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E FOREST RESOURCES OF A s T E R N Z SUNDARGARH 0 DISTRiCT N OF ORISSA E
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The inventory of forest resources of Sundargarh district of OriSsa was carried out during the year 1994-96 by Forest Survey of India, Eastern Zone, Kolkata. This report comprises findings on the various aspects of crop composition, status of land use, topography, status of degradation of forest, injuries to crop, regeneration status etc.
The geographical area of the district is 9712 sq. km. Total forest cover of Sundargarh district is 4011 sq. km. (State of Forest Report 1999- FSI). The forest area has been calculated by dot grid method on the green wash area of the topo- sheets which works out to be 4238.02 sq. km. which 0 is 43.64 /0 of the geographical area.
The total growing stock of forests of Sundargarh district have been estimated at 21.815 million cU.m. giving 53.982 m3/ha. Total number of stems has been estimated at about 98 million with an average of 242.64 stems per hectare.
Officers and staff members of Eastern Zone who were entrusted with the hard work of the forest inventory and bringing out the report in the present form deserve appreciation. The co-operation and the help extended by the Orissa State Forest Department for conducting field-work and making the records available for collection of data is also thankfully acknowredged.
It is hoped that the report will provide comprehensive source of data to the State Government and will help in planning further development activities.
Dr. J. K. Rawat Director Forest Survey of India FOREST SUR VIiI' OF INIJIA .EASTERN ZONE KOLKATA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This organization is extremely thankful and expresses gratitude to the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests of Orissa and other Forest Officials of Sundargarh district for rendering necessary help and a1round' cooperation in the field work. Sincere thanks are also conveyed to the Revenue and Police Officials of Orissa administration who extended all possible help to our field parties. My thanks are expressed to the Deputy . Directors and staff members of Forest Survey of India, Eastern Zone, who were entrusted with carrying out the inventory and bringing out the report in the present form.
(Madhawa Trivedy) Regional Director. PART w I
(MAIN REPORT WITH MAPS,CHARTS & DIAGRAMS) CONTENTS
c:1t" .. 1rIEIl-I •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ ...... UACK(aUnlN" I N"'("~ MA'I'ION ...... ,...... 1 1.1 1N71l0DUC710N ...... -1 1.2 AREA AND LOCATIQN...... ------...... 4 1.3 PIIYSlCAL F'EATlJRES...... 4 1.4 CLTlIlATIC CONDmON ...... __ ...... __ ...... 5 1.5 IUVER SySTE!vf ...... 6 1.6 lRlUGA710N FACIUTIES ...... 6 1.7 FLORAANDFAUNA...... 7 1.8 MiNES ANDMINERALS...... 8 1.9 DEMOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION...... __ ...... __ ...... 8 1.10 ECONO)'{JCARENA ...... __ ...... 9 1.11 CO/.1lvlUNICATION NETJYORK...... 10
CHAPTER - 11 ...... 11 DESIGN AND METIIODOLCJGY ...... __ ...... ll 2.1 SURVEY OBJECTlVE...... J J 2.2 AREA SELECTION...... 11 2.3 MAPS USED...... __ ...... 11 2.4 SURVEY DESJGN...... 12 2.5 PRECISION AND ACCURACY...... 12 2.6 pwrIAYOUT ...... ~ ...... 12 2.7 DATA COll..ECTION...... -...... 13
CHAPTER - 111 ...... 15 DATA PROCESSING AND COl\1PILATION ...... 15 3.0 GENERAL ...... 15· 3.1 A-fANUALPROCESS1NG ...... 15 3.2 INPUT FOR TIlE COMPllTER...... 15 3.3 PROCESSINGONCOMPUTER ...... 15 1.4 DERIVATION OF VOLUME EQUATION ITABLES...... 16 3.5 TREE VOLUAfE...... 16 3.6 PLOT VOLUNfF...... 16 3.7 STAND TAHLES ...... 17 3.B STOCK TABLES 17
C:""fllrlElt - ." ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• _••.••••.•.••.• 18 RESULTS OF INVENTORY ...... , ...... 18 4.0 GENERAL ...... 18 4.1 FOREST COVER AS PER STATE OF FOREST REPORT 1999(FSI) ...... -...... IB 4.1./ RECORDED FOREST AREA (LEGALSTATUS) ...... l8 4.1.1 INJlENTORlEDAREA ...... 19 4.2 ANALYSISOFPWT DESCRIPTION DATA ...... 19 4.3 TREE FOREST ARTiII FOR GROWING STOCK ESTIMATION...... 20 4.4 ANALYSIS OF FOREST AREAS ON VAIUDUS PARAMETERS...... '" ...... 21 4.5 TREE DENSITY STUDy...... 25 4.6 1'OTALS7EA.-fS ...... 26 4.7 V()[.UA·fE S'/'UI)I1;,.'\...... 27 4.8 TOTAL VOLUJ\fB ...... 29 4.9 STANDARD ERROR ...... 29
CHAPTER·V ••••••••• "." ••• ~ ...... 31 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 31 5.1 SUMA1ARY...... :...... __ ...... __ ...... 3/ 5.2 COMPARISON IVITH PAST INVENTORY RESULT...... 12 5.3 CONCLUSIONS ...... __ .32
BIBLIOGRAPHY ••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••.•••• "...... 34
2 LIST OF TABLES
TADUl.i POPULATJON.FIGUllliS FOR TilE (}IS'ffiICT ...... 8
TABLE 2 DETAlLS 01; TIlli TOPOSllliETS...... 12
TABI..E 3 VOLUME EQU~TIONS ...... 16
TADI..E4 FOREST COVER ...... 18
TABLE 5 RECORDED FOREST AREA ...... 18
TAIlu6 DlS1R1BlTIlON OF FOREST AREA BY LAND USE CLASSES...... i 9
TABLE 7 ESTIMATION OF GROWING STOCK...... 20
TABLE 8 DISlRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY TOPOGRAPHY ...... 21
TADLE9 DISTIUDUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY ASPECT...... ,...... 21
TABLE 10 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY ROCKlNESS...... 21
TAlJLE 11 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY SOIL CONSISTENCY ...... 22
TABLE 12 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY SOIL TEXTURE ...... 21
TABLE 13 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY SOIL EROSION ...... 22
TAIlLE 14 DISTRIBUTION OF TJlliE FOREST AIlliA BY INJURIES TO CROP ...... 23
TABLE 15 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY FIRE INCIDENCE ...... 23
TABLE 16 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY GRAZING INCIDENCE ...... 23
TABI..E 17 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY PLANTATION POTENTIALITY...... 24
TABLE 18 DIS1RIDUTION OF TREE FOREST /\REI\. BY INfENSITY OF REGENERll.TION...... 24
TABLE 19 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA. BY DEGRADATION...... 25
TADLE20 NO. OF STEMSII-IA. BY STRATA...... 25
TABLE 21 STEMS PER HA. OF IMPORTANT SPECIES UNDER SAL STRATIlM...... 26
TABLE 22 SJEMS PER HA. OF IMPORTANT SPECIES UNDER MISC. STRA1l1M ...... 26
TADLli23 TOTAL STEMS BY STRATA ...... 27
TAnLn24 TOTAL STEMS OF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN SAL STR/\TUM...... 27
TABLE 25 TOTAL STEMSQF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN MISC. STRATl1M...... 27
TABU 26 VOLUMEPERHA BYSTRATA ...... 27
TABLE 27 SPEClliSWISE VOLUME PER HA. IN SAL STRATUM ...... 28
TADLE2& SPECIESWISE VOLUME PER HA. IN MISC. STRATUM...... 28
TABLE 29 TOTAL VOLUME.BY STRATA ...... 29
TABLE 30 TOTAL VOLUME OF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN SAL STRATIJM...... 29
TABLE 31 TOTAL VOLUME OF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN MISC. STRATUM ...... 29
TABLE 32 S.E.% IN EACII STRATUM...... 30
3 CHAPTER-I
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Forest resources playing a vital role in adopt proper measures to. protect this maintaining ecological . balance and vital endowment of _earth in every economic security have been recognised possible way. It is the collective since ages. In fact, human existence is responsibility of all of us to ensure the inseparably related to the forest, as optimum utilisation of forest resources. plants protect and improve the For this purpose, a complete and detailed environment in which man lives. But assessment of the forest resources is unfortunately, India's forests have essential. Keeping this in view, Forest suffered serious depletion over the years, Survey of India (Eastern Zone) has taken in terms of their growing stock, forest an endeavour to estimate the forest cover and creaming out of important resources of Sundargarh District in Orissa timber species, mainly beCause of State in the year 1994·96. Before going commercial over exploitation of forests as into the details of the study, let us first well as the grinding poverty of forest focus our attention into the physical and dwellers. This is high time we should economic features of the inventory area.
1.2 AREA AND LOCATION
Sundargarh district lies in the North district of Chhattisgarh. The district lies Western portion of Orissa State. It is between 21°35'N and, 22°32'N latitudes bounded on the North by Jharkhand and between 83°32'E and 85°22'E State, on the south by Jharsuguda, longitudes. The exact location of the Sambalpur and Deogarh districts, on the district may be seen from the map east by Keonjhar district of Orissa, on the appended. The total geographical area of west and North-West by Raigarh the district is 9712 sq. kms.
1.3 PHYSICAL FEATURES
The district is formed extensively by hills inaccessible forests, river valleys and hilly and dares. Physiographically, the district is terrain. Broadly speaking, it is an not a compact unit and consists of widely, undulating table-land of different elevations dissimilar tracts of expansive and fairly broken up by rugged hill ranges and cut off open country, dotted with isolated peaks, by torrential hill streams. There are two
4 conspicuous river valleys, namely the valley sweep down in the rainy season with rapid of the Ib in the western part and the valley torrents cutting off communications for of the Brahmani in the eastern part. The brief spells of time. The east and west of general slope of the district is from north to the Brahmani valley is filled with ranges of south. There is an open well-cultivated mountains, principal among them being plain along the valley of the Ib, particularly Mankarnacha (3639 ft.), Chheliatoka (3308 in the south. The western tract is dotted ft.) and Bichakani (2964 ft.) in the east. here and there with hills and peaks rising The Bichakani hill has acquired great_ to nearly 2,000 ft. In the north, there is a importance by yielding millions of tons of gradual rise to the table land of iron-ore for use in the Rourkela Steel Plant. Chhotonagpur. The south-east has rugged The hill ranges to the west of the Brahmani forest-clad hills intersected by gorges and valley are less useful and are lower in passes and having a narrow valley of the height, their peaks ranging from 2000 to Brahmani and its tributaries. The country 2650 ft. is broken up by many hill streams which
1.4 CLIMATIC CONDITION
The climate of this district is characterised year with the mean daily maximum by a hot dry summer and we"-distributed temperature of 27°c and the mean daily rainfall in the South-West monsoon minimum temperature of 12°c. The season. The hot season starts with the average annual rainfall in the district is beginning of March and tontinues till May 1647.6 mm. The rainfall is fairly uniform which is usually the hottest month of the in the whole district. About 86% of the year with the mean daily maximum annual rainfall is received during the temperature of 41°c and the mean daily monsoon months from June to minimum temperature of 27°c. The September, July being the month with the onset of rain brings relief although when heaviest shower. Relative humidities are the spells of rain cease, the weather high in the South-West monsoon season. reverts to oppressive character which is Storms and depressions from the Bay of due to the high moisture content in the Bengal during the monsoon season pass air. The nights become cooler from the across the district, causing heavy rainfall month of October and in November, there and strong winds. Thunder-storms is a drop in temperature both at day and frequently occur throughout the year, the at night. The district being a hilly region frequency being the least in November shows such extremities in climate. and December and the highest during the December is the coldest month of the monsoon season.
5 The principal rivers of the district are lb district from Singbhum in Bihar from its and the I3rahmani. The Sundargarh Sub eastern border which is close to the division is drained by the IB, the Panposh Jaraikela Railway Station and flows Sub-division by two rivers, the Sankh and almost towards the west for about 45 km. South Keol, from the confluence of which till it joins the Sankh. The Dec is its main the Brahmani owes its origin. The Bonai tributary. sub-division is drained by the Brahmani The Ib river rises on the Khudia plateau which flows from north to south and in Jashpur in Chhattisgarh and enters the passes through its centre. district almost from the north at Tilijore. The Brahmani is formed by the It flows slightly south-easterly tilt confluence of the South Koel and Sankh Gangpurgarh and then towards the south at Panposn. After a course towards the upto Baurimundagaon where it turns south through Pan posh sub-division towards south-west for a certain distance which is unnavigable owing to extensive and again turns towards the south at the rock barriors, it enters the Bonai sub district road near Sundargarh town. Its division and flows into Deogarh district. length in the district is about 96 km. The The total length of the river in' the main tributaries of the Ib are the Tumga district is 83 km. The confluence of and Ichha a long the western bank and South Koel and Sankh is a spot of the Sapai on the eastern bank. Among remarkable beauty and sanctity. The the smaller rivers mention may be made Brahmani has no feeder stream of any of the Bhedan, Basundhar, Hingir, Kur, importance. The south Koel enters the Kuchedege, Bendra, Kurta, Talda, etc.
1.6 IRRIGATION FACIUTIES
There is very little facility for irrigation irrigation project in the district. The total system in the district. There are a irrigation potential of the district is number of tanks and kattas in the villages approximately of 35103.17 hectares both of the district. These are filled up during for kharif and rabi crops. Few number of rain and utilised in dry season for bathing minor irrigation projects are also working and drinking purposes and occasionally in the district. In fact, the district is quite used for irrigating garC:1ens by the local deficient in providing irrigation facilities to lift (Tenda) system. There is no major the cultivators. The crops depend mostly
6 on natural rainfall for water supply. dug-wells and lift irrigation have gained However, in the recent past, irrigation by popularity, particularly in Rabi Season.
1.7 FLORA AND FAUNA
As per Champion's classification, this Hardarickia and Bassia. The surface of the district falls under Penincular Sal type and plateau land between the valleys, where dry deciduous mixed forest The forests of undulating, is usually clothed with a dense Sundargarh district are mostly of Northern scrub jungle in which Dendrocalamus Tropical Dry Deciduous Type. The crop is a strictus is prominent. mixed one with Sal (Shorea robustiJ) as the In keeping with the extensive and splendid dominant species. The eastern half of forests, the district is rich in varieties of Bonai and the Rajgangpur range of animal lives. The elephant, Elephas Sundargarh division contain better quality maximus indicus (Hati) is fairly numerous. of vegetation. The Sal which is the They are mostly seen in the east and west principal timber tree and more or Jess portion of BonaL The Bison, 80s gaurus gregarious in these forests varies from a (Gayal), a very retiring animal is generally fairly pure to a mixed crop and occurs seen in the denser and remoter forests. throughout the area. The Koira forests and The wild buffalo, Bubalus bubalis (Sana some portions of Toda Reserve contain mains hi) was at one time Quite plentiful, best quality of Sal. The other associates of but today there Is not a single specimen Sal are Asan or Sahaj (Terminalia left in Sundargarh. Among the principal tomentosa), Kurum (Adina cordifolia), Bija carnivora, the tiger, panther, hyaena, wild or Piasa I (Pterocarpus marsupium), etc. dog, jackal and fox are seen. The jungle The steep slopes of the hills are covered cats, Fefis daus and Felis bengalensis are with a dense forest mixed with many fairly common in the forests. The common climbers. • Sal (Shorea robusta) is grey man goose, Herpestes edwardsi is gregarious and among the other occasionally found in rocky hills in noteworthy trees are sp~ies of BuchammiiJ Sundargarh. It is usually larger in size and semecarpu5, Tenninalia cedre/iJ, Cassia, more yellow in colour than the common 8urea, BauhiniiJ, Acacia and Adina, wh ich mangoose and has the tail tipped with are found also on the lower Himalayan black. The jackal, Canis aureus (Bilua) is slopes. Mixed with these, howeverl are found all over the district usually in scrub a number of trees and shrubs, such jungle near the villages and avoids dense as Cochlospermum, Soymida, 8oswellia, forests.
7 1.8 MINES AND MINERALS
The oldest rock formations found in gneisses and granites. Pegmatlles and Sundargarh distrlct are those belonging to quartz veins traverse these gneisses and the Gangpur series which are prevalent to granites. To the west of the Ib river coal the former Gangpur State. The major rock bearing Gondwana sandstone occurs; The types of the Gangpur series are phyllites, tow mounds and hills occurring here and mica-schists, carbon phyllites, calcitic and there amidst the plains are capped with dolomitic marbles which are followed by laterite derived from the weathering of the the rock formations belonging to the irnn underlying rocks. ore series, viz. Mica-schists, phyllites and The district occupies a prominent position quartzitic rocks with occasional beds of in the mineral map of the State. The carbon phyllites. Rocks belonging to the important minerals available in the iron-ore series are well developed in Bonai district are iron-ore, limestone, manganese, area especially in the eastern parts and dolomite and fire-clay. Besides, a few also partly in tlle central and western parts. other minerals like mica, bOxite, lead, Shales, phyllites and mica-schists underlie copper and zinc are also found. In fact, the soli throughout the area and are the most important groups of deposits· of exposed along stream and river sections. A iron-ore in India occur in Singbhum - few tllin beds of lateritised gondltic rocks Keonjhar - Bonai belt. Umestone and carrying manganese ore occur amidst these dolomite are available in Sundargarh and along a narrow zone between Kinjirma and Panposh sub-divisions. The economic Bargaon at the western part and through minerals of lesser importance found in this Pandrisila in the central part of the district. district are coal, kyanite and siffimanite, The area around Sundargarh and to its pyrites, building materials anq kaolin. north and north-east is occupied by
1.9 DEMOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION
The demography of the inventory area can 'accounts to 15,73,617. The male-female be described through the data provided by bifurcation of the total population and its 1991 census. According to 1991 census, distribution by rural and urban areas are the total population of Sundargarh district shown as follows. , Table 1 POPULATION FIGURES FOR THE DISTRICT POPULATION
PERSONS MALE FEMALE TOTAL 15,73,617 8,12,707 7,60,910 RURAL 10,48,612 5,27,647 5,20,965 URBAN 5,25,005 2.85,060 2.39.945
8 The decennial growth rate of population of Castes and Scheduled tribes population of the district during the decade 1981-91 is the district are 138157 and 798481 17.23 which is little less than the respectively. The main languages spoken corresponding figure for the enti're State in the area are Oriya, Bengali, Hindi, (19.50). Uteracy rate of 7 years and above Telugu and Urdu. The main religions for the district is 52.97. Total number of practised by the people in the district are literate persons of age 7 yealS and above Hinduism, Muslim, Christianity, Sikh, residing in the inventoried area accounts to Buddhism, Jainism, etc. Of these, the 6,93,825. Among them, male literacy proportion of Hindu population in the percentage accounts to 65,41 and female district is highest (79.87%) followed by literacy percentage is 39.60. The scheduled Christians (16.49%) and Muslims (2.62%).
1.10 ECONOMIC ARENA
The economic activity of an area is has been rapid industrialisation in the depicted through the working pattern of district in the post independence era due the inhabita nts and the agricultural and to its adequate mineral resources. Prior industrial development in its to independence, the industrial activity of surroundings. According to the 1981 the district was confined to Biramitrapur, census, the main workers and marginal the site of the limestone quarry. The workers in the district together constitute establishment of cement factory in the around 39% of the total population. private sector at Rajagangapur in 1951 Among the main workers agriculturists and a steel plant at Rourkela in 1955 in account for 55.76% and others account the public sector, are mainly responsible for 44.24%. The soi[ of Sundargarh on for rapid industrialisation in the district. the whole is not very fertile except in the During the last few decades a number of river valley. The cultivators mostly large medium as well as small-scale and depend on natural rainfall because of ancillary industries in and around inadequate irrigation facility. The main Rourkela began to come up and from a crop of the district is the paddy crop. big industrial complex. Establishment of The other crops raised are maize, arhar, large-scale industries steel plant at jawar, groundnut besides other crop like Rourkela, Indian Detonators at Rourkela, ragi, biri, mung, til, niger, sugarcane and Orissa Industries at Lathikata, Fertiliser cotton etc. To meet the deficit in food, Plant at Rourkela, Cement Factory at emphasis has been laid on rabi crops Rajagangapur, Utkal Machinery limestone which includes cereals, pulses, oilseed quarry, etc. have been responsible for and other crop. On the other hand, there establishment of a number of small-scale
9 and ancillary industries in the vicinily. in lhe recent decade. A numUer of Simultaneously with the collaboration of traditional crafts like blacksmithy, pottery, J lid W.lf lal I 't OlllOliulI '1I1d J IIvl:!,lllll'lIl
Corporation of Orissa Ltd.,' a number of dhokra casting, bamboo basketry and other industries like fabrication, coke footwear, along with modern craft have oven plant equipment, yarn etc. have been encouraged by the District Industry gone into production in the recent past. Centre by way of providing necessary Regarding small-scale industries training, financial aSSistance, etc. under manufacture of engineering goods, steel different programmes sponsored by the metal industries for manufacture of Government. In the cooperative sector, containers and automobile spares, food 39 village industrial cooperative societies procesSing industries for steel city, forest are working in trades like carpentry, oil based industries, chemical industries for mills, fibre, rope making, pottery, bell manufacture of insecticide and other metal and weaving etc, chemicals, electrical apparatus, ancillary to the steel plant have been established
1.11 COMMUNICATION NETWORK
Communication facilities in the district use of in rural areas, where the villages have improved perceptibly during the lie on bus routes. In the matter of second part of the century. The district railway communication, the main line of headquarters is well connected on road South-Eastern Railway runs about 105 from Jharsuguda, the nearest railway kms. in Panposh and Sundargarh Sub junction on the main Calcutta-Mumbai divisions of the district. An additional route. The district headquarters is branch line from Rourkela to Birmitrapur, connected with Cuttack through a regular from Bondamunda to Barsuan are daily Express Bus Service running available for transportation of minerals. between Rourkela, the Steel Town and The rail link to Kiriburu passes about 26.2 Cuttack. Apart from the State Highway, a km within the district. RourkeJa is the National Highway, 14 major district roads, busiest railway station in both passenger 4 other district roads and a number of and goods traffic. The state capital of Gram Panchayat roads are prevailing in Bhubaneswar is also connected through the district. Common mode of rail from Rourkela. There is, however, a conveyance in rural areas is the bullock small airport at Rourkela but does not cart. Public bus services are also made have any regular flight.
10 CHAPTER-II
DESIGN A.ND METHODOLOGY
2.1 SURVEY OBJECTIVE
The objective of the present forest distribution of stems, number of stems per inventory is to supplement the data on hectare area, details of area estimates existing forest resources and changes according to land user legal status, forest therein which are required for strata, fire incidence, grazing incidence, development, planning in sustainable forest regeneration status, etc. To carry out management and conservation. For this, the inventory on forest areas of the inventory is ideally designed to entail a Sundargarh district, the usual forest wide range of information on total growing inventory design provided by Forest stock, per hectare volume of trees, Survey of India has been followed.
2.2 AREA SELECTION
The areas which have been identified as • All these areas indicated by dotted forest a reas where the actual inventory line or a spotted line or a pillar line as was carried out are the following ones~ forest areas. • Any other areas reported to be Area shown in green wash on the forested areas by local forest Survey of India tope-sheets. depa rtment. All such areas in which words such as thick jungle, open forests, bamboo, etc. are printed.
2.3 MAPS USED
The latest published Survey of India topo in Sundargarh district. The total number sheets on 1:50,000 scale have been used of topa-sheets used for the present for the present inventory of forest areas inventory is 26. The details of these tapa-sheets are shown as follows.
11 Table 2 DETAILS O}' TilE TOPOSIIEETS S. N. TOPOSIIEET NUMnrm SCALE.- 1 2.4 SURVEY DESIGN The entire survey was essentially a from a square plot of 0.1 hectare laid out systematic sampling under which the at each of these sample points on the Survey of India toposheets of 1:50,000 ground. It may be mentioned that only the scale is divided into 36 grids of 2.5' x 2.5' plots falling within the forest areas were of latitude and longitude. In each of such surveyed. One sample plot of 0.1 hectare grids two sample points were selected on represents about 10 sq.km. all the ground the toposheets. The selection of the first and the intensity of sampling is 0.01%. point is random and the second point is The length of each side of the square plot linked to the first one in the oPPOsite is 31.62 metres on the ground and 0.6324 direction at an equal distance from the grid mm. (say, 0.6 mm.) on the toposheets of centre. The inventory data were collected scale 1:50,000. 2.5 PRECISION AND ACCURACY PreciSion level for the study has been be at the preciSion level of 95°/~ probability maintained to check the error limit and with error limit of ±10%. This accuracy is, thus to enhance the reliability of the data. however, obtained for the entire State and The result of the present inventory would not for individual districts. 2.6 PLOT LAYOUT The method of marking of the plot centres be the length and width of the grid and s of the two sample plots on the map in each the side of the plot. Subtract side s from grid of 2.5' x 2.5' is shown in the diagram both sides, i.e. find (X-s) and (Y-s). Let at the end of the report. First, the length these numbers be X' and Y', Two random and width of each grid are measured to the numbers, one in the range of 0 to X' and smallest convenient scale. The length of the other in the range of a to Y' are the side of a plot on the map selected. These numbers are called x and corresponding to 0.1 hectare square plot y respectively. Half of the Side of the plot on the ground is calculated. let X and Y (s/2) is added to x and y to get x +5/2 and 12 y+s/2, which will be the cO-Qrdinates of the NW-SE and NE-SW measuring 44.72 m. centre of first plot in the grid considering each. After getting approach to the plot the left hand bottom corner (S?uth-west center with the help of toposheet and corner) of the grid as origin of the axis. reference point, corners of the plot are The centre of second plot is located by fixed with respect to the plot center by joining the centre of first plot with the grid measuring 22.36 m. in each of the centre and extending this line in the directions viz. North-West, South-East, opposite direction. A point at an equal North-East and South-West directions distance from the grid centre in the respectively from the plot center. The oPPOsite direction is marked which is the North, East, South and Western extremities centre of second plot. In facti the plot are fixed by measuring 15.81 m. from plot centre is the intersection of diagonals of centre in each of these directions. the 0.1 hectare plot. Diagonals are aligned 2.7 DATA COLLECTION An inventory crew (team) headed by a features observed during the journey from crew leader collects the forest inventory campsite to the plot centre are recorded. data in the field. To demarcate a plot, a Prominent reference point along with prominent reference point is selected in the bearings is recorded which serves as an aid vicinity of the plot centre. The field to reach the plot at a future date. reference paint must be clearly visible on b) Plot description fonn: The the map as well as on the ground, e.g. description of several parameters such as junction of roads or rivers, prominent topography, soil, land use class, forest topographical features in hilly area such as type, regeneration, crop data etc. are spurs and knots, village tri-junction points, collected and recorded in this form for an old bridges and culverts, springs, area of 2 hectare around the centre of the milestones etc. The data is collected and plot. recorded in a legible manner in the codified c) Plot enumeration form: This field forms such as Plot Approach Form, form is filled up for each plot. The details Plot Description Form, Plot Enumeration recorded are the name of the species and Form etc. Since, bamboo does not occur its diameter. Trees less than 10 cm. d.b.h. widely, the details of this kind of data have over-bark and utility less than 70% are not not been tabulated. However, the details recorded usually. Border trees are counted of all these forms are discussed here. 'IN' when they touch NW-NE and NW-SW a) Plot approach form: It gives an boundaries and considered 'OUT' wilen account of the details regarding the they touch NE-SE and SW-SE boundary approach to the plot. All the conspicuous lines. 13 d) Sample tree form: Data for trees f} Bamboo weight form: This form with diameter 10 cm. and above at breast is maintained to determine the green height over bark are collected from 114 area weight and dry weight of bamboo. Mature of the total plot i.e. 0.025 hec;:tares area at bamboos are selected from each diameter Northwest quadrant of the plot. On each class and for each spedes. 30 cms. long sample tree, sample tree carel will be pieces obtained from the top, middle and nailed. In this form, data on tree height, bottom portions of the utilisable culms are bark thickness, length of clear bole, shape cut out and their green weights are of the tree etc. are recorded. recorded. These pIeces are properly documented and kept in the base camp e) Bamboo enumeration form: and weighed every 30 days till a constant This form is designed for enumeration of weight is obtained. Since bamboo did not bamboo culms per dump by age and culms occur Widely, hence the use of form (e) & and soundness of culms by clump size. (f) were very limited. Separate forms are used for clump forming and non-dump forming bamboo. 14 CHAPTER - III DATA PROCESSING AND COMPILATION 3.0 GENERAL Data processing was carried out in Processing, Input on Computer and the following three phases viz. Manual Processing on Computer. 3.1 MANUAL I'ROCESSING lot involves following steps: • Manual checking for validity of codes • Proper documentation of the field used in various columns of the information received. information filled in the forms. • Codification of the information in the • Reconciliation of the discrepancies with field forms which have not already the help of the field officers. been incorporated. 3.Z INPUT FOR TilE COMPUTER After the manual checking, the information computer. The following data is stored in of the field forms was fed into the the hard disk for onward processing. • Plot Description Data • Plot Enumeration Data • Sample Tree Data J.J PROCESSING ON COMPUTER Processing on computer includes the iii) Corrections of the data to remove following steps: discrepancies noticed during i) Verification of data for the creation of conSistency checking. clean file and the transference of the iv) Tabulation of plot-wise stem same to hard/noppy disk. distribution for the district as a ii) ConSistency checking of the data whole. on computer. v) Preparation of tables of volume distriibution. 15 3.4 DERlVATION OF VOLUME EQUATION ITABLES Local volume equations used in Sambalpur as it is the adjacent district of Sundargarh. district forest inventory were used to The local volume equations used for estimate the volume of Sundargarh district different species are as under. Table 3 VOLUME EQUATIONS SPECIES EQUATIONS Adina cordi/alia V=0.08507+0.19669D+7.16812 D1 Anogeissus lati/olia V=0.13928-2.87067D+20.22404Dl - I3.805720~ Dombax ceiba V =O.02834+4.68381D2 Boswellia serrata V=0.36432 - 1.32768..JD+9.4847102 Bridelia relusa ..JV=O.1l620+4.1271l0 - 1.08508..J0 Dalhergia latifolia V=- 0.00965+0.585460 - 2.5605002 +24.34212503 Diospyros me/amuyfoll ..JV= 0.06728+4.063510 - 0.99816..JD Garuga pimuua V =-0.09144 + 1.48588D-5.531720~ +24.048510' wgerstroemia pan'iflora V =0.07199-1.259230 + 9.2841601 wnnea coromandelica V =-0.01071-0.665280 +9.5447802-4.5887603 Madhuca lati/olia V =0.10423-1.384290+8.39379D1 Mitrog),nQ paNij10ra V =0.08444-1.268010 +8.7521401 Plerocarpus marsupium ...JV =-0.16276 + 2.820020 +0.04034..JD Shorea robusta ..JV =0. 19994+4.51 119D-l.56823..Jl) Syzigium cumini ...JV=0.30706+5.12731D-2.09870~0 Temul1alia belerica V =-0.14823 + 2,44138D-6.864340z+ 18.0544401 Temli1lalia crenulata V =0.05061-1.11994D +8.77839D! Miscellaneous species ...JV=0.06063+3.43666D-O.75571~D Where 3 V = Total under bark volume of tree including branches (in m ). o "" D.S.H. (O.B.) in meter. 3.5 TREE VOLUME Volume of each enumerated tree was equations and was used for generation of estimated with the help of Volume stock tables by species and diameter class. 3.6 PLOT VOLUME Volume of each enumerated tree in a plol These plol volume figures were the basis when added up provided the plot volume. for estimation of sampling error. 16 3.7 STAND TABLES The elements of tree enumeration file stems per hectare and total stems were util ised to dassify the trees by by species and diameter classes species, diameter and crop composition, were obtained for each stratum. stratum etc. Estimates of the number of 3.8 STOCK TABLES Estimates of volume per hectare and total composition/stratum from the tree volume by species and diameter classes enumeration file by applying volume were obtained for each crop equations. 17 CHAPTER- IV RESULTS OF INVENTORY 4.0 GENERAL The data collected during the inventory Important results with respect to each was analysed and various information were stratum as well as for the district level is generated. The plot data analysis has also presented in this chapter. been carried out on various parameters. 4.1 FOREST COVER AS PER STATE OF FOREST REPORT 1999 (FSI) The extent of forest cover of Sundargarh district as per the State of Forest Report 1999 by Forest Survey of India is as below. Table 4 FOREST COVER DISTRICT GEOGRAPHICAL FOREST COVER (SQ. KM.) AREA {SQ. KM.} DENSE OPEN TOTAL SUNDARGARH 9712 2634 1377 4011 Source :- State of Forest Report, Forest Survey of India Publication 1999 4.1.1 RECORDED FOREST AREA (LEGAL STATUS) The forest area of Sundargarh district as per legal Status is as below. Table 5 RECORDED FOREST AREA S.N. LEGAL STATUS RECORDED FOREST AREA(SQ. KM.) 1 Reserved Forest 2651.88 2 Unclassed Demarcated Protected Forest 1.72 3 Dema rcated Protected Forest 836.85 4 Undemarcated Protected Forest - 5 Other Forest 1466.87 Total 4957.32 Reference: Orissa State Forest Department. 18 4.1.2 'INVENTORIED AREA The extent of forest area as calculated by 4238.02 sq. km. shall be taken as the total the dot-grid method on the basi~ of 409 forest area of the district. One plot plots, marked on the green wash area of therefore represents 10.3619 sq. km. or the toposheets of Sundargarh district is 1036.19 ha. forest. 4238.02 sq. km. Henceforth this area of 4.2 ANALYSIS OF PLOT DESCRIPTION DATA The plot description data was analysed on and plantation potentiality. The analysis the various parameters characterising the of the above data led to the distribution plots i.e. terrain condition, regeneration of the forest area by land-use-dasses. status, grazing incidence, fire incidence Table 6 DISTRmUTION OF FOREST AREA BY LAND USE CLASSES Code Land Use Description No. of Forest area Perccnl41ge No. Plots (Ha.) 1 Dense tree forest Forest with canopy 48 49737 11.74 density 70% & above 2 Moderately dense Forest with canopy 257 266301 62.84 tree forest density 30 to 69% 3 Open tree forest Forest with canopy 77 79787 18.83 density 5 to 29% 4 Scrub forest Forest with canopy 6 6217 1.47 density less than 5% 5 Bamboo brakes Areas completelv - - - covered with bamboo 6 Shifting cultivation Areas under current as - - - well as previous yea rs shifting cultivation. 7 Young plantation - 1 1036 0.24 of forestry species 8to Trees in line - - - - 10 11 Barren land - - - - 12 Agricultural land - 3 3109 0.73 without trees. 13 Agricultural land - 3 3109 0.73 with trees. 14 Non-forest - - - - plantation 15 Habitation - 7 7253 1.71 16 Water bodies - - - - 18 Young crop of - 7 7253 1.71 natural or artificial regeneration. TOTAL 409 423802 100.00 19 The above data reveClls thClt out of the open fore"t (denc;ity. hetw~11 S% ;Uln tolal forest area, 11.74% area consists of 29%). '1 hus, in all, 96.83% of the total dense forests (i.e. canopy density 70% forest land is under vegetation and the and above), 62.84% area of moderately rest of the forest area, constituting dense forests (30 to 69% canopy density) 3.17 4.3 TREE FOREST AREA FOR GROWING STOCK ESTIMATION The area falling under the land use classes estimation. Out of the 409 plots of dense tree forest, moderately dense tree inventoried, 218 plots were found to fall forest, open tree forest, bamboo brakes, under Sal forests and 172 plots were found young plantation of forestry species and to be miscellaneous forests. Thus the young crop of natural or artificial distribution of net forest area for growing regeneration was considered as tree forest stock estimation among the above two area and were included for growing stock strata is as follows. Table 7 ESTIMATION OF GROWING STOCK SL NO. STRATUM NO. OF PLOTS TREE FOREST AREA (SQ.KM.) FOR GROWING STOCK ESTIMATION 1 Sal 218 2258.89 2 Miscellaneous 172 1782.25 TOTAL 390 4041.14 The rest of the plots fell in the non-forest areas. 20 4.4 ANALYSIS OF FORES'f AREAS ON VARIOUS PARAMETERS a) Tire di.ftriblltiml oftree fore.'It area by topography : The distribution of tree forest area by topography is as below. Table 8 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY TOPOGRAPHY Code No. Topography No. of prots Forest Area (lla.) Percentage 1 Flat 13 13470 3.33 2 . Gently rolling 93 96366 23.85 3 Hilly 276 285988 70.77 4 Very hilly 8 8290 2.05 Unrecorded - - - Total 390 404114 100.00 From the above data, it is seen that district are situated on either Hilly or Gently 94.62% of the forests of Sundargarh Rolling Terrain. b) Distributioll of tree forest area by aspect: The distribution of tree forest area by various aspect classes is as below. Table 9 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY ASrECT Code No. Aspect No. of Plots Forest Area (tta.) Percentage 1 Northern 19 19688 4.87 2 North-Eastern 64 66316 16.41 3 Eastern 27 27977 6.92 4 South-Eastern 90 93257 23.08 5 Southern 27 27977 6.92 6 South-Western 76 78750 19.49 7 Western 29 30050 7.'14 8 North-Western 55 56990 14.10 9 No aspect 3 3109 0.77 Unrecorded - - - . TOTAL 390 404114 100.00 The above table shows that the forest area is widely distributed among the various aspect classes. c) Distributioll oftree forest area by roc/cilfess: The distribution of the tree forest area by rockiness classes is as under. Table 10 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY ROCKINESS Code No. Ro~kiness No. of Plots Forest Area(lIaJ Percent.age 1 HiQh 1 1036 O~26 2 Medium 70 72533 17.95 3 Low 124 128<188 31.79 4 No rock 195 202057 50.00 Unrecorded - - . TOTAL 390 404114 100.00 The above table shows that about 18% of the total area has medium or high rockiness. 21 d) DistributiaN oftree fore!)·t area by soil cOllsistency: Distribution of tree forest area by soil consistency is as below. Table 11 DlSTRIBlJTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY SOil, CONSISTENCY Code No. Soil Consiste~cy No. of Plots Forest Area (Un.) Per-centZlge 1 Friable 7 7253 1.79 2 Slightly compact 379 392716 97.18 3 Compact 4 4145 1.03 4 Cemented - - 5 No soil - - - - Unrecorded - - - TOTAL 390 404114 100.00 The vast majority of the area falls under the slightly compact category. e) DistributioN oftree farest area by soil texture: The distribution of tree forest area by Soil Texture is given below. Table 12 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY SOIL TEXTUUE Code Soil Texture No. Of Plots Forest Aren (Ha.)_ Percentage 1 C1 Thus the soil in a major portion of forest area is either of loamy or clayey loam variety. 1) Distribution oftreefore.'it aretl fJJ' soil erosion: The extent of soil erosion in the tree forest of the district is as berow. Table 13 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY SOIL EROSION Code No. Soil Erosion No. of Plots forest Area (fta.) Pcrccntage 1 Heavy 40 41448 10.26 2 Moderate 49 50773 12.56 3 Mild 297 307748 76.15 4 No erosion 4 4145 1.03 Unrecorded - - - TOTAL 390 404114 100.00 From the above table it is clear that over forest area is alTected by moderate or 76% of the total area is affected by mild heavy erosion. This is a significant erosion. Consequently close to 23% of the characteristic of the forest land. 22 g) DistriblltiOIJ oftree forest area by injuries to crop: The extent of injuries to the forest crops as seen during the inventory is tabulated below. Table 14 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY INJURIES TO CROP Code Crop Injury No. of Forest Area (Ua.) Percentage No. Plots 1 Bor-er attad<, le~f defoliata-attack - - - or- damage by other pest epidemic. 2 T op dryi!:!9 1 1036 0.26 3 Girdling and illicit felling 363 376137 93.08 4 ScarinQ of trees - - - 5 Loppino for fodder - - - 6 Wind damaQe or- flood damaQe - - - 7 Other iljuries 14 14507 3.59 8 No Injuries 12 12434 3.07 Unrecorded - - - TOTAL 390 404114 100.00 Thus, 93% of the forest area is affected by seen in the extent of 3.59% includes girdling and illicit felling. No other damage injuries by wildlife, lightning climbers etc. is Significant. Other injuries which was h) Distribution oftree forest area by fire ;nchlellce: The extent of fire incidence is as under. Table 15 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY FIRE INCIDENCE Code Fire Incidence No. of Plots Forest Area (ltn.) Pcroonmg~ No. 1 Heavy 2 2072 0.51 2 Moderate 17 17615 4.36 3 Light. 334 346088 85.64 4 Nofre 37 38339 9.49 Unrecon::led - - - TOTAL 390 404114 100.00 The extent of fire incidence is negligible. i) Dbitributi(}n oftree fore.sf area by grazing incidence: The extent of grazing in the district is as follows. Table 16 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY GRAZING INCIDENCE Code Grazing incidence No. of Plots Forest Area (Ha.) Perccnbge No. t Heavy 13 1<1556 11.03 2 Moderate 175 181333 44.87 3 Light 167 173044 42.82 4 No g-azinCl 5 51Bl 1.28 TOTAL 390 404114 . 100.00 23 42.82% of the forest area has light to no the forest area. Only 1.28% of the total grazing incidence. Significantly moderate area is completely free from grazing. to heavy grazing is prevalent in 55.9% of j) Distribution aftree/orest area by plantation potentiality: The following table shows plantation potentiality of the inventoried area. Table 17 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY PLANTATION POTENTIALITY Code No. Planbltion potentiaUty No. of Plots Forest Area (Ha.) Percentage 1 Plantable 56 58027 14.36 2 Unplantable 7 7253 1.79 3 N?t Applicable 327 338834 83.85 Unrecorded - - - TOTAL 390 404114 100.00 Thus, as per the inventory, 14.36% of any plantation scheme. Not applicable the total forest area is plantable. Thus category is applicable for areas where about 58027 ha. area can be taken up in crown density is already 30% or more. k) Distribution oftree fore.d area by intensity ofregeneration: The intenSity of regeneration in the district is as below. Table 18 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY INTENSITY OF REGENERATION COdE No. of seedlings In 4 m. x 4 m. No. of Forest Area Percentage No. square plot Plots (Ha.) 1 Adequate(8 or more seedlings) 43 44556 11.03 2 Inadequate (less than 8 seedlings) 262 271482 67.18 3 Absent (No Seedlings) 83 86004 21.28 Unrecorded 2 2072 0.51 TOTAL 390 404114 100.00 From the above data, it is clear that 88.46% of the forest area either hilS no regeneration or has inadequate regeneration. Only 11.03% area has adequate ,egeneration, 24 t) Distribution (iftreeJ(Jrcst area by dc-gnu/tlti",,: The degradation status of forest is renecled in the following tables. Table 19 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY DEGRADATION Code No. Degradation status No. of Plots Forest Area Percentage (Ha.) A. Grazing, Fire. Pollard/ng, iflidt cutting and lopping. U Heavily degraded 51 5284_f: 13.m 12 Moderately degraded ~~ 9843~ 24.3J 13 Mildly degraded 22<1 232101 57. It can be seen that biotic interference is moderately or heavily degraded. present to an extent up to 97.95%. Out Degradation due to natural calamities is of this 37.44% is in the categories of almost insignificant. 4.5 TREE DENSITY STUDY The tree density study for both the Sat stems per ha. by species and diameter and Miscellaneous strata have been classes is given in'Table 1.1 and 1.2 of determined and presented In Part II of Part II. this report. The distribution of number of Table 20 NO. OF STEMSIHA. BY STRATA STRATUM NO. OF STEMSLHA. SAL 275,149 MISCELlANEOUS 201.438 AVERAGE VALUE FOR TltE DISTRICT 242.640 (a) Sal Stratum: The salient features of this II. Sal (Shorea robusta) is the stratum are summarised below. predominant species in this stratum and consists of 42.63% I. The number of stems/ha. is of all the stems. 275.149. 25 275.149 201.438 '300. '200' , ~iscell~meou~.i ~ " ~ " ;.. ' _ oj.::ti { ~ ~ ._-:. -... ; ". "'.-, .,.. . ~, ~, ~.,,,,. ~, .~:,. ~~.; ,; I . NO. OF STEMS/HA. FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES UNDER SAL STRATUM Shorea Yermlnalia BUchananla Dlospyros robusta crenulata lanzan melanoxylon '~':";I:~; '~.~~· •.;E OF STEMsm FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES UNDER-: c' . ' , , " t r. 30 20 ·10 o~----~~~--~____ ~~ __ ~ __ ~~~~~ __ ~ Shorea ;t!~J~~ant~us :J:\nogelssiJs .fc"b.U sta cQlIlnus ; 1~t~f(W! 1lI. Maximum number of stems 20-29 em. diameter class and 30- (67.25%) is observed in the 39 em. diameter class lowest diameter class I.e. 10-19 respectively. cm. The number .of stems IV . The number of trees above 50 gradually decreases in higher em. diameter is negligible. diameter classes Le. 21.43% and The presence of various species 7.75% of total stems is in the v. is as below. Tnllle 21 STl~I\tS l·l~R IIA. OF IMPORTANT SI· ..:l.:ms UNDER SAL STRATUM SPECIES NAME NO.OF STEMS/HA. PERCENTAGE Shorea robusta 117.291 42.63 Terminalia crenu/ata 25.046 9.10 Buchanania /anzan '21.513 7.82 DioSDYlVS melanoxy/on 17.477 6.35 C/eistanthus col/intis 11.009 4.00 AnOQeissus /atifo/ia 10.597 3.85 (b) Miscellaneous stratum: decreases in higher diameter The salient features of this classes (i.e. 18.96% and 5.74% stratum are summarised below. in the 20-29 em. ami 30-39 em. I. .Number of stems/haw in this diameter class respectively) . stratum is 201.438. m. The number of trees above 50 II. Maximum number of stems is in em. diameter is negligible. the lowest, i.e. 10-19 em. IV. The presence of the major diameter class (72.15%). The species Is as follows. number of stems progressively Table 22 STEMS InA. OF IMPORTANT SPECIES UNDER MISC. STRATUM SPECIES NO. OF STEMS/HA. PERCENTAGE DioSDYros me/onoxy/on 20.233 10.04 Shorea robusta 20.000 9.93 Cleisli!Jnthus co/linus 17.209 8.54 Anooeissus lastifo/ia 16.569 8.23 Buchanania fanzan 16.163 8.02 Tenninalia crenulata 16.103 7.99 Lannea coromande/lca 13.895 6.90 , 4.6 TOTAL STEMS The number of stems by species and of this report. A summary of that diameter class in the different stratum Information is as follows. are given in Table 2.1 and 2.2 of Part II 26 Table 23 TOTAL STEMS BY STRATA STRATUM TOTAL STEMS (in '000 Nos.) Sal 62153 Miscellaneous 35901 TOTAL 98054 Thus, total number of stems in the as 98.054 million. The distribution of the forests of Sundargarh district is estimated primary species in the two strata is. detailed below. (a) Sal stratum: Table 24 TOTAL STEMS OF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN SAL S'fRATIJl\f SPECIES TOTAL STEMS ('000 NO.) Shorea robusm 26495 Termina/ia crenu/ata 5658 Buchnania lanzan 4860 Diospyros melanoxyton 3948 Cleistanthus collinus 2487 Anogeissus laDfolia 2394 (b) Miscellaneous stratum: Table 25 TOTAL STEMS OF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN MISC. STRATUM SPECIES TOTAL STEMS ('000 NO,} Diospyros me/anoxylon 3606 Shorea robusta 3565 Cleistanthus collinus 3067 Anogeissus latifo/ia 2953 Buchanania lanzan 2881 Terminal;a crenu/ata 2870 Lannea coromandelica 2476 4.7 VOLUME STUDIES The distribution of volume of trees per 3.1 and 3.2 of Part 11 of this report. The hectare by species and diameter class has value of volume/ha by stratum is as been calculated and is given in Table No. below. Table 26 VOLUME PER HA. BY STRATA STRATUM VOLUME (t,13)/ltA Sal 60.927 Miscellaneous 45.179 Value ror the district 53.982 27 TOTAL STEMS ('000 NO.) BY STRATA Sal 62153 Miscella neo us 35901 TOTAL STEMS ('000 NO.) FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES UNDER SAL STRATUM - ~ r, ~ " .' ::, ~ l~~~:'f~~~~~~;~~ ~:~ ; •.• c: : . ~: '~.:~j~~~~~ ~~~~~~~l~8~:1~!"; '~ ~~~~;;:J:'.~,~;::.,~w#:~:; ~!~ ~~;~~~!:-~;~ ~=~,;j. sh(jrei"robusta , _~~~~~~7~~.~4W'l,,1:';M~..~lli ~.~\.:¥ ~64~.~ TOTAL STEMS ('000 NO., FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES UNDER MISCELLANEOUS STRATUM CleisfanthuscoUinus I~~~, ..,... :: Anogels5us latlfolia ...... 80. 60 40 : ~~. '.O'·. .J,C.:_,...,.~=~~~=~---.--.,.",...::.....,__::_..::...... :::::,...:::~~:.::...::~ " :" '.. . sii ' . .. ~"' .. ' . iViiscellaneous;t . ,~~~,i.,~~ ;; :'~'., ~,,, ",:1""~ ."0~~"i)~· 't '~.. ~'·f~~.::, .' .:':~1ilf.::!:;~,~~!\~T'~ . . :~> .fVOLUME(m3)/HA. FOR THE DOMI~ANT ~PECIES UNDER ~ SAL STRATUM L_,._ .__ .. __ ...... __...... _...... ,.. ' « _ ,_.. .. 32.864 VOLUME(m3)/HA. FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES UNDER MISCELLANEOUS STRATUM 4 2 . '.. _·t Teiminalia Anogeissus Shorea Diospyros crenulata latifolia robusta melanoxy1on (a) Sal stratum: class. The volume/ha in the 30- Salient featUres of this stratum 39 cm. and 10-19 cm. diameter are summarized below. classes is 24.32% and 20.37% respectively. I. The volumejha. in the Sal m. stratum is 60.927. Sal (Shorea robusta) constitutes 53.94% of the total volume of II. The value of Volume/ha is this stratum. The volume maximum (27.61% of total contribution of the primary volume) in 20-29 em. diameter species is as below. Table 27 SPEcmSWISE VOLUME PER IIA. IN SAL SmATUM SPECIES VOLUME (m.!!lHA PERCENTAGE Shorea robusta 32.864 53.94 Terminalia crenulata 4.265 7.00 Diosf)Yros melanoxY/on 3.610 5.93 Anogeissus latifolia 3.017 4.95 Madhuca tatifotia 2.366 3.88 Buchanania lanzan 1.631 2.68 (b) Miscellaneous stratum: the 20-29 em. and 30-39 em. diameter classes respectively. The salient features of this stratum are summarised below. The contribution to volume of the trees with diameter 60 em. and I. The value of Vofume/ha of this above is 12.41% of the total stratum is 45.179 ml. volume. n. 27.14% of the total volume is in III. The contribution of the major the 10-19 em. diameter class species to the volume in this while 26.21% and 18.45% of the total volume is the contribution of strata is as below. Table 28 SI"ECIESWISE VOLUME PER JlA. MISC. STRATUM SPECIES VOLUME tm-~)/HA PERCENTAGE Terminalia crenulata 5.660 12.53 AnogeissY5 lab70lia 5.002 11.07 Shorea robusta 4.369 9.67 DiosPK_f'OS melanoxylon 3.792 8.39 Boswe/lia serrata 3.404 7.53 Madhucil latifolia 3.168 7.01 C/eistanthus col/inus 2.016 4.53 Li1nnea coromandelica 2.070 4.58 28 4.8 TOTAL VOLUME The lotal volume by species and diameler 'I able 4.1 and 4.2 in Part 11 of this re[JOIt. classes in different stratum are given in Those are summarised below. Table 29 TOTAL VOLUME BY STRATA STRATUM TOTAL VOLUME ('000 MlJ Sal 13763 Miscellaneous 8052 Total 21815 Thus, the total growing stock in the Total volume of the major species in forests of Sundargarh district is estimated the different strata is as below. 3 at 21.815 million m • (a) Sal stratum: Table 30 TOTAL VOLUME OF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN SAL STRATUM SPECIES TOTAL VOLUME ('OOOM3) Shorea robusta 7423 Terminalia crenulata 963 Oiospyros mefanoxylon 815 Anogeissus latifolia 681 Madhuca latifofia 534 Buchanania fanzan 368 (b) Miscellaneous Stratum: Table 31 TOTAL VOLUME OF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN MISC. STRATUI'vl SPECIES TOTAL VOLUME t'ooo ...\~) Terminalia crenulata 1009 . - Anogeissus latifolia 891 Shorea robusta 779 Oiospyros mefanoxy/on 676 Boswellia serrata 607 Madhuca latilblia 565 Lannea coromandelica 369 Cleistanthus collinus 365 4.9 STANDARD ERROR. The standard error percentage (Le. S.E%) individual stratum, The standard error for the estimation of growing stock has percentage for different stratum is as been estimated by ratio method for follows. 29 iTOTAL VOLUME ('000 m9) 'BY STRATA: .. , - ..... ~ ...~- - ~---..J 13763 16000 12000 8000 4000 • o TOTAL VOLUME ('000 m'i) FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES UNDER SAL STRATUM '8000 6000 4000 2000 o ShorN Tenninalla Diospyros Anogelssus robusta crenulata melanoxylon latlfolla TOTAL VOLUME ("000..3) FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES UNDER, MISCELLANEOUS STRATUM 1500 1000 ,'0 ' 'Iatlfoll~ Table 32 S.E.% IN EACH STRATUM STRATUM S. E. % Sal 7.58 Miscellaneous . 8.78 For the district 5.76 For the determination of the standard method of estimation was used since in error, the sample was considered. A many of the grids, only one plot was systematic cluster sample, having two enumerated. sample plots in each cluster. The ratio 30 CUAPTER-V SUMMARY AND CONcLuSIONS With regards to the rcsulLc; of the inventory the main points are summarised in tlte following section. 5.1 SUMMARV sq.km., whjle that under the Miscellaneous Stratum is 1782.25 1. The geographical area of sq. km. Sundargarh district is 9712 sq. km. The extent of forest cover 3. The total number of trees in the as per the State of Forest Report Sundargarh district has been 1999, Forest Survey of India is estimated to be 98.054 million. 4011 sq. km. The extent of Out of these, 62.153 million are forest by legal status as per th~ in the Sal Strata while 35.901 information of Ortssa State Forest million are in the miscellaneous Department 15 4957.32 sq.~m. strata. (Reserved forest 2651.88 sq.km., 4. The Sal stratum has about 275 Protected forests 838.57 sq.km. trees per hectare, while the & other forests 1466.87 sq.km.). miscellaneous stratum has 201 The forest area as determined by trees per hectare. the 'dot grid' method, during the preparation of the report is 5. The tolal growing stock in the 4238.02 sQ.km. Thus, the forest forests of Sundargarh district is area constitutes 43.64% of the 21.B15 million cU.m. The entire area of the dlstrfct. During standing growing stock of the inventory, on the basis of the forests of the Sal stratum is Inventoried data, the actual Tree 13.763 million cU.m., while that Forest area was determined to be in the miscellaneous stratum is 4041.14 sq.km. 8.052 million cu.m. 2. The forests Of Sundargarh district 6. The forests of the Sal -stratum can be classified into two types has a volume density of 60.927 (called strata). The area coming cu.m./ha, while that of the under the Sal Stratum is 2258.89 miscellaneous stratum has a density of 45.179 cu.m./ha. 31 7. The data indicates that about others 67.18% area it Is 93% of the forest area is affected inadequate. Only about 11% of by girdling and/or illicit felling. the forest area has adequate regeneration. 8. Moderate to heavy fire incidence was seen in about 5% of the 11. An area of 58027 ha is estimated forest area. to be plantable In nature. This constitutes 14.36% of the forest 9. Around 56% of the forest a rea is area. subjected to moderate to heavy grazing. 12 About 23% of the forest area of the district is affected by 10. In 21.28% of forest area, moderate to heavy soil erosion. regeneration is absent, while in 5.1 'COMPARISON WIm PAST INVENTORY RESULT Since this is the first time that such an comparison with earlier result can be inventory has been carried out and made. recorded in the Sundargarh district, no 5.3 CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions are drawn on work of forest area of Sundargarh distri~ I the basis of the results of the inventory Orissa. {O The forests of Sundargarh district as well as promoting effects at are mainly of the Sal type and the social fencing. Miscellaneous type. (iii) With the increasing unpredictable (ii) The vast majority of forest area is changes of the weather, the spread under severe biotic pressure In the of soil erosion is rising. Soil form of illicit felling and girdling. conservation measures should be Grazing is also a serious problem in considered at appropriate localities more than half the forest areas, by structural as well as vegetative while efforts may be made to methods so as to arrest this trend. lighten the impact of intensive This should be considered a priority grazing by promoting measures so as to maintain the soil profile. like rotational grazing etc, the (Iv) While heavy fire does not seem to problem of Illicit felling has to be be a major problem in the district, tackled using both legal measures and In some cases, a light fire may 32 be quite healthy in ecosystem, extinct. In this connection, it is care should be tak.en that this does essential that concerted efforts are not seriously aff~ the made to protect the natural regeneration in the area. regeneration. This can be done by involving the local people also (v) The overall status of regeneration living in the vicinity of the forests of the major species in the forests and providing closed seasons for of Sundargarh district is very the forest areas in rotation, so as unsatisfactory. In 88% of the to allow new seedlings to establish. forest area, the regeneration is Artificial regeneration of locally either absent or is below adequate available species of higher levels. To maintain a viable economic as well as ecological population of any species or a importance should supplement the group of species, assured natural regeneration at sites where regeneration is an absolute it is required. necessity. In its absence, the population will ultimately become • 33 BIBUOGRAPHY 1. Final population total: Brief analysis of primary census abstract, paper 2 of 1992, Series-I, India, Census of India 1991. 2. Final population totals, SC & ST population (1991). 3. States of our union Orissa, Publication Division, Ministry of Infonnation and Broadcasting, Government of India. 4. District Census Handbook - Sundargarh District. 5. Sundargarh District Gazetteers - Government of Ortssa. 6. State of Forest Report, 1999, published by Forest Survey of India, Dehradun. 34 MAP OF INDIA ShoWng P,oj.ct Aru z «:( al ,., < ','t· • ... <. PROJECT MAP OF SUNDARGa:AR \f DISTRICT Slmd.ga ... • Korr. ,5 ~ .I BARSUAr, _,. ''-.". J t a:: ,"" :t:« , (.....,1,- =>___ REFERENCE \Mahuhp.d., \ a s TATE BOUNDARY ' ..... -_... /.. ':Z DISTRICT BOUNDARY ------, LU RAILWAY LINE '01 I I I I I I , ~ : . t ROAD IRIVER 9'" ' • " « t/lo:.:x: V)g~ o::~« ON~ .• W ..- W LL';3 o .. IX ~C\.. , . n .. :'~ "I ... _I. VI :.:.. 2: 3; o :r.: 1/1 PART -II (STATISTICAL TABLES) List of Tables ------_------:rable NO. contents stratum page NO. ------ 1.1 stems/ha.(in no.) by species sal 1,2,3 and diameter classes (in c~~) 1.2 DO Miscellaneous 4,5,6 2.1 Total stems (in no.) by sal 7,8,9 species and diameter classes .~. (in cm.) 2.2. DO Miscellaneous 10,11,12 3.1 volume (in ml) per hectare by sal 13,14,15 species and diameter classes (in cm.) 3.2 Do Miscellaneous 16.17,18 4.1 Total volume (in m3 ) by species sal . 19,20,21 and diameter classes (in cm.) 4.2 00 Miscellaneous 22,23,24 ------+ 80000000000000000000000000000 ,,- 0000000000000000000000000000 (0 o 0 0 a 0 0 0 C!; 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o (0 ooooooogoooooooooooooooooooo a m ('I ~oooooooooo~ooooooooooooooooo g c:i en~oooooqoooooooooooooooooooo~o ~'. ~ 0 w w ~ mw w m N ~ ~oooo~oo~oo~~oo¢ooooo~ooo~oo~ ~ 0 0 00 0 0 a 0 + 00°000000000000000000000000000000 ..- rn ~ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo rn rn ~OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOqO CO rn m ~ m ~oooooo~ooooooooooooooooooo~oooo ~ 0 0 0 m ~ o~oooooooooooooooooooooooo~ooooooo ~ 0 ocoooooooo~oooooooooo~oooooo '-J ..., ,.., ~ .. oooooooooo~o~~ooooooo~o~o~oooo o 00 0 c:) c:) + ~ ~ gooooooooooooooooqoOOOOOOq T'"" 0 0 m ~ ~ ~OOO~OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO~ moo Cl) N CO ~ooooo~oooooooooooooooooo~ CO 0 0 (J) c'"' ~ 600000~oooooooooooooooooo~ ~ '0 0 m ~ m ~ooooo~oooooooooooooooooov g d d 80000000~oooooooooooooooo~o080oo ~ d d d 000000000000000000000000000000 m ~ ro ro ~oo~OOOO~OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO~oo ~ 0 a 0 (J) ro <0 ~ooooooo~oooooo~oooooooooooooooo CD 0 0 (J) <0 CD ~ooooooo~oooooo~oooooooooooooooo to 0 0 Ol <0 CO..... co co (1) ~oo~oo~o~aooooo~ooo8oooooooo~oo~ ~ d _ cj d 0 cj 0 cj oLL w~ m ~ z=> ~ ~ - 800000000000000000000000000000000 ..... c) ~oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo m ro ~oooooooooooooooooooogooooooooooo (J) ro co 6°ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo~oo~ r- 0 0 m com co ~ooooooooooooooooooo~~ooooooo~ooo ~ 00 0 ....J \{) .0 co " ~ _j 0000000000000000000000000000 . 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