Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications WW01 Vadim Issakov
Infineon Technologies AG
[email protected] Slide 1
The trends and challenges of microwave/millimeter-wave in future 5G wireless networks
Renato Lombardi Italy Research Center Chairman of ETSI ISG millimeter-Wave Transmission Huawei Fellow
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. www.huawei.com The trends and challenge of Microwave/millimeter-wave in future wireless communication network
5G key requirements driving millimeter-wave technology, backhaul and access Analysis of the most important requirements of 5G to drive the trends for the backhaul network and the technology needed for access at millimeter-wave bands
millimeter-wave backhaul how backhaul can meet the demand of capacity, the network densification current spectrum use, considerations on new needs deriving from mobile access moving to higher frequencies millimeter-wave industry maturity and technical/technological trends millimeter-wave access application scenarios and potential bands for 5G at millimeter-wave hybrid beam-forming architectures technology challenges
HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 2
Beyond 2020 Horizon 5G Use Cases
2 Drivers Enhanced 3 usage Scenarios Mobile Broadband (eMBB) Gigabytes in a Second People 3D video, UHD Screens Work and Play in cloud Augmented Reality Voice Smart Home / Building IndustryIn Automation FutureF IMTT Mission Critical Application Things Smart City Self Driving Car
Massive Machine Type *Source: ITU-R M.2083-0, “IMT Vision – Framework and overall Ultra-reliable and low-latency objectives of the future development of IMT for 2020 and beyond”, Communications Sept. 2015. communications (mMTC) (URLLC)
HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 3 Diversified challenges and gaps for 5G
5G Area Traffic Capacity Latency Throughput Connections Mobility
1 ms 10Gbps 1,000K 500km/h 10 Mbps/m2 E2E / connection Connections High-speed Ultra Dense Latency / Km2 railway Tera Cell GAP
30~50x 100x 100x 1.5x
Densification
LTE 30~50ms 100Mbps 10K 350Km/h Small Cells
HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 4
Complementary Bands for 5G
Primary bands Complementary bands for additional capacity
WRC19
Cellular Different channel characteristics from sub 6GHz Bands
1 2 3 4 5 6 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 GHz
Macro Small Ultra Small Cell Size
Group 30 Group 40 Group 50 Group 80
•24.25 - 27.5 GHz •37.0 - 40.5 GHz •45.5 - 47 GHz •66 - 76 GHz •31.8 - 33.4 GHz •40.5 - 42.5 GHz •47.0 - 47.2 GHz •81 - 86 GHz •42.5 - 43.5 GHz •47.2 - 50.2 GHz •50.4 - 52.6 GHz
HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 5 Non-standalone high frequencies assisted by low frequencies
Macro Site @ Sub 6GHz Control & Data: connectivity, coverage, mobility, capacity 5G Macro Cell Small Cell @ Above 6GHz Data: High traffic offloading
5G Small Cell 5G Small Cell
High Frequency Coverage High Frequency Coverage Low Frequency Coverage
HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 6
mmw Beamforming Architectures – Overview and complexity Number of DACs Distribution Network Complexity Minimum training sequence length Nant Number of phase shifters Number of PAs for uplink channel estimation (*) Full Digital Architecture BB N N … BB ant none Each antenna element receives Precoder N NUE (total number of ant the output of an independent DAC (number of antennas at UE) NBB radiating elements)
Full Hybrid Architecture § N · ¨ ant ¸u N Each antenna element receives the BB Analog N N N u N N ¨ ¸ UE … BB ant BB ant ant Precoder Phase NBB Precoder © ¹ sum of the phase-shifted outputs of NBB all the DACs
K-connected Hybrid Architecture … An Phase K u N § N · Precoder ant N ant
… ant ¨ ¸u N Each antenna element receives the BB NBB Nant UE Precoder ¨ ¸ … K [1, NBB ] © NBB ¹ sum of the phase-shifted outputs of a An Phase NBB Precoder selected group of K DACs
§ N ·
… ant Clustered Hybrid Architecture … ¨ ¸u NUE N N Nant Nant ¨ ¸
… BB ant BB © NBB ¹ A cluster of antenna elements Precoder … … receives the phase-shifted outputs of NBB a single DAC
HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 7 How to meet the demand of capacity increase 90% of distances is less than 10km Network topology change 10% Network densification New network RAN sharing and operators consolidation topology drive 20% Fiber penetration from core to edge 46% backhaul to the higher part of 24% ‘’Shorter networks’’ and shorter hops the spectrum wireless backhaul pushed at the periphery Source : Huawei Star topologies from the fiber aggregation point 0-3km 3-5km 5-10km >10km
Increase channel width In order to use larger channels it is necessary to improve Traditional microwave bands spectrum efficiency at geographical level for higher channel Band and Carrier aggregation re-usability (antenna directivity, null-forming, ATPC, ..) (i.e. 18 or 23 GHz + e-band) 112/224 MHz Faster and cheaper way to increase capacity, coping with Go to millimeter-wave hop length limitations E-band (10 Gbit/s per carrier NOW) Technology innovation to increase distances D-Band (141 to 174.8 GHz)
HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 8
How to meet the demand of capacity increase
Compression Up to 4Gbps Frame head PayloadPa XPIC Tradional frequency bands ID Payload 4096QAM 7 to 23 GHz, hop length >5 km 12 bits Up to 2Gbps Crowded spectrum 010101010101 Channels max 55 MHz 8 bits (in practice less, i.e. 28 MHz in Inda) 01010101 Up to 1.1Gbps 26 to 42 GHz, hop length <5 km 530 Mbps 370 Mbps
Original BW 4096QAM XPIC L2, L3 Compression MIMO
Limited benefits by increasing modulations 8 km 3.6 km (capacity and distance) Installation complexity for LoS MIMO (Optimal separation of antennas for
60 cm antenna, Region K (42 mm/h), 99,995% availability maximum theoretical capacity)
HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 9 Dual Band Aggregation (i.e. 18 GHz + E-Band)
*[GR(GTJ'MMXKMGZOUT
+HGTJ +HGTJ
9ZGTJGXJ/63OIXU]G\K 9ZGTJGXJ/63OIXU]G\K
SOT_KGX SOT_KGX
NU[XY_KGX
N 9[VVRKSKTZ LUX*GZG 6XU\OJKJH_+HGTJ *GZG N -URJKT2G_KX 9[SUL/63= +(GTJ Dual Band Antenna design HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 10 Network Densification Millimeter-wave in Urban Environment Source: ETSI ISG mWT Macro Backhaul and Aggregation Roof-top to Roof-top Traditional planning, co-located with Macro Part of Macro Backhaul E-band (71 to 76 - 81 to 86 GHz) Small Cell Backhaul V-band (57 to 66 GHz) Macro to Street-Level Form factor must be suitable for Small Cell Traffic from a few Small Cells may be aggregated Street-Level to Street-Level Links will often be almost parallel to each other LoS may be challenging in urban environment Source: ETSI ISG mWT HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 11 V-Band Phased-array Antenna Main applications Diffracted ‘main’ ray h Diffracted/reflected small/limited Field of View (few to around ten degrees) interferer Direct ray is often totally shadowed h2 (non-LoS propagation) automatic link alignment tracking (Multiple ) reflected Interferes are possible Non Line of Sigth (LoS) connectivity scenarios h1 D1 large Field of View (tens of degrees) D MultiPoint-to-MultiPoint Self Organized Networks Several antenna arrays are under analysis to find the best trade-off among: Gain, RPE mask, Number of controls, Field of View Analysis steps: It start from a full Phased Array (PA) - one control for each element - sized on the basis of the available chipsets, which provides the largest Field of View (FoV) The size of the array is then increased in order to achieve higer directivity, keeping constant the number of controls by clustering the antennas The achievable FoV is estimated by checking the SLL at different steering angles and its compliance with wanted RPE mask and Fixed Side Lobe Levels HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 12 V-Band Phased-array Antenna 40 deg At first antenna has been regularly clustered inter-element spacing is fixed to 0.55λ in order to mitigate as much as possible grating lobes Radiating element cos(q)p (with P typically equal to 0.8) Antenna has been irregularly clustered into poly-ominos in order to optimize field of view, directivity and SLL HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 13 V-Band Outdoor Small Cell Backhaul Coexistence between FS and SRD 9.0% Necessity to find compromise 64-QAM - 32 dBi System Parameters: 8.0% 7.53% PtP (FS) only between FS and SRD (Short 7.0% 64-QAM - 38 dBi 200 link/km2 density Range Devices) standards in 6.0% 64-QAM (1 Gbps in 200 MHz) order to exploit WiGig RF 5.0% Antenna 4.0% 3.71% GAnt = 32 & 38 dBi components Class 2 3.0% ATPC and DFS ON 2.0% 1.73% Simulation tool SEAMCAT® 1.01% 0.85% 1.0% 0.58% 0.35% 0.29% 0.21% 0.11% 0.06% 0.04% 0.0% 125103545 The analysis, in progress, shows that interference is -1.0% Percentage of Interference above C/I figureabove C/I of Interference Percentage quite sensitive to Number of RF Channels Antenna specs (gain and RPE mask) Numbers of channels and Dynamic Frequency Systems compliant with ETSI Standards for Fixed Services can be Selection (DFS) deployed in urban environment at street level with very high EIRP and Automatic Transmit Power Control (ATPC) density up to 200 links/ km2, under license exempt regime Spectral mask limits and NFD (Net Filter 10 RF Channels are enough to keep the average link below an Discrimination) acceptable 1% probability of being interfered HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 14 V-Band Outdoor Small Cell Backhaul Coexistence between FS and SRD System specifications consistent with WiGig commercial components to implenet large Field of View Antenna but compatible with a sustainable level of interference Antenna RPE E, close to Class 1 and lower minimum gain Small Cell Backhaul Requirements Maximum channel width of 500 MHz (1 GHz) Capacity >1Gbit/s UL+DL Automatic Transmit Power Control / Transmission Power Hop length 300 to 500m Control (ATPC/TPC) Network density 200 links/km2 Dynamic Frequency Selection mechanism Probability of interference <2% ETSI spectrum mask limits HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 15 Backhaul - MW and mmW Frequency Bands use 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 6 7/8 11 13 15 18 23 26 28 32 38 42 GHz 50 55 57 – 66 GHz 71 – 86 GHz 92 – 95 GHz FDD 6 GHz, 6.4% V-Band, 0.2% E-Band, 1.1% Existing Forecast 38/42 GHz, 8.7% deployments deployments 6 (5925-7125) MEDIUM MEDIUM 28/32 GHz , 1.5% 7/8 (7125-8500) HIGH HIGH 7/8 and 15 GHz decreasing, 10 (10-10.68) LOW UNCERTAIN 26 GHz, 3.0% 11 (10.7-11.7) MEDIUM MEDIUM 18/23 GHz increasing, 7/8 GHz, 16.6% 13 (12.75-13.25) MEDIUM MEDIUM very strong regional 23 GHz, 13.5% 15 (14.4-15.35) HIGH HIGH 24/25 GHz, 0.3% 18 (17.7-19.7) HIGH HIGH variation and cyclic effect 10/11 GHz, 6.7% 23 (21.2-23.6) HIGH HIGH 18 GHz, 13.5% 26 (24.5-26.5) MEDIUM MEDIUM 38 GHz stable, replaceable by 28 (27.5-29.5) LOW UNCERTAIN e-band and/or other near-by band 13 GHz, 7.4% 32 (31.8-33.4) LOW UNCERTAIN 15 GHz, 19.4% 38 (37-39.5) HIGH MEDIUM Low volumes in 28, 32 and 42 GHz 42 (40.5-43.5) VERY LOW UNCERTAIN Source SkyLight Research 48 (48.5-50.2) NOTHING NOTHING V-Band negligible volume so far (<15 M$), 52 (51.4-52.6) NOTHING NOTHING E-band volume fast increasing (>130 M$) 55 (55.78-57) NOTHING NOTHING Millimeter-wave V-band (57-66) VERY LOW HIGH Total worldwide number of links currently E-band (71-76, 81-86) LOW HIGH around 4% of total in operation at more than 4.5 Million market in 2015 HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 16 Above 90 GHz 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 6L/6U 7/8 11 13 15 18 23 26 28 32 38 40 - 43 52 55 57 - 64 71GHz - 86GHz (TDD) 92 GHz – 114.5 GHz 130 GHz – 174.8 GHz 191.8GHz - 275GHz Traditional Radio Link Very high capacity backhaul (multi-10Gbit/s) Front-haul Fixed Wireless Access Frequency Bands H O 92-94 2 O2 94.1-95 95-100 W-Band 102-109.5 O2 111.8-114.25 122,25 - 123 130-134 H2O 141-148.5 D-Band 151.5-164 Rain attenuation of D-band is 167-174.8 around 2 dB larger than E-band 191.8-200 209-226 and is almost flat 231.5-235 HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 17 D-Band Applications 20 99.99% 18 More than 30 GHz of spectrum Very compact (i.e. 32 dBi gain with 3x3 cm antenna) 16 Choice of optimum compromise between very wide 14 channels and spectrum efficiency to achieve : 12 99.9% Very compact and low power consumption for FWA 10 Ultra-high capacity for backhaul and Fade Margin (dB) MarginFade front-haul of 4.5G and 5G 8 6 E-band ODU 4 D-band ODU 2 Link Gain 130 to 150 dB 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 Max length (km) R = 500 meter R = 5000 meter Maximum hop lengths (140dB) 99.9% up to 1 km 99.99% up to 500 m Depending on rain region R = 500 meter HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 18 Semiconductors Technology Trend MW Traditional Bands V-band E-band W-band D-band THz TTrunkrunk GaNGaN RadRadioio 0.5/0.25/0.15 um pHEMT GaN 100/60/40 nm pHEMTHEMT InPInP GaAs, 50/3050/30 nmnm HEMT/HEMT/ performance up to 160 GHz Point-to-PointPointt-to-Point HBHBTT ttraditionalraditional microwave GaAsaAs GaN, 0.5/0.25/0.15/0.10.5 0.15/0.1 um high power @high pHEMTEMT frequency high very very high high GaAsG As Point-to-Pointntt-to-Point SiGe BiCMOS, SiGeS BiCMOSBi 70/4070/ 0 nm mm-wavem-wave 130/90/55130/90/90/55 nm m HEMTHEMT integration * for higherher integration multi-Gbit/s D-Band (up to 175 GHz) wireless Wireless 2G/3G/4G 2G/3G/4G WiMAX Wireless RF-CMOSRRF-CMOS Performance/output power Performance/output 90/65/45/32/28nm9 * high volumes needed low low medium 1010 2020 30 4400 50 60 700 80 90 100100 Beyond100Beyond100 GHzGHz 6 7/8 11 13 15 18 23 26 28 32 38 42 52 55GHz 57–64 GHz 71–86 GHz 92 – 115 GHz 130 – 175 GHz 300-700 GHz HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 19 D-Band technology selection GaAs HEMT InP HEMT GaN HEMT RF CMOS SiGe SiGe HBT InP HBT BiCMOS Selection criteria Gate size 100 nm 70 nm 60 nm 45 nm 55 nm 0.18 um 0.5 um commercially available, Wafer size 6’’ 3’’ 3’’ (6’’) 12’’ 12’’ 8’’ 4’’ mature and qualified process with useful gain across the Complexity basic basic basic VLSI VLSI VLSI LSI-MSI D-band frequency range fT/fmax[GHz] 135/200 GHz 300/350 GHz 170/250 GHz 300/300 GHz 320/370 GHz 200/250 GHz 330/350 GHz VBr [v] 10 V 4 V 25 V 1 V 3.2 V 1.7 V 5 V Cost/mm2 Medium Medium High Low Low Low High NRE cost Low Low Medium High High High High Time to Short Medium Medium Long Long Long Medium market GaAs better performance for many systems (power, NF, IM3) cheaper for low to medium volumes (low prototyping cost) SiGe greater integration with additional functionality and higher operational frequency 3’’ to 12’’ cheaper for high volumes (low semiconductor cost) HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 20 141 to 175 GHz Front-end Integration There is a lot of research ongoing for D-Band applications but there are no suitable components available, neither by MMIC suppliers nor Universities nor Research Institutes In order to support TDT-project, we developed a first Tx and Rx chipset based on a commercial GaAs foundry process This process is mature and ready for a commercial component deployment but its use is practically limited to 160 GHz For lower cost and highly integrated TRx development (single chain and multi-chain for phased-array) plan to use SiGe-BiCMOS technology which has the capability to reach 175 GHz HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 21 Design Challenges and Approaches Reference planes Challenges and Approaches At 160GHz the chosen process is pushed to its limits: device layout is critical to provide a useful level of gain IntrinsicIntrinsic mmodelodel A set of devices with different layout have been designed and their performance assessed The design kit provided by the foundry has inaccurate modeling at D-Band A scaled model has been derived from direct S-parameters measurement on different device sizes Accurate characterization of device performance is very challenging at D-Band A special wafer probe set-up has been developed with a dedicated calibration kit for precise probe positioning The choice of bias point is affecting power, linearity, NF, stability and available gain of the transistor device Different design variants with different parameter trade-offs have been manufactured and characterized No measured noise data and transistor/diode Large signal models were available for the design Dedicated “pullouts” of different pre-matched device have been included within the mask reticule to gain insight for the optimal circuit design HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 22 I D-Band Research Program IFTx Q 26r34 GHz x3 Prototype target specifications x2 LO LORF_T Size 22cm x 22cm x 6cm (2.9 L) IF_T I IF Power Consumption <35 W Rx 26r34 GHz Q Antenna separated Tx and Rx x3 x2 Gain>32dBi LO LORF_R size: 4x4 cm IF_R Link system gain >145 dB Modulation up to 256 QAM (FPGA based) Channel bandwidth up to 2 GHz HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 23 D-Band Antenna test bench horn run2.0 run1.5 Linear (run2.0) 36,00 34,00 32,00 30,00 Gain dBi 28,00 26,00 24,00 140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 freq (GHz) Run1.5 : G=30.5dBi Run2.0: • Gmin =32dBi @140 GHz • G =34r35 dBi f> 143GHz HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 24 D-Band Research Prototype B=500 MHz, 16 QAM First prototype link measurements HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 25 D-Band Channel Arrangement Optimal allocation and regulation to be studied Proposed a raster of continuous channels 250 MHz wide What services? Technology with separate transmit and receive antenna How to partition the band? permits a flexible channel configuration What licensing scheme? TDD, FDD or FD without being bound to a spefic Go/Return Hop lengths similar to v-band separation Very high re-usability of the channels Possibility to use the spectrum up to 164 GHz without waitng for enhanced seminconductors capable of 141 to 148.5 and 151.5 to 164 GHz as the most valuable portions covering up to 175 GHz Free Plan: 49 x 250 MHz 130.0 GHz 130.0 GHz 134.0 GHz 141.0 GHz 148.5 GHz 151.5 GHz 164.0 GHz 167.0 GHz 174.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 27 28 29 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 25 26 44 45 46 47 48 49 23 24 43 -Guard (30 band MHz) Guard band (125 MHz) (125 band Guard MHz) (125 band Guard MHz) (125 band Guard MHz) (125 band Guard MHz) (125 band Guard MHz) (125 band Guard -Guard band (125 MHz) (125 band -Guard EESS (5.340) EESS (5.340) HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 26 Next steps Prototype integration and testing in laboratory Field trial to test propagation characteristics New method (avaialbility vs rain intensity) for very short hops (<1 km) Extension (modification?) of propagation channel model Semiconductor Test SiGe BiCMOS in terms of performance vs frequency (175 GHz) Test new GaAs processes phased array for antenna alignment and movement tracking (narrow angle field of view) Standards Channel Arrangement Equipment harmonized standard HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 27 HISILICONHHUAWEIISILICO TECHNOLOGIESN SEMICONDUCTORSEMICONNDUCT CO.,OR LTD. Page 28 Circuit and System Architectures for 100+Gb/s Wireless Backhaul at W-, D-, and J-Bands Sorin Voinigescu, Stefan Shopov [email protected] WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 1 Communication Applications of 39 Agenda • Applications of mm-wave radio • Scaling of state-of-the-art Si technology • Examples of mm-wave radio ICs • Potential mm-wave radio architectures • Conclusions WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 2 Communication Applications of 39 Agenda • Applications of mm-wave radio • Scaling of state-of-the-art Si technology • Examples of mm-wave radio ICs • Potential mm-wave radio architectures • Conclusions WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 4 Communication Applications of 39 State-of-the-Art CMOS z L=20nm, tSi=6nm, SiGe in p-MOS, SiC in n-MOS [Intel press release 2014] [STMicroelecronics VLSI-2014] WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 5 Communication Applications of 39 SiGe BiCMOS silicide silicide silicide contact contact contact poly gate gate emitter SiGe base n+ n+ p+ n+ p+ p+ p+ n+ p+ n+ n+ p+ n+ STI n+ p+ STI n-epi SIC n-epi STI STIhalo implants STI STI STI STIhalo implants STI STI Sinker STI (n-plug) n-well p-well n-well p-welln-well p+ p-well DTI DTI Buried layer n+ Deep n-well p- substrate p- substrate p+ p+ • In automotive cruise control, collision avoidance sensors • In WiFi power amplifiers • In Internet fiber-optic backbone • In V-Band backhaul WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 6 Communication Applications of 39 28/22/14nm FDSOI Technology • Unlike bulk and FinFET processes, the body is floating • Can control VT, ION, gm, fT and fMAX characteristics Slide 7 of 39 28nm FDSOI fT, fMAX vs. VGS, VBG Measurements Slide 8 of 39 BiCMOS 55nm vs. 28nm FDSOI: fT M. Schroeter et al. SiRF 2014 WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 9 Communication Applications of 39 BiCMOS55 vs. 28nm FDSOI: fMAX WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 10 Communication Applications of 39 Cascodes and Series Stacking OUT OUT 2.2V 2V IN IN I. Sarkas et al, ISSC C2012 S. Pornpromlikit et al, JSSC 2010 WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 11 Communication Applications of 39 BiCMOS55 Cascode MAG WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 12 Communication Applications of 39 n-MOSFET & SiGe HBT Scaling WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 13 Communication Applications of 39 Problems with CMOS Scaling z Voltage swing decreases (PA efficiency, VCO phase noise) z RC layout parasitics get worse below 40 nm z Metal current carrying capability degrades WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 14 Communication Applications of 39 Agenda • Applications of mm-wave radio • Scaling of state-of-the-art Si technology • Examples of mm-wave radio ICs • Potential mm-wave radio architectures • Conclusions WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 15 Communication Applications of 39 Digital Transmitters • Traditional linear up conversion architecture • Digital RF-DAC architecture Æ Potential for higher data rates WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 16 Communication Applications of 39 Power-DAC with Antenna Segmentation •Tuned (<100GHz BW) mm-wave wireless •Coarse segmentation at antenna level •Fine bits in each antenna element Free-space power combining •Potential for 50 GBaud 64QAM transmitter project at •45, 94, 138 GHz in 45nm SOI CMOS •240 GHz in 55nm SiGe BiCMOS Slide 17 of 39 Digital Transmitters • Antenna- vs. cell-level segmentation WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 18 Communication Applications of 39 100GHz 4bit I/Q RF-DAC WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 19 Communication Applications of 39 EVM & Energy Efficiency vs. Modulation & Data Rate • 10 Gb/s with constellation formed in free-space WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 21 Communication Applications of 39 138GHz 6bit Power-DAC in 45nm SOI [S. Shopov, CSICS 2014] WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 22 Communication Applications of 39 Output Power vs. Input Power WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 23 Communication Applications of 39 Setup for Free-Space Constellation Measurement WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 24 Communication Applications of 39 16QAM & 64QAM Constellation Measurements WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 25 Communication Applications of 39 240GHz Synthesizer • Pout is 7.2 dBm at 240 GHz • Phase noise at 10 MHz is -104dBc/Hz • PDC is 386 mW (w/o divider) • PDC is 566 mW (w/ divider) • DC-to-RF efficiency is 1.3% Funding by Robert Bosch GmbH [S. Shopov, CSICS 2015, JSSC Oct. 2016] WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 26 Communication Applications of 39 115-135GHz LO-Amplifier Design WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 27 Communication Applications of 39 115-135GHz VCO and divider chain WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 28 Communication Applications of 39 220-270GHz Doubler Design WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 29 Communication Applications of 39 240GHz Test Setup • Setup losses measured with VNA at J-band (220-325 GHz) WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 30 Communication Applications of 39 240GHz Phase Noise WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 31 Communication Applications of 39 Measurement Results Across Dies • Less than 3dB variation in output power for 6 dies across whole tuning range WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 32 Communication Applications of 39 Agenda • Applications of mm-wave radio • Scaling of state-of-the-art Si technology • Examples of mm-wave radio ICs • Potential mm-wave radio architectures • Conclusions WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 33 Communication Applications of 39 45nm SOI 1-30GHz Digital Transmitter 256QAM WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 34 Communication Applications of 39 OFDM & Spectral Shaping WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 35 Communication Applications of 39 240GHz Transceiver Architectures WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 36 Communication Applications of 39 Simulated 240GHz 50GBaud QPSK Digital Transmitter in 55nm SiGe BiCMOS WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 37 Communication Applications of 39 Conclusions • On-die antennas with quartz superstrate • Direct digital 64QAM and OFDM of 138GHz carrier • Free-space complex constellation formation • 12Gb/s wireless transmission over 15 cm • 7 dBm at 240 GHz using commercial silicon • 60Gb/s wireless terminals possible below 30 GHz • 200 Gb/s possible with SC 16QAM at 240 GHz WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 38 Communication Applications of 39 Credits • Dr. Pascal Chevalier, Dr. Andreia Cathelin (STM) • Prof. G. Rebeiz and Prof. P. Asbeck (UCSD) • Dr. Juergen Hasch (Bosch) • Ned Cahoon (Global Foundries) • NSERC, DARPA, Robert Bosch GmbH for funding • STMicroelectronics, Global Foundries, DARPA for chip donations • Jaro Pristupa and CMC for CAD and support WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 39 Communication Applications of 39 Modular 60-GHz Beamforming Transceiver in 130-nm BiCMOS for Scalable 5G Backhaul Solutions A. Malignaggi, M. Ko, A. C. Ulusoy, M. Petri, J. Gutiérrez, E. Graβ, and D. Kissinger IHP, Frankfurt Oder, Germany [email protected] WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 1 Communication Applications of 32 Agenda • Motivation and Goals • System Overview • Up/Down Converter IC • Beamforming IC • Conclusion WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 2 Communication Applications of 32 Agenda • Motivation and Goals • System Overview • Up/Down Converter IC • Beamforming IC • Conclusion WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 3 Communication Applications of 32 Motivation and Goals • “Everywhere Internet connectivity” • Extremely growing data traffic in wireless local area networks and cellular networks • mm-Wave high gain antennas are small, but link setup is difficult • High energy consumption of current static backhaul networks Source: 5G-PPP (https://5g-ppp.eu/) WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 4 Communication Applications of 32 Motivation and Goals Scenario Illustrative 2 example of a • Thousands of people per Km rooftop Macro Cell site • Example applications – Pervasive high resolution video – Augmented reality – 3D services – Photo/video sharing in crowds Possible physical locations of a Small Cell • Physical infrastructure METIS Use Case: Dense Urban Information Society: https://www.metis2020.com/wp-content/uploads/deliverables/METIS_D1.1_v1.pdf – Dense small cells and backhaul (BH) - fronthaul (FH) transport units mounted on lamp posts or street furniture – Fiber presence in macro-sites or some street cabinets WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 5 Communication Applications of 32 Motivation and Goals Technical Challenges • Antenna design – Gain vs steering range – 2D beamforming • Point-to-multipoint (P2PM) beamforming chipset – Vector modulator, able to work in both Tx and Rx modes – Neighbour discovery and fast beam training algorithms • MAC layer – Configurable P2MP (e. g. through TDMA) – Throughput and Cut-through modes for certain BBU-RRU splits WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 6 Communication Applications of 32 Motivation and Goals Technical Challenges • Increased data rate of wireless communication systems to > 4 Gbps • Reduce interference with directed beams • Simplify installation of 60 GHz wireless backhaul links and extend them with point-to-multipoint (P2MP) transmission abilities • Energy saving due to dynamic backhaul network adaptations (day vs. night time) WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 7 Communication Applications of 32 Agenda • Motivation and Goals • System Overview • Up/Down Converter IC • Beamforming IC • Conclusion WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 8 Communication Applications of 32 System Overview Point to Multipoint Connectivity mmWave node P2MP MAC time Link 1 Link 2 Synchronization required WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 9 Communication Applications of 32 System Overview Analog Front-End • Bidirectional ICs • Modular design Tx I/Q • Configuration with multiple beamforming Baseband Up/Down Antenna Beamforming ICs possible Processor Converter Array • Differential I/Q signals from the baseband Rx I/Q processor • Eight RF signals to the antenna array WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 10 Communication Applications of 32 Agenda • Motivation and Goals • System Overview • Up/Down Converter IC • Beamforming IC • Conclusion WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 11 Communication Applications of 32 Up/Down Converter IC RF Switch I OUT IIN QOUT QIN 90° 90° Wilkinson TRx REF PFD/CP ~ x2 ÷N PLL WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 12 Communication Applications of 32 Up/Down Converter IC VCO and Doubler Vcc • Differential self-buffered Colpitts oscillator OUT+ Vb2 OUT- • Digital controlled varactor Vc,d0 Vb1 bank for minimum phase Vc,d1 noise Vc • Varactors optimum V c,d2 performance at around Vc,d3 30 GHz • Gilbert-cell based Vc,a frequency doubler WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 13 Communication Applications of 32 Up/Down Converter IC PLL CPfine LPF 30 GHz 1.7 GHz ÷18 ÷N PFD ~ Cfine 60 GHz Out+ CPcoarse x2 60 MHz Ccoarse Out- • Integer N architecture for low power consumption • Dual loop topology • Reference frequency at 60 MHz • External loop capacitors WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 14 Communication Applications of 32 Up/Down Converter IC Mixers and VGAs Vcc • Direct conversion double balanced mixers OUT+ OUT- • Tx VGAs with pure digital IN+ IN- V cont Vc,0 gain adjustment (no need of DAC) Vc,1 • Gilbert cell based Rx Vc,2 VGAs with analog gain Vc,3 control (DAC integrated) WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 15 Communication Applications of 32 Agenda • Motivation and Goals • System Overview • Up/Down Converter IC • Beamforming IC • Conclusion WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 16 Communication Applications of 32 Beamforming IC I/O SPDT ф W W ф SPDT SPDT SPDT SPDT I/O1 i i I/O5 ф l l ф k k i i n SPDT n ф s W W s ф SPDT SPDT SPDT SPDT I/O2 o i i o I/O6 n l l n ф Wilkinson ф k k i i n n ф W s s W ф SPDT SPDT SPDT SPDT I/O3 i o o i I/O7 ф l n n l ф k k i i n n ф s s ф SPDT SPDT SPDT SPDT I/O4 o o I/O8 ф n n ф WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 17 Communication Applications of 32 Beamforming IC SPDT Switches O/I I/O1 λ/4 λ/4 I/O2 Ctrl+ Ctrl- • HBT based single pole-double throw switches • Inductive shunt lines for better matching • Integrated switch control • ̴3 dB losses, 20̴ dB isolation WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 18 Communication Applications of 32 Beamforming IC Vector Modulators In+ • Gilbert-cell based I/Q In- + Out vector modulators • 7 bits DAC used for gain control of the single VGA V V • Through vectorial b1 b1 Vb2 sum, a complete 2π phase rotation is achieved WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 19 Communication Applications of 32 Beamforming IC LNA and PA Vcc Vcc OUT+ LNA Vb2 Vb2 OUT OUT- IN PA IN Vb1 Vb1 • Single-stage single-ended cascode amplifiers • Digitally controlled gain through a dedicated DAC • Unshielded passives for best performance WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 20 Communication Applications of 32 Beamforming IC Wilkinsons and Compensation amplifier Vcc • Wilkinsons with grounded coplanar transmission lines • 1 dB losses • Two-stages single-ended Vb2 Vb2 OUT cascode amplifier • Optimized for maximum IN gain • 10 Ω resistors for Vb1 Vb1 stability WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 21 Communication Applications of 32 Beamforming IC Test assembly 8-channel beamforming transceiver WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 22 Communication Applications of 32 Beamforming IC Power gain Rx mode Tx mode WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 23 Communication Applications of 32 Beamforming IC Compensation Amplifier Gain States Rx mode Tx mode WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 24 Communication Applications of 32 Beamforming IC PA and LNA Gain States Rx mode Tx mode WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 25 Communication Applications of 32 Beamforming IC PA and LNA IP1dB Rx mode Tx mode WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 26 Communication Applications of 32 Beamforming IC Polar plots Rx mode Tx mode WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 27 Communication Applications of 32 Beamforming IC Switches Speed • External pins control • Rx-Tx switch delay tRx-Tx < 40 ns • Vector modulator states transition delay tVM < 15 ns WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 28 Communication Applications of 32 Agenda • Motivation and Goals • System Overview • Up/Down Converter IC • Beamforming IC • Conclusion WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 29 Communication Applications of 32 Conclusion • SiGe technology for 5G beamforming solution at 60 GHz • Multiple beamforming ICs, single downconverter • Main challenge in package realization! WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 30 Communication Applications of 32 Acknowledgments This work was partly funded by: Professional Wireless Industrial LAN This research was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under grant number 16KIS0244. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 671551. WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 31 Communication Applications of 32 Thank you for your attention WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 32 Communication Applications of 32 Millimeter-Wave CMOS Circuits for 5G Backhaul and Access Wim Van Thillo imec, Leuven, Belgium WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 1 of 40 Contents • Imec Introduction • Why mm-Wave for 5G? • 4-Antenna-Path Beamforming TRx for 60 GHz • Frequency Synthesis • Beamforming Measurements • Conclusions WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 2 of 40 Contents • Imec Introduction • Why mm-Wave for 5G? • 4-Antenna-Path Beamforming TRx for 60 GHz • Frequency Synthesis • Beamforming Measurements • Conclusions WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 3 of 40 imec at a Glance independent, not-for-profit R&D center open innovation & bilateral collaborations global partnerships in technology, ICT, health and energy between industry & academia HQ in Belgium, activities in USA, Netherlands, Taiwan, India Revenue ~415M€, headcount ~2500 WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 4 of 40 Contents • Imec Introduction • Why mm-Wave for 5G? • 4-Antenna-Path Beamforming TRx for 60 GHz • Frequency Synthesis • Beamforming Measurements • Conclusions WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 5 of 40 Why mm-Wave for 5G? Imec 5G mmWave R&D Source: IMT Vision for 2020 and beyond document WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 6 of 40 Use Case: Social Virtual Reality Networks 1 Gbps, 1 ms latency Tomorrow share experiences ‘like you were there’ To d ay share pictures, videos, messages WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 7 of 40 mm-Wave Promise for 5G MOBILE DATA VOLUME 10 Tb/s/km2 E2E LATENCY PEAK DATA RATE 5ms 10GB/s RELIABILTY 4G MOBILITY 99.999% 500km/h 5G SERVICE DEPLOYMENT TIME NUMBER OF DEVICES 90 minutes 1M/km2 ENERGY EFFICIENCY 10% of current consumption WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 8 of 40 Use Case: Coverage of Temporal Events Concert Disaster VIP visit WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 9 of 40 Which Frequency? Candidate 5G band WRC15 WRC19 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 [GHz] Hardware demonstrators IP for licensing Imec future R&D focus WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 10 of 40 Backhaul-Access-Connectivity Outdoor mm-wave Indoor mm-wave access access/connectivity 5G mm-wave, NG60 / developed in 3GPP, IEEE802.11ay, >>1Gbps >20Gbps Proprietary, 10...100Gbps Generic Backhaul & fronthaul Specific WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 11 of 40 Generic Challenges • Many antenna’s with hybrid beamforming • LO distribution & synchronization of different chips • Low phase-noise frequency synthesis • ADCs • Scalability (# antenna’s, subarrays,…) • Low power & cost WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 12 of 40 Specific Challenges • Indoor access • Bandwidth: WiGig 880MHz -> x2, x4 • Dual polarization • Outdoor access • Mobility • High output power • Backhaul • High output power • LOS-MIMO + dual polarization • Full duplex?? WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 13 of 40 Contents • Imec Introduction • Why mm-Wave for 5G? • 4-Antenna-Path Beamforming TRx for 60 GHz • Frequency Synthesis • Beamforming Measurements • Conclusions WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 14 of 40 4-Antenna-Path Beamforming TRx for 60 GHz in 28nm CMOS 2016 RF bandwidth 57-66GHz IF bandwidth 0-880MHz Up to 4.6Gbps speeds @ 1m (MCS12) 1.5Gbps up to 10m (MCS6) Antenna interface loss 0.5dB @ 60GHz PDC < 1W for TX & RX together “Beamsteering time” < 500nsec WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 15 of 40 4-Antenna-Path Beamforming TRx for 60 GHz in 28nm CMOS One chip • RF, BB and LO Beamforming •Analog BB Performance • EVM, Rx NF, Tx Pout, gains Efficiency • Low Pdc, high Tx EIRP/Pdc Frequency • Zero-IF, no pulling by PA synthesis WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 16 of 40 4-Rx 4-Tx Beamforming Architecture One chip 4-path Rx 4-path Tx RX BB out TX BB in Rx I I Tx LNA 'M 'M PA in1 Q Q out1 ... ...... 1:4 ... splitter ...... Rx I Tx in4 LNA 'M 'M PA Q out4 LOI fREF 57-66 GHz LOQ LO frequency synthesis WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 17 of 40 7.9 mm2 28 nm Chip and Parts 2.63mm RX1 TX1 RX2 TX2 3mm PLL Rx BB QILO LO distribution TX BB RX4 TX4 RX3 TX3 WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 18 of 40 Rx Power Consumption WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 19 of 40 Tx Power Consumption WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 20 of 40 Contents • Imec Introduction • Why mm-Wave for 5G? • 4-Antenna-Path Beamforming TRx for 60 GHz • Frequency Synthesis • Beamforming Measurements • Conclusions WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 21 of 40 Zero-IF Local Oscillator We target zero-IF Æ 60 GHz PLL (?) 60 GHz PA Baseband 60 GHz PLL 60 GHz VCO WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 22 of 40 Zero-IF Local Oscillator but 60 GHz PA may pull 60 GHz PLL 60 GHz PA Baseband 60 GHz PLL 60 GHz VCO Pulling VCO !! Low-frequency beat WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 23 of 40 Zero-IF with Subharmonic Injection Non-integer ratio of 2.5 from 60 GHz PA to 24 GHz PLL Æ no pulling 60 GHz PA Baseband 24 GHz PLL 24 GHz VCO No low-frequency 12 beat inside PLL GHz Div-By-2 60 GHz Inj. Loc. WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 24 of 40 LO: 24GHz PLL Æ 60GHz QILO fREF 27MHz 24GHz IQ mixers CPCP ϕ CPCP VCO 4 TX SS RX 2 QILO 4 4 4 2 LO buffers 12GHz 60GHz 60GHz • 24 GHz integer-N PLL • 60 GHz QILO – PFD-CP loop – Locked on 5 × 12 GHz – Subsampling loop – 3 GHz locking range – 12 GHz IQ output from the divider-by-2 WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 25 of 40 Contents • Imec Introduction • Why mm-Wave for 5G? • 4-Antenna-Path Beamforming TRx for 60 GHz • Frequency Synthesis • Beamforming Measurements • Conclusions WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 26 of 40 28 nm Chip Æ Antenna Board 1 2 RX azimuth 4 3 Flip chip on 12-layer board 12-layer board with 4 × patch-antenna pairs WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 27 of 40 Antenna Board Æ Test Board Test board for either RXRX Rx or Tx antenna board mounted on test board WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 28 of 40 Testing Rx and Tx Phase Shifters • Constant phase shift of antennas 1 and 4 1 2 • Variable phase shift of antennas 2 and 3 Æ Rx BB and Tx RF outputs vary 4 3 Tx out Rx in Horn Test antenna board WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 29 of 40 Antenna Pattern over Azimuth 1 2 Top view Rx in azimuth Horn 4 3 antenna Test board rotated over azimuth WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 30 of 40 Antenna Pattern over Azimuth 1 2 Rx in azimuth 4 3 From Antenna 1 ... • Antenna 1,4 Æ Pattern sized up • Antenna 1,2 Æ More directive • Antenna 1,2,3,4 Æ Size up and directive WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 31 of 40 TRx Wireless Link: Setup Tx Rx BB differential IQ BB differential IQ AWG Scope Matlab WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 32 of 40 QPSK Tx-Rx Link EVM ≈ -20 dB over the four 60-GHz LO channels QPSK (32k symbols, 3.5Gb/s raw datarate, 1 m distance) LO 58.32 GHz 60.48 GHz 62.64 GHz 64.8 GHz EVM -20.3 dB -20.1 dB -20.6 dB -20.3 dB WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 33 of 40 16 QAM Tx-Rx Link EVM ≈ -20 dB over the four 60-GHz LO channels 16QAM (32k symbols, 7Gb/s raw datarate, 1 m distance) LO 58.32 GHz 60.48 GHz 62.64 GHz 64.8 GHz EVM -20.2 dB -19.6 dB -20.2 dB -20.4 dB WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 34 of 40 QAM Constellation versus EIRP Low EIRP 24 dBm EIRP High EIRP Æ Noise limited Æ Optimal SNR Æ Compression WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 35 of 40 QAM Constellation versus EIRP High EIRP Æ symbols do not rotate Î no pulling by PA WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 36 of 40 Contents • Imec Introduction • Why mm-Wave for 5G? • 4-Antenna-Path Beamforming TRx for 60 GHz • Frequency Synthesis • Beamforming Measurements • Conclusions WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 37 of 40 Conclusions • New apps like AR/VR drive 5G requirements • mm-Wave bands offer unprecedented throughput, latency and spatial density performance • Spectral purity and hybrid beamforming architectures for large arrays are major challenges • Nanometer CMOS opens largest markets WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 38 of 40 Thanks to the Team! Giovanni Mangraviti, Khaled Khalaf, Qixian Shi, Kristof Vaesen, Davide Guermandi, Vito Giannini, Steven Brebels, Fortunato Frazzica, André Bourdoux, Charlotte Soens, Piet Wambacq, Joris Van Driessche WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 39 of 40 Thank you! Wim Van Thillo WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Communication Applications Slide 40 of 40 V- and E-Band Single-Chip Packaged Transceivers for Small-Cell Backhaul Applications Saverio Trotta, Samo Vehovc, Ivan Tsvelykh, Jagjit Bal, Vadim Issakov [email protected] WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 1 Communication Applications of 33 Outline • Introduction • Overview of Wireless Backhaul Frequencies and Systems • Backhaul Performance • Infineon Solutions for Small-Cell Backhaul • Technologies • Infineon Chipsets for V and E-band • Measurement Results • LO Generation, TX and RX Chain • Phase Shifter Measurements • Comparison of Performance of BGT60P and BGT60 • System Measurement Results • Conclusions WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 2 Communication Applications of 33 Outline • Introduction • Overview of Wireless Backhaul Frequencies and Systems • Backhaul Performance • Infineon Solutions for Small-Cell Backhaul • Technologies • Infineon Chipsets for V- and E-band • Measurement Results • LO Generation, TX and RX Chain • Phase Shifter Measurements • Comparison of Performance of BGT60P and BGT60 • System Measurement Results • Conclusions WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 3 Communication Applications of 33 Overview of Current Backhaul Frequencies Spectrum Æ NLOS vs. LOS Æ Duplexing Æ • Various technologies can be used for small-cell backhaul in addition to wireless • The focus of this presentation is on mm-wave wireless backhaul • V-Band is very attractive for small-cell backhaul due to high frequency reuse, high bandwidth and low licensing cost • V-Band drawbacks: interference (802.16d) and the question whether the licensing will stay cheap in the future? WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 4 Communication Applications of 33 micro-Wave and mm-Wave Frequency Usage Source: ISG mWT view on the allocation of spectrum for backhaul and front-haul & SkyLight Research Report, July2015 2008 2014 V-/E-band V-band 38-40 GHz E-band 0% 0.3% 6.4% 38-40 GHz 2.6% 23 GHz 9.8% 9.8% 7/8 GHz 7/8 GHz 16.5% 18 GHz 22.3% 23 GHz 9.2% 12.9% 15 GHz 18 GHz 27.2% 13.5% 15 GHz 13.4% • Total numbers of mm-Wave radios shipped in 2015 is ~50k units • SiGe and RF CMOS development cost is too high for today’s low volumes • Small cell volume forecast remains ambiguous WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 5 Communication Applications of 33 Backhaul Performance System Requirements Macro-Cell Backhaul Small-Cell High Performance Backhaul Terrestrial MW mm-Wave mm-Wave Ch BW (MHz) 5 – 112 50 - 2000 50 - 500 Modulation QPSK - 4096QAM QPSK – 256QAM QPSK – 64QAM MIMO /XPIC XPIC: Yes, MIMO coming Coming Not yet required Rmax(Gbsp)* 1 to 2 up to 10 less than 1 Link distance(km)* 6-7GHz: up to 100 V-band: 0.3 0.3 38GHz: up to 3 E-band: up to 3 * typical values • Demand for macro-cell backhaul throughput is high Æ requires high modulations • Small-cell backhaul of today operates at lower modulations (up to 64QAM) at mm-wave frequencies to satisfy the throughput. Future??? • Macro-cell backhaul Ex: 10GBps requires CH BW of 2 GHz and QAM64 ( 0.83 FEC ) • Small-cell backhaul Ex: 300Mbps requires CH BW of 250 MHz and QPSK (3/5 FEC) WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 6 Communication Applications of 33 Required EVM vs. Modulation • Typical EVM values versus modulation for single carrier modulations are: Required EVM (dB) • RF hardware needs to be designed with low EVM @ SNR @ impairments to meet the required EVM: MOD BER= 10e-6 BER = 10e-12 1. Linearity QPSK 10 14 2. Phase Noise QAM16 17 21 3. Carrier Leakage (if direct conversion TRX) QAM32 20 24 4. IQ imbalance (if direct conversion TRX) QAM64 23 27 5. IQ differential delay (if direct conversion TRX) QAM128 26 30 6. Others… QAM256 29 33 • Alternatively impairments can be compen-sated by DSP in the modem if possible! 2 2 2 2 2 EVM total (%) EVM IMD3 (%) EVM PN (%) EVM LOC (%) EVM Image_sup (%) EVM SNR (%) ... EVM total (dB) 20log10 (EVM total (%)) WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 7 Communication Applications of 33 Outline • Introduction • Overview of Wireless Backhaul Frequencies and Systems • Backhaul Performance • Infineon Solutions for Small-Cell Backhaul • Technologies • Infineon Chipsets for V- and E-band • Measurement Results • LO Generation, TX and RX Chain • Phase Shifter Measurements • Comparison of Performance of BGT60P and BGT60 • System Measurement Results • Conclusions WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 8 Communication Applications of 33 Infineon SiGe Backhaul Device and Technology Family of Single Channel Direct Conversion B7HF 200 Transceivers: 200 GHz SiGe Bipolar BGT60 BGT70 BGT80 Single Channel Direct Conversion B11HFC 400 GHz / 130 nm BiCMOS Transceiver: (400 GHz SiGe+130 nm CMOS) BGT60P WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 9 Communication Applications of 33 Mobile Backhaul Infineon Family Approach: BGT60/70/80 › RF MMIC uses Family approach Æ One Infineon RF Backhaul Family architecture – Three different frequency ranges (60,70,80GHz) supported › Direct Conversion Zero IF interface to BGTx0 Transceiver modem/BB Æ Simplified BB filtering Common Architecture, Package, and Pinning › Same package Æ eWLB 6x 6 mm Æ reduce cost due to standard SMT flow in production › Pin-compatible RF chip Æ makes it TRx simple to design V- or E-band solution Direct Conversion 60GHz 70GHz 80GHz Zero-IF eWLB BGT60 BGT70 BGT80 package 6x6mm WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 10 Communication Applications of 33 Today’s mm-Wave Backhauling Capacity vs. Distance Small Cells < 1km Small-cell backhaul Æ Data Rates up to 3Gb/s mainly at 60GHz: ¾ Unlicensed (*) ¾ Lower TCO ¾ High frequency reuse 1Gb/s (high atmospheric absorption) Small Mm-wave long distance Æ up to 4-7Km Cells Mm-wave terrestrial backhaul Æ (TDD/ mainly at 70/80GHz FDD) ¾ Lightly licensed (*) <1Km Distance up to 7Km ¾ High TCO ¾ Low atmospheric attenuation ¾ Distance limited by rain fading WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 11 Communication Applications of 33 Today’s mm-Wave Backhauling Capacity vs. Distance Small Cells < 1km Small-cell backhaul Æ Data Rates up to 3Gb/s mainly at 60GHz: ¾ Unlicensed (*) ¾ Lower TCO ¾ High frequency reuse 2Gb/s (high atmospheric absorption) SiGe Mm-wave long distance Æ up to 4-7Km Chipset BGTx0 Mm-wave terrestrial backhaul Æ mainly at 70/80GHz ¾ Lightly licensed (*) <2Km Distance up to 7Km ¾ High TCO ¾ Low atmospheric attenuation ¾ Distance limited by rain fading • The tradeoff depends also on the channel bandwidth used Æ regulation • SiGe based frontend chipset could cover most of the small cell applications and more Slide 12 of 33 Today’s mm-Wave Backhauling Capacity vs. Distance Small Cells < 1km Small-cell backhaul Æ Data Rates up to 3Gb/s mainly at 60GHz: ¾ Unlicensed (*) Custom ¾ Lower TCO PLL ¾ High frequency reuse (high atmospheric absorption) SiGe Mm-wave long distance Æ up to 4-7Km Chipset + external PA Mm-wave terrestrial backhaul Æ mainly at 70/80GHz ¾ Lightly licensed (*) Distance up to 7Km ¾ High TCO ¾ Low atmospheric attenuation ¾ Distance limited by rain fading • The tradeoff depends also on the channel bandwidth used Æ regulation • SiGe based frontend chipset could cover most of the small cell applications and more • External PA or a custom PLL could be used to extend further the capacity and Slide 13 the distance of a radio link based on a SiGe FE device of 33 BGT60/70/80 Chip Block Diagram • Supply: 3.3 V • Typical power consumption: • TX mode: 1.5 W • RX mode: 1.2 W • All Pins, including HF-ports, are ESD protected • Zero-IF direct up/down-conversion • Integrated low noise VCO for high order modulation scheme Æ up to QAM64, low cost PLL w/ only few kHz loop filter • Supports FDD and TDD modes • SPI clock up to 50MHz Æ allows fast switching (<<1 μs) in TDD mode WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 14 Communication Applications of 33 BGT60P Chip Block Diagram Ext CAP Set slew rate IF I/Q in IF I/Q out Modulator 8bit • Supply: 3.3 V DAC VGA EFs RF out PA LNA RC RC RF in polyp polyp • Typical power consumption: hase hase filter filter 8bit Buffer • TX mode: 1.36 W DAC I/Q Mixer 8bit Power Splitter • TX mode ext LO: 1.3 W Detector DAC 57-64GHz 8bit DAC • RX mode: 0.8 W Phase Shifter /8 Æ3.5625-4GHz Broadband 8bit Sw DAC Amplifier 28.5-32GHz ¹16 • RX mode ext LO: 0.7 W ¹2 OpAmp 57-64GHz /2 x 4 MUX • All Pins, including HF-ports, VCO SPI Temp DC AC are ESD protected Switch MOD env MUX Out Div Out 15GHz Input Vtune Out det out (Ref./Sync) (to PLL) • Redesigned BGT60 in a 400 GHz fmax SiGe process • External LO input @ 15GHz • Added LO Phase shifter • Integrated 8-bit calibration DACs • Package size the same as BG60/70/80: 6x6 mm WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 15 Communication Applications of 33 Phase Shifter Block Diagram Vector Rotator VDD Q I I SPI Differential DAC EN DIS VSS LO OUT 0° 180° RC Polyphase LO IN 90° Filter 270° Block symmetrical to the one on top • Simplified block diagram Q • Bias network not shown • EN/DIS signals are used to select the quadrant WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 16 Communication Applications of 33 Chip Photograph eWLB Package Device (bottom side) 6mm 6mm WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 17 Communication Applications of 33 Outline • Introduction • Overview of Wireless Backhaul Frequencies and Systems • Backhaul Performance • Infineon Solutions for Small-Cell Backhaul • Technologies • Infineon Chipsets for V- and E-band • Measurement Results • LO Generation, TX and RX Chain • Phase Shifter Measurements • Comparison of Performance of BGT60P and BGT60 • System Measurement Results • Conclusions WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 18 Communication Applications of 33 BGT60/70/80 LO Generation The LO generation is based on a Tuning Characteristic push-push VCO The VCO is optimized to achieve a maximum Kcvo that does not exceed 4 GHz/V for the lowest frequency of interest The VCO is optimized to show a low Kvco Ratio (KvcoMAX/KvcoMIN) This allows for a simplified PLL loop filter design in the final application Same PLL loop filter can be used in a FDD E-Band radio for the 70GHz as well as the 80GHz chipset VCO center frequency of each device is trimmed by means of laser fuses during final test in production WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 19 Communication Applications of 33 BGT60/70/80 Phase Noise -85dBc/Hz @100kHz @64GHz -84dBc/Hz @100kHz @76GHz Phase Noise: always lower than -83dBc/Hz @100kHz @86GHz -80dBc/Hz at 100kHz offset WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 20 Communication Applications of 33 BGT60/70/80 TX Chain Saturated Output Power 60GHz Chip, OP-1dB Board loss not de-embedded 70GHz Chip, OP-1dB 80GHz Chip, OP-1dB Board loss not de-embedded Board loss not de-embedded WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 21 Communication Applications of 33 BGT60/70/80 RX Chain 60GHz chip, NFdsb over Temperature NFdsb and Gain WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 22 Communication Applications of 33 BGT60/70/80 RX Chain 60GHz Chip, P-1dB 70GHz Chip, P-1dB Board loss not de-embedded Board loss not de-embedded 60GHz chip, CG and P-1dB over Temperature 80GHz Chip, P-1dB Board loss not de-embedded WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 23 Communication Applications of 33 BGT60 vs. BGT60P TX Gain and OP1dB *Temperatures measured on the chip mounted on EVB BGT60P BGT60P BGT60BGT60 40 40 35 35 30 30 25 25 20 20 TX Gain (dB) TX Gain TX Gain (dB) TX Gain 15 15 10 10 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz) Gain, T=+65° Gain T=+25° Gain T=-40° T = -27°C T = +43°C T = +85°C 15 14 13 *at T = 40°C; 12 BGT60P 11 10 BGT60 OP1dB (dBm) OP1dB (dBm) 9 8 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 Frequency (GHz) WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 24 Communication Applications of 33 BGT60 vs. BGT60P Phase Noise BGT60P BGT60 -70 -70 -80 -80 -90 -90 -100 -100 -110 -110 -120 -120 -130 -130 Phase Noise (dBc/Hz)Phase Phase Noise (dBC/Hz) Noise Phase -140 -140 55 60 65 70 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 f (GHz) f(GHz) 100 kHz Offset 1 MHz Offset 10 MHz Offset 100kHz offset 1MHz offset 10MHz offset • PLL bandwidth in BGT60P case was 200kHz wide • PLL bandwidth in BGT60 was 20kHz wide • Phase noise @100KHz and 1MHz is slightly higher due to wider PLL bandwidth WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 25 Communication Applications of 33 BGT60 vs. BGT60P RX Chain BGT60P RX Gain BGT60 RX Gain 35 35 30 30 25 25 20 20 RX Gain (dB) RX Gain (dB) 15 15 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz) T=+25C T=+65C T=-40C T = -27°C T = +43°C BGT60P RX Noise Figure BGT60 RX Noise Figure 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 RX NF (dB) (dB) NF RX 5 (dB) NF RX 5 4 4 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz) WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 26 Communication Applications of 33 BGT60P Phase Shifter Behavior Phase shifter @57GHz, T=-40°C Phase shifter @57GHz, T=+65°C • Vector modulator analog 200 200 phase-shifter type 150 150 • Controlled by 8 bit DAC Quadrant 1 100 • Not all 256 states for each 100 quadrant are shown 50 50 Quadrant 2 • Resolution ~1 r 0 0 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 Phase Shift Phase Shift -50 Quadrant 3 -50 -100 -100 Quadrant 4 -150 -150 -200 -200 DAC Setting DAC Setting 57GHz_0110 -40C 57GHz_1001 -40C 57GHz_0110 +65C 57GHz_1001 +65C 57GHz_1010 -40C 57GHz_0101 -40C 57GHz_1010 +65C 57GHz_0101 +65C WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 27 Communication Applications of 33 BGT60P Phase Shifter Behavior Phase shifter @66GHz, T=-40°C Phase shifter @66GHz, T=+65°C • Vector modulator analog 200 200 phase-shifter type 150 150 • Controlled by 8 bit DAC 100 100 • Not all 256 states for each quadrant are shown 50 50 • Resolution ~1r 0 0 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 Phase Shift Phase Shift -50 -50 -100 -100 -150 -150 -200 -200 DAC Setting DAC Setting 66GHz_0110 -40C 66GHz_1001 -40C 66GHz_0110 +65C 66GHz_1001 +65C 66GHz_1010 -40C 66GHz_0101 -40C 66GHz_1010 +65C 66GHz_0101 +65C WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 28 Communication Applications of 33 BGT60P System Measurement Setup • Link setup for measurement of maximal achievable modulation scheme WG ATT TX Board RX Board WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 29 Communication Applications of 33 BGT60 System Measurements Setup: Modulation Æ QAM64 500 MS/s Æ 3 Gb/s EVM = 2.9 % SNR = 27.2 dB First time at V-band for a fully integrated chipset in silicon No External VCO is required Setup: Modulation Æ QAM128 500 MS/s Æ 3.5 Gb/s EVM = 2.5% SNR = 27.45 dB Test Supported by Keysight Technology WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 30 Communication Applications of 33 BGT60P System Measurements @60 GHz Setup: Modulation Æ QAM128 500 MS/s Æ 3.5 Gb/s EVM = 1.8% SNR = 30 dB Setup: Modulation Æ QAM64 500 MS/s Æ 3 Gb/s EVM = 2% SNR = 29.8 dB External VCO was used for this measurement WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 31 Communication Applications of 33 Outline • Introduction • Overview of Wireless Backhaul Frequencies and Systems • Backhaul Performance • Infineon Solutions for Small-Cell Backhaul • Technologies • Infineon Chipsets for V- and E-band • Measurement Results • LO Generation, TX and RX Chain • Phase Shifter Measurements • Comparison of Performance of BGT60P and BGT60 • System Measurement Results • Conclusions WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 32 Communication Applications of 33 Conclusions • Family of single-channel direct conversion transceivers is shown • Transceivers realized in Infineon’s SiGe HBT and BiCMOS process • Fully integrated transceiver in silicon is shown in V-band • Vector modulator using analog phase shifter is accurate to 1r • Very low phase noise is demonstrated < -100dBc/Hz@1MHz • The BGT60 chipset achieve EVM of 27dB at 3.5Gb/s with QAM128 • The BGT60P chipset shows EVM of 30dB at 3.5Gb/s with QAM128 • The best performance shown in SiGe for small-cell applications WW01 Highly-Integrated Millimetre-Wave Systems for Small-Cell Backhaul Slide 33 Communication Applications of 33