,389 5,546 5,499 2,798 2,431 Nottingham 6,146 4,688 5,544 5,877 3,104 2,594 Rutland 877 785 818 785 443 500 Derbyshire 16,273 13,771 17,057 16,385 8,663 8,421 Leicestershire 14,276 11,915 14,992 14,286 7,569 8,022 Lincolnshire 18,125 14,437 18,590 18,470 9,751 9,299 Northamptonshire 18,611 15,748 19,652 18,636 9,460 8,552 Nottinghamshire 17,592 14,554 17,931 17,587 9,472 9,083 East Midlands 102,627 84,714 105,581 102,838 54,197 51,549 Source: CLG

Mortgage Lending

2.43 Unfortunately data on the number of home loans granted is only available at for the UK as a whole. Slight falls in lending to some groups of new borrowers were tempered by comparable rises to others leading to a flat mortgage market in September 2010, according to data from the Council of Mortgage Lenders.

2.44 There were 50,000 loans for house purchase (worth £7.4 billion) advanced in September 2010, unchanged by volume but down £0.2 billion in value from August 2010. The number was down 1,000 from September 2009 but the value was up £0.3 billion (table 2.18).

2.45 Loans for remortgage increased from 25,000 (worth £3.2 billion) in August 2010 to 29,000 (worth £3.6 billion) in September 2010. Remortgaging accounted for 29 per cent of total lending in September, the first proportionate increase since May. Despite this rise, there is still little incentive for borrowers to move away from low reversion rates with interest rates remaining low. This, coupled with an inability for some borrowers to access new refinancing deals means there is little prospect of a significant rise in remortgaging in the coming months.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 37

Table 2.18 Loans for House Purchase and Remortgage Number of House Value of House Number of Value of Purchase Loans Purchase Loans £m Remortgage Loans Remortgage Loans (£m) September 2010 50,000 7,400 29,000 3,600 Change from n/c -3% 15% 13% August 2010 Change from -2% 4% -12% -12% September 2009 Source: Council of Mortgage Lenders

2.46 In 2006, the average value for new loans written in the East Midlands was estimated to be £113,746, compared to £138,407 in the UK. This increased to £121,338 in 2007 in the East Midlands, before falling to £117,548 in 2008 and £108,860 in 2009. This represents a decline of - 10.3 per cent between 2007 and 2009, a steeper fall than the -8.9 per cent experienced nationally (table 2.19).

2.47 The difficulties faced by first time buyers are also highlighted in table 2.19. In the mid 1990s around half of all mortgages were to first time buyers. This had dropped to around 43 per cent in the East Midlands and nationally by 2000. By 2008 this had further dropped to less than 35 per cent in the region, slightly below the national figure of 35.2 per cent for 2008 and 2009.

Table 2.19 Percentage of Mortgages to First Time Buyers and Average Mortgage Advances United Kingdom and East Midlands 1991 - 2009 Percentage of Percentage of Mortgages Average Average Mortgages to to First Mortgage Mortgage First Time Time Advance Advance Buyers Buyers - East - United - East - United Midlands Kingdom Midlands Kingdom (£) (£) 1991 47.0 47.0 38,962 43,547 1992 48.1 50.3 38,981 43,702 1993 53.1 53.8 39,016 44,911 1994 53.5 54.0 40,634 47,015 1995 52.7 51.8 40,852 48,338 1996 48.2 47.7 43,462 51,473 1997 46.4 44.6 46,809 55,000 1998 49.6 48.3 49,146 58,117 1999 46.2 46.8 52,281 65,036 2000 43.0 43.8 57,839 70,606 2001 38.7 39.5 61,005 76,258 2002 30.7 31.9 71,074 84,489 2003 24.8 26.1 84,913 98,254 2004 21.9 24.9 95,459 109,920 2005 31.1 33.6 104,929 122,049 2006 36.7 36.6 113,746 138,407 2007 35.2 35.4 121,338 150,405 2008 34.6 35.2 117,548 145,666 2009 34.7 35.2 108,860 137,028 Source: CLG

The East Midlands in 2009/10 38 Ratio of Wage Rates and Housing Costs

2.48 Data comparing lower quartile house prices and lower quartile earnings in table 2.20 shows that although affordability ratios fell in the East Midlands in 2008 and 2009 they began to rise again in 2010 and remain historically high. In 2010 the lower quartile house prices in the East Midlands were 5.83 times lower quartile earnings.

2.49 The cities of Derby and Nottingham had the lowest affordability ratios at 4.05 and 4.16 respectively in 2010, with Rutland having the highest at 9.68 making Rutland the least affordable place to live in the East Midlands on this measure. Figure 2.7 shows that other districts in the East Midlands with high affordability ratios include Derbyshire Dales, Rushcliffe, Melton, Harborough, Daventry and South Northamptonshire which all had lower quartile house prices at least 7.6 times lower quartile earnings.

Table 2.20 Ratio of Lower Quartile House Prices to Lower Quartile Earnings 2005 to 2010 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010* Derby 4.86 5.09 6.26 4.82 4.22 4.05 Derbyshire 6.15 6.32 6.68 6.28 5.61 5.66 Leicester 6.33 6.45 6.62 6.63 5.29 5.32 Leicestershire 7.40 7.31 7.82 7.28 6.64 6.80 Lincolnshire 7.19 7.36 7.77 7.29 6.23 6.47 Northamptonshire 6.99 7.13 7.28 7.24 6.02 6.36 Nottingham 5.30 5.24 5.22 4.87 4.11 4.16 Nottinghamshire 6.13 6.38 6.58 6.15 5.44 5.53 Rutland 9.04 9.71 9.86 9.78 7.58 9.68 East Midlands 6.47 6.71 7.00 6.57 5.68 5.83 England 6.82 7.15 7.25 6.97 6.28 6.69 *Data for 2010 is provisional Source: CLG Housing Statistics and Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings

The East Midlands in 2009/10 39 Figure 2.7

The East Midlands in 2009/10 40 Homelessness

2.50 The number of households accepted by local authorities in the region as homeless has fallen steadily from 9,590 (or 1.7 per 1,000 households) in 2003/04 to 3,060 in 2009/10. Similar declines have been seen in most other regions (figure 2.8). The East Midlands had 7.6 per cent of homeless households in England in 2009/10.

2.51 By far the biggest reasons for becoming homeless is loss of accommodation provided by relatives or friends (two-fifths of those deemed 'in priority need'), with a further fifth being due to a relationship breakdown. Many of those who are effectively homeless but not reflected in official homelessness acceptance figures live in concealed households - households which neither own nor rent the property that they are living in. Most of these people do not have dependent children.

Figure 2.8

Households accepted by local authorities as owed a main homelessness duty, by Region

2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10

35,000

30,000

25,000

20,000

Households 15,000

10,000

5,000

0 North East North West Yorkshire East West East of London South East South West and The Midlands Midlands England Humber Source: CLG

The East Midlands in 2009/10 41 Fuel Poverty

2.52 A household is said to be in fuel poverty if it needs to spend more than 10 per cent of its income on fuel to maintain a satisfactory heating regime (usually 21 degrees for the main living area, and 18 degrees for other occupied rooms).

2.53 Volatile energy prices are a cost over which individuals have little control. The increase in fuel poverty since 2004 has largely been caused by price rises over that period. Although, for some households the price rise has been partially offset by rising incomes and improvements in the energy efficiency of their homes, the overall effect of price rise since 2004 has outweighted the impact of increasing income and energy efficiency. However, energy efficiency programmes will help to reduce the cost of energy bills and tackle fuel poverty.

2.54 Rising energy prices have made the challenge of tackling fuel poverty more difficult. The number of households in fuel poverty in England is estimated to have increased from 1.2 million in 2004 to 3.3 million in 2008. Projections suggested this figure is likely to continue to rise in 2009 and 2010. However, it worth noting that the energy price reduction of early 2009 will have an impact on fuel poverty which will be observed in 2010, due to the way fuel poverty is calculated, although prices appear once again to be rising.

2.55 In 2008 about 19.2 per cent or nearly one in five of East Midlands’ households lived in fuel poverty, which is equivalent to 359,000 households (table 2.21). To put this in context with other regions, fuel poverty is most prevalent in the West Midlands and North East where 22.5 per cent and 21.2 per cent of households respectively were classified as being in fuel poverty. In absolute terms, the highest number of households in fuel poverty was in the North West at 531,000 households. The proportion of households in fuel poverty was the lowest in London and in the South East at 10.8 per cent and 9.9 per cent respectively.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 42 Table 2.21 Fuel Poverty East Midlands and England 2003 to 2008 Number (1,000's) % Households in Households in Group Group Total % Total Not Not number of fuel Fuel Fuel Fuel Fuel households poor in Year Poor Poor Poor Poor (1,000s) group

2003 93.7 6.3 1,665 112 1,777 9.2

2004 94.3 5.7 1,675 101 1,777 8.2

2005 91.9 8.1 1,654 145 1,799 9.5 East Midlands 2006 87.1 12.9 1,588 236 1,823 9.7

2007 85.2 14.8 1,561 272 1,833 9.6

2008 80.8 19.2 1,509 359 1,868 10.8

2003 94.1 5.9 19,502 1,222 20,724 100.0

2004 94.1 5.9 19,695 1,236 20,931 100.0

2005 92.8 7.2 19,605 1,529 21,134 100.0 England 2006 88.5 11.5 18,789 2,432 21,221 100.0

2007 86.8 13.2 18,556 2,823 21,379 100.0

2008 84.4 15.6 18,073 3,335 21,407 100.0 Source: DECC

The East Midlands in 2009/10 43 Section 3 Economy

Key Points

 The economy of the East Midlands region continues to be seriously affected by the recession with many key indicators moving in the wrong direction and away from their target  The East Midlands is home to around 148,000 businesses, 6.9 per cent of all businesses in the UK. The manufacturing sector accounts for a relatively large proportion of the East Midlands’ economy, at 20.5 per cent of regional GVA compared to the UK average of 13.7 per cent  In 2009, resident based Gross Value Added (GVA) per head in the East Midlands was 86.8 per cent of the UK average  The East Midlands has seen a 20.2 per cent decline in new business start ups from 18,610 in 2007 to 14,860 in 2009  Within the East Midlands, Nottingham has the highest jobs density at 0.93 jobs per resident, with Nottinghamshire having the lowest at 0.64 jobs per resident  The seasonally adjusted claimant count for the region in October 2010 was 4.4 per cent, down 0.1 percentage points from September 2010, and down 0.8 per percentage points since October 2009  Levels of employment land developed in the East Midlands were fairly consistent between 2007/08 and 2008/09 (187.7 ha and 174.9 ha respectively) before falling back (to 75.6 ha) in 2009/10  The proportion of employment development on previously developed land in the East Midlands rose from 37.3 per cent in 2007/08 to 43.3 per cent in 2008/09 before falling back to 33.6 per cent in 2009/10  Details of 21,521 sqm of completed retail floorspace was returned by local authorities for 2009/10, of which 5,654 (26.3 per cent) was in a central location  During 2009/10, 29.5 ha of leisure land was developed in the region, of which only 7.8 ha (26.4 per cent) was in a central location  Just 42 per cent of employment land developed in 2009/10 was accessible (defined as within 400 metres) by public transport, just over half the rate in the previous two years  Rents achieved in Nottingham and Leicester are generally lower than many other UK key centres  Accessibility to essential services in the rural East Midlands (such as GP surgeries) is generally good compared with other regions but many households do not have access to some services  Tourism generates approximately £6.05 billion for the East Midlands economy. Day visitors represent the largest segment of tourists in terms of the £3.65 billion revenue that they generate  Approximately 78,593 jobs (full time equivalents) were supported by direct tourist expenditure in the East Midlands and a further 20,104 jobs were supported by indirect revenue from tourism

Introduction

3.1 This section covers spatial economy policies for the East Midlands including employment, retail and leisure land developed during 2009/10. Please note that in the case of employment, leisure and retail data from local authorities, this AMR continues to apply the thresholds used in previous years (sites over 0.4 ha or 1,000 sqm for employment land and leisure sites, 2,500 sqm for A1 retail sites and 1,000 sqm for A2 use) (see paragraph 3.47 for further details).

The East Midlands in 2009/10 44 Economy Indicators and Progress

Key Indicators Core/ Targets Status Progress Sources Contextual Business Confidence Contextual - Business ICAEW/Grant Confidence Fell in Thornton Q4 2010 as Difficult Trading Conditions were Expected Resident Based GVA Contextual - GVA fell between ONS 2008 and 2009 in the Region in absolute terms and as a proportion of UK GVA Numbers in Employment Regional Increase in The Number of Annual Business Core Numbers in Jobs Fell in the Inquiry Employment Region by 2.3% between 2008 and 2009 Number of New Regional Increase in Births of New ONS Business Start-ups Core New Jobs Enterprises Fell by Created and 20.2 per cent in the Business Region from 2007- Start Ups 09 Jobs Density Estimates Contextual - Jobs Density is Nomis Generally Lower than in London or South England Benefit Claimant Count Contextual - The Region’s DWP Claimant Count Reduced by 0.8 Percentage Points from October 2009 to October 2010 Net Change in National Targets Set Employment Land Local Authorities Employment, Retail and Core in SRSs and and Floorspace Leisure Land LDDs to Meet Developed Fell CLG C & I Local Needs Significantly Floorspace and between 2008/09 Rateable Value and 2009/10 Statistics Net Change in Office Regional Targets Set The Proportion of Local Authorities and Industrial Land / Core in SRSs and development on Floorspace Developed LDDs to Meet PDL fell from 43.3 CLG Planning for Employment on Local Needs per cent to 33.6 per Statistics Previously Developed cent between Land 2008/09 and 2009/10 New Employment Land National - Little Employment Local Authorities and Floorspace Core Land or Floorspace Developed Within or was Developed in Adjoining Principal the PUAs in Urban Areas 2009/10 Employment Land National To Meet Land Under Local Authorities Supply by Type Core Local Needs Construction as set out in Increased between SRSs or 2008/09 and LDDs 2009/10 by 49 per

The East Midlands in 2009/10 45 cent Outstanding Planning National To Meet The Majority of Local Authorities Permissions, Allocations Core Local Needs Committed or and Completions for as set out in Under Construction Retail and Leisure LDDs Retail Development Development and is in a Central Proportion in Town Location but the Centres Majority of Leisure Development will take place Out of Centre Development Served by Regional - The Proportion of Local Authorities Public Transport Core Employment Land Served by Public Transport appears to have Significantly Declined in 2009/10 Rental and Land Values Contextual - Baseline Data VOA

Accessibility to Essential Regional - Accessibility to Rural Services Services in Rural Areas Core Services in Rural Data Series Areas is Good Compared to other Regions but still Poor in Many Instances Tourism Spend in Regional - Tourism Spend and STEAM Region and Employment Core Employment Supported Increased in 2009 Tourism Stays in Region Regional - Total Tourist STEAM Core Numbers Increased in 2009 despite the Recession

The Impact of the Recession on the East Midlands

3.2 Previous AMRs have reported upon the onset of the recession, and in particular, its impact upon the East Midlands Region. A commitment was given to report upon this critical issue in future AMRs.

3.3 A cursory glance at the above table provides a good overview of regional performance in 2009 to 2010, with the vast majority of the key indicators (GVA, numbers employed, business start-ups, business confidence, development of employment, retail and leisure land) all moving in the wrong direction or away from target in this time of economic uncertainty.

3.4 The East Midlands Development Agency in ‘The East Midlands in 2010’, and other research studies, have reported that following the contraction in activity in the money markets that began in August 2007, the UK economy went into recession at the beginning of Q2 2008, a downturn that lasted until the end of Q3 2009. The recession was the worst since the Second World War with the UK economy contracting by 4.8 per cent in 2009. The first signs of recovery were detected with growth of 0.4 per cent reported in the final quarter of 2009 and this continued into 2010 with

The East Midlands in 2009/10 46 further modest growth of 0.3 per cent in the first quarter and an estimated 1.1 per cent in the second quarter.

3.5 The impact of the recession across the UK has been widespread both in terms of sector of activity and geographical area, although some sectors and some areas have been more seriously affected than others.

3.6 In terms of sectors, at the start of the recession it was generally business and financial services that were worst affected, but as unemployment began to rise and consumer expenditure started to fall, manufacturing output contracted severely. This was followed by a serious decline in the construction sector, steep falls in housing market activity and the contraction of public sector work. The early stages of the recovery have been driven by manufacturing, but the most recent data suggests that the service sector is starting to grow again, although construction remains depressed.

3.7 In terms of geographical effects, generally speaking, the West Midlands and the northern regions have been the worst affected with the south less so. The depth of the recession in the East Midlands Region has, in the main, been in line with the national average.

3.8 Data from the Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) suggests that the East of England was the first region where output began to contract and the first region to reach its low point in October 2008. This data suggest that other regions reached the low point of the cycle in the first quarter of 2009. Since then the PMI suggests that all of the English regions were growing again from the start of 2010.

3.9 Productivity in the East Midlands is below the UK average and close to the EU average. Whether measured by output per filled job or output per hour worked, productivity in the region is around 7.5 percentage points below the national average.

3.10 Levels of investment have remained relatively high in the East Midlands. In 2006, the level of investment by UK owned companies was 0.3 percentage points higher than in 2002 but 0.3 percentage points below the UK average. There has been less volatility in the level of investment by foreign owned companies than by UK owned companies. In 2006, the level of investment by foreign owned companies was 2.2 per cent of gross value added (GVA), which is the highest level of investment recorded. The East Midlands is currently ranked second on this, demonstrating that the region is able to offer a favourable business environment. In line with national trends, the region has experienced an increase in investment in the service sector and a fall in investment in the manufacturing sector. The global nature of the recent recession is affecting levels of investment and this is expected to be reflected in future data releases.

3.11 In terms of innovation, the East Midlands has performed relatively well. Universities in the East Midlands have a tradition of scientific excellence and research breakthroughs. Research strengths in the region include biological sciences at Leicester and the built environment at Loughborough. In the private sector, Business Enterprise Research and Development (BERD) has been consistently higher in the East Midlands than the UK average between 1997 and 2007, but this is concentrated in a few large multinational firms. In 2007, BERD in the East Midlands was equal to 1.4 per cent of GVA and it is 0.1 percentage points greater than the national average. It is unclear how the recession will impact on R&D expenditure. For some it will be viewed as an item of

The East Midlands in 2009/10 47 expenditure that can be cut back, while for others it is an essential means of competing in their markets.

3.12 The East Midlands is home to around 148,000 businesses, 6.9 per cent of all businesses in the UK. The manufacturing sector accounts for a relatively large proportion of the East Midlands economy, at 20.5 per cent of regional GVA compared to the UK average of 13.7 per cent. Manufacturing sub-sectors such as Transport Equipment and Food & Drink are significantly more productive in the region than nationally. This regional specialism in production activities has been in decline over the past two decades and the service sector has generally grown more quickly. This is in line with national trends. In the past two decades the service sector has been both the largest and fastest growing sector in the UK and East Midlands. In the East Midlands 69 per cent of regional GVA can be accounted for by the service sector, compared to 76 per cent in the UK.

3.13 Whilst the East Midlands has experienced relatively strong economic growth over the last decade, the recent recession has had a large negative effect on many industries that are more significant to the East Midlands economy than nationally e.g. construction and manufacturing. Some commentators believe that manufacturing, and high tech manufacturing in particular (in which the East Midlands performs well) will experience a relatively strong recovery, and there are some signs of this. In the first quarter of 2010 it is estimated that the manufacturing sector grew much more quickly than the service sector. The economic landscape will become clearer as published official statistics begin to capture the effects of the recession.

3.14 The East Midlands is the only one of the five northern and midlands regions to exceed the national average employment rate and to have a lower unemployment rate. This is despite the impacts of the recession, which has meant that unemployment has increased and employment decreased in every English region. In January-March 2010 the employment rate in the region was 73.3 per cent, compared to 72.0 per cent for the UK. However, there are pockets of severe employment deprivation in the three cities, coalfield and coastal areas of the region. The East Midlands unemployment rate is below the national average, at 7.4 per cent compared to 8.3 per cent in the UK for January-March 2010. The claimant count rate in the East Midlands is also slightly lower than the UK figure, at 4.0 per cent compared to 4.1 per cent in April 2010.

3.15 Sub-regionally, unemployment is highest in the larger urban areas with severe pockets of deprivation especially in Leicester, Nottingham, Lincoln, Corby and Derby but also in the former coalfield and coastal areas of the region. The lowest rates are to be found in rural areas such as Rutland and South Northamptonshire.

Business Confidence

3.16 ICAEW/Grant Thornton produce a quarterly regional Business Confidence Monitor Report. The Q4 2010 edition for the East Midlands reported an easing of annual growth in business turnover and sales volumes in Q4 2010, while annual gross profit growth slipped back into negative territory. Turnover increased by 0.1 per cent in the 12 months to Q4 2010, compared to 1.5 per cent reported in Q3. Annual gross profit growth slipped from 1.1 per cent reported in Q3 2010 to a 0.3 per cent fall over the period to Q4 2010. Expectations for key performance indicators softened in Q4 2010, with turnover forecast to rise by 3.1 per cent in the coming year, down from 4.5 per cent in Q3 2010, and sales volumes growth down to 3.2 per cent from 4.7 per cent. For employees in the East Midlands average basic salaries rose by 1.0 per cent in the 12 months to Q4 2010. This was up from 0.5 per cent growth in the year to Q3 2010 and was the highest rate of growth since Q2 2009.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 48 However, expectations for average basic salary growth over the coming 12 months slipped for the second quarter in succession, to 1.3 per cent from 1.6 per cent six months previously as businesses keep costs under control.

3.17 The proportion of businesses reporting access to capital to be a greater challenge than a year previously continued to ease in Q4 2010. About one in ten businesses in the East Midlands (12 per cent) reported access to capital as a greater challenge to business performance than in the previous year. This compared with more than one in five (22 per cent) in Q3 2010 and nearly half (45 per cent) in Q3 2009. Further, in Q4 2010 almost one in five businesses in the East Midlands (19 per cent) reported bank charges as a greater challenge than 12 months ago. This was down from around one in four (26 per cent) reporting this trend in Q3 2010 and around one in three (35 per cent) in Q1 2009. The proportion of businesses reporting bank charges as a greater challenge than 12 months ago was in line with levels seen before the recession.

3.18 Seventy-one senior business professionals in the East Midlands were interviewed and the results show that the ICAEW/Grant Thornton UK Business Confidence Monitor (BCM) Index score has fallen to record a 8.2 in Q4 2010 in the East Midlands. Confidence in the region has weakened by 15.6 points from 23.8 in Q3 2010. Nationally the Confidence Index stood at 11.9 (figure 3.1).

Figure 3.1 BCM Confidence Index Trend in East Midlands

Source: ICAEW/Grant Thornton

3.19 Very few firms in the East Midlands reported availability of skills or staff turnover as greater challenges to business performance than a year ago, suggesting a weak labour market as of Q4 2010. Forecast salary growth for the region supports this. East Midlands firms expect average total salaries to rise by 0.8 per cent by Q4 2011 compared to a UK average expectation of 1.4 per cent growth. Almost three in ten businesses in the East Midlands (28 per cent) report late payment from customers to be a greater challenge than 12 months ago, a marginal improvement from the 31 per cent who reported this trend in Q3 2010. However, late payment has eased considerably as an issue for East Midlands firms since Q3 2009 when over half (55 per cent) were reporting it as a greater challenge, suggesting a much improved cash flow position as economic growth returned. In Q4 2010, almost half of East Midlands businesses (48 per cent) report competition in the marketplace as a greater challenge to their performance than 12 months ago. This is up from three in ten (30 per cent) in Q3 2010 and is the highest proportion of businesses reporting this trend since Q3 2009. Further, nearly half of East Midlands firms (45 per cent) report customer demand as

The East Midlands in 2009/10 49 a greater challenge to business performance than 12 months ago, suggesting that the recovery still has some way to go.

3.20 In contrast, a more optimistic picture is painted by the results of the Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire Chamber of Commerce quarterly survey for 2010 which reported a “significant” jump in manufacturing sales leading to 23 per cent of firms polled expecting to increase the size of their workforce, as against only 7 per cent expecting to have to reduce staff. The Chamber President argued that despite this optimism, members were remaining cautious in the short term with bad debts and access to finance remaining an issue for many firms, although the fact that more businesses were increasing rather than reducing their investment plans for plant and machinery for the first time since March 2008 was a further encouraging sign of recovery.

3.21 The Derby Evening Telegraph’s regular business surveys provide interesting snapshots of how 100 Derby firms across all sectors have been affected by and have responded in the wake of what the newspaper described as “unprecedented economic turmoil”. An unscientific analysis of the survey’s results suggests a fairly equal distribution between those whose experiences have been better than they had feared and those for whom the reality has been worse. There is a similar split between those who are positive about the future and those that are less so. A common theme of the positive responses is the ability to be flexible and to respond to opportunities; the commonest complaint is the difficulty of accessing finance for business development. For every comment that “our marketing efforts have been successful, with more leads in the pipeline – we remain optimistic but cautious” there is another of “I do believe we will be living with the consequences of this crisis for many years to come”.

3.22 The point about the importance of firms’ flexibility of response to the economic downturn is confirmed by emda research which pointed out that, unlike previous periods of recession, employment had fallen less than output, both regionally and nationally. The reasons given for this were the introduction of flexible working practices and wage restraint in order to avoid redundancies, and investment in skills and training for existing staff instead of recruitment.

3.23 The effects of the recession have also contributed to the changing face of the High Street. The latest national figures from Ordnance Survey for the period October 2008 to January 2011 showed the numbers of estate agencies down by 15.4 per cent, building society branches down by 28.2 per cent, auction houses down by 14.0 per cent and employment agencies down by 13.4 per cent. In contrast, one of the few types of high street outlet to grow were betting shops which increased by 5 per cent.

3.24 East Midlands Airport is another barometer of the effect of the recession on the regional economy. Figures from the Civil Aviation Authority revealed that passenger numbers in 2009 at 4.7 million were 19 per cent down on the 5.8 million who used the airport in 2008 with cargo tonnage also down from 294,997 (2008) to 287,774 (2009), a fall of 2.5 per cent. The Airport reported that “passenger and corresponding financial performance were significantly impacted by the worst recession in the UK for 60 years, exacerbated by exceptional winter weather”. The Airport, which enjoyed 32 consecutive months of increasing passenger numbers until October 2008, saw a slight return to growth in August 2010 and was said to be “optimistic” about the future (see the transport section for further details).

The East Midlands in 2009/10 50 Resident Based Gross Value Added (GVA)

3.25 Gross Value Added or GVA is a measure of the value of goods and services produced in the economy. The latest data shows that significant differences in GVA exist between the regions of the UK, shown in table 3.1.

3.26 In 2009, GVA per head in the East Midlands was 86.8 per cent of the UK average. GVA per head in the region had previously fallen marginally from 89.7 per cent of the UK average in 2002 to 88.0 per cent in 2008. In 2009, the East Midlands’ share of UK total GVA was 6.3 per cent.

3.27 London was the leading region where GVA per head was 71.2 percentage points higher than the UK average. The lowest levels of GVA per head were to be found in the North East, at just 78.2 per cent of the UK average.

3.28 The 2009 headline estimates show that both total GVA and GVA per head at current basic prices have fallen in all UK regions.

Table 3.1 Regional GVA1,2 20093 Per Per head Per head Total GVA Total Share of UK head growth index (£m) GVA (%) (£)2 on 2008 (UK=100) growth (%) on 2008 (%) United Kingdom4 19,977 -2.7 100.0 1,234,445 -2.1 100.0 North East 15,621 -2.0 78.2 40,369 -1.5 3.3 North West 17,263 -1.9 86.4 119,079 -1.6 9.6 Yorks & Humber 16,569 -3.4 82.9 87,123 -2.6 7.1 East Midlands 17,349 -3.2 86.8 77,223 -2.7 6.3 West Midlands 16,788 -3.2 84.0 91,178 -2.7 7.4 East of England 18,591 -4.0 93.1 107,209 -3.2 8.7 London 34,200 -2.6 171.2 265,171 -1.5 21.5 South East 20,923 -3.5 104.7 176,500 -2.7 14.3 South West 18,211 -2.5 91.2 95,268 -2.1 7.7 1 GVA at current basic prices on workplace basis, based on weighted 5-year moving average 2 Figures may not sum due to rounding in totals, per head (£) figures are rounded to the nearest pound 3 2009 estimates are provisional 4 Excluding statistical discrepancy and Extra-Regio: off-shore contribution to GVA that cannot be assigned to any region Source: ONS

Numbers in Employment

3.29 Table 3.2 shows the number and percentage change in employees between 2008 and 2009. The authority which saw the greatest fall in jobs in the East Midlands was Derby City at 3.9 per cent, followed by Northamptonshire at 3.5 per cent and Leicestershire at 3.4 per cent. The smallest decline in jobs was seen in Nottinghamshire at 0.2 per cent. No authority within the East Midlands saw an increase in jobs between 2008 and 2009, highlighting the impact of the recession at this time.

3.30 A similar picture was seen in the regions and England as a whole (table 3.2) with only the South West seeing a small increase in jobs (of 0.2 per cent) between 2008 and 2009. The West Midlands saw the greatest percentage fall in jobs of 5.2 per cent, compared to a 2.3 per cent fall in the East Midlands as a whole. The comparable fall in jobs in England was 2.9 per cent.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 51 Table 3.2 Number of Jobs East Midlands and Regions 2008 to 2009 2008 2009 % change 2008 to 2009 Derby* 121,200 116,500 -3.9 Derbyshire* 280,900 272,700 -2.9 Leicester* 158,100 156,100 -1.3 Leicestershire* 274,400 265,000 -3.4 Lincolnshire* 264,700 258,400 -2.4 Northamptonshire* 318,500 307,500 -3.5 Nottingham* 184,500 182,600 -1.0 Nottinghamshire* 282,500 282,000 -0.2 Rutland* 14,400 14,300 -0.7

North East 1,057,300 1,007,000 -4.8 North West 3,008,600 2,962,800 -1.5 Yorkshire and The Humber 2,245,600 2,199,400 -2.1 East Midlands 1,915,100 1,870,400 -2.3 West Midlands 2,387,000 2,263,500 -5.2 East 2,432,900 2,380,100 -2.2 London 4,252,500 4,060,400 -4.5 South East 3,766,700 3,652,600 -3.0 South West 2,265,500 2,269,600 0.2 England 23,331,300 22,665,800 -2.9 * These figures exclude farm agriculture (SIC subclass 01000) All figures rounded to the nearest 100 Figures subject to sampling errors Source: ONS via Nomis. ONS Crown Copyright Reserved

Number of New Business Start-ups

3.31 A new European Commission Structural Business Statistics Regulation came into force in February 2008, requiring National Statistical Institutes (NSIs) to produce statistics on business births, deaths and survival rates. These statistics will be produced using common definitions and methodology, which will ensure greater comparability across the EU. The new Office for National Statistics (ONS) ‘Business Demography: Enterprise Births and Deaths’ publication was released for the first time on 28 November 2008, using this common methodology. The Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR) National Statistics publication ‘Business start-ups and closures: VAT registrations and de-registrations’ was released for the final time on the same day. In summary, the key difference between the BERR statistics and the new ONS Business Demography publication is the inclusion of PAYE registered units. Therefore the new statistics will additionally include the births and deaths of employing businesses, which are not VAT-registered, providing a more comprehensive view of business start-up activity.

3.32 The challenging economic climate would appear to have had an impact on the birth of new enterprises in all parts of the region (table 3.3). The lack of new credit being made available from the financial institutions for business start-ups may be a key factor.

3.33 Table 3.3 shows the largest drop in the birth of new enterprises between 2007 and 2009 was seen in Derbyshire (25.1 per cent fall) followed by Lincolnshire (23.7 per cent fall) and Derby City (20.8 per cent fall). Rutland saw the smallest fall over this time (2.8 per cent drop) although the actual numbers of business births here was relatively small. Overall the East Midlands saw a 20.2 per cent decline in business births from 2007 to 2009 from 18,610 in 2007 to 14,860 in 2009.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 52 Table 3.3 Births of New Enterprises for 2007-2009, East Midlands 2007 2008 2009 % Change from 2007-09 Derby 915 775 725 -20.8 Leicester 1,155 1,230 1,060 -8.2 Nottingham 1,015 915 855 -15.8 Rutland 180 175 175 -2.8 Derbyshire 3,285 2,735 2,460 -25.1 Leicestershire 2,840 2,700 2,305 -18.8 Lincolnshire 2,865 2,520 2,185 -23.7 Northamptonshire 3,375 3,090 2,720 -19.4 Nottinghamshire 2,980 2,645 2,375 -20.3 East Midlands 18,610 16,785 14,860 -20.2 Source: ONS

Jobs Density Estimates

3.34 Jobs density is defined as the total number of filled jobs in an area divided by the resident population aged 16-64 in that area. The jobs density figures that ONS produce therefore refer to the number of jobs per resident of working age, not to the number of jobs per hectare. The ONS figure gives a measure of the mismatch between the supply and demand for labour in an area. For example, a job density of 1.0 would mean that there is one job for every resident of working age. The total number of jobs is a workplace-based measure and comprises employees, self- employed, government-supported trainees and HM Forces.

3.35 Job densities tend to be higher in urban areas and areas of high inward commuting. In the East Midlands, Nottingham has the highest jobs density at 0.93 jobs per resident, with Nottinghamshire having the lowest at 0.64 jobs per resident (table 3.4).

Table 3.4 Job Density East Midlands 2008 Authority Jobs Density Derby 0.82 Derbyshire 0.66 Leicester 0.82 Leicestershire 0.75 Lincolnshire 0.74 Northamptonshire 0.80 Nottingham 0.93 Nottinghamshire 0.64 Rutland 0.85 East Midlands 0.75 Source: Nomis

3.36 Comparing the East Midlands with other English Regions shows it to have the same job density as Yorkshire and the Humber at 0.75 jobs per resident (table 3.5). Only the North East has a lower jobs density at 0.69. In contrast London, the South East and South West have jobs densities of 0.90, 0.82 and 0.82 respectively.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 53 Table 3.5 Job Density by Region 2008 Region Jobs Density North East 0.69 North West 0.76 Yorkshire and the Humber 0.75 East Midlands 0.75 West Midlands 0.77 East 0.77 London 0.90 South East 0.82 South West 0.82 Source: Nomis

Benefit Claimant Count

3.37 The Office for National Statistics publishes a quarterly Statistical Bulletin on Labour Market Statistics for each of the regions. The November 2010 Bulletin for the East Midlands reports the seasonally adjusted claimant count (Jobseeker’s allowance claimants aged 18+) in October 2010 as 4.4 per cent, down 0.1 percentage point from September 2010, and down 0.8 per percentage points since October 2009. The seasonally adjusted number of claimants in October 2010 was 97,000, down 1,200 on September 2010, and down 18,100 since October 2009 (figure 3.2).

Figure 3.2

Source: ONS

3.38 The claimant count as a proportion of the resident population aged 16 to 64 was lowest in Rutland at 1.2 per cent. It was highest in Leicester and Nottingham Cities both at 5.3 per cent (figure 3.3).

The East Midlands in 2009/10 54 Figure 3.3

Claimant count as a proportion of the resident population aged from 16 to 64, by County/UA October 2010 - East Midlands

2 8 5

7 1

4 9 3

6

Percentage (%)

4.5 to less than 6.0 3.0 to less than 4.5 1.5 to less than 3.0

© Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. ONS GD272183 2010 0 to less then 1.5

1 Derby UA 4.3% 2 Derbyshire 3.0% 3 Leicester UA 5.3% 4 Leicestershire 2.1% 5 Lincolnshire 3.0% 6 Northamptonshire 3.0% 7 Nottingham UA 5.3% 8 Nottinghamshire 2.8% 9 Rutland UA 1.2%

Source: ONS

The East Midlands in 2009/10 55

Net Change in Employment, Retail and Leisure Land

3.39 Data in table 3.6 collected from national sources compares business floorspace in the East Midlands and England (this data has not been updated since the last AMR). Between April 2007 and April 2008 retail, office and warehouse floorspace in the East Midlands increased by 1.6, 2.3 and 1.4 per cent respectively, while factory floorspace fell by 1.3 per cent. In all four sectors the East Midlands performed better than the national average over the period.

Table 3.6 Floorspace in the East Midlands and England 2007 to 2008 (000 sqm) April 2007 April 2008 Percentage Change April 2007 to April 2008 East Retail 7,702 7,829 1.6 Midlands Offices 10,916 11,163 2.3 Factory 23,916 23,606 -1.3 Warehouse 17,838 18,083 1.4 England Retail 99,376 100,208 0.8 Offices 193,400 195,131 0.9 Factory 196,669 192,322 -2.2 Warehouse 151,273 152,485 0.8 Source: CLG C&I Floorspace and Rateable Value Statistics

3.40 Tables 3.7 and 3.8 summarise data on the development of employment land in the East Midlands in 2007/08 to 2009/10 (table 3.8. provides a breakdown by authority for 2009/10). Levels of development were fairly consistent between 2007/08 and 2008/09 (187.7 ha and 174.9 ha respectively) before falling back (to 75.6 ha) in 2009/10. 2008/09 was the first year when floorspace data was supplied (actual or estimated) by all authorities. The amount of floorspace developed in 2008/09 was almost 794,000 sqm but, as with land area, had fallen back significantly to under 357,000 sqm in 2009/10.

Table 3.7 Employment Land Developed Summary 2007/08 to 2009/10 Land Area Land Area Floorspace Land Area Floorspace 2007/08 2008/09 2008/09 2009/10 2009/10 (ha) (ha) (sqm) (ha) (sqm) B1 – Office & Light Industry 29.6 19.7 97,086 9.9 30,613 B2 – Industry 14.4 12.7 54,031 9.5 44,381 B8 – Storage & Distribution 40.5 50.8 173,195 15.4 40,642 B – Unspecified 103.3 52.8 185,188 15.3 40,248 Mixed* ** 39.0 284,057 25.5 200,850 Total 187.7 174.9 793,558 75.6 356,734 * Indeterminable split between B and non-B uses ** Category was not included in 2007/08 but it is thought a large proportion of this category was recorded under ‘B – Unspecified Please note that only development on sites above 0.4 ha or 1,000 sq m is recorded Source: Local Authorities

The East Midlands in 2009/10 56 Table 3.8 Employment Land Developed 2009/10 (hectares) B1-Office & B2-Industry B8-Storage B- Mixed* Total Light & Unspecified Industry Distribution Derby 0.1 0.2 0 0 0 0.3 Derbyshire 1.2 0 6.4 1.2 0 8.8 Leicester 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leicestershire 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lincolnshire 0.9 0 0.5 1.3 24.9 27.6 Northamptonshire 1.5 0 5.5 0.8 0.6 8.4 Nottingham 1.5 0 0 0.9 0 2.4 Nottinghamshire 2.0 9.0 3.0 11.2 0 25.1 Peak District 0.3 0.2 0 0 0 0.5 Rutland 2.5 0 0 0 0 2.5 East Midlands 9.9 9.5 15.4 15.3 25.5 75.6 * Indeterminable split between B and non-B uses Please note that only development on sites above 0.4 ha or 1,000 sq m is recorded Source: Local Authorities

3.41 Data collected on the loss of employment land is summarised in table 3.9, although, because not all authorities are able to supply this information, it does not represent a complete picture. Of the data that was supplied, a total of 51.7 ha of employment land was lost to other land uses, mainly in the form of outstanding planning permissions (40.4 ha).

Table 3.9 Employment Land Losses 2009/10 (hectares)* Status at Start of Year Allocated With Under In Total Planning Construction Employment Permission Land Use Derby 0 0 0 0 0 Derbyshire 0 0 0 0.9 0.9 Leicester 0 20.3 0 0 20.3 Leicestershire 0 2.9 0 0 2.9 Lincolnshire 0 1.7 0 3.7 5.4 Northamptonshire 0 0.4 0.2 3.5 4.1 Nottingham 0 11.1 0 0.3 11.4 Nottinghamshire 0 4.0 0.6 1.9 6.5 Peak District 0 0.0 0.1 0 0.1 Rutland 0 0.0 0 0 0 East Midlands 0 40.4 0.9 10.3 51.7 Data may be incomplete Please note that only losses on sites above 0.4 ha or 1,000 sq m is recorded Source: Local Authorities

Net Change in Office and Industrial Land / Floorspace Developed for Employment on Previously Developed Land

3.42 This section presents data collected from local authorities alongside national figures from Communities and Local Government (CLG). Table 3.10 compares the proportions of land developed on previously developed land (PDL) in 2007/08, 2008/09 and 2009/10. The proportion of development on PDL in the East Midlands rose from 37.3 per cent in 2007/08 to 43.3 per cent in 2008/09 before falling back to 33.6 per cent in 2009/10. 2009/10 development on PDL was 100 per cent in Derby and 93.3 per cent in Northamptonshire.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 57

Table 3.10 Proportion of Development on Previously Developed Land 2007/08 to 2009/10 (per cent) 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Derby 37.2 100.0 100.0 Derbyshire 79.8 84.1 48.5 Leicester 26.6 100.0 N/A Leicestershire 24.4 35.3 N/A Lincolnshire 25.6 14.8 18.4 Northamptonshire 24.1 44.9 93.3 Nottingham N/A 100.0 0 Nottinghamshire 66.1 55.3 31.4 Peak District N/A 100.0 0 Rutland 100.0 48.2 0 East Midlands 37.3 43.3 33.6 N/A: not applicable as no land of this type was developed Data prior to 2007/08 is incomparable as it excludes extensions and redevelopment Please note that only development on sites above 0.4 ha or 1,000 sq m is recorded Source: Local Authorities

3.43 Data from CLG in table 3.11 has not been updated since the last AMR which showed that in the East Midlands, 6 per cent of the land identified as available for redevelopment in 2006 was developed during 2007. The average size of sites was 0.9 ha.

Table 3.11 Previously Developed Land by Whether Vacant/Derelict or Currently in Use 2007 (per cent) East Midlands England Percentage of area 2006 sites Developed by 2007 6 6 Un-developed at 2007 89 90 Excluded in 2007 return 4 5 All 2006 sites 100 100 New 2007 sites 8 7 Average size of 2006 sites Developed by 2007 0.9 1.0 sites (ha) Un-developed at 2007 2.2 2.1 Excluded in 2007 return 1.6 1.8 All 2006 sites 2.0 2.0 New 2007 sites 0.8 0.8 Source: CLG Planning Statistics ‘Currently in use’ refers to land which is currently being used but which has an allocation, planning permission or potential to be reused

New Employment Land and Floorspace Developed Within or Adjoining Principal Urban Areas (PUAs)

3.44 This year once again the boundaries of four of the five East Midlands’ Principal Urban Areas (PUAs) have been considered. Table 3.12 gives figures for the amounts and proportions of land and floorspace developed in the PUAs. Nottingham PUA had the largest amount (3.2 ha and 15,198 sq m) representing 4.2 per cent and 4.3 per cent respectively of the East Midlands total. Overall, the four PUAs accounted for 4.6 per cent of the land and 4.8 per cent of the floorspace developed in the East Midlands (very little additional PUA development was recorded outside of Nottingham in 2009/10).

The East Midlands in 2009/10 58 Table 3.12 Development in Principal Urban Areas* Area Developed Proportion of East Floorspace Proportion of East (ha) Midlands Total Developed (ha) Midlands Total (per cent) (per cent) Derby PUA 0.30 0.4 1,690 0.47 Leicester PUA 0 0 0 0 Lincoln PUA 0.02 0.03 137 0.04 Nottingham PUA 3.19 4.22 15,198 4.26 * A Northampton related Development Area (PUA) has been included in the Pre-Submission Joint Core Strategy published in January 2011 and if agreed will be included in future AMRs Please note that only development on sites above 0.4 ha or 1,000 sq m is recorded Source: Local Authorities

Employment Land Supply by Type

3.45 Employment land supply figures are calculated using data from the regional monitoring system (cdpVision). 2008/09 introduced division of the ‘commitments’ category into allocated sites and sites with planning permission. These two categories combined represent the former commitments category. In line with guidance from Central Government, land currently under construction has been included as part of the land supply.

3.46 Table 3.13 compares available land in 2007/08, 2008/09 and 2009/10, with table 3.14 giving more details on the land available in 2009/10. The amounts of land committed at the end of 2007/08, 2008/09 and 2009/10 are similar at 2,793.8 ha, 2,515.5 ha and 2,491.4 ha respectively. There was a marked drop in the amount of land under construction between 2007/08 and 2008/09, from 130.3 ha to 72.8 ha but this had increased again by 2009/10 to 108.3 ha, a 49 increase from the 2008/09 figures. The two areas with the largest amounts of identified available land were Lincolnshire (762.0 ha) and Nottinghamshire (591.5 ha).

3.47 A map showing all reported committed employment sites in the region (sites allocated and areas remaining with planning permission) is shown in figure 3.4.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 59

Table 3.13 Summary of Employment Land Committed or Under Construction 2007/08 to 2009/10 (hectares) B1 – Office B2 - B8 – Storage B - Mixed* Total & Light Industry & Unspecified Industry Distribution Committed Land Area 292.6 94.4 107.9 2,298.8 ** 2,793.8 2007/08 Under Construction 21.9 7.4 21.8 79.1 ** 130.3 Land Area 2007/08 Allocated Land Area 132.6 19.2 48.4 742.2 234.6 1,177.1 2008/09 Land Area with 156.0 65.5 132.3 696.1 288.6 1,338.4 Planning Permission 2008/09 Under Construction 20.9 4.6 14.4 19.9 13.0 72.8 Land Area 2008/09 Allocated Land Area 131.2 52.7 54.2 862.5 198.6 1,299.6 2009/10 Land Area with 150.5 63.5 100.3 661.7 215.8 1,191.8 Planning Permission 2009/10 Under Construction 24.9 3.2 48.7 17.0 14.6 108.3 Land Area 2009/10 * Indeterminable split between B and non-B uses ** Category not included in 2007/08 but a large proportion of this category was recorded under ‘B-unspecified’ Please note that only development on sites above 0.4 ha or 1,000 sq m is recorded Source: Local Authorities

Table 3.14 Committed and Under Construction Employment Land by Use Class 2009/10 (hectares) B1 – B2 - B8 – B - Mixed* Total Office & Industry Storage & Unspecified Light Distribution Industry Derby 18.0 0.7 0 239.6 1.4 259.8 Derbyshire 18.0 36.1 21.0 283.2 26.8 385.2 Leicester 2.1 2.0 1.7 21.7 0 27.5 Leicestershire 6.5 0.1 3.7 89.0 19.2 118.5 Lincolnshire 67.1 21.0 48.8 399.3 225.9 762.0 Northamptonshire 76.7 38.9 68.1 19.9 151.8 355.2 Nottingham 31.5 0 5.1 40.6 0 77.4 Nottinghamshire 79.6 19.8 53.7 434.3 3.9 591.5 Peak District 0 0.4 0 0 0 0.4 Rutland 7.1 0.4 1.1 13.6 0 22.2 East Midlands 306.6 119.4 203.2 1,541.2 429.0 2,599.7 * Indeterminable split between B and non-B uses Please note that only development on sites above 0.4 ha or 1,000 sq m is recorded Source: Local Authorities

The East Midlands in 2009/10 60

Figure 3.4

The East Midlands in 2009/10 61 Outstanding Planning Permissions, Allocations and Completions for Retail and Leisure Development and Proportion in Town Centres

3.48 Previous AMRs have drawn attention to the difficulties that some local authorities experience in supplying retail and leisure data. Reference has also been made to the problem of whether to interpret a ‘nil’ return as an inability to supply data or an indication of no qualifying development. These issues were not addressed as planned due to changes to the planning system being brought in by the new Government. The removal of the minimum size thresholds as required by Communities and Local Government (CLG) was also not addressed for the same reason. Despite the continuing difficult economic conditions it is believed that had these issues been addressed then tables 3.15 and 3.16 would report higher levels of completions and commitments.

3.49 Notwithstanding these data caveats, details of 21,521 sqm of completed retail floorspace were returned for 2009/10, of which 5,654 (26.3 per cent) were in a central location. A further 132,896 sqm of retail floorspace were reported as either under construction or committed across the East Midlands, of which 83.0 per cent were centrally located (table 3.15).

Table 3.15 Retail Land by Location 2009/10 (sqm) Completed Committed or Under Construction Central Location* Total Central Location* Total Derby 0 0 0 0 Derbyshire 0 12,764 7,649 7,649 Leicester 0 0 0 0 Leicestershire 0 0 9,427 9,427 Lincolnshire 2,385 2,385 0 13,599 Northamptonshire 2,069 5,172 49,375 58,375 Nottingham 0 0 0 0 Nottinghamshire 1,200 1,200 43,846 43,846 Peak District 0 0 0 0 Rutland 0 0 0 0 East Midlands 5,654 21,521 110,297 132,896 Figures refer to only those sites reported on * Includes city centre, town centre, local centre and edge of centre Please note that only development with a minimum of 2,500 sqm and 1,000 sqm gross internal floorspace for use classes A1 and A2 respectively is recorded Source: Local Authorities

3.50 Table 3.16 presents similar information on leisure development. During 2009/10, 29.5 ha of leisure land was developed, of which only 7.8 ha (26.4 per cent) was in a central location. The largest contributor to this total was in Derbyshire which saw 7.1 ha of leisure development taking place, all but 0.9 ha of which was out of centre development. A further 355.4 ha of leisure land was either under construction or committed at the end of 2009/10, of which only 2.5 ha (0.7 per cent) was centrally located.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 62 Table 3.16 Leisure Land by Location 2009/10 (hectares) Completed Committed or Under Construction Central Location* Total Central Location* Total Derby 0 0 0 0 Derbyshire 0.9 7.1 0 289.2 Leicester 0 0 0 0 Leicestershire 0 0 0 3.0 Lincolnshire 0 0 0 26.7 Northamptonshire 2.6 2.6 2.5 19.8 Nottingham 0 0 0 0 Nottinghamshire 0 1.1 0 6.5 Peak District 0 0 0 10.3 Rutland 4.3 18.7 0 0 East Midlands 7.8 29.5 2.5 355.4 Figures refer to only those sites reported on * Includes city centre, town centre, local centre and edge of centre Please note that only development on sites above 0.4 ha or 1,000 sq m is recorded Source: Local Authorities

Development Served by Public Transport

3.51 Table 3.17 shows that just 42 per cent of employment land developed in 2009/10 was accessible (defined as within 400 metres) by public transport, just over half the rate in the previous two years of 80 per cent (2007/08) and 81 per cent (2008/09). The other categories (allocated; with planning permission and under construction) have also shown significant declines in accessibility by public transport – up to 60 percentage points in the case of development under construction in 2009/10 compared with 2007/08. It would appear to be the case that a significant number of larger developments were recorded as ‘unknown’ on this indicator in 2009/10 which may have distorted the figures as well as development being affected by the recession. This indicator will be monitored closely in future years to ascertain whether 2009/10 was a ‘one-off’ or whether public transport considerations are not being taken into account when employment sites are allocated and given planning permission.

Table 3.17 Proportion of Employment Land which is Served by Public Transport 2007/08 to 2009/10 (per cent) 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Allocated *66 65 50 With Planning Permission 61 45 Under Construction 81 64 21 Developed 80 81 42 *Commitments figures were not split in 2007/08 Definition of ‘served by public transport’ is development where access to public transport is under 400 metres from the site centroid (central point) No 2007/08 site level data for Nottingham City No returns in 2009/10 from Blaby, Charnwood, Harborough, West Lindsey Excludes sites where proximity to public transport is unknown Please note that only development on sites above 0.4 ha or 1,000 sq m is recorded Source: Local Authorities

The East Midlands in 2009/10 63 Rental and Land Values

3.52 Averages of the figures reported by VOA valuers showed very little change in industrial land values in the year up to January 2010. Valuers found evidence of a fall in office headline rents in inner London during 2009, leading to an average decrease in the year up to January 2010. In England there was little evidence of falls in office rental values, although valuers reported that the value of incentives being offered by landlords, such as rent free periods, increased over the period. On average, retail headline rent figures for England showed little change in the year up to January 2010. In general, valuers reported that incentives (such as rent free periods) were prevalent in the market, especially where tenants were prepared to sign up for longer leases.

3.53 Rents achieved in Nottingham and Leicester are generally lower than many of the selected centres presented (table 3.18). For example, industrial rents in Nottingham are 23 per cent lower than Birmingham and office rents are 50 per cent lower. Rents in Nottingham and Leicester are however, generally comparable to those in Sheffield and higher than those in Stoke.

Table 3.18 Industrial, Office and Retail Headline Land and Rental Values as at 1 January 2010 Region Location Cleared Ind Dev Self Contained Standard Modern Non- Site 0.5 to 1.0ha Office Suite Shop Unit Food W/House £/Ha Over 1,000 m2 £/m2 Zone A Overall £m2 £/m2 South West Bristol 850,000 230 2,500 340 Plymouth 400,000 130 1,000 180 South East Southampton 1,500,000 210 3,100 260 Reading 1,900,000 200 2,200 210 Oxford 1,000,000 225 2,500 275 Medway Towns 850,000 120 850 175 East Norwich 425,000 140 2,000 200 Cambridge 740,000 230 3,000 320 East Midlands Nottingham 500,000 140 2,400 250 Leicester 400,000 150 1,800 250 West Midlands Birmingham 650,000 280 3,500 300 Stoke 300,000 110 1,600 190 Yorkshire & Leeds 600,000 250 3,000 250 Humber Sheffield 500,000 165 2,500 180 North East Newcastle 225,000 230 3,250 430 North West Liverpool 450,000 200 2,100 200 Manchester 650,000 250 2,200 225 London Inner City - 460 2,500 - West End - 750 6,000 - Docklands - 375 3,150 - London Outer Hammersmith 3,000,000 345 1,400 135 Croydon 2,000,000 210 2,300 275 Romford 2,000,000 140 2,200 205 Enfield 2,200,000 150 1,400 185 Source: VOA Property Market Report January 2010

Accessibility to Essential Services in Rural Areas

3.54 Table 3.19 presents data on accessibility to services in rural and urban areas. Further details including details of accessibility to a range of other services is available at http://ruralcommunities.gov.uk/category/data-statistics/ruralservicesdataseries/ . It should be

The East Midlands in 2009/10 64 noted, however, that if a public transport service is infrequent or runs at the wrong times, it does not ensure accessibility for those without access to a car and is unlikely to encourage those with access to a car to use the public transport alternative. It would be helpful if an agreed minimum frequency and time period is included in the indicator in the future.

3.55 Table 3.19 demonstrates that accessibility to services in the rural East Midlands is generally good compared with other regions, with only the South West scoring higher in most cases. That said, the figures show that no more than 1 in 4 rural households (and in some cases as low as 1 in 7 households) have access within the specified distance to services.

Table 3.19 Accessibility in Rural and Urban Areas May 2010: Residential Delivery Points within Specified Distance of Service in the East Midlands (per cent) Region Banks and GP surgeries (All Post offices Primary schools Secondary building societies sites) (4km) (2km) (2km) schools (4km) (4km) Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban

East Midlands 14.1 69.7 23.4 71.0 22.3 68.8 25.0 70.6 14.8 69.8 East of England 13.5 67.8 23.4 69.3 22.8 66.2 24.8 68.9 13.8 68.2 London 0.0 99.8 0.1 99.9 0.1 99.4 0.1 99.8 0.0 99.8 North East 12.5 78.9 17.3 80.6 16.6 77.9 16.9 80.2 12.1 79.4 North West 7.2 87.6 9.3 88.4 9.0 86.7 10.0 88.2 6.8 87.9 South East 10.9 77.2 17.5 78.5 15.7 75.3 17.1 77.3 8.6 75.4 South West 16.8 65.2 25.4 66.2 25.5 63.5 26.8 65.4 14.5 65.1 West Midlands 6.3 83.1 10.8 84.6 10.7 82.9 11.7 84.2 7.1 83.9

Yorkshire and The Humber 10.7 79.3 16.3 80.4 15.9 79.0 17.1 80.1 10.5 79.1 Rural households are those defined by the 2004 Rural and Urban definitions as ‘Hamlet and isolated dwellings’, ‘Village’ and ‘Town and fringe’ Source: Rural Services Data Series: Availability of Services and Outlets by Region 2010

Tourism Spend in Region and Employment Supported

3.56 Tourism generates approximately £6.05 billion for the East Midlands economy, including both direct and indirect revenue. Around one-third of this revenue (40 per cent) comes from overnight visitors. More than half (71 per cent) of the revenue from overnight tourists is from those staying in serviced and non-serviced accommodation. Day visitors represent though the largest segment of tourists in terms of the £3.65 billion revenue that they generate (table 3.20).

3.57 Approximately 78,593 jobs (full time equivalents) were supported by direct tourist expenditure in the East Midlands and a further 20,104 jobs were supported by indirect revenue from tourism, making

The East Midlands in 2009/10 65 a total of 98,697. Following a fall, in 2009 employment supported by tourism increased by over 1,800 jobs, possibly as fewer people committed to overseas vacations and increased their numbers of day trips in light of economic uncertainty.

3.58 Average expenditures per day per tourist category are as follows: serviced (i.e. hotels and B&Bs): £96.17; non-serviced (i.e. self-catering): £43.76; Staying with Friends or Relatives: £38.10; and, day visitors: £28.87.

Table 3.20 Economic Impact of Tourism, East Midlands 2003-2009 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Economic Impact 4.9187 5.067 5.352 5.601 5.918 5.987 6.054 of Tourism (£bn) Spend by Staying 1.85 1.92 2.02 2.22 2.38 2.368 2.409 Visitors, both Overseas and Domestic (£bn) Spend by Day 3.066 3.132 3.327 3.377 3.541 3.619 3.645 Visitors (£bn) Employment 94,563 93,635 95,124 95,338 97,828 96,852 98,699 Supported by Tourism Expenditure- Full Time Equivalents* *Full time equivalents (FTEs) Includes people involved in seasonal and part time work, with figures worked out to the equivalent full time value Source: STEAM (Scarborough Tourism Economic Activity Monitor)

Tourism Stays in Region

3.59 A total of 15.53 million overnight trips were made to the East Midlands in 2009. The average length of stay was 2.95 nights, equating to 45.74 million tourist days. Friends and relatives welcomed the largest share of overnight visitors to the county (47 per cent). The average length of stay for this category was also longer at 2.55 nights, compared to 1.73 nights in serviced accommodation. Day visitors are by far the largest category making 126.2 million individual trips throughout the calendar year to the East Midlands (table 3.21).

Table 3.21 Tourism Trips and Stays, East Midlands 2003-2009 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total Tourist 139.804 139.527 143.561 142.87 144.147 141.46 141.78 Numbers (millions) Number of Staying 14.8 15.11 15.43 15.87 16.37 15.97 15.53 Visitor Trips,both Overseas and Domestic (millions) Number of Staying 41.38 41.59 42.74 46.1 47.43 46.41 45.74 Visitor Nights,both Overseas and Domestic (millions) Number of Day 125 124.42 128.13 127 127.78 125.49 126.25 Visitor Trips (millions) Source: STEAM (Scarborough Tourism Economic Activity Monitor)

The East Midlands in 2009/10 66 Section 4 Environment

Key Points

 98 per cent of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in the East Midlands are in favourable condition  Since 1999 the proportion of Grade I and II* buildings at risk in the region has fallen from 5.1 per cent to 4.6 per cent  Between 1994 and 2007, farmland bird populations in the East Midlands decreased by 17 per cent. There was a 13 per cent increase in woodland bird populations over the same period  In 2009/10, 204ha of new Forest creation was achieved which equates to around 10 per cent of the England total of 2,100ha over this period  In April 2010 the East Midlands Landscape Partnership put in place a regional tier landscape character assessment with accompanying guidance which provides a current description of the region’s landscape character  The number of Environment Agency objections to planning applications on water quality grounds stood at 107 in 2009/10 in the East Midlands  The number of Environment Agency objections to planning applications on flood risk grounds stood at 902 in 2009/10 in the East Midlands  The Environment Agency monitor the quality of 590 stretches of rivers and canals in the East Midlands, representing about 5,500 km length of watercourse. 20 per cent of river and canal water bodies in 2009 met the new target of ‘good’ ecological status or potential  Per capita road transport end user carbon dioxide emissions in the East Midlands exceeded the national average at 2.4 tonnes compared to 2.1 tonnes in 2008  In 2009, the Great Britain average non-domestic gas consumption was 662,656 kWh per meter compared to 734,326 kWh per meter in the East Midlands  The East Midlands shows little change in the number of Combined Heat and Power schemes and electricity capacity from 2007-2009 so that by 2009 there were 74 schemes generating 221 MWe of electricity  The East Midlands is making considerable progress in generating electricity from renewable resources. In 2009, 1,594 GWh were generated from renewable sources compared to 645 GWh in 2005  The East Midlands showed a small drop in rates of participation in a number of cultural activities between 2005/06 and 2009/10. The largest decline was in those engaging in the arts which fell by 4.7 percentage points  Between 2007/08 and 2009/10 there was a statistically significant decrease in sports participation in the East Midlands

Introduction

4.1 This section covers environmental policies for the East Midlands.

Environment Indicators and Progress

Key Indicators Core/Contextual Targets Status Progress Sources Improvements in the Regional Core 95 per cent of 98 per cent of Natural England Condition of Land Significant Effect SSSIs in SSSI Land Classified as Sites of Indicator Favourable Area in the East Special Scientific Condition by Midlands is Interest (SSSI) 2010 Meeting Target

The East Midlands in 2009/10 67 Condition Number of Heritage Regional Core Decrease from Little Change in English Heritage Assets at Risk Significant Effect 2006 Levels Assets at Risk Indicator between 2009 Local Authorities and 2010, although Number of Grade II Buildings on At Risk Registers Declined Change in Areas of National Core To Meet A Lack of Natural England Biodiversity Significant Effect Regional Recent New Importance, Indicator Biodiversity Data makes it including: Priority Habitat Difficult to Habitats and Species Management and Judge whether (by type); and Areas Recreation Progress is Designated for their Targets listed in being made Intrinsic Value Appendix 3 of the including Sites of RSS International, National, Regional or Sub-Regional Significance Area of Appropriate Regional Core 65,000 Hectares An Increase in National Forest New Woodland by 2021 new National Company Created, Renovated Forest Planting or Managed Achieved but still some way from Meeting Target Quality and Regional Core - The Regional Natural England Character of the Landscape Region’s Landscapes Character Assessment and Woodland Opportunity Mapping Guidance is Guiding Work in the Region Planning Permissions National Core Targets to be 107 Objections Environment Granted Contrary to Significant Effect Developed were Lodged by Agency Environment Agency Indicator the Advice on Water Environment Quality Grounds Agency in 2009/10 Ecological River Regional Core - 20 per cent of Environment Quality Significant Effect River and Agency Indicator Canal Water Bodies Met the New WFD target of ‘good’ ecological status or potential in 2009. Planning Permissions National Core Targets to be 902 Objections Environment Granted Contrary to Developed were Lodged by Agency

The East Midlands in 2009/10 68 Environment Agency the Advice on Flood Risk Environment Grounds Agency in 2009/10 Carbon Dioxide Regional Core - Carbon Dioxide Department of Emissions Emissions Energy & Decreased Climate Change between 2005 and 2008 Domestic and Regional Core 1.5 per cent Previous Data DTI Regional Industrial/Commercial Reduction in for East Energy Energy Consumption Energy Midlands not Consumption Consumption per Reported Statistics Year over Plan Period Capacity of National Core 511 MWe by The regional Energy Trends Additional Combined 2010; 1120 MWe target of 511 Heat and Power by 2020 MWe by 2010 (CHP) Facilities has been missed by some distance and the target of 1,120 MWe by 2020 is in doubt Capacity of National Core To Meet Targets The East Energy Trends Additional in Appendix 5 of Midlands is Renewable Energy the RSS Making Facilities Considerable Progress in Generating Electricity from Renewable Resources Planning Permissions Regional Core Targets to be Insufficient Local Authorities Granted for Developed Data Available Renewable Energy Facilities People taking part in Regional Core - Participation in DCMS Cultural Activities Cultural Activities has Declined since 2005/06 Sports and Regional Core Targets Set in Total Area of Sport England Recreational Sport England’s Sports Halls per Facilities Provided Strategy 1,000 per 1,000 Population Population Declined Slightly from 2007/08 Adult Population Contextual Targets Set in The East Sport England Participating in at Sport England’s Midlands is the least 30 minutes of Strategy only Region Sport and Active where Recreation Participation in (including Sport against recreational walking this measure and cycling) of at has shown a least Moderate Significant

The East Midlands in 2009/10 69 Intensity on at Least Decline since 3 Days a Week 2007/08

Improvements in the Condition of Land Classified as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)

4.2 The condition of SSSI land in England is assessed by Natural England. There are five reportable conditions; these are: favourable, unfavourable recovering, unfavourable no change, unfavourable declining, part destroyed/destroyed. If a site is assessed as being unfavourable no change, unfavourable declining or part destroyed/destroyed it is described as being in adverse condition and not meeting the Public Service Agreement (PSA) target. If a site is classified in any of the other categories it is meeting the PSA target of ‘favourable’ condition. In September 2010, 98 per cent of the SSSI areas in the East Midlands were in favourable condition (table 4.1) which is a slight increase from 96 per cent in 2009 and 93 per cent in 2008 and means the 2010 target (of 95 per cent being in favourable condition) has been achieved.

4.3 Looking at the county breakdown of these figures (tables 4.2 to 4.6) against the PSA target demonstrates variations across the region. The three counties with the greatest proportion by area of SSSIs meeting the PSA target are Lincolnshire (at 99.5 per cent), Derbyshire (at 98.9 per cent) and Northamptonshire (at 98.3 per cent). A greater proportion of SSSIs areas in Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire, despite improvements over the previous 12 months, are still not in favourable condition with the counties still having not achieved the 2010 target (Leicestershire achieved 90.4 per cent in 2010 compared to 81.1 per cent in 2009 and Nottinghamshire achieved 93.7 per cent in 2010 compared to 88.5 per cent in 2009).

Table 4.1 Condition of SSSIs East Midlands 2010* Sites Units Units Assessed Total Number 397 2,277 2,277 Total Area (ha) 166,366.25 132,776.19 132,776.19

Area (ha) Percentage Meeting PSA Target 130,136.38 98.01 Favourable 58,609.84 44.14 Unfavourable Recovering 71,526.54 53.87 Unfavourable No Change 1,720.12 1.30 Unfavourable Declining 895.97 0.67 Part Destroyed/Destroyed 23.72 0.02 * East Midlands Region including the whole of the Peak District National Park. Note the overall area of the sites is larger than the units because some of the sites cross regional boundaries and the units in other regions are not counted as part of East Midlands (except the National Park)

Table 4.2 Condition of SSSIs Derbyshire 2010 Sites Units Units Assessed Total Number 87 792 792 Total Area (ha) 50,295.19 29,749.83 29,749.83

Area (ha) Percentage Meeting PSA Target 29,433.37 98.94 Favourable 5,266.54 17.70 Unfavourable Recovering 24,166.83 81.23 Unfavourable No Change 178.43 0.60 Unfavourable Declining 136.85 0.46 Part Destroyed/Destroyed 1.18 0

The East Midlands in 2009/10 70 Table 4.3 Condition of SSSIs Nottinghamshire 2010 Sites Units Units Assessed Total Number 67 255 255 Total Area (ha) 3,391.78 3,340.93 3,340.93

Area (ha) Percentage Meeting PSA Target 3,130.89 93.71 Favourable 550.98 16.49 Unfavourable Recovering 2,579.91 77.22 Unfavourable No Change 152.51 4.56 Unfavourable Declining 57.53 1.72 Part Destroyed/Destroyed 0 0

Table 4.4 Condition of SSSIs Leicestershire 2010 Sites Units Units Assessed Total Number 91 386 386 Total Area (ha) 4,991.39 4,975.87 4,975.87

Area (ha) Percentage Meeting PSA Target 4,497.44 90.38 Favourable 1,132.80 22.77 Unfavourable Recovering 3,364.64 67.62 Unfavourable No Change 366.87 7.37 Unfavourable Declining 102.03 2.05 Part Destroyed/Destroyed 9.53 0.19

Table 4.5 Condition of SSSIs Lincolnshire 2010 Sites Units Units Assessed Total Number 92 184 184 Total Area (ha) 102,882.78 62,943.35 62,943.35

Area (ha) Percentage Meeting PSA Target 62,637.24 99.51 Favourable 41,207.68 65.47 Unfavourable Recovering 21,429.56 34.05 Unfavourable No Change 204.34 0.32 Unfavourable Declining 101.77 0.16 Part Destroyed/Destroyed 0 0

Table 4.6 Condition of SSSIs Northamptonshire 2010 Sites Units Units Assessed Total Number 56 129 129 Total Area (ha) 3,786.45 3,786.47 3,786.47

Area (ha) Percentage Meeting PSA Target 3,723.60 98.34 Favourable 1,326.92 35.04 Unfavourable Recovering 2,396.68 63.30 Unfavourable No Change 55.88 1.48 Unfavourable Declining 4.51 0.12 Part Destroyed/Destroyed 2.48 0.07 Source for tables 4.1 to 4.6: English Nature

The East Midlands in 2009/10 71 Number of Heritage Assets at Risk

4.4 Table 4.7 gives details of various assets at risk in the East Midlands for 2010 and, where available, earlier and baseline years. According to the 2010 ‘Heritage at Risk’ report by English Heritage, the East Midlands region now has the lowest proportion of scheduled monuments at high risk. In 2010, 7.7 per cent of scheduled monuments were at high risk, well below the national figure of 17.2 per cent. Since 1999 the proportion of Grade I and II* buildings at risk has fallen from 5.1 per cent to 4.6 per cent in both 2009 and 2010. Of the entries on the 1999 Buildings at Risk register, only 42.9 per cent have been removed, compared to 50.7 per cent nationally. Other assets at risk in 2010 included 5.1 per cent of the registered parks and gardens and 6.2 per cent of conservation areas (down from 15 per cent in 2009, although this figure reflects a reassessment of the criteria following the introduction of the indicator in 2009). None of the East Midlands’ 5 registered battlefields were at risk in 2010.

Table 4.7 Assets at Risk in the East Midlands, 2008 to 2010 and Baseline Year Year Percentage at Risk Number at Risk Scheduled 2009 9.0 130 Monuments 2010 7.7 117 Registered 2008 20.0 1 Battlefields 2009 0.0 0 2010 0.0 0 Protected Ship 2008 N/A 0 Wrecks 2009 N\A 0 2010 N/A 0 Grade I and II* 1999 5.1 161 Building Entries 2009 4.6 132 2010 4.6 132 Registered Parks 2009 4.4 6 and Gardens 2010 5.1 7 Conservation Areas1 2009 15.0 107 2010 6.2 55 Note: Differing Baseline Years N/A: Not applicable as no sites 1 Based on a survey from which 36 local authorities responded in the East Midlands. 2010 will be used as the baseline to assess future trends Source: English Heritage

4.5 Table 4.8 presents English Heritage data for Grade I and II* buildings at risk, whilst table 4.9 gives data collected on Grade II building entries. In 2010 there were 135 Grade I and II* buildings at risk in the East Midlands. The counties with the largest number were Lincolnshire with 41 followed by Derbyshire (including Derby) at 40. But while Lincolnshire and Derbyshire (including Derby) have the largest number of Grade I and II* buildings at risk, Derbyshire (including Derby) and Nottinghamshire (including Nottingham) have the highest proportion of their Grade I and II* buildings at risk.

4.6 In 2009/10, according to English Heritage, there were 26,765 Grade II listed building entries in the East Midlands. Six authorities do not have records of which of their building entries are at risk. Of those that do, a total of 1,096 were at risk, down from 1,197 in 2009 (table 4.9).

The East Midlands in 2009/10 72 Table 4.8 English Heritage’s Register of Buildings at Risk Grade I and II* 2006 to 2010 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Derbyshire (inc. 34 36 41 38 40 Derby) Leicestershire 15 16 16 16 16 (inc. Leicester and Rutland) Lincolnshire 40 41 42 41 41 Northamptonshire 17 17 17 17 18 Nottinghamshire 15 16 18 20 20 (inc. Nottingham) East Midlands 120 126 134 132 135 Source: English Heritage, Heritage at Risk Register 2010

Table 4.9 Grade II Listed Buildings on Local Authority at Risk Registers as at 31st March ‘10 Number of Grade II Listed Total Number of Grade II Buildings on the Local Listed Building Entries from Authorities’ Buildings at English Heritage Risk Register Derby 5 326 Derbyshire 183 *5,094 Leicester 40 343 Leicestershire 83 3,572 Lincolnshire 273 6,039 Northamptonshire 24 5,884 Nottingham 72 749 Nottinghamshire 123 3,457 Peak District 193 *2,749 Rutland 100 1,301 East Midlands 1,096 26,765 * English Heritage figure is for the whole of Derbyshire. Peak district total figure was provided by the Peak District National Park Authority. To avoid double counting this is excluded from the East Midlands figure Buildings at risk not returned (often due to a lack of local authority register) by Daventry, East Northamptonshire, Gedling, Melton, North Kesteven, Northampton Totals may not add up due to sites straddling boundaries Source: Local Authorities and English Heritage 2010 Heritage Counts

Change in Areas of Biodiversity Importance, including: Priority Habitats and Species (by type); and Areas Designated for their Intrinsic Value including Sites of International, National, Regional or Sub-Regional Significance

4.7 As reported in previous AMRs, work is ongoing to provide improved measures of biodiversity. The health of biodiversity across the region can be monitored by proxy indicators. The Government’s preferred indicators used to monitor progress against its sustainable development objectives are the populations of woodland and farmland birds (part of the Defra PSA 28 on sustaining a healthy natural environment). No new data has been realised since the last AMR so the following information has been taken from emda’s East Midlands in 2010 Report (June 2010), with the table taken from the Regional Statistics - Directory of Online Tables 8 December 2010.

4.8 Between 1994 and 2007, farmland bird populations in the East Midlands decreased by 17 per cent, compared to a 13 per cent decline in England as a whole. There was a 13 per cent increase in woodland bird populations over the same period in the region, compared to a 6 per cent decline in England (table 4.10). This led to an overall increase of all bird species of 3 per cent for the East Midlands. During the same period, out of the 18 farmland bird species monitored in the region, the

The East Midlands in 2009/10 73 population of 10 species decreased by 10 per cent or more whilst eight species increased by 10 per cent or more. Species of farmland birds that experienced decreases in the region included the Yellow Wagtail, Turtle Dove and Linnet. Out of the 30 species of woodland birds monitored in the region, 18 species increased by 10 per cent or more whilst 10 species decreased by 10 per cent.

4.9 The loss of farmland bird species in the East Midlands could be due to a loss of hedgerow and field margins habitats due to the intensification of agricultural practices. Natural England estimated that in 2008, only 22 per cent of hedgerows in Great Britain were in favourable condition. Conversely, an increase in the population of woodland birds could be due to an improvement in woodland habitats in recent years, with Natural England estimating that 86 per cent of woodland SSSIs nationally were in favourable or recovering condition.

Table 4.10 Percentage Change in Wild Bird Indicators 1994 to 2007 Region Farmland Woodland North East 2 14 North West -1 42 Yorkshire and The Humber 1 30 East Midlands -17 13 West Midlands -18 -2 East of England -13 -1 London 5 8 South East -27 -16 South West -14 -7 England -13 -6 Source: Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs; Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; British Trust for Ornithology; Joint Nature Conservation Committee

Area of Appropriate New Woodland Created, Renovated or Managed

4.10 It is difficult to complete data covering new woodland created, renovated or managed in the East Midlands. Data is more readily available for the National Forest which covers parts of the East and West Midlands. The National Forest Company reports 6,230ha of new Forest creation since 1995, equating to some 7.8 million trees.

4.11 In 2009/10, 204ha of new Forest creation was achieved which equates to around 10 per cent of the England total of 2,100ha over this period. By comparison 121ha of new Forest creation was achieved in 2008/09.

4.12 New Forest creation is achieved through a range of mechanisms but especially through private landowners. For example, 83ha of new Forest creation has been secured to date through the Changing Landscape Scheme (CLS) introduced in 2008. Through this scheme The National Forest pays 100 per cent of costs for woodland and habitat creation and its management for 10 years. Land entered into the CLS may incorporate other habitats including parkland, meadows, unimproved grassland, orchards, hedgerows and wetlands.

4.13 87 per cent of tree planting has been broadleaf and 13 per cent conifer. In total 81 per cent of new Forest either has open public access (75 per cent) or access is planned (6 per cent).

The East Midlands in 2009/10 74 Quality and Character of the Region’s Landscapes

4.14 The European Landscape Convention (ELC) which has been ratified by Government recognises that all landscapes matter including rural, urban, peri urban, coastal and seascapes. Landscape is much more than just a visual concept; the ELC defines landscape as an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors. The fundamental aim of the ELC is to promote the management, protection and planning of all landscape, not just iconic nationally designated landscapes, and in doing so achieve aims of maintaining and improving landscape quality.

4.15 The key points for the landscape of the East Midlands are:

 In the Peak District National Park and Lincolnshire Wolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), the East Midlands has two areas designated for their landscape value;  The 89,519 hectares of the Peak District National Park which falls within the East Midlands accounts for 6 per cent of the region’s land area;  The Lincolnshire Wolds AONB is the only designated AONB in the region, accounting for 3 per cent of the land area in the East Midlands, compared with a national average of 15 per cent AONB coverage;  Outside the designated landscapes, the character of much of the region’s landscape is classified as changing or in a neglected state;  The landscape is classified as having been enhanced across the Fens, Melbourne Parklands and the Leicestershire and Derbyshire coalfields;  The East Midlands region has just 0.3 per cent of England’s common land.

4.16 When compared to other regions in England more of the landscape character of the East Midlands is judged to be diverging from its existing character, a smaller proportion is judged as maintaining its character, a similar proportion as having its character enhanced and a smaller proportion judged as having its character neglected. This suggests a region where a great deal of change is affecting the landscape, some of which is positive and some negative. Careful management of landscape change is required to minimise negative changes to landscape character. Landscapes need to be maintained or enhanced for the benefit of all. Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) provides a well recognised and established approach that identifies broad tracts of landscape which have a unity of character. Key characteristics are identified with detailed descriptions of physical and cultural aspects of the landscape. LCA is an important tool in the planning process to guide and inform decision making and design issues.

4.17 In April 2010 the East Midlands Landscape Partnership (EMLP), who have been pioneering activity to help ensure the region plays its part in helping to implement the ELC, put in place a regional tier landscape character assessment with accompanying guidance which provides a current description of the region’s landscape character, describing the forces acting on the landscape and presents guidance to help to secure positive landscape change for the region. The East Midlands Regional Landscape Character Assessment (EMRLCA) identifies 31 regional landscape and seascape character types across the region. A companion document the East Midlands Woodland Opportunity Mapping Guidance (WOM) published in April 2010 uses the regional landscape character types to provide an appropriate framework for the development of a more informed approach to woodland management and creation within the region and for identifying regional scale opportunities. The EMRLCA and WOM can be viewed at http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/regions/east_midlands/ourwork/characterassessment.aspx

The East Midlands in 2009/10 75

Planning Permissions Granted Contrary to Environment Agency Advice on Water Quality Grounds

4.18 The Environment Agency publishes a list of the objections it lodges on planning applications on Water Quality Grounds to assist Local Authorities with their own Annual Monitoring Reports. The list is as inclusive as possible and produced annually. However, it is not updated to take account of any additional comments or consultation responses after the initial objection so further details and the outcome of the application are known by the local planning authority.

4.19 The number of objections on water quality grounds varies year on year with 81 objections in total in 2006/07 in the East Midlands. In 2007/08 there were a total of 54 objections, 29 of which were for minor development and 25 for major development. Table 4.11 shows a greater number of objections raised in 2009/10.

Table 4.11 Planning Applications Objected to by the Environment Agency on Water Quality Grounds between 1/4/2009 and 31/3/2010, East Midlands Summary Local Planning Authority Minor Major Total Objections Development Development Derby Derbyshire 17 7 24 Leicester 1 1 Leicestershire 21 10 31 Lincolnshire 6 9 15 Northamptonshire (inc. JPU) 7 15 22 Nottingham Nottinghamshire 8 4 12 Peak District 1 1 Rutland 1 1 East Midlands Total 60 47 107 Major development is in excess of 0.5 hectares/10 dwellings Source: Environment Agency

Ecological River Quality

4.20 The Environment Agency in their publication ‘The East Midlands State of the Environment – Water’, report that much improvement has been achieved in the quality of the region’s water environment in the last twenty years. However, the new Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires water in rivers, canals, lakes and underground sources to meet even higher quality standards. To achieve this many types of pollution need to be tackled, with work with a range of sectors required to continually manage and improve water quality.

4.21 Some of the key issues with respect to water quality in the East Midlands are given below:

 The average annual rainfall in the East Midlands is less than 700mm per year, compared to the England and Wales average of around 900mm;

 Domestic water consumption is around 135 litres per person per day;

 Under the WFD, the Environment Agency monitor the quality of 590 stretches of rivers and canals in the East Midlands. These stretches are called water bodies and represent about 5,500

The East Midlands in 2009/10 76

 Other water body types include lakes, groundwater, coastal and transitional. 28 per cent of lakes and 71 per cent of groundwater sources also reached good status in 2009. No coastal or transitional water bodies met the standards;

 In 2008, all seven of the East Midlands Bathing Water sites complied with mandatory European standards. They all also achieved the tougher guideline standards;

 There were 49 water pollution incidents categorised as major or significant in 2009;

 Approximately 40 per cent of the region is underlain by useable aquifers, including Sherwood Sandstones, Lower and Upper Magnesian Limestone, Carboniferous Limestone, Lincolnshire Chalk and Spilsby Sandstone.

4.22 WFD ecological classifications for rivers and canals in the East Midlands in 2009 are shown in figure 4.1 below. They are based on the results from water sampling for factors such as dissolved oxygen, phosphate, fish, diatoms and invertebrates.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 77 Figure 4.1

The East Midlands in 2009/10 78 4.23 Figure 4.2 shows the percentage of water bodies reaching each WFD classification. Results are shown for all water body types along with the actual number of water bodies falling into each category. By 2027, all water bodies are required to reach at least ‘good’ status.

Figure 4.2

Source: Environment Agency

4.24 The map below (figure 4.3) shows the sites that were tested for EU bathing water standards in 2008. All seven sites met both the mandatory standards and the tougher guideline standards.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 79

Figure 4.3

The East Midlands in 2009/10 80 4.25 Figure 4.4 shows the number of major or significant pollution incidents which have affected rivers, canals, lakes and coastal waters in the East Midlands since 2005. In 2009 there was a rise in the number of incidents from the previous year, however there has been a generally improving trend since 2005 when there were 74 incidents.

Figure 4.4

Source: Environment Agency

Planning Permissions Granted Contrary to Environment Agency Advice on Flood Risk Grounds

4.26 The Environment Agency publishes a list of the objections it lodges on planning applications on Flood Risk Grounds to assist Local Authorities with their own Annual Monitoring Reports. The list is as inclusive as possible and produced annually. However, it is not updated to take account of any additional comments or consultation responses after the initial objection so further details and the outcome of the application are known by the local planning authority.

4.27 The number of objections on flood risk grounds has increased since 2006/07 when there were a total of 188 objections on flood risk grounds in the East Midlands. Table 4.12 shows a total of 902 objections raised in 2009/10.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 81 Table 4.12 Planning Applications Objected to by the Environment Agency on Flood Risk Grounds between 1/4/2009 and 31/3/2010, East Midlands Summary Local Planning Authority Minor Major Total Objections Development Development Derby 17 10 27 Derbyshire 95 35 130 Leicester 18 16 34 Leicestershire 63 62 125 Lincolnshire 170 105 275 Northamptonshire (inc. JPU) 42 104 146 Nottingham 19 7 26 Nottinghamshire 94 34 128 Peak District 7 2 9 Rutland 1 1 2 East Midlands Total 526 376 902 Major development is in excess of 0.5 hectares/10 dwellings Source: Environment Agency

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

4.28 Carbon dioxide emissions attributed to end users are grouped into three categories:  Industrial and commercial;  Domestic; and  Road transport.

4.29 In the UK as a whole the total volume of CO2 emissions attributed to end users has fallen, by 3 per cent between 2005 and 2008. Over the longer term, falling emissions from the industrial and commercial sector, due to cleaner processes and continued changes in the industrial structure, have been the principal drivers of the total decline in emissions attributed to UK end users. Between 2005 and 2008, emissions from industrial and commercial end users in the UK fell by 4.2 per cent whilst domestic emissions fell by 0.7 per cent. Emissions from road transport have fallen at a comparable rate to industrial and commercial, decreasing by 4.4 per cent between 2005 and 2008 (table 4.13).

4.30 In the East Midlands, the division of emissions between the three end user categories are as follows:  Industrial and commercial users accounted for 44.7 per cent of end user emissions (closely in line with the national average) in 2008;  Domestic users accounted for 26.3 per cent of all end user emissions, which was below the share in the England overall, at 29.4 per cent; and  Road transport accounted for a larger share of end user emissions in the region, at 11,200 kilotonnes, or 28.9 per cent of total emissions. This is just over three percentage points higher than the national share.

4.31 In per capita terms, road transport end user emissions in the East Midlands also exceeded the national average, at 2.4 tonnes compared to 2.1 tonnes in 2008. Road transport emissions in the East Midlands decreased at the same rate as the national average between 2005 and 2008, by only -0.2 percentage points. The challenge in the East Midlands’ will be to overcome the relatively dispersed spatial pattern of development, with no single dominant centre and significant inter and intra-regional flows of commuters and goods.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 82 Table 4.13 End User Carbon Dioxide Emissions 2005 to 2008 Total Emissions (million tonnes carbon dioxide) Per Capita Emissions (tonnes carbon dioxide) Industrial, Domestic Road Total Industrial, Domestic Road Total Commercial Transport (inc. land Commercial Transport (inc. land and Public use and and Public use and forestry) forestry) East 18 11 11 40 4.2 2.4 2.6 9.3 Mids ‘05 UK 238 150 137 523 4.0 2.5 2.3 8.7 ‘05 East 18 11 11 40 4.1 2.4 2.5 9.2 Mids ‘06 UK 238 151 135 522 3.9 2.5 2.2 8.6 ‘06 East 17 10 11 39 3.9 2.3 2.5 8.9 Mids ‘07 UK 233 146 136 513 3.8 2.4 2.2 8.4 ‘07 East 17 10 11 38 3.8 2.3 2.4 8.6 Mids ‘08 UK 228 149 131 507 3.7 2.4 2.1 8.2 ‘08 Source: Department of Energy & Climate Change

Domestic and Industrial/Commercial Energy Consumption

4.32 Table 4.14 shows the average (mean) domestic gas consumption per meter in each region. In 2009, the Great Britain average (mean) domestic consumption was 15,386 kWh, 9 per cent lower than in 2008 when average domestic consumption was 16,906 kWh. Yorkshire and the Humber had the highest average domestic consumption with 15,760 kWh per meter, with the South West having the lowest at 13,650 kWh. The East Midlands came in 5th out of the 9 regions at 15,532 kWh per meter.

4.33 The average level of domestic consumption roughly correlates with geographical location, with the more northerly regions consuming, on average, higher amounts of gas per meter, although the South East is the one exception.

Table 4.14 Average Domestic Gas Consumption per Meter in 2009 by Region (kWh) Average domestic consumption per meter Yorkshire and the Humber 15,760 North East 15,715 North West 15,616 South East 15,536 East Midlands 15,532 East of England 15,434 West Midlands 15,315 Greater London 15,070 South West 13,650 Great Britain1 15,384 1 Includes meters that couldn’t be allocated at Local Authority Level Source: Energy Trends

The East Midlands in 2009/10 83

4.34 Table 4.15 shows the average (mean) non-domestic gas consumption per meter in the regions in decreasing order of average consumption. In 2009, the Great Britain average non-domestic consumption was 662,656 kWh per meter. The comparable figure for the East Midlands was 734,326 kWh.

Table 4.15 Average Non-Domestic Gas Consumption per Meter in 2009 by Region (kWh) Average non-domestic consumption per meter Yorkshire and the Humber 857,165 North East 775,011 North West 740,003 South East 450,448 East Midlands 734,326 East of England 701,695 West Midlands 638,357 Greater London 500,699 South West 546,367 Great Britain 662,656 Source: Energy Trends

4.35 Table 4.16 shows that the average (mean) domestic electricity consumption in Great Britain during 2009 was 4,152 kWh, 46 kWh per meter lower than the 2008 average. The East and West Midlands were the two regions nearest to the Great Britain average. The North East had the lowest average domestic consumption with 3,572 kWh per meter, whilst the South East had the highest average domestic consumption at 4,477 kWh per meter.

4.36 The 2009 Great Britain average (mean) ordinary domestic consumption was 3,779 kWh per meter, compared to 5,715 kWh for the average Economy 7 meter. Due to a smaller proportion of homes being connected to gas, the South West had the highest average Economy 7 consumption per meter in 2009 - 7,055 kWh, conversely the East Midlands had the lowest average Economy 7 per meter at 4,766 kWh per meter.

Table 4.16 Average Domestic Electricity Consumption Per Meter in 2009 by Region (kWh) Average Average Average ordinary economy 7 domestic domestic domestic consumption consumption consumption South East 4,113 5,759 4,477 East of England 3,908 5,407 4,459 South West 3,890 7,055 4,448 West Midlands 3,825 5,618 4,190 East Midlands 3,570 4,766 4,086 North West 3,768 6,563 4,014 London 3,725 5,392 3,982 Yorkshire & the Humber 3,630 6,066 3,849 North East 3,407 5,660 3,572 Great Britain1 3,779 5,715 4,152 1 Includes meters that couldn’t be allocated at Local Authority Level Source: Energy Trends

4.37 Table 4.17 shows the average (mean) non-domestic electricity consumption per meter in each of the regions in decreasing order of consumption. Average non-domestic consumption is a function of both the number of non-domestic sites in an area, the type of business and the volume of

The East Midlands in 2009/10 84 electricity they use. A low average consumption per non-domestic meter reflects an area where there is a high overall volume of electricity but also a large number of non-domestic consumers.

4.38 Table 4.17 also shows average consumption for two different meter types: non-half hourly (NHH) meters and half hourly (HH) meters. The difference in average consumption between the two types of meters reflects that the half hourly meters tend to be installed in larger industrial/commercial customers.

Table 4.17 Average Non-Domestic Electricity Consumption Per Meter in 2009 by Region (kWh) Average NHH Average HH Average non- non-domestic non-domestic domestic consumption consumption consumption South East 23,054 1,098,389 70,434 East of England 24,350 1,092,711 73,930 South West 20,072 1,074,090 57,787 West Midlands 23,260 995,046 76,669 East Midlands 24,117 1,061,611 85,283 North West 25,266 1,308,561 85,478 London 19,949 1,124,939 68,803 Yorkshire & the Humber 24,610 1,112,822 87,691 North East 25,000 1,338,183 96,817 Great Britain 23,160 1,134,766 75,930 Source: Energy Trends

Capacity of Additional Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Facilities

4.39 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is the simultaneous generation of usable heat and power (usually electricity) in a single process. CHP data for the UK as a whole are updated annually and published in the Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics (DUKES), the latest edition of which was published on 29 July 2010.

4.40 Table 4.18 shows a comparison of the number of schemes and electrical capacity in the regions for the period 2007-2009. Over the period 2007-2009 the number of schemes in the UK has increased from 1,415 to 1,465. The same period saw an increase in capacity from 5,438 MWe to 5,569 MWe.

4.41 Figures for the East Midlands show little change or a slight decline in the actual number of schemes and electricity capacity from 2007-2009 so that by 2009 there were 74 schemes generating 221 MWe. The regional target of 511 MWe by 2010 has therefore been missed by some distance and the target of 1,120 MWe by 2020 must be in doubt. The reasons for this are largely financial and will only be resolved when better funding or price regimes are in place.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 85 Table 4.18 Change in Number of CHP Schemes and their Electrical Capacity in 2007-2009 Number of Schemes Electricity Capacity (MWe) 2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009 UK Total 1,415 1,437 1,465 5,438 5,494 5,569 England 1,216 1,227 1,242 4,761 4,792 4,837 East Midlands 79 74 74 237 239 221 East 79 81 86 248 249 254 London 161 163 161 205 201 198 North East 78 82 79 818 894 895 North West 190 193 195 847 842 774 South East 257 260 275 847 840 844 South West 100 103 100 61 61 54 West Midlands 127 127 125 109 98 94 Yorkshire & the 145 144 147 1,388 1,368 1,502 Humber Source: Energy Trends

Capacity of Additional Renewable Energy Facilities

4.42 The East Midlands is making considerable progress in generating electricity from renewable resources. In 2009, 1,594 GWh were generated from renewable sources compared to 645 GWh in 2005 (table 4.19). The East Midlands has improved against other English regions and is currently the 4th largest supplier of renewable energy.

4.43 Table 4.19 also compares the level of renewable energy generated with the level of energy consumption. In 2009, 7.5 per cent of the region’s electricity consumption came from renewable sources, 3.8 per cent of which was from wind and wave generation.

Table 4.19 Comparison of Energy Consumption with Renewable Energy Generation in the East Midlands 2005 to 2009 Electricity Renewable Percentage Wind Energy Percentage Consumption Energy of Generated of (GWh) Generated Consumption (GWh) Consumption (GWh) from from Renewable Renewable Generation Generation 2005 23,938 645 2.7 17 0.1 2006 23,499 664 2.8 81 0.3 2007 22,637 843 3.7 132 0.6 2008 22,276 947 4.3 177 0.8 2009 21,185 1,594 7.5 *798 3.8 * Includes wind and wave Please note the data does include 190MW of offshore wind at Lynn and Inner Dowsing, which are not part of the regional targets Source: Energy Trends and DTI Regional Energy Consumption Statistics

4.44 2009 data from Energy Trends gives a total renewables capacity in the East Midlands of 416.0 MW which is more than double the capacity in 2008, partly due to a number of significant on and off- shore wind installations coming online in 2009 (table 4.20). During 2010 further sites came on line including Rainworth near Mansfield which is the first wind farm in Nottingham, with a number of others getting planning permission.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 86 Table 4.20 Installed Capacity in East Midlands of Sites Generating Electricity from Renewable Sources 2003 to 2009 (MW) Hydo Wind/Wave Landfill Gas Other Bio Total Fuels 2003 5.0 1.3 46.6 26.2 79.1 2004 5.0 # 54.4 15.0 74.4 2005 5.1 6.1 60.5 19.3 91.0 2006 5.1 54.6 55.7 31.7 147.1 2007 5.4 70.1 60.8 38.6 174.9 2008 5.4 70.1 60.8 43.5 179.8 2009 5.5 300.0 64.0 38.4 416.0 # 2004 wind/wave data not shown due to small number of sites Please note the data does include 190MW of offshore wind at Lynn and Inner Dowsing, which are not part of the regional targets

Source: Energy Trends

Planning Permissions Granted for Renewable Energy Facilities

4.45 For 2009/10, local authorities were asked for details of renewable energy generating development or installations granted Planning Permission (generating 1 MW+).

4.46 Four local authorities reported planning permission granted:

Bassetlaw Onshore Wind 35 MW Kettering Onshore Wind 16.1 MW Kettering Plant Biomass 1 MW Boston Sewage Sludge Digestion 1.4 MW Rushcliffe Municipal (and industrial) solid waste combustion 3 MW

4.47 Local authorities were then asked for details of completed renewable energy developments or installations (generating 1 MW+) for 2009/10.

4.48 One local authority reported a completed development or installation:

Bassetlaw Onshore Wind 35 MW

4.49 Unfortunately a number of local authorities reported data not being available due to monitoring systems not being in place. A new report being prepared for the county based monitoring systems cdpsmart may help address this in the future for some local authorities who have adopted the system.

4.50 On a positive note a number of local authorities noted renewable energy generating development being a priority for action being taken forward through Core Strategies, Supplementary Planning Documents or Studies for example.

People Taking Part in Cultural Activities

4.51 Table 4.21 gives the proportion of adults who had participated in various cultural activities in the previous year based on sample surveys carried out in 2005/06 and 2009/10. The figures for the East Midlands showed a small drop in participation rates for all four activities listed between

The East Midlands in 2009/10 87

4.52 Comparing the East Midlands with other regions in 2009/10 shows participation rates to be below average in most cases. The East Midlands was ranked 6th lowest for the proportion of adults visiting a heritage site in the last year, 8th lowest for engagement with the arts and 9th lowest (and last position) for visiting a museum or gallery. However, visits to libraries had risen from 8th lowest to 3rd highest between 2005/06 and 2009/10 despite a drop in the actual proportion of people making such a visit from 44.7 per cent to 42.7 per cent over this time.

Table 4.21 Adults Participating in Cultural Activities 2005/06 and 2009/10 (percentage) Visited a Heritage Engaged with the Visited a Museum Visited a Library in Site in Last Year Arts in Last Year or Gallery in Last Last Year Year 2005/06 2009/10 2005/06 2009/10 2005/06 2009/10 2005/06 2009/10 North East 69.1 74.4 70.2 71.4 42.0 49.4 44.9 42.9 North West 67.7 67.9 71.5 73.9 40.4 45.2 46.9 41.4 Yorks & Humber 68.3 75.2 71.8 73.5 38.8 46.8 42.1 30.0 East Midlands 71.7 69.4 75.8 71.1 40.7 39.5 44.7 42.7 West Midlands 65.8 62.4 73.8 69.7 35.3 42.4 47.6 38.0 East of England 72.5 74.7 79.7 81.9 44.0 44.2 50.5 39.5 London 63.6 59.8 75.1 72.5 50.9 55.5 52.6 38.1 South East 76.2 81.0 81.9 84.9 43.8 51.0 51.0 43.5 South West 73.2 69.8 82.1 75.9 39.8 41.1 47.9 38.8 Source: DCMS

Sports and Recreational Facilities Provided per 1,000 Population

4.53 Sport England has developed a database of sports facilities called Active Places, which provides a means of reviewing the availability of facilities in the locality and also the wider area. The database provides information about individual facilities including year of construction, community access etc. This can be accessed at http://www.activeplaces.com . Figures 4.5 and 4.6 taken from this database show the availability of Sports Halls and Swimming Pools in the East Midlands. These, and other facilities, continue to be monitored to look at trends in availability across the region.

4.54 Figures 4.5 and 4.6 provide an update of those included in the 2007/08 Regional Plan Annual Monitoring Report. Over this time period the Area of Sports Halls per 1,000 population in the region has fallen slightly, with the number of Swimming Pools remaining largely unchanged.

4.55 The Area of Sports Halls per 1,000 population is fairly uniform across the region, with the two districts of Boston and Rutland standing out as having the highest level of provision (figure 4.5). The picture is far more mixed for Swimming Pools with three districts (South Holland, Bolsover and Ashfield) having less provision per 1,000 population than elsewhere in the region (figure 4.6).

The East Midlands in 2009/10 88 Figure 4.5 Total Area of All Sports Halls per 1,000 population East Midlands (m²)

Symbol Range Local Authority Count

51.81 - 82.458 (26) 82.459 - 113.106 (12) 113.107 - 143.754 (1) 174.403 - 205.05 (1)

The East Midlands in 2009/10 89

Figure 4.6 Total Area of Swimming Pools per 1,000 population East Midlands (m²)

Symbol Range Local Authority Count

3.59 - 9.486 (3) 9.487 - 15.382 (13) 15.383 - 21.278 (12) 21.279 - 27.174 (5) 27.175 - 33.07 (7)

Guidance Notes Facilities Per 1000 Population  Based on capacity of facilities by Output Areas (and aggregated up where necessary)  Only looks at facilities within local authority areas, it does not look across borders  The calculation performed is: Unit ÷ population x 1000  Unit defined by Facility Type  Population based on 2001 Census Source: Sport England

Adult Population Participating in at least 30 minutes of Sport and Active Recreation (including recreational walking and cycling) of at least Moderate Intensity on at Least 3 Days a Week

4.56 The Sport England Strategy 2008-11 includes a commitment to getting one million people taking part in more sport by 2012/13. The sports participation indicator measures the number of adults (aged 16 and over) participating in at least 30 minutes of sport at moderate intensity at least three times a week. Sport England’s progress towards this target is measured by the Active People

The East Midlands in 2009/10 90 Survey (APS). The latest Active People Survey results cover the 12 month period from October 2009 to October 2010 (2009/10).

4.57 Between the 2007/08 APS and the 2009/10 APS, there has been a statistically significant increase in sports participation in the North West and the West Midlands where 49,700 and 50,800 respectively more adults are taking part in at least 30 minutes of sport at moderate intensity at least three times a week (table 4.22). Between the same periods, there was a statistically significant

decrease in sports participation in the East Midlands. Between the 2007/8 and 2009/10 APS, participation in six regions (East, London, North East, South East, South West, and Yorkshire and the Humber) has not shown a statistically significant change.

4.58 The East Midlands is the only region shown by the survey to be demonstrating a significant reduction in sports participation against this measure and therefore moving away from the Sport England target.

Table 4.22 Adult Participation in Sport by Region, October 2007-October 2008 to October 2009 to October 2010 (3 sessions a week (at least 12 sessions of at least moderate intensity for at least 30 minutes in the previous 28 days))* October 07- October 08-October October 09-October 10 October 08 09 % No. % No. % No. Statistically Statistically significant significant change change from 07/08 from 08/09 East 16.2 741,800 15.8 735,000 15.7 734,400 No Change No Change East 16.8 601,300 16.6 598,600 16.0 581,000 Decrease No Change Midlands London 16.5 1,004,500 17.2 1,058,300 16.6 1,038,200 No change No Change North 16.3 341,600 16.2 343,300 16.4 347,600 No change No Change East North 17.0 944,000 17.1 952,300 17.7 993,700 Increase Increase West South 17.1 1,151,400 17.1 1,161,900 16.8 1,147,200 No change No Change East South 16.0 679,400 16.4 704,900 16.5 712,300 No change No Change West West 14.5 628,900 15.2 664,700 15.5 679,700 Increase No Change Midlands Yorkshire 17.2 722,200 16.8 711,000 16.4 704,200 No change No Change & the Humber Source: Sport England’s Active People Survey

The East Midlands in 2009/10 91 Section 5 Minerals, Aggregates and Waste

Key Points

 By the end of 2009, total rock reserves for aggregate purposes in the East Midlands were 1,304 million tonnes and sand and gravel reserves for aggregate purposes stood at 81 million tonnes  During 2009 a total of 22 million tonnes of rock was sold for aggregate use, alongside sales of 6 million tonnes of sand and gravel  Limestone/dolomite reserves for aggregate purposes show little change since 2005 so that by the end of 2009 reserves stood at 982.6 million tonnes  Landfill capacity for waste in the East Midlands fell from over 87 million cubic metres in 2007 to under 68 million cubic metres by 2009  During 2009/10, 2.3 million tonnes of municipal waste was collected in the East Midlands. 2.1 million tonnes of this was household waste  Regional household waste sites received 622 thousand tonnes of waste in 2009/10  Data on commercial and industrial waste for 2006/07 and 2009 show a small increase of 2.4 per cent in commercial and industrial waste arisings  A total of 463 thousand tonnes of hazardous waste was disposed of in the East Midlands in 2009, 40 per cent of which went for recycling or reuse  Currently 45.6 per cent of household waste is recycled or composed in the East Midlands  Currently 44.2 per cent of municipal waste in the East Midlands is recycled or composed and 48.1 per cent goes to landfill

Introduction

5.1 This section covers minerals, aggregates and waste policies for the East Midlands.

Minerals, Aggregates and Waste Indicators and Progress

Key Core/Cont Targets Status Progress Sources Indicators extual Production of National Annual Regional Reserves of East Primary Land Core Apportionment Figures Aggregates Show Midlands Won Little Change Aggregates Aggregates from Previous Working Produced by Year Party Minerals Planning Local Authority Authorities (MPA) Production of National No New Data CLG Recycled and Core Available Secondary Aggregates by MPA Capacity of National To Meet Regional Targets in The Region is Environment Waste Core Appendix 4 of the Regional Moving Towards Agency Management Plan 2020 Targets Facilities by Local Type by Authorities Waste Planning

The East Midlands in 2009/10 92 Authority (WPA) Amount of National Zero Growth in Controlled The Data Defra Controlled Core Waste by 2016 at the Presented Shows Waste Arising Regional Level a Mixed Picture Local and Managed with Hazardous Authorities by Waste Down Management from Last Year Environment Type but Other Types Agency of Waste Show Little Change or a Rise Percentage of National A Minimum of 50 per cent of The 2010 Target Defra Total Waste Core Household Waste Recycled has been Managed that or Composed by all Waste Significantly each Collection Authorities by 2015 Exceeded in the Management (30 per cent by 2010) East Midlands Type and Figures are Represents by Nearing the 2015 WPA Target, with Some Authorities Already Having Reached This Proportion of Regional Decrease in Waste Disposed Currently 44.2 Defra Waste Core of in Landfill to meet National per cent of Diverted from Targets Municipal Waste Environment Landfill in the East Agency Midlands is Recycled or Composed and 48.1 per cent Goes to Landfill, Meaning the Region is Well on the Way to Meeting National Targets

Production of Primary Land Won Aggregates Produced by Minerals Planning Authority (MPA)

5.2 In the East Midlands at the end of 2009, total rock reserves were 1,304 million tonnes and sand and gravel reserves were 81 million tonnes. During 2009 a total of 22 million tonnes of rock was sold for aggregate use, alongside sales of 6 million tonnes of sand and gravel (table 5.1).

The East Midlands in 2009/10 93 Table 5.1 Sales and Reserves for Aggregates 2009* Rock Sales 2009 Rock Reserves Sand and Gravel Sand and Gravel (million tonnes per 2009 (million Sales 2009 Reserves 2009 annum) tonnes) for (million tonnes (million tonnes) aggregate purposes per annum) Derbyshire** 7.4 808.8 0.9 9.9 Leicestershire 11.7 338.8 0.8 12.8 Lincolnshire 0.5 41.3 2.0 22.8 Northamptonshire 0.2 14.0 0.2 6.2 Nottinghamshire*** <0.1 3.4 1.6 28.9 Peak District 1.7 93.8 0 0 Rutland 0.1 3.5 0 0 Total 21.5 1,303.5 5.5 80.6 * Relates solely to aggregates uses and related reserves and excludes industrial uses and dormant sites ** Includes Derby *** Includes Nottingham Source: East Midlands Aggregates Working Party

5.3 Figure 5.1 shows limestone/dolomite reserves over time, showing little change since 2005 so that by the end of 2009 reserves stood at 982.6 million tonnes.

Figure 5.1 East Midlands* Limestone/Dolomite Reserves 2003 to 2009 (million tonnes)

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

Million Tonnes Million 600

400

200

0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

* Includes the whole Peak Park Source: East Midlands Aggregates Working Party

5.4 Table 5.2 gives details of planning permissions granted for minerals extraction in 2009/10. The largest permission was for 1,120,000 tonnes of building stone in Lincolnshire.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 94 Table 5.2 Planning Permissions for Minerals Extraction 2009/10 (thousand tonnes) Building Coal Clay Sand and Stone Gravel Derby 0 0 0 0 Derbyshire N/A 475 600 N/A Leicester 0 0 0 0 Leicestershire N/A N/A N/A 11 Lincolnshire 1,120 N/A N/A 150 Northamptonshire 0 N/A N/A 0 Nottingham 0 0 0 0 Nottinghamshire 0 0 0 470 Peak District N/A N/A N/A N/A Rutland N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A: Not applicable No planning permissions for Crushed Rock, Industrial Limestone, Oil or Gypsum Source: Local Authorities

Production of Recycled and Secondary Aggregates by Minerals Planning Authority (MPA)

5.5 Table 5.3 gives figures for the disposal of construction and demolition waste. In total 9.8 million tonnes were disposed of in the East Midlands in 2005. At the time of writing no update to these figures was available.

Table 5.3 Estimate of Use/Disposal of Construction, Demolition and Evacuation Waste in 2003 and 2005 (million tonnes) Recycled as Used for Used at Disposed of as Total Aggregate and Landfill Registered Waste and Soil Engineering or Exempt Sites Backfill of Restoration Quarry Voids East Midlands 2003 4.88 0.84 1.84 3.06 9.88 2005 5.59 0.97 0.73 2.52 9.82 England 2003 45.45 6.45 16.43 22.60 90.63 2005 46.43 9.61 15.44 18.13 89.61 Source: Survey of Arisings and Use of Alternatives to Primary Aggregates in England, 2005 Construction, Demolition and Excavation Waste Final Report (CLG February 2007)

Capacity of Waste Management Facilities by Type by Waste Planning Authority (WPA)

5.6 Data on existing capacity and future requirements from ‘The Waste Planning Guidance Report’ produced by SLR Consulting for the former East Midlands Regional Assembly (EMRA) in 2006 is summarised in table 5.4. It predicts a total requirement of 22,155 thousand tonnes of capacity required by 2020, 9,621 thousand tonnes of this for recycling or composing.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 95 Table 5.4 Waste Capacity in 2005 and Projected 2020 Levels in the East Midlands* (thousand tonnes) Capacity Recycling/ Landfill Re-use Disposal Total Composing Diversion Municipal Existing 2005 595 260 0 1,711 2,566 Solid Waste Requirement 2020 1,480 840 0 640 2,960 Total Existing 2005 3,031 1,907 926 5,583 12,447 Requirement 2020 9,621 840 4,342 7,352 22,155 * Includes the whole of the Peak District National Park Source: Waste Planning Guidance for EMRA, SLR Consulting Ltd (August 2006)

5.7 Data from the Environment Agency in table 5.5 details landfill capacity in the East Midlands over time. Landfill capacity has fallen from over 87 million cubic metres in 2007 to under 68 million cubic metres by 2009.

Table 5.5 East Midlands Landfill Capacity Trends 2000/01 to 2009 (thousand cubic metres) 2000/01 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Derbyshire 22,938 17,560 16,992 17,626 25,215 12,569 12,138 Leicestershire 15,929 15,922 14,686 15,569 14,246 11,979 12,381 Lincolnshire 15,267 18,513 18,562 16,276 28,983 27,666 28,315 Northamptonshire 20,263 8,284 8,412 7,411 8,035 7,311 6,509 Nottinghamshire 15,463 11,585 10,539 9,482 10,916 9,992 8,338 East Midlands 89,860 71,865 69,190 66,365 87,395 69,516 67,681 Source: Environment Agency

5.8 Additional capacity, provided by planning permissions for waste management facilities granted in 2009/10, is given in table 5.6. A total of just over 575,000 m3 of inert landfill space was approved. 140,000 tonnes of composing was also approved, alongside nearly 216,000 tonnes of material recovery/recycling facilities. Just under 356,000 tonnes maximum annual operational throughput was also approved for transfer stations in the region, 170,000 tonnes energy from waste incineration and 161,000 tonnes of combined mechanical, biological and/or thermal treatment (MBT) facilities in Lincolnshire.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 96 Table 5.6 New Waste Management Sites in the East Midlands, Maximum Operational Throughput 2009/10 (thousand tonnes) Derby Derbys Leic. Leics. Lincs North- Nott. Notts Rut- Pe City City ants City land ak Inert Landfill (total 0 149.2 0 92.5 N/A 176.0 0 25.0 N/A 0 capacity thousand (N/R) (325.3) (N/A) (250 cubic metres) .0) Non-hazardous 0 N/R 0 N/A N/A 50.0 0 0 N/A 0 Landfill Other Incineration 0 N/R 0 N/A 24.0 N/A 0 0 N/A 0 Pyrolysis/ 0 N/R 0 N/A N/A 38.5 0 0 N/A 0 Gasification Energy from Waste 0 N/R 0 N/A 150.0 N/A 0 20.0 N/A 0 Incineration Metal Recycling 0 N/R 0 0.3 26.0 0.1 0 5.0 N/A 0 Site Transfer Stations 18.8 237.0 0 N/A 75.0 25.0 0 0 N/A 0 Material 0 N/R 0 15.5 75.3 125.1 0 0 N/A 0 Recovery/Recycling Facilities (MRFs) Household Civic 0 N/R 0 N/A 4.6 N/A 0 0 N/A 0 Amenity Sites Open Windrow 0 N/R 0 24.0 25.0 1.0 0 0 N/A 0 Composing In-vessel 0 40.0 0 N/A 50.0 N/A 0 0 N/A 0 Composing Anaerobic 0 N/R 0 N/A N/A 30.0 0 0 N/A 0 Digestion Any Combined 0 N/R 0 N/A N/A 161.0 0 0 N/A 0 Mechanical, Biological and/or Thermal Treatment (MBT) Other Treatment 0 N/R 0 N/A N/A 50.0 0 0 N/A 0 Recycling 0 N/R 0 20.0 35.0 1.0 0 0 N/A 0 Facilities: construction, demolition and excavation waste Other Waste 0 N/R 1 N/A 25.0 1,300 0 0 N/A 0 Management .0* N/A: Not Applicable N/R: No Return * Waste water through reed beds (litres) There were no planning permissions recorded for: hazardous landfill, landfill gas generation plant, sewerage treatment works, storage of waste or other developments Source: Local Authorities

Amount of Controlled Waste Arising and Managed by Management Type

5.9 Table 5.7 summarises the amounts of municipal and household waste arisings in the East Midlands. During 2009/10, 2.3 million tonnes of municipal waste was collected in the East Midlands. 2.1 million tonnes of this was household waste. Household waste per head of population varied from 389 kg per head in Leicester City to 519 kg per head in Rutland.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 97 Table 5.7 Municipal and Household Waste 2009/10 Total Municipal Waste Total Household Waste Household Waste (tonnes) (tonnes) (kg per head) Derby City 127,527 110,659 464 Derbyshire 393,454 361,209 473 Leicester City 129,823 113,900 389 Leicestershire 353,293 320,183 497 Lincolnshire 355,978 336,893 486 Northamptonshire 358,260 333,856 483 Nottingham City 158,749 118,526 410 Nottinghamshire 411,125 378,508 490 Rutland 21,175 19,955 519 Source: Defra

5.10 Regional household waste sites (RHWS) received 622 thousand tonnes of waste in 2009/10. The proportion of this recycled varied from 17.3 per cent in Leicester City to 49.6 per cent in Northamptonshire. Composing rates were highest in Leicestershire at 44.5 per cent. See table 5.8 for further details.

Table 5.8 Regional Household Waste Sites 2009/10 Total RHWS Arisings RHWS Recycled RHWS Composed (tonnes) (per cent) (per cent) Derby City 16,168 40.9 13.9 Derbyshire 49,432 42.3 21.1 Leicester City 126,743 17.3 22.6 Leicestershire 71,039 27.7 44.5 Lincolnshire 54,392 37.3 32.4 Northamptonshire 85,200 49.6 18.0 Nottingham City 118,526 23.6 11.9 Nottinghamshire 72,946 37.0 32.7 Peak District 7,729 20.7 27.9 Rutland 19,955 23.8 32.1 Peak District data is calculated by apportioning constituent authorities, Derbyshire data has been adjusted to avoid double counting Source: Local Authorities

5.11 Data on commercial and industrial waste is shown in table 5.9. Figures shown are for 2006/07 and 2009. Overall a small increase of 2.4 per cent in commercial and industrial waste arisings was seen, but within this there were wide variations in the figures for the categories of waste in 2006/07 and 2009.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 98 Table 5.9 Commercial and Industrial Waste Arisings 2006/07 and 2009 2006/07 2009 Percentage Change Animal & Vegetable Wastes 475,500 576,298 +21.2 Chemical Wastes 693,757 638,522 -8.0 Common Sludges 226,498 76,215 -66.4 Discarded Equipment 37,334 67,522 +80.9 Healthcare Wastes 49,122 167,546 +241.1 Metallic Wastes 253,111 241,309 -4.7 Mineral Wastes 1,537,016 2,484,112 +61.6 Mixed Wastes 1,737,558 1,038,568 -40.2 Non-metallic Wastes 1,146,622 1,016,880 -11.3 Total 6,156,518 6,306,974 +2.4 Source: Survey of Commercial and Industrial Waste Arisings, 2010

5.12 A total of 463 thousand tonnes of hazardous waste was disposed of in the East Midlands in 2009, 40 per cent of which went for recycling or reuse. See table 5.10 for further details.

Table 5.10 East Midlands Hazardous Waste 2009 (tonnes) Disposal or Recovery Option East Midlands Incineration with Energy Recovery 45,886 Incineration without Energy Recovery 4,407 Landfill 84,563 Long Term Storage - Other Fate - Recycling/Reuse 184,400 Rejected 532 Transfer (D) 14,308 Transfer (R) 45,026 Treatment 83,425 Total 462,548 Source: Environment Agency

Percentage of Total Waste Managed that each Management Type Represents by Waste Planning Authority (WPA)

5.13 Figure 5.2 compares the household waste recycling rates between the East Midlands and England over time, whilst table 5.11 breaks down the household recycling rate by disposal authority. Currently 45.6 per cent of household waste is recycled or composed in the East Midlands. The 2010 target of 30 per cent of household waste recycled has been significantly exceeded in the East Midlands and figures are nearing the 2015 target of 50 per cent, with some authorities already having reached this target.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 99 Figure 5.2 Household Waste Recycling Rate 2000/01 to 2009/10 (per cent)

50 45 40 35 30 25

Per cent Per 20 15 10 5 0 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10

East Midlands England

Source: defra

Table 5.11 Household Waste Recycling and Composing Rates 2006/07 to 2009/10 (per cent) 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Derby City 32.7 40.6 43.7 44.7 Derbyshire 31.6 37.3 41.3 42.1 Leicester City 27.2 33.5 30.6 40.0 Leicestershire 42.5 48.4 52.0 52.6 Lincolnshire 40.3 50.6 50.8 51.4 Northamptonshire 39.3 42.3 46.0 45.4 Nottingham City 23.8 29.0 32.5 35.5 Nottinghamshire 37.8 39.3 41.6 42.6 Rutland 24.2 28.8 52.9 55.8 Source: defra

Proportion of Waste Diverted from Landfill

5.14 Figure 5.3 and table 5.12 give details on municipal waste disposal. As the amount of municipal waste recycled or composed has increased, the proportion of municipal waste going to landfill has decreased. Currently 44.2 per cent of municipal waste in the East Midlands is recycled or composed and 48.1 per cent goes to landfill. The amount of waste sent to landfill in Nottingham City is low due to the large proportion of waste incinerated there.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 100 Figure 5.3 Municipal Waste Disposal in the East Midlands 2000/01 to 2009/10 (per cent)

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10

Landfill Incineration Recycled/Composed Other

Source: defra

Table 5.12 Proportion of Municipal Waste Sent to Landfill 2006/07 to 2009/10 (per cent) 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Derby City 66.2 58.6 60.0 54.3 Derbyshire 69.6 63.4 60.6 59.1 Leicester City 64.5 56.9 54.4 54.9 Leicestershire 60.6 55.8 50.5 47.3 Lincolnshire 60.6 50.2 48.8 48.1 Northamptonshire 63.7 60.2 53.8 52.1 Nottingham City 25.5 18.6 19.9 20.5 Nottinghamshire 49.4 46.9 44.5 44.9 Rutland 71.7 67.0 45.4 42.1 Source: defra

5.15 Data from the Environment Agency in table 5.13 shows that overall landfill deposits in the East Midlands fell by 14.6 per cent from 2008 to 2009.

Table 5.13 Landfill Deposits by Sub-Region 2000/01 to 2009 (thousand tonnes) 2000/01 2002/03 2004/05 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Derbyshire 1,834 1,276 1,177 1,168 1,180 1,280 483 729 Leicestershire 2,095 1,410 1,534 1,688 1,856 1,532 1,216 876 Lincolnshire 907 891 606 520 640 571 708 470 Northamptonshire 2,376 1,749 1,429 1,786 1,494 1,374 1,577 1,239 Nottinghamshire 2,097 2,460 1,683 1,606 1,806 1,532 1,558 1,420 East Midlands 9,309 7,785 6,430 6,767 6,976 6,288 5,542 4,734 Source: Environment Agency

The East Midlands in 2009/10 101 Section 6 Transport

Key Points

 The East Midlands has experienced higher than average road traffic growth over the last decade  There were over 2,300 deaths or serious injuries on the region’s roads in 2009 (2.4 per cent higher than in 2008 but 6.5 per cent lower than in 2007)  The use of the bicycle to get to work has remained at 3 per cent of journeys in the East Midlands since 2006  46 per cent of school children in the East Midlands walk to school (compared to 44 per cent in England)  Rail patronage in the East Midlands has increased by almost 90 per cent between 1995/96 and 2008/09  Overall bus and light rail journeys in the East Midlands have been increasing since 2006/07 from 209 million to 229 million in 2009/10  The proportion of freight being moved from the East Midlands has increased relative to the level reported in England between 2004 and 2009  The tonnage of air freight lifted in the East Midlands as a proportion of total air freight lifted in England has increased from 6.2 per cent in 1999 to 12.9 per cent in 2009  Up to 2008 the East Midlands experienced a significant increase in the number of passengers passing through its airport terminals. This fell back in 2009 in line with the rest of England

Introduction

6.1 This section covers transport policies for the East Midlands.

Transport Indicators and Progress

Key Core/Contextual Targets Status Progress Sources Indicators Levels of Regional Core A Progressive The East Midlands DfT Traffic Growth Significant Effect Reduction Over has Experienced Indicator Time in the Rate of Higher than Traffic Growth and Average Road Congestion Traffic Growth over the Last Decade although Growth is Slowing Congestion in Regional Core Reduction in Average Journey DfT Urban Areas Congestion in Times in Leicester and Inter- Urban Areas and and Nottingham Regional on Inter-Regional show Little Change Routes Routes

Investment in Regional Core - Schemes in the Local Transport Road, Rail and Region have not Authorities Bus Network fared well under the CSR Number of Regional Core A Decrease in Fatal The Number of DfT People Killed or Serious People Killed or or Seriously Accidents at the Seriously Injured on Injured in Regional Level the Region’s Roads

The East Midlands in 2009/10 102 Road Towards the Increased Slightly Accidents National Target of 40 per cent by 2010 Principal and Regional Core - Proportion of Roads Local Transport Non-Principal where Maintenance Authorities Roads in LTP should be Authority considered Little Control where Changed since Maintenance 2008/09 should be considered Journeys Regional Core Increase in Use of the Cycle to National Travel made by Cycle Journeys made by get to Work has Survey Cycle Remained at 3 per cent of Journeys in the East Midlands and England since 2006 Usual Method Regional Core - Little Change in National Travel of Travel to Method of Travel to Survey Work Work since 2006

Usual Method Regional Core - A Greater National Travel of Travel to Proportion of Survey School Children Walk to School than the England Average Households Regional Core - The majority of Nottinghamshire Within households in the County Council 400/800m of a East Midlands have Bus Stop access to at least an hourly or better service within a distance of 800 metres Level of Rail Regional Core - Level of Rail Office of Rail Patronage Patronage is Regulation (number of Increasing DfT boardings) Punctuality Regional Core Reliability of The Proportion of Office of Rail and Reliability Significant Effect Services Improved Trains Arriving on Regulation of Rail Indicator to 92.6 per cent by Time was above Services 2014. 25 per cent Target in Q4 Reduction in the 2009/10 Number of Delays over 30 minutes by 2014 Level of Bus Regional Core An Increase at the Bus Use has DfT and Light Rail Regional Level increased since Patronage Towards the 2006/07 but Light (number of National Target of Rail Use has boardings) 12 per cent by 2010 Declined in Last Two Years Freight Regional Core Targets set out in The Recession has DfT Transported by the Regional likely caused a Road Freight Strategy Significant (July 2005) Reduction in Road Freight Movement

The East Midlands in 2009/10 103 Freight Lifted Regional Core The Recession has DfT at East reduced Freight Midlands Lifted at EMA Airport (EMA) Air Transport Regional Core - The Recession has Civil Aviation Movements at reduced Air Authority East Midlands’ Transport Airports Movements DfT

Levels of Traffic Growth

6.2 The latest data suggests that the East Midlands has experienced higher than average road traffic growth over the last decade (at 0.8 percentage points ahead of the England average). Between 1999 and 2009 the level of road traffic on major roads (motorways and A-roads) increased by 7.3 per cent in the East Midlands. However, table 6.1 shows that the region still experienced the fourth lowest growth of the nine regions (ahead of London, East of England, and the South East) on this measure.

6.3 Increasing levels of traffic combined with demographic factors such as an increasing population will likely increase the capacity required on the transport infrastructure of the East Midlands. The negative effects associated with increasing traffic levels include congestion and air pollution. As well as this levels of traffic are also a determinant of the number of accidents that occur on the region’s roads (see later section).

Table 6.1 Change in Traffic on Major Roads (miles), England and Regions 1999 to 2009 Region Change 1999 to 2009 (percentages) North East 9.1 North West 9.2 Yorkshire & The Humber 8.4 East Midlands 7.3 West Midlands 7.8 East of England 6.8 London -6.3 South East 4.2 South West 11.6 England 6.5 Source: Department for Transport National Road Traffic Survey

6.4 In 2009 traffic levels in the East Midlands were 25,314 million vehicle miles, a 21.9 per cent increase on 1994 levels. Data in table 6.2 shows the change in traffic levels at county/unitary level between 1994 and 2009. Leicestershire and Northamptonshire saw the largest increases in traffic of 26.7 per cent and 25.6 per cent respectively between 1994 and 2009, closely followed by Lincolnshire (24.8 per cent increase).

The East Midlands in 2009/10 104 Table 6.2 Estimated Traffic Volume for all Motor Vehicles by Local Authority East Midlands 1994 to 2009 (million vehicle miles) Local Authority 1994 1999 2004 2009 Percentage Change 1994 to 20091 East Midlands 20,767 23,392 25,261 25,314 21.9 Derby 966 1,000 1,035 1,047 8.3 Derbyshire 3,877 4,346 4,609 4,701 21.3 Leicester 797 831 881 868 8.9 Leicestershire 3,538 4,233 4,530 4,482 26.7 Lincolnshire 2,876 3,205 3,491 3,590 24.8 Northamptonshire 4,075 4,658 5,252 5,117 25.6 Nottingham 890 940 954 943 5.8 Nottinghamshire 3,446 3,843 4,162 4,201 21.9 Rutland 303 336 347 365 20.8 1 Percentages based on raw data Source: Department for Transport National Road Traffic Survey

Congestion in Urban Areas and Inter-Regional Routes

6.5 The East Midlands Development Agency (emda) note in their Report The East Midlands in 2010 (June 2010) that many of the disbenefits associated with travel occur when transport systems become congested. This happens when high demand is placed on them in certain time periods. Aside from the personal costs (delays, aggravation) and environmental impacts of congestion, there is also substantial evidence that there are significant economic costs to national and regional economies. Estimating the real cost of congestion is subject to a degree of uncertainty. For this reason studies have offered a range of estimates of the cost of congestion to the UK economy. The Confederation of British Industry (CBI) has estimated that congestion costs employers £20 billion per year, equivalent to around £1,000 per household. Other estimates put the annual cost of congestion between £7 billion and £15 billion. These studies, although differing in methodology and output, suggest that the costs of congestion to the UK economy are substantial and with the number of vehicles on the UK roads increasing by 15 per cent over the last decade and expected to increase further, these associated costs may also increase.

6.6 There is no official data at regional level on the costs of congestion but research commissioned by emda (Economic costs of Congestion in the East Midlands, Atkins, May 2007) shows that in the East Midlands:

 The total cost of congestion to the economy of the East Midlands is around £935 million per annum, comprising £825 million in direct costs and £110 million in wider economic impacts. This total cost equates to 0.7 per cent of regional GVA; and

 The highest costs of congestion are centred around the region’s major urban centres, such as the Three Cities sub-area and lowest in more rural areas, such as the Northern, Eastern and Peak sub-areas.

6.7 Nottingham and Leicester cities are two of the ten areas the DfT uses to calculate congestion statistics for urban areas. Data is available for these two areas for Person Journey Times, measured as the average time taken for a person to travel 1 mile at peak times (table 6.3). The table shows that in 2009/10 in Nottingham, the average time taken for a person to travel 1 mile

The East Midlands in 2009/10 105 was 3 minutes and 42 seconds and in Leicester was 4 minutes and 17 seconds. The Nottingham figure is below the average figure for the ten largest urban areas covered by this measure, but Leicester is some 20 seconds above the average and having remained little changed since 2004/05. It should be noted that changes in these figures over time may be too small to be statistically reliable.

Table 6.3 Person Journey Times During the Weekday Morning Peak1 on key Routes in Leicester and Nottingham: 2004/52 to 2009/103 (minutes and seconds per miles) Person Journey Times Percentage Change 2004/05 to 2009/10 2004/052 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10P Person Journey Person Miles P Times P Leicester 4:21 4:18 4:24 4:17 4:17 -1.7 1.5 Nottingham 3:48 3:52 3:48 3:46 3:42 -2.6 -4.2 All Areas4 4:16 4:09 4:08 4:01 3:57 -7.4 -5.0 1 Morning peak defined separately in each area. Weekdays falling within school holidays are excluded 2 2004/05 uses GPS data from 2004/05 and survey data from 2005/06 3 Academic years – September to July 4 Ten largest urban areas in England P=Provisional figures Source: Department for Transport Road Congestion Statistics

6.8 Average vehicle speeds have remained little changed in most regions and in England as a whole (table 6.4) since 2006/07. The East Midlands saw a 0.1 per cent reduction in average vehicle speeds in the previous 12 months, compared to a 0.2 per cent reduction in England.

Table 6.4 Average Vehicle Speeds (un-weighted) during the Weekday Morning Peak1 on Locally Managed ‘A’ Roads 2006/07 to 2009/102 (minutes per mile) Average Speed Region 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Percentage Change 2008/09 to 2009/10 England 26.7 26.7 26.9 26.8 -0.2 North East 30.5 30.5 30.2 30.2 -0.2 North West 24.2 24.2 24.4 24.3 -0.3 Yorkshire and the Humber 27.5 27.5 27.7 27.7 0.3 East Midlands 31.7 31.7 31.7 31.7 -0.1 West Midlands 27.9 27.9 28.4 28.1 -0.9 East 30.0 30.0 30.2 30.2 0.0 London 13.7 13.7 13.9 13.9 0.3 South East 27.7 27.7 27.9 27.7 -0.8 South West 31.5 31.5 31.4 31.3 -0.2 1 Morning Peak defined as 7am to 10am. Weekdays falling within school holiday periods excluded 2 Academic years – September to July Source: Department for Transport Road Congestion Statistics

Investment in the Road, Rail and Bus Network

6.9 As part of the Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) process the Department for Transport has reviewed existing and proposed transport priorities. This section sets out the implications of the Government’s recent policy and spending decisions for transport investment in the East Midlands, and in particular those schemes contained in the former Regional Funding Allocation (RFA)

The East Midlands in 2009/10 106 programme. In addition it sets out the latest position on high speed and ‘classic’ rail investment, including proposals to upgrade the Midland Main Line.

High Speed Rail 6.10 Over the summer of 2010 the Government asked HS2 Ltd to undertake a ‘high level review’ of existing proposals to establish a second High Speed Rail line in the UK, which is due to commence construction in 2017. The review confirmed existing proposals for a so called ‘Y’ alignment, involving a line heading north from London to Birmingham and then splitting near Litchfield, with one side heading north-west to Manchester and the other north-east to Leeds via the East Midlands and South Yorkshire.

6.11 Whilst a preferred route from London to Birmingham has been established as far as the junction near Litchfield, routes to the north and the proposed station locations have yet to be determined. HS2 Ltd plan to launch a consultation on a number of options early in 2011, and to submit recommendations to Government by December 2011. For the East Midlands, the key issue will be the route alignment from proposed junction near Litchfield through to South Yorkshire, and the location of a station serving the Region.

Local Authority Spend 6.12 As a result of the CSR Transport Settlement, DfT will be able to maintain a viable capital programme over the CSR period, but will be relatively ‘cash poor’. The focus will be on efficiency, supporting economic growth and reducing carbon.

6.13 Despite smaller than expected cuts in capital, there will be significant implications for existing local authority major scheme priorities in the East Midlands. The former RFA approach has been abandoned, and for the time being funding decisions will be determined centrally with priority given to ‘value for money’ (as measured by the ‘NATA Appraisal’) and the amount of non-DfT investment in the funding package.

6.14 Investment in transport was comparatively well protected in the CSR. Around £0.9 billion has been made available for local authority major schemes over the CSR period. However, this has still resulted in many tough decisions and no new schemes are likely to start before 2012/13 due to the lack of available ‘headroom’. Following announcements made by the Department for Transport on the 4th February 2010, the impact on the former East Midlands RFA Programme is set out below. Local Authority Schemes in the ‘Development Group’ will compete for the available funding in 2011, largely on the basis of ‘value for money’ and the amount of non-DfT investment in the funding package. Other schemes will not be funded during the CSR period.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 107 Table 6.5 Status of Major Transport Schemes in the East Midlands following the CSR Local Authority Spend* Planned Start New Status RFA Scheme (£m) (RFA Submission) Connecting Derby Phase 1 10.1 2008 Under Construction and 2 Mansfield Transport 7.6 2009 Funding Approved Interchange A509 Isham Bypass 27.0 2009 No Status Hucknall Town Centre 10.3 2010 Development Group Improvements Loughborough Town Centre 16.5 2010 Development Group Improvements A43 Corby Link Road 36.5 2010 Development Group Nottingham Ring Road 44.3 2011 Development Group NET Phase 2 (prep costs 7.7 2011 PFI for main scheme only) approved Nottingham to Lincoln Rail 51.0 2013 No Status Line Improvements Glenfield Park & Ride 24.5 2012 No Status London Road Rail Bridge 12.6 2013 Development Group (Derby) Lincoln Eastern Bypass 107.2 2013 Development Group Leicester City Centre Bus 67.0 2014 No Status Termini Osmaston Road Strategic 7.0 2014 No Status Integrated Transport Scheme (Derby) * As at RFA submission

6.15 In terms of support for buses, cuts in revenue funding and changes to the bus subsidy grant and the concessionary fares regime are likely to put considerable financial pressure on both Local Transport Authorities and bus operators. However, Ministers have established a new ‘Local Transport Fund’ to support smaller scale measures, which will have both revenue and capital components. Further details on the new fund, including the dates for bidding rounds, are to be announced shortly.

Highways Agency Spend 6.16 The distinction between ‘regional’ HA schemes and ‘national’ HA schemes has been ended. Following the CSR, the Highways Agency will have £2.3 billion to spend on 8 existing and 14 new schemes before 2015, including A46 (Newark to Widmerpool) and the M1 (J28-31) Improvements (Derbyshire).

6.17 Funding for a number of additional Highways Agency schemes that could start after 2015 will be decided at a later date. These schemes will continue to be developed in the meantime but will not start in the current CSR period. The implications for HA schemes in East Midlands are set out below.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 108 Table 6.6 Status of Highways Agency Schemes in the East Midlands Scheme Former Status New Status A 46 (Newark to Widmerpool) RFA Priority Under Construction A453 (M1-Nottingham) RFA Priority Additional HA Scheme (post 2015) A14 Kettering Bypass National Scheme Additional HA Scheme (post 2015) M1 J28-31 Improvement (Derbyshire) National Scheme Funding Approved (subject to statutory procedures) M1 J19 (Leicestershire) National Scheme Additional HA Scheme (post 2015) A38 Derby Junctions (Derby) RFA Priority Additional HA Scheme (post 2015)

‘Classic’ Rail Spend 6.18 Overall capital investment in rail will rise over the CSR period. In fact, there will be significantly more rail investment (excluding HS2) than on Highways Agency roads – although not much of this is likely to take place in the East Midlands.

Table 6.7 Capital Investment in Rail 2011/12 to 2014/15 £m Capital 2011/12 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 Highways 1,571 1,244 921 877 1,040 Agency Railways 3,778 4,109 4,896 4,662 4,532

6.19 Ministers announced further details on rail priorities for the CSR period on the 25 November 2010. Although the Government remains positive about the case for the electrification of the Midland Main Line, no commitment to the project has been made.

6.20 The following projects remain in Network Rail’s investment programme up to 2015:  Upgrading of the ‘Joint Line’ in Spalding, Sleaford, Lincoln and Gainsborough to take more freight (£235 million in total between Peterborough and Doncaster)  Line Speed improvements on the Midland Main Line (£69 million)  Track layout improvements around Nottingham (£11.6 million)  Platform improvements across the East Midlands (£6 million)

6.21 However, there appears to be currently no mechanism for taking forward the Nottingham to Lincoln Line Speed Improvements RFA project.

6.22 In terms of rolling stock, there does not appear to the any further improvements planned for services in the East Midlands during the CSR period. Whilst the Government accepts the case for replacing the aging Inter-City 125s, some will probably remain on Midland Main Line, Cross Country and open access operations beyond the year 2020.

6.23 There may be some potential to attract further investment to the Midland Main Line through the Regional Growth Fund, to support an additional £27million package of improvements south of Leicester which would reduce journey times from London to Leicester and stations up to Sheffield and help improve service patterns and connectivity. Initial discussions with the three emerging Local Enterprise Partnerships that cover the Midland Main Line between Leicester and Sheffield

The East Midlands in 2009/10 109 have indicated a willingness to explore the possibility of a bid, if a sound economic rationale can be established.

Future Prospects 6.24 Although overall Transport funding, particularly capital, has remained relatively intact following the CSR, priority schemes in the East Midlands have not fared well and competition for future funding will be tough.

6.25 For the present, the DfT is taking funding decisions ‘in-house’ on the basis of fairly narrow financial criteria – in contrast to the former RFA process. Over the longer term Ministers would like to return to a more devolved approach, perhaps working with groupings of Local Enterprise Partnerships to determine funding priorities. In the meantime, DfT officials have indicated to a willingness to work informally with viable groupings of local authorities, including on a regional basis, where it can be shown to add value.

Local Authority Data 6.26 Local Authorities have reported the following major highway schemes (investment over £5million on principal A and B roads in local authority control) involving new road construction or improvements to the existing network (excluding road maintenance schemes) completed in 2009/10:

Table 6.8 Local Authority Major Highway Schemes Completed in 2009/10 Local Transport Authority Investment in Road Network 2009/10 (schemes >£5m) Derby Not stated Derbyshire A6192 Northern Loop (1.4km) Greater Nottingham None North Nottinghamshire None Leicester None Leicestershire None Lincolnshire None Northamptonshire A45 Daventry – Leamington Way (0.466km) A508 Grafton Regis – Northampton Road (1.2km) A508 Stoke Bruerne – Northampton Road (0.33km) A6 Irthlingborough – Station Road (0.4km) A43 Sywell – Kettering Road (1.866km) A43 Weldon – Stamford Road (1.8km) A509 Wollaston – London Road (1.669km) A43 Broughton – Kettering Road (1.34km) A509 Isham – Wellingborough Road (1.904km) A6003 Rockingham – Uppingham Road (0.905km) A5076 Northampton – Holly Lodge Drive (0.37km) A5126 Wellingborough – Oxford Street (0.475km) A5199 Welford – Northampton Road (1.212km) A508 Boughton – Harborough Road (0.6km) Rutland None Source: Local Authorities

Number of People Killed or Seriously Injured in Road Accidents

6.27 There were over 2,300 deaths or serious injuries on the region’s roads in 2009 (2.4 per cent higher than in 2008 but 6.5 per cent lower than in 2007). The 2009 deaths or serious injuries in the region accounted for 10.3 per cent of the England total (up from 9.5 per cent in 2008). The

The East Midlands in 2009/10 110 number of killed or seriously injured casualties in the region has generally been steadily decreasing from a peak of 3,900 in 1998 to their current levels (table 6.9), a fall of 38.9 per cent. This compares to the equivalent fall in England of 39.2 per cent. This reduction in the region has been achieved despite the significant increase in the levels of traffic over the same timeframe.

6.28 The number of children killed or seriously injured on the region’s roads decreased from 532 in 1998 to 202 in 2009, a decrease of 62 per cent. The number of children killed or seriously injured on the region’s roads represents 8.9 per cent of the England total.

Table 6.9 Killed or Seriously Injured Casualties by Region (number of casualties) Children All Road Users 1998 2007 2008 2009 1998 2007 2008 2009 North East 242 149 130 145 1,244 1,019 990 1,020 North West 830 450 449 403 4,592 3,391 3,324 3,045 Yorks & Humber 616 389 333 317 3,894 3,215 2,890 2,601 East Midlands 532 221 194 202 3,900 2,550 2,327 2,384 West Midlands 621 326 275 238 4,333 2,610 2,232 2,122 East of England 494 265 218 231 4,703 3,178 2,805 2,731 London 962 331 310 263 6,870 3,785 3,531 3,229 South East 577 350 346 326 5,632 4,482 4,077 4,124 South West 286 190 147 153 2,977 2,490 2,193 1,950 England 5,160 2,671 2,402 2,278 38,145 26,720 24,369 23,206 Source: Department for Transport, Regional Transport Statistics: Current live tables, accessed January 2010

Principal and Non-Principal Roads in LTP Authority Control where Maintenance should be considered

6.29 Figure 6.1 shows the percentage of the local authority’s A-road and principal (that is local authority owned) M-road carriageways where maintenance should be considered (principal) and the percentage of the local authority’s B and C-road carriageways where maintenance should be considered (non-principal). This performance indicator is derived from a survey of the surface condition of the local authority’s classified carriageway network using survey vehicles. Results are reported for 100 per cent of the network surveyed in both directions (one direction in the case of C-class roads).

6.30 Figures for the principal roads where maintenance should be considered range from 4 per cent in Derbyshire, Leicestershire and Northamptonshire to 1.5 per cent in Nottinghamshire. For non- principal roads where maintenance should be considered the figures range from 12 per cent in Derbyshire to 4 per cent in Leicestershire. However, not all Local Transport Authorities made a return for 2009/10. In general these figures are little changed since 2008/09.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 111 Figure 6.1

Proportion of Carriageway Where Maintenance Should be Considered 2009/10* (per cent)

14

12

10

8 Principal

6 Non-Principal

4 percentage of road of percentage 2

0

r e e re rby r te re ir ire e es shi sh D r nsh eic e ol amshi on Rutland L ttingham Derbyshi est nc gh c Li No ampt h Lei rt Nottin o N

*Data not received from Derby, Leicester or Nottingham Source: Local Authorities

Journeys made by Cycle

6.31 For journeys made by cycle see ‘Usual Method of Travel to Work’ below.

6.32 Table 6.10 shows that use of the bicycle to get to work has remained at 3 per cent of journeys in the East Midlands and England since 2006.

Usual Method of Travel to Work

6.33 Looking at the method of travel to work, 77 per cent of East Midlands’ residents travel to work by car, whilst 7 per cent use public transport and 11 per cent walk (table 6.10). These figures are largely unchanged since 2006. The East Midlands, along with the North West (77 per cent), West Midlands (79 per cent) and South West (77 per cent), has the highest dependency on the car as a method to travel to work of any region. The East Midlands, along with the South West, has the lowest use of public transport as a means of getting to work (7 per cent and 5 per cent respectively.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 112 Table 6.10 Usual Method of Travel to Work, East Midlands and England October – December 2006 to 2009 Car M/cycle Bicycle Bus/ All Rail Walk Other Numbers in Coach Modes Employment (‘000s) East 2006 77 1 3 6 1 11 1 1,836 Midlands 2007 76 1 3 7 1 11 - 1,748 2008 77 * 3 5 1 11 * 1,854 2009 77 1 3 6 1 11 1 1,774 England 2006 70 1 3 8 8 11 1 20,936 2007 69 1 3 7 8 11 - 21,055 2008 69 1 3 7 8 11 1 20,750 2009 70 1 3 7 8 10 1 20,061 *sample size too small - data missing Survey carried out over 3 months (Oct to Dec) each year Source: National Travel Survey

Usual Method of Travel to School

6.34 Table 6.11 gives details of the usual modes of travel to school. For the combined survey years of 2008 and 2009, 46 per cent of school children in the East Midlands walked to school, a higher percentage than the England average (44 per cent). In the East Midlands the average distance travelled to get to school was 1.9 miles by 5-10 year olds, while 11-16 years olds travelled an average of 4.2 miles; both greater distances than the England average.

6.35 Promoting walking, cycling, and, for longer distances, greater use of buses for the school journey can relieve congested roads, improve child health, and offer greater access to a range of educational opportunities.

6.36 However, there is a range of issues to be tackled. One of the key underlying concerns is road safety. Road traffic accidents are the leading cause of accidental injury amongst children and young people. For walking and cycling to become safer and more attractive, local transport and education authorities, together with schools, need to develop strategies that combine ‘hard’ measures (e.g. engineering works such as traffic calming and the creation of safer routes, as well as school infrastructure such as secure cycle parking, lockers, showers and changing facilities) and ‘soft’ measures (e.g. organising crossing patrols, ‘walking buses’ and ‘cycle trains’, on- and off-road training to improve road skills and confidence, and classroom activities.

6.37 Another issue to address is personal security. Pupils and parents cite bullying on the journey to and from school as a major issue and, even though attacks on children by strangers are rare, they feature high on the list of parents’ concerns.

6.38 A range of initiatives to promote non-car travel to school have been promoted across the region in recent years. However, during times of economic cutbacks further initiatives will increasing rely on the good will and free time offered by parents and carers.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 113

Table 6.11 Usual Method of Travel to School1 in the East Midlands and England 2008/20092 Age 5-16 (percentage) Average Length (miles) Walk Car Bus3 Other Aged 5-10 Age 11-16 East Midlands 2008/09 46 31 19 4 1.9 4.2 England 2008/09 44 32 20 4 1.6 3.3 1 Trips of under 50 miles only 2 Combined Survey years 2008 and 2009 3 Including School Buses Source: National Travel Survey

Households Within 400/800m of a Bus Stop

6.39 Table 6.12 give data on the proportion of households with access to various frequencies of bus services. Distances have been calculated using straight line walking distances/buffers, adjusted to take into account the curvature of the road network. Origin points are all postcodes with domestic delivery points for the East Midlands taken from the 2010 Royal Mail Codepoint files. In this instance, a domestic delivery point can be said to represent one household. Locations of bus stops and associated public transport data are from data files provided to Traveline from each local authority (November 2010) and supplied for analysis by the East Midlands Traveline Data Manager. Frequency is determined from the total number of scheduled calls at each bus stop by all services over the specified time period, and each bus stop is classified according to service frequency.

6.40 There is currently some discussion on the best definition of catchment areas or maximum walking distances required to access the public transport network. Current proposals are for 400 metres (5 minutes walk) catchment to 'public transport' for the cities of Nottingham, Derby, Leicester, Lincoln and Northampton and 800 metres (10 minutes walk) for all other authorities.

6.41 The majority of households in the region (94 per cent) have access to at least an hourly or better service within a distance of 800 metres (table 6.12 and figure 6.3). The cities of Nottingham, Leicester and Derby and the district of Chesterfield demonstrate the whole of their population falling within this measure. Rutland, as a more rural area, has only 66 per cent of households falling within the measure, falling to 0 per cent for a service frequency of 10 minutes of better.

Table 6.12 Proportion of East Midlands Households within 400m or 800m of Bus Stops with Various Service Frequencies (Mondays – Saturdays 0600-1800 hrs) 2010 (per cent) Hourly or Better Half Hourly or Better Every 10 Minutes or Better Within Within Within Within Within Within 400m 800m 400m 800m 400m 800m Derby 99 100 99 100 65 86 Derbyshire 90 96 83 92 37 56 Leicester 99 100 99 100 91 100 Leicestershire 89 94 71 84 23 42 Lincolnshire 78 91 53 72 14 23 Northamptonshire 82 89 64 76 22 36 Nottingham 100 100 100 100 92 100 Nottinghamshire 91 96 81 91 37 59 Rutland 41 66 11 28 0 0 East Midlands 88 94 76 86 37 53 Source: Nottinghamshire County Council

The East Midlands in 2009/10 114 Figure 6.3

The East Midlands in 2009/10 115 Level of Rail Patronage

6.42 According to the Office of Rail Regulation, National Rail Trends Yearbook 2009-10, rail is the second most used method of public transport behind bus and light rail with over 27 million passenger trips taking place every year in the region.

6.43 Rail patronage in the East Midlands has increased by almost 90 per cent between 1995/96 and 2008/09. As Figure 6.4 shows, until 2004/05 the increase was significantly higher than the increase in England as a whole. However, between 2004/05 and 2008/09 rail patronage in England increased significantly (by 46 per cent) compared to the increase experienced in the East Midlands (27 per cent). Further analysis of data from the Office of Rail Regulation Year Book indicates that:

 East Midlands’ journeys to/from other regions increased by 6.2 per cent on 2007/08. The largest increases were to/from North West, West Midlands and Yorkshire & Humber;  The largest flow of passengers on the rail network of the East Midlands are between Nottingham and Leicester;  Forty five percent of all journeys originating from the East Midlands were to destinations within the region in 2008/09. Other main destinations include London (22 per cent) and the West Midlands (9 per cent);  The percentage of journeys within the region is significantly lower than other regions such as the North West (87 per cent), West Midlands (78 per cent) and Yorkshire and the Humber (77 per cent). This can be explained, in part, by the lack of a single major metropolitan area in the region serviced by local rail networks.

6.44 The increase in the use of the rail network over the past decade can be attributed, in part, to a large improvement in the network infrastructure, increasing capacity and improving punctuality and reliability.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 116 Figure 6.4

Regional Rail Patronage Growth, East Midlands and England, 1995/96 to 2008/09 (1995/96=100)

200 180 160 140 120 East Midlands 100 England 80 60 40 20 0

2 /00 0 /07 09 1/ 8/ 95/96 97/98 99 00/01 0 02/03 04/05 06 07/08 0 0 0 19 1996/97 19 1998/99 19 2 20 20 2003/04 20 2005/06 20 2 20

Source: Office of Rail Regulation published in Department for Transport, Regional Transport Statistics: Current Live Tables, accessed December 2010

Punctuality and Reliability of Rail Services

6.45 Between the 4th quarter of 2008/09 and the 4th quarter of 2009/10 the proportion of trains operated by East Midlands Trains arriving on time rose from 92.3 per cent to 92.7 per cent (table 6.13). This is 2.2 percentage points above the UK figure and is just above the 2014 target of 92.6 per cent. As noted above, improving reliability and punctuality has in part increased the use of the rail network over the past decade.

Table 6.13 Public Performance Measure Train Operating Companies East Midlands and UK 2008/09 to 2009/10 (per cent) Q4 2008/09 Q4 2009/10 East Midlands Trains 92.3 92.7 All UK Companies 90.3 90.5 Source: Office of Rail Regulation

Level of Bus and Light Rail Patronage (number of boardings) 6.46 Overall bus and light rail journeys in the East Midlands have been increasing since 2006/07 from 209 million to 229 million in 2009/10 (figure 6.5). However, use of the Nottingham Express Transit has declined from a peak of 10.1 million passenger journeys in 2007/08 to 9.0 million journeys in 2009/10.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 117 Figure 6.5

Bus and Light Rail Journeys in The East Midlands 2001/02 to 2009/10 (millions)

235 230 225 220 215

210 Light Rail 205 Bus Millions 200 195 190 185 180 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10

Source: DfT Transport Statistics

6.47 Table 6.14 has been included to give an indication of whether the use of bus and light rail met the national target of 12 per cent by 2010. As can be seen from the table use of ‘local bus’ and ‘other public’ (which includes light rail) accounted for 5.8 per cent of trips, just under half way from the national target.

Table 6.14 Average Number of Trips (trip rates) by Main Mode, East Midlands 2009/101 Trips per Person per year (% by mode) Walk Car/van Car/Van Other Local Bus Other All driver passenger private2 public3 Modes East 226 (22.4%) 455 (45.2%) 238 (23.6%) 30 (2.9%) 44 (4.4%) 14 (1.4%) 1,007 Midlands (100%) 1 Combined Survey years 2008 and 2009 2 Bicycle, motorcycle and private bus hire 3 Non-local bus, surface rail, taxi/minicab and other public (air, light rail) Source: National Travel Survey

Freight Transported by Road

6.48 As demonstrated in Table 6.15, the proportion of freight being moved from the East Midlands has increased relative to the level reported in England between 2004 and 2009. Goods ‘lifted’ from the East Midlands account for 13.4 per cent of the total in England, a significant increase of 1.8 percentage points from the level in 2004.

6.49 In 2008, 190 million tonnes of freight was lifted in the East Midlands, an increase of 10.5 per cent from 2004. However, this had declined to 163 million tones by 2009, a decrease of 5.2 per cent

The East Midlands in 2009/10 118 from 2004. Of all the freight lifted in the East Midlands in 2009, 82 million tonnes (52 per cent) was to destinations within the region. The greatest proportion of freight to be transported outside of the region is to the West Midlands and the East of England (10 per cent each) and Yorkshire and the Humber (9 per cent).

6.50 The East Midlands has the lowest percentage of internal freight movements (i.e. freight lifted to destinations within the region), of any English region at 52 per cent. This demonstrates the importance of the East Midlands to its neighbouring regions. The South West has the highest percentage of internal freight movements at 80 per cent of all freight lifted, followed by the North East (73 per cent) and North West (72 per cent). The data highlights that regions lift the majority of freight either within their region or to directly adjacent regions. The relative scale of inter-regional freight movement in the East Midlands reflects both its geography, located centrally in the middle of the UK, and the fact it also borders five other Regions.

6.51 The data also highlights a reduction in total goods lifted between 2007 and 2009 in both the East Midlands and England. This is likely resulting from of the recession when businesses were reluctant to expand growth during an increasingly turbulent economic climate.

6.52 It is accepted that freight transported by road has a substantial environmental impact. To combat this impact, haulage firms are increasingly purchasing more environmentally friendly vehicles which meet with ever more stringent EURO standards and contribute to emissions reductions.

Table 6.15 Freight Transport by Road – goods lifted by origin (million tonnes), 2004-2009 Origin 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 East Midlands 172 180 197 204 190 163 England 1,483 1,490 1,553 1,592 1,479 1,218 East Midlands as 11.6 12.1 12.7 12.8 12.8 13.4 a Percentage of England Source: Department for Transport, Continuing Survey of Road Goods Transport, published in Department for Transport, Regional Transport Statistics: Current live tables, accessed December 2010

Freight Lifted at East Midlands Airport

6.53 Freight movement by road and rail has historically been the most cost efficient method of transporting freight domestically. Developments in the air transport industry have led to increased capacity and reduced costs, meaning air transport has become increasingly affordable for domestic as well as international freight transport. East Midlands Airport (EMA) is the UK’s primary pure freight regional airport. In 2009, just over 255,000 tonnes of freight was lifted through East Midlands Airport, the largest amount of freight lifted in any region outside London. The tonnage of freight lifted has almost doubled over the past decade, from 128,400 tonnes in 1999 to its current level, as shown in Figure 6.6.

6.54 The tonnage of air freight lifted in the East Midlands as a proportion of total air freight lifted in England has increased from 6.2 per cent in 1999 to 12.9 per cent in 2009. This increase has been driven primarily by developments and capacity improvements at EMA.

6.55 The small decline in freight lifted in 2008 and 2009 compared with 2007 levels can be in part attributed to the recession. Future data releases will demonstrate how the recession has affected levels of freight transported by air.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 119

Figure 6.6

Freight Lifted at East Midlands Airports 1999 to 2009

300

250

200

150

Thousand Tonnes Thousand 100

50

0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Source: Civil Aviation Authority, published in Department for Transport, Regional Transport Statistics: Current live tables, accessed December 2010

Air Transport Movements at East Midlands’ Airports

6.56 Up to 2008 the East Midlands experienced a significant increase in the number of passengers passing through its terminals. This fell back in 2009 in line with the rest of England (table 6.16). With a catchment area of around 10.6 million people within a 90 minute drive, East Midlands Airport (EMA) services one of the largest populations of any UK airport. Air transport movements in the East Midlands increased by around 70 per cent between 1998 and 2008, the third largest increase in percentage terms of the nine regions. Only the South West and East of England experienced higher growth rates over the same time period. Between 2008 and 2009 at the height of the recession air transport movements fell back from 66.1 thousand to 57.4 thousand (figure 6.7).

6.57 Despite the high level of growth in air transport movements over the last decade, in absolute terms the East Midlands still has a relatively small number of total transport movements. Only the North East and Yorkshire and the Humber experience lower levels of total transport movements.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 120 Figure 6.7

Air Transport Movements (aircraft landing or take-offs) at East Midlands Airports 1999 to 2009 (thousands)

70

60

50

40

30 Thousands

20

10

0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Source: Civil Aviation Authority, published in Department for Transport, Regional Transport Statistics: Current live tables, accessed December 2010

6.58 Terminal passenger numbers are another measure used to indicate the demand for air transport at a regional level, shown in table 6.16. Terminal passenger numbers increased from 2.2 million in 2000 to 5.6 million in 2008 in the East Midlands, before falling back to 4.7 million in 2009. The East Midlands has experienced the third largest increase in passenger numbers, behind the East of England and the South West.

6.59 Despite the increase in recent years, the East Midlands currently experiences the second lowest level of terminal passengers of any English region. Only Yorkshire and the Humber experiences a lower level, at 3.7 million passengers.

The East Midlands in 2009/10 121 Table 6.16 Terminal Passengers (arrivals or departures) at East Midlands Airports 2000 to 2009 (millions) Region 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 North 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.6 5.5 6.1 6.3 6.4 5.7 4.9 East North 20.4 21.4 21.5 22.9 24.6 26.9 27.6 27.9 26.8 23.8 West Yorks & 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.9 3.7 4.2 4.4 4.3 3.7 Humber East 2.2 2.4 3.2 4.3 4.4 4.2 4.7 5.4 5.6 4.7 Mids West 7.5 7.7 7.9 8.9 9.3 10.0 9.7 9.7 9.9 9.1 Mids East 18.4 20.6 23.0 26.0 28.9 31.7 33.9 34.4 33.1 29.5 London 65.9 62.1 64.6 64.7 68.8 69.7 69.7 70.8 70.2 68.7 South 32.8 32.0 30.3 31.1 33.0 34.7 36.0 37.2 36.1 34.2 East South 3.1 3.7 4.5 5.1 6.4 7.6 8.3 8.7 9.1 8.0 West England 156.3 155.9 161.2 170.1 183.7 194.6 200.5 204.9 200.8 186.5 Source: Civil Aviation Authority, published in Department for Transport, Regional Transport Statistics: Current live tables, accessed December 2010

The East Midlands in 2009/10 122 Appendix 1 Data Sources and References

Section 2 – Housing

 Five Year Land Supply http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/statistics/xls/1386847.xls

 Proportion of Housing Completions Achieved on Previously Developed Land or Through Conversions http://www.communities.gov.uk/planningandbuilding/planningbuilding/planningstatistics/livetables/landus echange/

 Green Belt http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/corporate/statistics/lagreenbelt2009

 Household Projections and Estimates http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/corporate/statistics/2033household1110

 House Prices and Sales http://www.communities.gov.uk/housing/housingresearch/housingstatistics/housingstatisticsby/housingm arket/livetables/

 Mortgage Lending http://www.cml.org.uk/cml/media/press/2771 http://www.communities.gov.uk/housing/housingresearch/housingstatistics/housingstatisticsby/housingm arket/livetables/

 Ratio of Wage Rates and Housing Costs http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/housing/xls/152924.xls

 Homelessness http://www.communities.gov.uk/housing/housingresearch/housingstatistics/housingstatisticsby/homeless nessstatistics/

 House Conditions http://www.emda.org.uk/research/documents/eb2010/CHAPTER_2_Housing_FINAL.pdf

 Fuel Poverty http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/fuelpov_stats/fuelpov_stats.aspx

Section 3 – Economy

 Resident Based Gross Value Added (GVA) http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=14650

 Numbers in Employment (Access notice required) https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/Default.asp

 Number of New Business Start-ups

The East Midlands in 2009/10 123 http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Product.asp?vlnk=15186

 Job Density Estimates https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/Default.asp

 Benefit Claimant Count http://www.statistics.gov.uk/onlineproducts/lms_regional.asp

 Business Confidence http://www.icaew.com/index.cfm/route/161873/icaew_ga/en/Members/Business/Business_Confidence_M onitor/Business_Confidence_Monitor_Regional_Reports_2010

 Net Change in Employment, Retail and Leisure Land http://www.communities.gov.uk/planningandbuilding/planningbuilding/planningstatistics/livetables/tablesc ommercialindustrialfloors/

 Net Change in Office and Industrial Land / Floorspace Developed for Employment on Previously Developed Land http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/corporate/statistics/previouslydevelopedland2007

 Rental and Land Values http://www.voa.gov.uk/publications/property_market_report/pmr-jan-2010/index.htm

 Accessibility to Essential Services in Rural Areas http://ruralcommunities.gov.uk/category/data-statistics/ruralservicesdataseries/

 Tourism Spend in Region and Employment Supported http://www.eastmidlandstourism.com/?page_id=173

 Tourism Stays in Region http://www.eastmidlandstourism.com/?page_id=173

Section 4 – Environment

 Number of Heritage Assets at Risk http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/HAR-2010-regional-registers/ http://hc.english-heritage.org.uk/HC-regional-summaries/HC-East-Midlands/

 Change in Areas of Biodiversity Importance, including: Priority Habitats and Species (by type); and Areas Designated for their Intrinsic Value including Sites of International, National, Regional or Sub- Regional Significance http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/RegionalSnapshot/directory.pdf

 New Woodland Created, Renovated or Managed http://nationalforest.org/forest/grow/facts.php

 Planning Permissions Granted Contrary to Environment Agency Advice on Water Quality Grounds http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/static/documents/Research/WQ_Objections.pdf

The East Midlands in 2009/10 124

 Ecological River Quality http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/static/documents/Research/MIDS_SOE_East_Water.pdf

 Planning Permissions Granted Contrary to Environment Agency Advice on Flood Risk Grounds http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/static/documents/Research/FR_Objections_Mids.pdf

 Carbon Dioxide Emissions http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/statistics/climate_change/localauthorityco2/465-local-authority-co2- 2008-stat-summary.pdf

 Domestic and Industrial/Commercial Energy Consumption http://decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/publications/trends/trends.aspx

 Capacity of Additional Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Facilities http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/Statistics/publications/trends/articles_issue/557-trendsep10-chp- article.pdf

 Capacity of Additional Renewable Energy Facilities http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/Statistics/publications/trends/558-trendssep10.pdf http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/Statistics/regional/electricity/1089-subnal-auth-electricity-cons-2005- 2009.xls

 People Taking Part in Cultural Activities http://www.culture.gov.uk/publications/7386.aspx

 Sports and Recreational Facilities Provided per 1,000 Population http://www.activeplaces.com

 Proportion of the Adult Population Participating in at least 30 minutes of Sport and Active Recreation (including recreational walking and cycling) of at least Moderate Intensity on at Least 3 Days a Week http://www.sportengland.org/research/active_people_survey/active_people_survey_4.aspx

Section 5 – Minerals, Aggregates and Waste

 Production of Recycled and Secondary Aggregates by Minerals Planning Authority (MPA) http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/planningandbuilding/surveyconstruction2005

 Capacity of Waste Management Facilities by Type by Waste Planning Authority (WPA) http://www.emregionalstrategy.co.uk/write//219Waste-Planning-Guidance-Aug2006.pdf http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/data/123744.aspx#East_Midlands

 Amount of Controlled Waste Arising and Managed by Management Type http://www.defra.gov.uk/evidence/statistics/environment/wastats/bulletin10.htm http://www.defra.gov.uk/evidence/statistics/environment/waste/wrindustry.htm http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/data/123744.aspx#East_Midlands

The East Midlands in 2009/10 125  Percentage of Total Waste Managed that each Management Type Represents by Waste Planning Authority (WPA) http://www.defra.gov.uk/evidence/statistics/environment/wastats/bulletin10.htm

 Proportion of Waste Diverted from Landfill http://www.defra.gov.uk/evidence/statistics/environment/wastats/bulletin10.htm http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/data/123744.aspx#East_Midlands

Section 6 – Transport

 Levels of Traffic Growth http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/roads/traffic/#tables

 Congestion in Urban Areas and Inter-Regional Routes http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/roads/congestion/#regional

 Number of People Killed or Seriously Injured in Road Accidents http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/regionaldata/rtslivetables

 Journeys Made by Cycle http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/regionaldata/rtslivetables

 Usual Method of Travel to Work http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/regionaldata/rtslivetables

 Usual Method of Travel to School http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/nts/#regional

 Level of Rail Patronage http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/regionaldata/rtslivetables

 Punctuality and Reliability of Rail Services http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/server/show/nav.2026

 Level of Bus and Light Rail Patronage (number of boardings) http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/public/ http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/nts/#regional

 Freight Transported by Road http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/regionaldata/rtslivetables

 Freight Lifted at East Midlands Airport http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/regionaldata/rtslivetables

 Air Transport Movements at East Midlands’ Airports http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/regionaldata/rtslivetables

The East Midlands in 2009/10 126 Appendix 2 Boundary Maps

The East Midlands in 2009/10 127 Rural & Urban Areas

The East Midlands in 2009/10 128