DOCSLIB.ORG

Tobacco/ Nicotine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tobacco/ Nicotine What are the medical consequences of tobacco use? See page 4. from the director: Tobacco use kills approximately 440,000 Americans each year, with one in every five U.S. deaths the result of smoking. Smoking harms nearly every organ in the body, causes many diseases, and compromises smokers’ health in general. Nicotine, a component of tobacco, is the primary reason that tobacco is addictive, although cigarette smoke contains Tobacco/ many other dangerous chemicals, including tar, carbon monoxide, acetaldehyde, nitrosamines, and more. An improved overall understanding Nicotine of addiction and of nicotine as an addictive drug has been instrumental in developing medications and behavioral treatments for tobacco addiction. For example, the nicotine patch and gum, now readily available at drugstores and supermarkets nationwide, have proven effective for smoking cessation when combined with behavioral therapy. Advanced neuroimaging technologies make it possible for researchers to observe changes in brain function that result from smoking tobacco. Researchers are now also identifying What Are the Extent and genes that predispose people to Impact of Tobacco Use? tobacco addiction and predict their response to smoking cessation treatments. These findings— ccording to the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and many other recent research accomplishments—present unique and Health, an estimated 69.6 million Americans aged opportunities to discover, develop, 12 or older reported current use of tobacco — 58.3 and disseminate new treatments A for tobacco addiction, as well as million (23.0 percent of the population) were current cigarette scientifically based prevention smokers, 13.2 million (5.2 percent) smoked cigars, 8.9 million programs to help curtail the public health burden that tobacco use (3.5 percent) used smokeless tobacco, and 2.2 million (0.8 represents. percent) smoked pipes, confirming that tobacco is one of the We hope this Research Report will most widely abused substances in the United States. Although help readers understand the harmful effects of tobacco use and identify the numbers of people who smoke are still unacceptably high, best practices for the prevention and according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention treatment of tobacco addiction. there has been a decline of almost 50 percent since 1965. Nora D. Volkow, M.D. Director continued inside National Institute on Drug Abuse Tobacco/ Research Report Series Nicotine NIDA’s 2011 Monitoring the disorder, major depression, and and medical care costs associated Future survey of 8th-, 10th-, and other mental illnesses is twofold to with disease caused by secondhand 12th-graders, which is used to track fourfold higher than in the general smoke. In addition to healthcare drug use patterns and attitudes, has population; and among people with costs, the costs of lost productivity also shown a striking decrease in schizophrenia, smoking rates as high due to smoking effects are estimated smoking trends among the Nation’s as 90 percent have been reported. at $97 billion per year, bringing youth. The latest results indicate Tobacco use is the leading a conservative estimate of the that about 6 percent of 8th-graders, preventable cause of death in the economic burden of smoking to 12 percent of 10th-graders, and United States. The impact of tobacco more than $193 billion per year. 19 percent of 12th-graders had use in terms of morbidity and used cigarettes in the 30 days prior mortality to society is staggering. to the survey—the lowest levels Economically, more than $96 How Does in the history of the survey. billion of total U.S. healthcare costs Tobacco Deliver The declining prevalence of each year are attributable directly Its Effects? cigarette smoking among the general to smoking. However, this is well U.S. population, however, is not below the total cost to society There are more than 7,000 reflected in patients with mental because it does not include burn chemicals found in the smoke illnesses. The rate of smoking care from smoking-related fires, of tobacco products. Of these, in patients suffering from post- perinatal care for low-birthweight nicotine, first identified in the traumatic stress disorder, bipolar infants of mothers who smoke, early 1800s, is the primary reinforcing component of tobacco. Cigarette smoking is the most popular method of using tobacco; however, many people also use smokeless tobacco products, such Trends in Prevalence of Cigarette Use as snuff and chewing tobacco. These smokeless products for 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-Graders also contain nicotine, as well Percentage of Students Using Cigarettes Over a 30-Day Period, 1995–2011 as many toxic chemicals. 40 The cigarette is a very efficient and highly engineered drug delivery 35 system. By inhaling tobacco smoke, 12th grade the average smoker takes in 1–2 30 milligrams of nicotine per cigarette. When tobacco is smoked, nicotine 25 rapidly reaches peak levels in the 10th grade bloodstream and enters the brain. 20 A typical smoker will take 10 puffs on a cigarette over a period of 5 15 8th grade minutes that the cigarette is lit. Percent Reporting Use Reporting Percent Thus, a person who smokes about 10 1½ packs (30 cigarettes) daily gets 300 “hits” of nicotine to the brain 5 each day. In those who typically 999897961995 2000 01 0605040302 07 08 09 10 11 Source: University of Michigan, 2011 Monitoring the Future Survey. 2 NIDA Research Report Series do not inhale the smoke—such other drugs of abuse and is thought as cigar and pipe smokers and to underlie the pleasurable sensations smokeless tobacco users—nicotine experienced by many smokers. is absorbed through the mucosal For many tobacco users, long-term membranes and reaches peak blood brain changes induced by continued levels and the brain more slowly. nicotine exposure result in addiction. Immediately after exposure to Nicotine’s pharmacokinetic nicotine, there is a “kick” caused properties also enhance its abuse in part by the drug’s stimulation potential. Cigarette smoking of the adrenal glands and produces a rapid distribution of resulting discharge of epinephrine nicotine to the brain, with drug (adrenaline). The rush of adrenaline levels peaking within 10 seconds stimulates the body and causes of inhalation. However, the acute an increase in blood pressure, effects of nicotine dissipate respiration, and heart rate. quickly, as do the associated feelings of reward, which causes the smoker to continue dosing to Is Nicotine maintain the drug’s pleasurable Addictive? effects and prevent withdrawal. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms Yes. Most smokers use tobacco include irritability, craving, regularly because they are depression, anxiety, cognitive and addicted to nicotine. Addiction is attention deficits, sleep disturbances, Tobacco plants characterized by compulsive drug- and increased appetite. These seeking and abuse, even in the face symptoms may begin within a few of negative health consequences. It is hours after the last cigarette, quickly well-documented that most smokers driving people back to tobacco Most smokers identify tobacco use as harmful use. Symptoms peak within the and express a desire to reduce or first few days of smoking cessation identify tobacco stop using it, and nearly 35 million and usually subside within a few use as harmful and of them want to quit each year. weeks. For some people, however, express a desire Unfortunately, more than 85 percent symptoms may persist for months. of those who try to quit on their Although withdrawal is related to reduce or stop own relapse, most within a week. to the pharmacological effects using it, and nearly Research has shown how of nicotine, many behavioral 35 million want to nicotine acts on the brain to produce factors can also affect the severity a number of effects. Of primary of withdrawal symptoms. For quit each year. importance to its addictive nature some people, the feel, smell, and are findings that nicotine activates sight of a cigarette and the ritual reward pathways—the brain circuitry of obtaining, handling, lighting, that regulates feelings of pleasure. and smoking the cigarette are all A key brain chemical involved in associated with the pleasurable cravings often persist. Behavioral mediating the desire to consume effects of smoking and can make therapies can help smokers drugs is the neurotransmitter withdrawal or craving worse. identify environmental triggers dopamine, and research has shown Nicotine replacement therapies such of craving so they can employ that nicotine increases levels of as gum, patches, and inhalers may strategies to prevent or circumvent dopamine in the reward circuits. This help alleviate the pharmacological these symptoms and urges. reaction is similar to that seen with aspects of withdrawal; however, NIDA Research Report Series 3 adolescent animals display far overall rates of death from cancer more sensitivity to this reinforcing are twice as high among smokers as Nicotine replacement effect, which suggests that the nonsmokers, with heavy smokers therapies such as gum, brains of adolescents may be more having rates that are four times patches, and inhalers vulnerable to tobacco addiction. greater than those of nonsmokers. may help alleviate Foremost among the cancers caused the pharmacological by tobacco use is lung cancer— cigarette smoking has been linked to aspects of withdrawal. What Are about 90 percent of all cases of lung the Medical cancer, the number one cancer killer Consequences of both men and women. Smoking of Tobacco Use? is also associated with cancers of the Are There Other mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, Chemicals That Cigarette smoking kills an estimated stomach, pancreas, cervix, kidney, 440,000 U.S. citizens each year— bladder, and acute myeloid leukemia. May Contribute more than alcohol, illegal drug use, to Tobacco In addition to cancer, smoking homicide, suicide, car accidents, causes lung diseases such as chronic Addiction? and AIDS combined. Between 1964 bronchitis and emphysema, and and 2004, more than 12 million Yes, research is showing that it has been found to exacerbate Americans died prematurely from nicotine may not be the only asthma symptoms in adults and smoking, and another 25 million U.S.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • EL PASO INTELLIGENCE CENTER DRUG TREND Synthetic Stimulants Marketed As Bath Salts
    LAW ENFORCEMENT SENSITIVE EPIC Tactical Intelligence Bulletins EL PASO INTELLIGENCE CENTER DRUG TREND TACTICAL INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN EB11-16 ● Synthetic Stimulants Marketed as Bath Salts ● March 8, 2011 This document is the property of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and is marked Law Enforcement Sensitive (LES). Further dissemination of this document is strictly forbidden except to other law enforcement agencies for criminal law enforcement purposes. The following information must be handled and protected accordingly. Summary Across the United States, synthetic stimulants that are sold as “bath salts”¹ have become a serious drug abuse threat. These products are produced under a variety of faux brand names, and they are indirectly marketed as legal alternatives to cocaine, amphetamine, and Ecstasy (MDMA or 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine). Poison control centers nationwide have received hundreds of calls related to the side-effects of, and overdoses from, the use of these potent and unpredictable products. Numerous media reports have cited bath salt stimulant overdose incidents that have resulted in emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and severe psychotic episodes, some of which, have led to violent outbursts, self-inflicted wounds, and even suicides. A number of states have imposed emergency measures to ban bath salt stimulant products (or the chemicals in them) including Florida, Louisiana, North Dakota, and West Virginia; and similar measures are pending in Hawaii, Kentucky, Michigan, and Mississippi. A prominent U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nursing Implications of Bath Salts Abuse: a Learning Tool and Curriculum for Emergency
    James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current Honors College Spring 2014 The ursinn g implications of bath salts abuse: A learning tool and curriculum for emergency department nurses Molly Ann Brennan James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/honors201019 Recommended Citation Brennan, Molly Ann, "The urn sing implications of bath salts abuse: A learning tool and curriculum for emergency department nurses" (2014). Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current. 390. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/honors201019/390 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Nursing Implications of Bath Salts Abuse: A Learning Tool and Curriculum for Emergency Department Nurses _______________________ A Project Presented to the Faculty of the Undergraduate College of Health and Behavioral Studies James Madison University _______________________ in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing _______________________ by Molly Ann Brennan May, 2014 Accepted by the faculty of the Department of Nursing, James Madison University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing. FACULTY COMMITTEE: HONORS PROGRAM APPROVAL: Project Advisor: Annie Horigan, Ph.D.,
    [Show full text]
  • Concurrent Alcohol and Tobacco Dependence
    Concurrent Alcohol and Tobacco Dependence Mechanisms and Treatment David J. Drobes, Ph.D. People who drink alcohol often also smoke and vice versa. Several mechanisms may contribute to concurrent alcohol and tobacco use. These mechanisms include genes that are involved in regulating certain brain chemical systems; neurobiological mechanisms, such as cross-tolerance and cross-sensitization to both drugs; conditioning mechanisms, in which cravings for alcohol or nicotine are elicited by certain environmental cues; and psychosocial factors (e.g., personality characteristics and coexisting psychiatric disorders). Treatment outcomes for patients addicted to both alcohol and nicotine are generally worse than for people addicted to only one drug, and many treatment providers do not promote smoking cessation during alcoholism treatment. Recent findings suggest, however, that concurrent treatment for both addictions may improve treatment outcomes. KEY WORDS: comorbidity; AODD (alcohol and other drug dependence); alcoholic beverage; tobacco in any form; nicotine; smoking; genetic linkage; cross-tolerance; AOD (alcohol and other drug) sensitivity; neurotransmitters; brain reward pathway; cue reactivity; social AODU (AOD use); cessation of AODU; treatment outcome; combined modality therapy; literature review lcohol consumption and tobacco ers who are dependent on nicotine Department of Health and Human use are closely linked behaviors. have a 2.7 times greater risk of becoming Services 1989). The concurrent use of A Thus, not only are people who alcohol dependent than nonsmokers both drugs by pregnant women can drink alcohol more likely to smoke (and (e.g., Breslau 1995). Finally, although also result in more severe prenatal dam- vice versa) but also people who drink the smoking rate in the general popula­ age and neurocognitive deficits in their larger amounts of alcohol tend to smoke tion has gradually declined over the offspring than use of either drug alone more cigarettes.
    [Show full text]
  • Polydrug Use Factsheet
    WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT MIXING DRUGS WHAT IS POLYDRUG USE? Polydrug use is the mixing of different drugs, or taking one drug while under the influence (or experiencing the after-effects) of another drug. Polydrug use can include alcohol, prescribed medications and/or illegal drugs. Combining drugs carries extra risks and can be extremely dangerous. The more drugs a person takes (or is affected by) at a time, the more chance there is of something going wrong. WHY DO PEOPLE MIX DRUGS? There are several reasons people mix drugs, for example: • In an attempt to increase the effect of another drug or to ‘bring on’ its desired effects. For example, sometimes people smoke cigarettes to enhance their experience on ecstasy, or drink alcohol when they’re also under the influence of cocaine • In an attempt to reduce the negative effects of a drug, usually when ‘coming down’ from that drug. For instance, some people use cannabis or take a sleeping pill after they have used ecstasy • To substitute for the drug they were really looking for, ‘the next best thing’ • It seemed like a ‘good idea at the time’. Sometimes people will mix drugs when they are already intoxicated, aren’t thinking straight or if people around them are mixing drugs Sometimes people who are trying to cut down their use of one drug find that they start to use more of another drug to help manage withdrawal symptoms (the unpleasant effects that occur when stopping drug use). For example, someone trying to stop using methamphetamine or cannabis might start to drink more alcohol to try and relax or sleep if they are feeling anxious, stressed or are unable to sleep.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiple and Simultaneous Tobacco Use and Other Risk Behaviors Among High School Students 2015 Vermont Youth Risk Behavior Survey
    Multiple and Simultaneous Tobacco Use and Other Risk Behaviors Among High School Students 2015 Vermont Youth Risk Behavior Survey Background Simultaneous use of multiple tobacco products is associated with risk factors that include and extend beyond what is typically considered with tobacco use1. While youth cigarette use has fallen consistently the last several decades2, adolescence remains the time at which tobacco use is started and established. Nearly nine in ten smokers start smoking by age 183. Furthermore, simultaneous use of multiple products is common among youth and increases the likelihood of addiction and continuation of smoking into adulthood4. In 2015, the Vermont high school youth risk behavior survey (YRBS) asked students about tobacco use, including use of cigarettes, cigar products, smokeless tobacco, and electronic vapor products. Number of Tobacco Products Used, Last 30 Days Poly Use High School Students, 2015 Overall, about one in ten (12%) high school students 77% used only one type of tobacco in the last month. One in twenty students reported current use of two forms of tobacco (dual use, 6%) and three or more 12% tobacco products (poly use, 5%). Three‐quarters of 6% 5% high school students did not use any tobacco during this time. Male high school students were No Use Single Dual Poly significantly more likely than females to currently use any type of tobacco (27% vs. 19%), and report dual (7% vs. 5%) or poly use (7% vs. 3%) (data not shown). Alcohol and Marijuana Use Alcohol and marijuana use differed by the number of tobacco products used. As the number of tobacco products used increased, so did the prevalence of alcohol and marijuana use.
    [Show full text]
  • Adolescent Drug Terminology and Trends: 2017-18 Edition
    Adolescent Drug Terminology and Trends: 2017-18 Edition Matthew Quinn, LCPC, CADC Community Relations Coordinator Vaping Term used to describe when a substance is heated to the point of releasing vapor but not combusted (lit on fire). • Increasing in popularity as a way to ingest nicotine and cannabis, often in an electronic device that looks like a pen • Usually relatively odorless and difficult to distinguish between nicotine and cannabis vape device Juul (pronounced jewel) Specific vaping product from Pax Labs similar to an e- cigarette used to ingest nicotine • Liquid contains nicotine salts extracted from the tobacco leaf (2x nicotine of previous e-cigs) • Variety of flavors • Cool mint • Mango • Crème brule Dabs Dabs is a highly concentrated butane hash oil (BHO) created in a process where high quality cannabis is blasted with butane and extracted. • Heated and inhaled • Contains 70-90% THC compared to 5-15% THC in regular cannabis • Wax, oil, shatter, crumble • Sauce, distillate Rig A rig is a device used to vaporize and inhale dabs. • Looks similar to a water pipe or bong • Usually a nail is heated with a hand- held torch to a high temperature and a small piece of the concentrate is ‘dabbed’ onto a nail • Vapor released is then inhaled through the pipe Edibles • Increasingly popular alternative to smoking marijuana • Produced to infuse marijuana into various ingestible forms • Problem is that effects are hard to predict and difficult to know dose Other Terms for Cannabis • Bud • Dank • Nug • Loud • Fire • Gas Bars (Ladders) Another name for the rectangular shaped Xanax (anti- anxiety medication) with three lines in them (typically 2mg per ‘bar’).
    [Show full text]
  • Myth and Facts About Tobacco
    Congratulations SWAT N:Formerz Teachers! Thank you for your commitment to keeping our youth healthy and tobacco- free, by incorporating these interactive classroom prevention lesson plans into your existing curricula. The Tobacco Use Prevention Service is proud of dedicated teachers like you who work hard every day to educate our youths. These grade specific lesson plans will teach children about the physical and social consequences of tobacco use, decision-making, problem solving and refusal skills, which will help youth resist pressure to use tobacco. The materials are designed for student participation and each lesson’s objectives meet the Priority Academic Student Skills Competencies in several areas. Therefore, you can use these lesson plans while teaching reading, writing, and social studies, and at the same time strengthen your students’ resistance to using tobacco. You are a critical factor in the fight against tobacco use, as you are with the youth every day, and have a great influence on their lives. Sincerely, Dave Wattenbarger, MS School Programs Coordinator Oklahoma State Department of Health Jennifer Wilson Statewide SWAT Program Coordinator Oklahoma State Department of Health 1 Students Working Against Tobacco Priority Academic Student Skills Lesson Plan # 1 • Health and Safety Literacy Standard 1,2,3,4,5 & 6 Lesson Plan # 2 • Health and Safety Literacy Standard 1 & 5 Lesson Plan # 3 • Health and Safety Literacy Standard 1,4 & 5 • Language Arts/Visual Literacy Standard 2 & 3 Lesson Plan # 4 • Health and Safety Literacy Standard 2 & 3 • Language Arts/Visual Literacy Standard 2 Lesson Plan # 5 • Health and Safety Literacy Standard 5 • Contact your SWAT Regional Coordinator to borrow the video Behind the Smoke Screen: Facts about Tobacco.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Tobacco Use During and After Pregnancy on Exposed Children
    The Effects of Tobacco Use During and After Pregnancy on Exposed Children Relevance of Findings for Alcohol Research Marie D. Cornelius, Ph.D., and Nancy L. Day, Ph.D Alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy have both been associated with a number of adverse effects on the growth, cognitive development, and behavior of the exposed child. Understanding the effects of prenatal tobacco exposure allows researchers to identify those characteristics that are uniquely related to tobacco and those that are affected by alcohol exposure. This research, along with studies on the effects of alcohol use during pregnancy, has implications for preventing various types of substance use during pregnancy and for treating children affected by prenatal substance use. KEY WORDS: tobacco in any form; smoking; pregnancy; adverse drug effect; postnatal AOD (alcohol or other drug) exposure; prenatal AOD exposure; infant; cognitive development; psychobehavioral AODE (effects of AOD use, abuse, and dependence); growth and development omen who smoke during the National Pregnancy and Health this issue examine the use of alcohol pregnancy are also likely to Survey (National Institute on Drug and tobacco together, this article focuses Wdrink alcohol. In one survey, Abuse [NIDA] 1996), 74 percent of on tobacco use during pregnancy and conducted as part of the Maternal Health women who used illicit drugs during the effects of prenatal tobacco expo- Practices and Child Development pregnancy also reported either smoking, sure. Understanding the effects of pre- (MHPCD) project in Pittsburgh, drinking, or both. The use of either natal tobacco exposure allows the iden- Pennsylvania, 76 percent of adult women one of these drugs is, in itself, a risk tification of those characteristics that who reported smoking during their first factor for poorer pregnancy outcome.
    [Show full text]
  • 5131.6 Drugs, Alcohol, Tobacco (Substance Abuse)
    POSITIONS AND POLICIES ON EDUCATION Drugs, Alcohol, Tobacco (Substance Abuse) FILE CODE 5131.6 Alcohol/Substance Abuse Education Programs The NJSBA believes that effective alcohol /substance abuse education programs are an important component of health education, but the state should not mandate minimum time requirements of instruction in alcohol and substance abuse education. [DA 12/82-14, DA 12/93-2, DA 5/97-SR, DA 5/02-SR, DA 5/07-SR, DA 5/12-SR, DA 5/17-SR] Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages A. The NJSBA believes that the legal drinking age should be 21. [Authority: DA 1/79-6, 5/97-SR] B. The NJSBA believes that the unauthorized possession or use of alcoholic beverages on school premises should be deemed under the law to be a disorderly persons’ offense. [Authority: DA 5/74-21, DA 5/97-SR, DA 5/02-SR, DA 5/07-SR, DA 5/12-SR, DA 5/17-SR] Governor's Council on Alcoholism and Drug Abuse The NJSBA believes that the Governor’s Council on Alcoholism and Drug Abuse can be helpful in achieving our common goal of preventing drug and alcohol abuse in New Jersey and in our public schools. [BD 5/87, DA/5/97-SR, DA 5/02-SR, DA 5/07-SR, DA 5/12-SR, DA 5/17-SR] Mandatory Penalty for Sale or Distribution of Controlled Dangerous Substances to Minors The NJSBA believes that there should be a mandatory penalty for any person or persons 18 years of age or older who is convicted of an offense involving the sale or distribution of controlled dangerous substances to any minor.
    [Show full text]
  • Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and Infant Cognition
    Infant Behavior & Development 28 (2005) 431–444 Prenatal cocaine exposure and infant cognition Lynn T. Singer a,∗, Laurie J. Eisengart a, Sonia Minnes a, Julia Noland b, Arthur Jey a, Courtney Lane a, Meeyoung O. Min a a Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, The Triangle Building, 11400 Euclid Avenue, Suite 250-A, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA b Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA Received 9 November 2004; received in revised form 8 March 2005; accepted 24 March 2005 Abstract The present study examined the relationship of prenatal cocaine exposure to infant information processing in the first year of life. In a prospective, longitudinal study of 177 cocaine-exposed and 175 non-exposed infants, the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII) was used to measure attention, visual recognition memory and information processing speed at 6.5 and 12 months of age. Groups were compared over time using mixed linear model analyses. Prenatal cocaine exposure predicted poorer visual recognition memory at 12 months, with exposed infants ob- taining lower mean scores and a higher percentage of scores in the risk range. Across exposure groups, information processing speed increased with age, demonstrating a developmental effect. Tobacco and marijuana exposures were related to faster looking times, which did not relate to visual recognition memory. Cognitive deficits and attentional problems noted in prior studies of cocaine-exposed children at later ages may be detectable in infancy. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Cocaine; Infants; Visual recognition; Memory; Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence 1. Introduction During the 1980s, cocaine use reached epidemic levels in the United States among pregnant women in urban areas, subsequently exposing hundreds of thousands of children to cocaine prenatally (National ∗ Corresponding author.
    [Show full text]
  • Polydrug Use Among Urban Adolescent Cigarette Smokers
    Polydrug use among urban adolescent cigarette smokers Karma L. McKelvey,*1 Danielle E. Ramo,1, 2 Kevin Delucchi,2 Mark L. Rubinstein3 1Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, 530 Parnassus Avenue, Suite 366, San Francisco, CA 94143. USA 2Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, Box TRC 0984, San Francisco, CA 94143. USA 3 Department of Pediatrics; 3333 California Street, suite 245, San Francisco, CA 94118. USA *Corresponding Author: [email protected] 1 Abstract Purpose: Adolescent smokers are at increased risk for polydrug use, which is associated with more consequences than use of a single drug. Here we classified subgroups of polydrug use among urban adolescent cigarette-smokers; described the sociodemographic, smoking, and depression correlates; and identified three-year outcomes associated with subgroup membership. Methods: Adolescent cigarette smokers (N = 176; Mage = 16.1; 35% male; 27% white) completed surveys assessing drug use, smoking characteristics, demographics, and depressive symptoms at baseline and 12, 24, and 36 months follow-up. Results: Almost all participants (96%) reported using, on average, two (SD = 0.97) substances (including other tobacco products) in addition to cigarettes. Latent class analysis revealed two distinct classes of polydrug users. “Limited Range Use” (84%) class members reported current use of other tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana, as did “Extended Range Use” class members (16%) who also reported current use of “harder drugs” (i.e., cocaine/crack, hallucinogens, ecstasy, and misused prescriptions). The classes did not differ on demographics or baseline likelihood of marijuana (x2 = 0.25; p < .62) or alcohol use (x2 = 3.3; p < .07).
    [Show full text]
  • Ketamine Use Among Regular Tobacco and Alcohol Users As Revealed by Respondent-Driven Sampling in Taipei: Prevalence, Expectancy, and Users’ Risky Decision Making
    journal of food and drug analysis 21 (2013) s102es105 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.jfda-online.com Ketamine use among regular tobacco and alcohol users as revealed by respondent-driven sampling in Taipei: Prevalence, expectancy, and users’ risky decision making Wei J. Chen a,b,c,*, Te-Tien Ting a,d, Chao-Ming Chang a, Ying-Chun Liu a, Chuan-Yu Chen b,d,e a Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC b Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC c Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC d Center of Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC e Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC abstract Keywords: The popularity of ketamine for recreational use among young people began to increase, Decision making particularly in Asia, in 2000. To gain more knowledge about the use of ketamine among Expectancy high-risk individuals, a respondent-driven sampling (RDS) was implemented among reg- Ketamine ular alcohol and tobacco users in the Taipei metropolitan area from 2007 to 2010. The Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) sampling was initiated in three different settings (i.e., 2 in the community and 1 in a clinic) to recruit seed individuals. Each participant was asked to refer one to five friends known to be regular tobacco smokers and alcohol drinkers to participate in the present study. In- centives were offered differentially upon the completion of an interview and successful referral.
    [Show full text]