O Doping No Esporte À Luz Do Direito Desportivo: Dispositivos Normativos E Tecnológicos

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O Doping No Esporte À Luz Do Direito Desportivo: Dispositivos Normativos E Tecnológicos UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS – RIO unesp CLARO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM DESENVOLVIMENTO HUMANO E TECNOLOGIAS O DOPING NO ESPORTE À LUZ DO DIREITO DESPORTIVO: DISPOSITIVOS NORMATIVOS E TECNOLÓGICOS JOÃO AUGUSTO CARDOSO Fevereiro - 2017 1 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” Instituto de Biociências Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Humano e Tecnologias JOÃO AUGUSTO CARDOSO O DOPING NO ESPORTE À LUZ DO DIREITO DESPORTIVO: DISPOSITIVOS NORMATIVOS E TECNOLÓGICOS Prof. Dr. Carlos José Martins Orientador RIO CLARO - SP 2017 __________________________________________________________________________ UNESP – Instituto de Biociências – Campus de Rio Claro Avenida 24-A nº 1515 – Bairro Bela Vista CEP 13506-900 – Rio Claro – São Paulo – Brasil 2 JOÃO AUGUSTO CARDOSO RA 138052-4 O DOPING NO ESPORTE À LUZ DO DIREITO DESPORTIVO: DISPOSITIVOS NORMATIVOS E TECNOLÓGICOS Tese apresentada à Banca Examinadora do Curso de Doutorado em Desenvolvimento Humano e Tecnologias, do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), para obtenção do título de Doutor. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Carlos José Martins RIO CLARO-SP 2017 615 Cardoso, João Augusto C268d O doping no esporte à luz do direito desportivo : dispositivos normativos e tecnológicos / João Augusto Cardoso. - Rio Claro, 2017 361 f. : il., figs., gráfs., tabs., quadros Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro Orientador: Carlos José Martins 1. Farmacologia. 2. Dopagem no esporte. 3. Controle de dopagem. 4. Olimpíadas. 5. Responsabilidade civil e criminal. I. Título. Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela STATI - Biblioteca da UNESP Campus de Rio Claro/SP e§e UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA une§p."* Gâmpus de Rio Glaro CERTTFTCADO DE APROVAçÃO TíTULo DA TESE: o DoptNc No ESpoRTE A LUz Do DtREtro DESpoRTlvo: Dlsposllvos NORMATIVOS E TECNOLOGICOS AUTOR: JOÃO AUGUSTO CARDOSO ORIENTADOR: CARLOS JOSE MARTTNS Aprovado como parte das exigências para obtenção do Título de Doutor em DESENVOLVIMENTO HUMANO E TECNOLOGIAS, área: TECNOLOGIAS NAS DINÂMICAS CORPORATS peta Comissão Examinadora: év7 L?4 á/* Dr. CARLOS JOSE MARTINS Educação / lnstituto de Bíociências de Rio Claro - SP ProÍ. Dr. CARLOS ALB ANARUMA Departamento de Biociências de Rio Claro GNECCO ot / Ministério do Esporte DANIEL FALCÃO PIM DO Faculdade de /Un de São Paulo RA AURIEMO CHRISTOFOLETTI Participante do de Estudos do Lazer - Departamento de Educação Física / lnstituto de Biociências de Rio Claro - Rio Claro, 17 de fevereiro de 2017 lnstituto de Bimiências - Câmpus de Rio Clao - Ayenida 2+A n. 1515, 13506900, Rio Claro - Sáo paulo nullcNPJ: 48.031 .91 8/00 1 8-72. 4 Dedico esta tese à minha família: À minha querida Flávia Paggiaro, companheira inesquecível e sempre presente em minha Vida, pelo amor, carinho, compreensão, incentivo e apoio nesta difícil, mas possível, jornada. À pequena Elizabeth, quem veio a este mundo e nos deu um grande susto durante essa trajetória, mas nos encheu e nos enche de Vida e Amor com sua alegria contagiante e preciosa presença. Aos meus filhos Jean Henrique e Juliana, com todo amor e carinho, por sempre compreenderem minhas ausências para me dedicar aos estudos, desde o curso superior, e pelo apoio que sempre me dedicaram. Aos meus pais Santina e Joaquim, in memorian: ela, quem sempre me incentivou a ser uma pessoa melhor e de todas as formas a estudar e a continuar estudando, me demonstrando com seu rico exemplo de vida, acadêmico e de dedicação, que conhecimento e cultura são para todo o sempre, e quem me inspirou a ser professor; e a ele, pelos conhecimentos práticos que me ajudaram a percorrer toda a minha jornada, sempre respeitando, considerando e reconhecendo as pessoas. Aos meus avós maternos Silvina e Augusto, in memorian: à ela, quem sempre me incentivou a ser alguém na vida, e sempre acreditou em mim; e a ele, mesmo partindo para o oriente eterno ainda antes de eu nascer, pelo exemplo que me inspira e transcende gerações. E por último, porém com especial importância, aos meus avós paternos Abel e Otília, in memorian: que mesmo a um oceano de distância, sem conhecê-los, me mostraram ser fruto de um legado e incutiram em meu sangue o verde-vermelho, para que eu entendesse que o verdadeiro mundo não tem fronteiras. 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço à Deus sobre todas as coisas, pelo dom da vida, e tudo o que ela representa no universo Ao Prof. Dr. Carlos José Martins, com toda sua incrível cultura e conhecimento, pela confiança, atenção, paciência e apoio durante o processo de definição do tema, projeto e orientação. Ao Prof. Dr. Afonso Antonio Machado e à Profa. Dra. Alaíde Pellegrini Mammana, que ao lado de meu orientador, me inspiraram e me dedicaram um voto de confiança, cristalizado na conclusão do curso e defesa pública desta tese doutoral. Ao Prof. Dr. Carlos Alberto Anaruma e ao Prof. Dr. José Roberto Gnecco, membros da comissão examinadora de qualificação, pelas arguições, sugestões e concretas contribuições para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. A todos os demais professores do programa de doutorado com quem convivi durante cada semestre e cada disciplina: Profa. Dra. Adriane Beatriz de Souza Serapião, Prof. Dr. Carlos Norberto Fischer, Profa. Dra. Cynthia Yukiko Hiraga, Prof. Dr. Fernando Jaime González, Prof. Dr. Flávio Rebustini, Prof. Dr. Marcos Alencar Abaide Balbinotti e Profa. Dra. Sara Quenzer Matthiesen, que nos anos de convivência, muito me ensinaram, contribuindo para meu crescimento, desenvolvimento e amadurecimento intelectual, acadêmico e científico. À Seção Técnica de Pós-graduação da UNESP, nas pessoas de Ivana Terezinha Brandt e Fábio Pinheiro, que em toda minha jornada pela UNESP, sempre me acolheram e a todos os colegas de curso também, de braços sempre abertos, com respeito, carinho, atenção e dedicação. E a todos que, de alguma forma, contribuíram para a realização desta tese. 6 Desde sus orígenes, el deporte es fuente de pasiones y exponente de las múltiples capacidades del ser humano, pero hoy en día representa, entre otras cosas, además y principalmente, una práctica saludable, un formidable instrumento de formación en valores y de integración en la sociedad, una actividad económica de grandes magnitudes, un espectáculo de masas, un aliciente turístico, una manera de disfrutar del medio natural y un relevante instrumento de ocio. Todas estas razones convierten al deporte en un sector requerido de ordenación, en el que se comprometen importantes intereses públicos, lo cual, asociado al extraordinario dinamismo de esta actividad, exige la continua adaptación de nuestro ordenamiento jurídico a los requerimientos que se presentan desde cualquiera de sus perspectivas y dimensiones.1 (Ley 5/2016).2 1 Tradução livre: “Desde suas origens, o esporte é fonte de paixões e expoente de múltiplas capacidades do ser humano, mas hoje em dia representa, entre outras coisas, além e principalmente, uma prática saudável, um formidável instrumento de formação de valores e de integração da sociedade, uma atividade econômica de grandes magnitudes, um espetáculo de massas, uma atração turística, uma maneira de desfrutar do ambiente natural e um relevante instrumento de lazer. Todas estas razões fazem do esporte um setor requerido de regulamentação, no qual se comprometem importantes interesses públicos*, que, associado ao extraordinário dinamismo desta atividade, exige a contínua adaptação de nosso ordenamento jurídico às necessidades que se apresentam de qualquer de suas perspectivas e dimensões”. * Embora não esteja no texto, também existem interesses “privados”. 2 ESPANHA. Ley 5/2016, de 19 de julio (2016). Ley del Deporte de la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía. 7 O doping está para o esporte, tal qual o plágio está para a literatura e a ciência: ambos são fraude.3 Do autor 3 In. CARDOSO, João Augusto. O doping e a violação do ideal olímpico. Limeira, TV Jornal, 1 ago. 2016. Entrevista à Fabiana Fatoreto, Programa Casa & Cia. 8 Le droit du sport est donc un droit pour touts, car nouns sommes tous des amateurs de sport.4 Jean Gatsi 5 4 Tradução livre: “Portanto, o direito desportivo é um direito de todos, porque somos todos fãs de esportes”. 5 (In MELO FILHO: 2000, p. 21). 9 RESUMO Esta tese estuda o problema do doping no Esporte Contemporâneo de alto rendimento, que se configura na violação do princípio da igualdade formal entre os competidores, ferindo o fair play, para obter vantagens competitivas indevidas pelo atleta usuário dessa prática desleal, que é ao mesmo tempo antiética e ilícita, além de ser extremamente prejudicial à saúde e poder levar à morte, com o intuito lógico de se alcançar a vitória a qualquer custo, sendo verdadeiro contrassenso ao ideal esportivo. Considerando a presença incontornável do doping no esporte e que seu confronto com os dispositivos normativos e tecnológicos para coibi-lo são insuficientes, justifica-se a pesquisa que se revela de grave importância na atualidade. O estudo objetiva identificar e analisar o fenômeno do doping no Esporte Contemporâneo, a partir da constatação histórica de sua presença desde o Esporte Antigo e suas repercussões no mundo esportivo e na sociedade atual, bem como compreender as formas ou métodos de controle de dopagem e as possíveis contribuições jurídico-normativas para coibir essa prática, pela ótica do Direito Desportivo. A presente tese, no plano metodológico, caracteriza-se por ser uma pesquisa bibliográfica (doutrinária, legislativa, jurisprudencial e documental), de abordagem exploratória, descritiva e de caráter qualitativo. Para o estudo, destaca- se a utilidade de documentos disponibilizados por órgãos governamentais e não governamentais, judiciários e legislativos, brasileiros e estrangeiros, nos três níveis de regulação: internacional, nacional e privado. A pesquisa e o estudo resultaram na constatação, já esperada, de que a regulação jurídica atual é incapaz de combater o doping, concluindo-se, portanto, pela proposição de uma mudança legislativa com a criminalização do doping no esporte e suas consequências no âmbito da responsabilidade civil e penal, a fim de se procurar coibir essa prática que degrada o esporte e o ideal esportivo e proteger o atleta leal.
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