DR MACHARIA P.W , FEMALE AND MALE REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
1 Rationale
Knowledge of the anatomy of female and male reproductive systems is essential in clinical assessment, counseling, patient and community education, as well as in diagnosis and treatment of obstetric and gynaecological conditions.
2 Terminal Objective
By the end of this presentation, the student will be able to apply the knowledge of reproductive anatomy in history taking, counseling, patient and public education, and in management of obstetric and gynaecological conditions
3 Enabling objectives
1. Identify and name parts of female and male reproductive organs 2. Describe the functions of each of the above parts 3. Describe the variations in the anatomy of the female reproductive organs due to Childbirth trauma Illness/diseases FGM
4 Female and Male
Female: External Internal Accessory reproductive organs Male: External Internal
5 Female External Genitalia
Vulva or pudendum: Mons pubis Labia majora Labia minora Clitoris(hood+prepuce) Fouchette(area btwn vaginal orifice and anus) Vestibule Vaginal orifice (introitus)
6 Female External Genitalia cont .. Hymen External urethral meatus Bartholin’s glands openings(btwn the labiae at 7 and 5 o’clock) Skene’s glands openings(within urethra) Perineum
7 8 Female Internal Genitalia
Vaginal canal Cervix (ectocervix) Cervical canal (endocervix) Uterus (isthmus, corpus) Fallopian tubes (oviducts, uterine tubes) Ovaries
9 10 Female Accessory Reproductive Organs Breasts (mammary glands): Anatomy Changes during the life cycle, pregnancy, postpartum and lactation, and in disease conditions
11 Male External Genitalia
Scrotum Penis (including prepuce and glans)
12 13 14 Male internal genitalia
Testicles/testes Epididymis Vas deferens Seminal vesicles(ejaculatory duct) Urethra Cowper’s gland(at memb.urethra) Prostate
15 16 Mons pubis
Rounded median elevation in front of symphysis pubis Consists of fat accumulation Acts as a cushion during intercourse Covered by coarse hair after puberty Sometimes involved in severe type of FGM (type III)
17 Labia majora
A pair of elongated folds running down from the mons pubis Enclose the median cleft United in front by the anterior commissure Comprises of fat, smooth muscles, terminations of round ligament, blood vessels, nerves, skin has many sebaceous glands, is pigmented, covered by hair Is homologous with the scrotum of the male May be partially cut and stitched together in severe forms of FGM (type III) 18 Labia minora
Smaller folds inner to the labia majora Anteriorly form the prepuce (hood) and the frenulum of clitoris Are erectile during sexual excitation Have no fat May be wholly or partially removed in FGM
19 Clitoris
Homologous to penis of male Consists mainly of erectile tissue,capable of enlargement with blood on sexual excitation Formed by 2 crura that join to form, the body, the corpora cavernosa Glans at end of corpora, very sensitive Has a hood (prepuce) above and frenulum below. Supplied by dorsal artery of clitoris and others Removed, partially or wholly, in FGM
20 Hymen
Membrane at junction of vagina and vestibule; variable shape and openings: Annular, semilunar (crescentric), cribriform, septate, vertical, imperforate After delivery or coitus, remnant tags called carunculae myrtiformes Presence or absence not related to virginity
21 Bartholin’s (greater vestibular) glands A pair, one on each side of introitus Produce a lubricant for vagina during sexual excitation Infection may cause blockage of duct leading formation of very painful abscess
22 Vagina
Female organ of copulation, lower end of birth canal, excretory duct for menses Direction 60 degrees to horizontal and 90 to uterus Highly dilatable during coitus or birth Anterior and posterior walls apposed, posterior wall longer 9cm (vs 7.5cm) Fornices round cervix at upper end Related to urethra, rectum, bladder, ureters Supplied by uterine and vaginal arteries 23
Uterus (hystera, Greek)
Fertilized ovum embeds and develops and is nourished here; upper birth canal Has fundus, corpus (body), and cervix Cervix dilates in labour to alllow birth Positions anteverted, retroverted, anteflexed, retroflexed Supports: cardinal, uterosacral ligaments, pelvic diaphragm Supplied by uterine and ovarian arteries
24 Fallopian tube (uterine tube, oviduct, salpinx) Conveys ova from ovary to uterus and sperms in opposite direction. Fertilization occurs in the tube; nourishes and transports zygote About 10cm long, ensheathed in broad ligament; 4 parts: uterine, isthmus, ampulla infundibulum Patency necessary for fertility
25 Ovaries
Paired produce ova,female hormones (oestrogen, progesterone), relaxin and a little testosterone Consists of germinal epithelium, cortex and medulla Blood supply from ovaria and uterine arteries Innervation by ovarian plexus
26 27 Scrotum
Thin sac of skin and muscle in which lie the testicles Provides cooler environment optimal for sperm development Cremasteric muscle move testicles slightly within scrotum depending on surrounding temperature Pigmented and covered with hair
28 Penis
Male organ of copulation Consists of 3 parts: root, body, glans Root attached to abd and pelvic wall Body is the middle portion made of 2 corpora cavernosa and 1 spongiosum Glans cone shaped end of corpus spongiosum Corona: a small ridge separating glans from the shaft
29 Testicles/testis
Testicle is testis plus vas and epididymis Testis are 2, olive sized, have 2 functions: 1. Produce sperms (male sex cells) 2. Produce testosterone (male sex hormone) Testis is homologous with ovary Epididymis and vas facilitate transport of sperms after they mature
30 Seminal vesicles
Located behind prostate and bladder Produce fluid that nourishes sperms and lubricates urethra – mixes with other fluids e.g. prostatic to form semen During ejaculation surrounding muscles contract and eject sperm and semen
31 Prostate
Lies below bladder and surrounds urethra. Along with S.V. produces fluid that contains, protects, nourishes, and supports sperms – the only known function of the gland Grows throughout life, BPH, causing micturition difficulties Produces prostate specific antigen (PSA) used as test for prostate cancer
32 33 34 Take Home Message
Female and Male Reproductive Anatomy including: Female external and internal genitalia Female internal genitalia Male external and internal genitalia, and Explained their functions in reproduction
35 The End
Thank you
36