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Re-Thinking Western Policies in Light of the Arab Uprisings

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Re-Thinking Western Policies in Light of the Arab Uprisings 4 The nal outcome of the wave of anti-authoritarian protests in R IAI Research Papers E The IAI Research Papers are brief monographs written by one or - several countries of North Africa and the Middle East, which have THINKING more authors (IAI or external experts) on current problems of inter- N. 1 European Security and the Future come to be known as the Arab Spring, remains uncertain. The RE-THINKING WESTERN national politics and international relations. The aim is to promote of Transatlantic Relations, Arab Spring might turn into summer if popular demonstrations greater and more up to date knowledge of emerging issues and edited by Riccardo Alcaro and Erik Jones, 2011 W succeed in establishing democracy; or it can backtrack to winter, trends and help prompt public debate. ESTERN OLICIES IN IGHT N. 2 Democracy in the EU after the Lisbon Treaty, if counter-revolutionary forces resist change. Nonetheless, the P L edited by Raaello Matarazzo, 2011 Arab world will look quite dierent from what it was prior to the P A non-prot organization, IAI was founded in 1965 by Altiero Spinelli, revolts. Accordingly, external actors, and particularly the US and OLICIES N. 3 The Challenges of State Sustainability in the Mediterranean, OF THE ARAB UPRISINGS edited by Silvia Colombo and Nathalie Tocci, 2011 the EU, have had, and will continue to have, to adjust. So far the its rst director. The Institute aims to promote understanding of international politics West’s response to the Arab Spring has been ambivalent. On the IN N. 4 Re-thinking Western Policies in Light of the Arab Uprisings, one hand, the West nds it hard not to sympathise with the L through research, promotion of political ideas and strategies, disse- edited by Riccardo Alcaro and Miguel Haubrich-Seco, 2012 IGHT demands of the ‘Arab street’: an end to authoritarian and arbitrary mination of knowledge and education in the eld of foreign policy. IAI main research sectors are: European institutions and policies; rule, popular representation, rule of law, social justice, an end to OF Italian foreign policy; trends in the global economy and internationa- corruption. On the other hand, Western countries are wary of the THE lisation processes in Italy; the Mediterranean and the Middle East; potential outcome of revolutionary change in the Arab world, A IAI RAB defence economy and policy; and transatlantic relations. since it might evolve into a system of regional relations less U compatible with its preferences than it used to be in the past. PRISINGS Collecting the diering views of experts from the US, the EU and Arab countries, this volume intends to contribute to the international debate concerning the West’s approach to the RESEARCH PAPERS epochal change occurring across the Mediterranean. Riccardo Alcaro, Miguel Haubrich-Seco RICCARDO ALCARO is Research Fellow at the Istituto Aari Interna- zionali. MIGUEL HAUBRICH-SECO is Marie Curie PhD Fellow on EU external relations. Edited by Riccardo Alcaro and Miguel Haubrich-Seco www.nuovacultura.it SEGUICI SUI SOCIAL NETWORK 13.00 EURO IAI Research Papers Re-thinking Western Policies in Light of the Arab Uprising Edited by Riccardo Alcaro and Miguel Haubrich-Seco Edizioni Nuova Cultura Acknowledgements This publication has been generously supported by the Compagnia di San Paolo, the Ro- bert Bosch Stiftung, the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, NATO Allied Command Operations, and Italy’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Series Editor Natalino Ronzitti _________________________ First published 2012 by Edizioni Nuova Cultura For Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) Via Angelo Brunetti 9 - I-00186 Roma www.iai.it Copyright © 2012 Edizioni Nuova Cultura - Roma ISBN: Cover: by the author Graphic9788861347786 Composition: by the author The unauthorized reproduction of this book, even partial, carried out by any means, including photocopying, even for internal or didactic use, is prohibited by copyright. Contents List of Contributors ........................................................................................................................ 7 List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction. Bouazizi’s Inextinguishable Fire ............................................................... 11 Riccardo Alcaro 1. Embracing the Change, Accepting the Challenge? Western Re- sponse to the Arab Spring ........................................................................................... 21 Steven Heydemann 2. The US Response to the Arab Uprising: Leadership Missing ...................... 31 Robert Springborg 3. The US Response to the Arab Uprising: Part of the Problem? .................... 55 Issandr El Amrani 4. The EU Response to the Arab Uprising; Old Wine in New Bottles? .......... 71 Silvia Colombo and Nathalie Tocci 5. The EU Response to the Arab Uprising: a Show of Ambivalence .............. 97 Ahmed Driss 6. Coordinating the Transatlantic Response to the Arab Uprising: Lessons from the Middle East Quartet .............................................................. 111 Khaled Elgindy 7. Coordinating the Transatlantic Response to the Arab Uprising: an Agenda for Sustainable Development ......................................................... 129 Muriel Asseburg Appendix. Report of the Transatlantic Security Symposium 2011 ..................... 143 Miguel Haubrich-Seco 5 List of Contributors RICCARDO ALCARO is research fellow at the Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) in Rome and project manager of the Transatlantic Security Sympo- sium series. MURIEL ASSEBURG is head of the Middle East and Africa Research Division at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs-Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP) in Berlin. SILVIA COLOMBO is research fellow at the Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) in Rome. AHMED DRISS is director of the Centre d’Etudes Méditerranéennes et In- ternationales (CEMI) in Tunis. ISSANDR EL AMRANI is a free-lance political analyst in Cairo. KHALED ELGINDY is visiting fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy of the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC. MIGUEL HAUBRICH-SECO is Marie Curie PhD Fellow on EU external rela- tions. He was Research Assistant at IAI from March to October 2011 in the framework of the EU-wide training programme EXACT. He is now EXACT Research Assistant at the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) in Brussels. STEVEN HEYDEMANN is senior vice-president of the Grants Programme at the United States Institute for Peace (USIP) in Washington, DC. 7 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ROBERT SPRINGBORG is professor in the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey (CA). NATHALIE TOCCI is deputy director of the Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) in Rome. 8 List of Abbreviations AIPAC American-Israeli Public Affairs Committee BMENA Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative CENTCOM United States Central Command (US Armed Forces) CIA Central Intelligence Agency CIB Comprehensive Institution Building Programme DCFTA Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement DOD Department of Defence (US) DC District of Columbia EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EIB European Investment Bank EIDHR European Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights EMP Euro-Mediterranean Partnership ENP European Neighbourhood Policy ENPI European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FRONTEX European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders FY Fiscal year GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GDP Gross Domestic Product G8 Group of Eight (Summit of advanced economies) ICC International Criminal Court ICI Istanbul Cooperation Initiative IEA International Energy Agency IMET International Military Education and Training Pro- gramme 9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS JDP Justice and Development Party (Morocco) MD Mediterranean Dialogue MEPI Middle East Partnership Initiative MEPP Middle East Peace Process NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NDI National Democratic Institute NDP National Democratic Party (Egypt) NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NSC National Security Council (US) OPEC Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries OPT Occupied Palestinian Territory OQR Office of the Quartet Representative OSCE Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe PA Palestinian Authority PLO Palestinian Liberation Organisation P5 Five permanent members of the UN Security Council SCAF Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (Egypt) SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises SSR Security Sector Reform TNC Transitional National Council (Libya) UAE United Arab Emirates UfM Union for the Mediterranean UN United Nations UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution US United States of America USAID United States Agency for International Development USIP United States Institute for Peace WWII Second World War 10 Introduction. Bouazizi’s Inextinguishable Fire Riccardo Alcaro As an extreme form of political protest, self-immolation has powerful symbolic value. In 1963, the fire that consumed the Vietnamese Budd- hist monk Thich Quang Duc, who was protesting against persecution of Buddhists by the US-backed regime of Ngo Dinh Diem, grabbed the headlines of newspapers around the world, provoking closer scrutiny, and increased criticism, of the conduct of the Diem government. Two years later, a similar act carried out by a young US Quaker in front of the Pentagon
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