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TEAGUE-DISSERTATION-2021.Pdf BLACK-WHITE INEQUALITY THROUGH THE LENS OF RACE, CLASS, AND GENDER IN NORTH TEXAS 1880 – 1940 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE TEXAS WOMAN’S UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL WORK COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BY HOLLIE A. TEAGUE DENTON, TEXAS MAY 2021 Copyright © 2021 by Hollie A. Teague ABSTRACT HOLLIE A. TEAGUE BLACK-WHITE INEQUALITY THROUGH THE LENS OF RACE, CLASS, AND GENDER IN NORTH TEXAS 1880 - 1940 MAY 2021 Utilizing the three-article format, this dissertation examines the severe inequalities related to race, class, and gender in North Texas from 1880 to 1940. The unifying theme of all three articles is the ways in which inequality was enforced in Black-White relations, including the role of creating and maintaining mainstream cultural memories. Each article investigates a different aspect of Black-White inequality and, while relating to the unifying theme, makes distinct contributions. The first article is a socio-historic examination of anti-Black police violence in North Texas from 1880 to 1930. Patterns of official dereliction of duty, misconduct, abuse, and murder are revealed to have had not only racial elements, but gendered and classed elements as well. The second article takes a comparative approach to a nonviolent community removal in Denton, Texas, and an extraordinarily violent destruction of a community in Tulsa, Oklahoma, both of which targeted economically successful Black neighborhoods and both of which were perpetrated by White Supremacists. Variations in Black resistance and the construction of local cultural memory are also explored. The third article documents experiences with inequality by Black women and girls in North Texas from 1900 to 1940. When read together, these three ii articles reveal a complex exercise of raced, classed, and gendered power in a region that is often overlooked and understudied. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... ii LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vii PROLOGUE ................................................................................................................................ viii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 DISCUSSION OF FORMAT ............................................................................................. 6 RESEARCH PROBLEM .................................................................................................... 7 PURPOSE ........................................................................................................................... 8 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS.................................................................................. 10 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................. 14 Texas and the Law ................................................................................................ 14 Studies of and by Black Women ........................................................................... 15 Cultural Memory ................................................................................................... 17 RESEARCH QUESTIONS .............................................................................................. 20 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH ............................................................................... 21 DISSERTATION ORGANIZATION .............................................................................. 23 II. “BLACK AND BLUE IN NORTH TEXAS: THE LONG NEGLECTED HISTORY OF ANTI-BLACK POLICE VIOLENCE IN NORTH TEXAS, 1880-1930” ............................. 24 Article 1 Citation............................................................................................................... 24 Article 1 Published Abstract ............................................................................................. 24 Article 1 Body ................................................................................................................... 25 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 25 Research Parameters ............................................................................................. 27 Regional Historical Context .................................................................................. 30 National Context ................................................................................................... 32 Women and Children ............................................................................................ 33 Economic Control ................................................................................................. 38 Inside Jails and Courthouses ................................................................................. 46 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 56 iv Notes .................................................................................................................. 56 References ............................................................................................................. 57 III. “BULLETS AND BALLOTS: DESTRUCTION, RESISTANCE, AND REACTION IN 1920S TEXAS AND OKLAHOMA” ..................................................................................... 64 Article 2 Citation............................................................................................................... 64 Article 2 Published Abstract ............................................................................................. 64 Article 2 Body ................................................................................................................... 65 A Dangerous Place to Be Black ............................................................................ 65 “Attend to Negro Business”: Oppression, Aggression, and Reaction .................. 73 “Is the City in Conspiracy with the Mob?” ........................................................... 77 Divergent Tracks of Reaction to Oppression and Resistance ............................... 82 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 91 Notes and References ............................................................................................ 92 IV. “FEMININE SUBJUGATION: AGE, GENDER, AND RACE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BLACK WOMEN AND GIRLS IN NORTH TEXAS, 1900– 1940” .................................................................................................................................. 98 Article 3 Citation............................................................................................................... 98 Article 3 Unpublished Abstract ........................................................................................ 98 Article 3 Body ................................................................................................................... 99 “She Cannot Get Too Early A Start” .................................................................. 101 The Danger For a "Young Colored Girl” ............................................................ 105 “You'd Better Not Bring Up Any Money Then That You Couldn't Tell Where It Come From” .............................................................................. 107 “When the Mood Would Take Him, He'd Just Take Us” ................................... 111 “If Approach Is Made, There Must Be Acquiescence” ...................................... 113 “She Was Talking About Us!” ............................................................................ 118 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 119 Endnotes .............................................................................................................. 120 V. FINDINGS, REFLECTIONS, AND CONCLUSIONS ......................................................... 128 MAJOR FINDINGS ....................................................................................................... 128 IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS .......................................................................... 132 LIMITATIONS AND A STATEMENT OF REFLEXIVITY ....................................... 141 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................. 142 DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH.................................................................. 145 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 148 v APPENDICES A. Letter to Hockaday Leadership .................................................................................. 174 B. If North Texas Cities Were People ............................................................................ 209 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Joe and Alice Skinner Stand in Quakertown,
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