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Homemade Nest for Giant Canada Geese

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Homemade Nest for Giant Canada Geese NORTH DAKOTA W.---L.910_ _MBE--......R1986 11~I~o'Ml~g~1 __S~TA~~~ 1........;,..=.:1198~6 SERIALS DEPT. Hom1emade Nest Sites for Giant Canada Geese Terry A. Messmer N D Cooperative Extension Service Michael A.Johnson N D Game and Fish Department Forrest B. Lee Great Plains Wildlife Services - ) :; '1'-1. 3 I 9 3 v. Cf /0 COOPERATIVE ~ EXTENSION SERVICE North DaJwra Stale University Fargo North Dako/d 58105 20 WM·1 Since their near extinction in the 1920s, the to wintering areas in South Dakota, Nebraska, or restoration of the giant Canada goose (Branta Kansas. Small numbers sometimes overwinter in canadensis maxima) in North America is a success North Dakota along the Missouri River where there is story that has few equals in the history of wildlife open water and ample food. management. For the most part, this happened in the last 40 years with modest beginnings in the While the giant Canada is the only race of Canada 1930s and 1940s and considerable momentum geese that nests in North Dakota, several other developing in the 1960s and 1970s. North American subspecies migrate through the State. These races include the tiny Richardson's The return of the giant Canadas to North Dakota is goose which weighs about three pounds, the lesser an integral part of this success story. The restoration Canada at five to six pounds, the interior Canada at began in 1969, when a flock of giant Canada geese seven to nine pounds and the giant Canada which was established at Slade National Wildlife Refuge. may weigh over 15 pounds. Large-scale releases of hand-reared Canada geese began in 1972. Since then, remarkable increases Despite size differences, all Canada geese are have been noted in North Dakota, and these magnifi­ similar in appearance. Body color of the subspecies cent birds now nest over much of the state. Present varies from light to dark brown. In all races, the head, restoration efforts involve the transplanting of wild­ neck, bill, tail and feet are black and there are promi­ reared giant Canada geese. These efforts have been nant white patches on the cheeks and a crescent­ state-federal cooperative ventures with substantial shaped white area on the rump. This white crescent support from private groups and individuals. is easily observed when the birds are in molt or in flight. Some races have a more or less complete The giant Canada goose has become so well white ring at the base of the black neck. established in North Dakota that breeding pairs may find and use homemade nesting structures placed in Canada geese are long-lived and generally mate for suitable habitats most anywhere in the state. It is life. If one member of the pair is killed, the survivor possible for landowners and sportsmen to entice will usually select a new mate. Giant Canadas can this magnificent bird to nest in their localities by pro­ live from 20 to 30 years and have been known to suc­ viding safe nesting places for them. Nesting struc­ cessfully reproduce at 20 years of age. Females do tures are beneficial for the geese because they pro­ not breed until they are least two years old and many vide a nest site that is safe from predators that wou Id may not nest until the age of three or four. destroy the nest. Giant Canada geese seem to recognize secure nesting situations and readily use Family ties are very strong. Parents attend to the nesting structures provided for them. young for nearly a year. Families remain intact throughout the winter until they return to the breeding grounds. Once weather moderates on the breeding grounds and nesting sites become available, the birds rapidly disperse to establish their Life History nesting territories. The giant Canada goose nests in most parts of Because Canada geese may initiate nesting activi­ North Dakota wherever suitable wetland habitats ex­ ty as early as the first of April, it is important to have ist. Canadas are the first waterfowl to arrive in the nesting structures ready by that time. Properly main­ state in the spring. I n fall, many stay late into tained nesting structures, being free of snow cover, November and even December before moving south are especially attractive to early nesters. Dedication This circular is dedicated to the memory of Frank J. Gjersing Frank, a former wildlife biologist with the state of Montana and the designer of the Gjersing structure, died in a June 11, 1983 plane crash while censusing waterfowl. "He was a monument to what he believed in." 2 Canada geese are mainly grazers. During the fall and spring migration, they eat green shoots of grasses as well as waste grains. On the wintering areas they feed on both greens and grains. Corn is also a favorite food. The goslings eat tender grasses and other green herbage. HOMEMADE NEST STRUCTURES Over the years a number of homemade nest struc­ tures for Canada geese have been developed and used throughout the U.S. and Canada. The most suc­ cessful of these have a number of things in common. A structure must be attractive to nesting geese, economical to build, and easy to install and main­ tain. In addition, it must provide a nesting site secure from predation, flooding and other factors which may destroy the eggs. The homemade nest structures described in this circular generally meet these requirements. THE NORTH DAKOTA STRUCTURE The North Dakota Game and Fish Department cur­ rently provides Canada goose nesting structures to landowners under a cooperative agreement. Under this agreement, the North Dakota Game and Fish There is a tendency for the geese to return to the Department furnishes the nesting structure and the area of their first flight experience to breed. This landowner agrees to install it, fill it with nesting tendency is known as homing. Wild geese usually material and provide annual maintenance. home to the area where they were reared. Captive· reared geese or wild transplants used in restoration The North Dakota nesting structure (Figure 1) is programs home to the area where they are released very sturdy and should last 15 or more years when prior to first flight (fledging). Canada geese are highly adaptable and will nest in a variety of locations. In many areas, islands, muskrat houses and homemade nesting structures provide safe nest sites. Where these are not available, they will often nest in marsh vegetation, shoreline points or on upland sites where predators may find and destroy the eggs. No matter where the nest is located, geese do not carry materials to the nest site. The nest is made on­ ly of materials at hand such as dead vegetation and grasses. The female will build the nest using only those materials that can be reached from the nest bowl as well as down and feathers plucked from her belly. For this reason, nesting structures must con­ tain nesting materials such as flax straw or hay. Canada geese usually lay five or six eggs (occa­ sionally seven). The gander does not incubate the eggs but remains close at hand guarding the female. Incubation period is 28 days, and after the young are hatched both the gander and the goose take care of them. Canada geese will aggressively defend their Figure 1. The smooth support pipe and fiberglass tub of nest and young, often attacking intruders by striking the North Dakota nesting structures make it virtually inac­ hard blows with their wings. cessible to mammalian predators. (G. Enyeart) 3 properly installed. This structure requires littleser­ with four 3/16-inch eyebolts, using washers as vicing except for annual visits to replace nesting necessary (Figure 2). material. Matching holes are drilled in the 1-1oot length of The structure's smooth support pipe makes the pipe and at the top of the 9-foot support pipe. A nest inaccessible to raccoons and other mammalian V2-inch diameter drain hole must be burned in the predators. This structure is relatively easy to install support pipe. This hole should be about 18 inches if the support pipe is driven through the ice during down from the matching hole. This drain hole will the winter. When properly installed, moderate fluc­ prevent water from remaining in the support pipe tuations in water level can be tolerated. Although the over winter. Past experience has shown that water North Dakota structures are generally considered to confined within undrained support pipes may ex­ be sturdy, they cannot withstand the type of ice ac­ pand enough, upon freezing, to break the weld bet­ tion normally encountered on large, open bodies of ween the disc and the 1-1oot length of pipe. water. The 9-foot length of 3-inch inside diameter support pipe is driven into the marsh bottom at a selected location. The tub assembly with nesting material in­ Materials needed stalled can then be set in place on the support pipe. A 3/16-inch bolt is inserted in the previously drilled Fiberglass tub One 32- to 36-inch diameter, with holes in the two pipes and the nut is tightend. 8-inch side wall and 2-inch drop bot­ tom from side wall with 8 0 sidewall for stacking purposes and 5 x 7-inch escape opening. In earth tone tint and made of 1/8-inch fiberglass laminated of 70% polyester resin with U.V. stabilizer and 30% glass content. Four - 3116·lnch eyebolts Steel disc One 20- to 24-inch steel farm imple­ with nuts and washers. ment disc or suitable substitute 32" or 38" Wood One 20- to 24-inch circle of 3/4-inch gosling --diameter escape fiberglass tub exterior grade plywood.
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