Get growing!

Selection Select species that are naturally adapted to soil, light and drainage conditions similar The symbols at the top of each page to those of your landscape. If your wildflowers don’t succeed, try again, maybe with can help you select plants suitable for different species. Remember, success depends on using the right plant in the right your geographic location and soil and place. light conditions. They will also help you choose plants based on other factors, Water such as color and season of bloom, Water plants thoroughly when planting, then water as needed until they are as well as what type of pollinators you established and putting out new foliage. Once plants are established, irrigation would like to attract to your landscape. should be needed only during extended dry periods. Learn to recognize when plants look wilted and water them then. Over-irrigation can cause fungus and rot, which White Pink can kill your wildflowers. It can also cause them to grow too quickly, making them Bloom susceptible to pests and diseases, or too tall, requiring staking. color Red Orange Fertilizer Yellow Green Native wildflowers should not need fertilizer. Applying fertilizer can produce plants that grow too quickly, which can lead them to become pest and disease prone, and Blue Purple too tall, requiring staking. Fertilizing also encourages weeds, which may out-compete Brown wildflowers. This color key is meant as a general guide; exact colors Sustaining wildflowers of blooms will vary. If you want wildflowers to persist on their own in your landscape, you’ll need to allow for self-seeding, especially for annual or short-lived species. Keep open, lightly Spring mulched areas available for seed to germinate. You also can collect seed and plant it where you want it. When seeds germinate, you’ll need to recognize wildflower sprouts Summer so you don’t pull them out when weeding. To download a PDF document showing Bloom some common wildflower seedlings, visit www.FlaWildflowers.org/planting. season Fall Many wildflowers are deciduous, dying back in the winter, particularly in colder areas of the state. Don’t plant over them before they re-sprout in the spring, and don’t weed them out when they sprout. Mark areas with deciduous plants so you can be on the Winter lookout for their seasonal comeback. Mulch Full sun

We recommend Florida pine straw. To help prevent weed germination in the first month or two after planting, apply a 2- to 4-inch layer of mulch, but keep it away Light Partial sun/shade from the base of the plants. Once plants are established and before they fully flower, carefully reduce the mulch to a thin layer. Too much mulch can contribute to fungal Shade tolerant and rot problems. To promote self-seeding, spread mulch thinly enough that you can see the soil below. Dry Hardiness zones Soil Information on hardiness zones is included for each species. To see which zone your Dry to moist moisture home or project is in, see the map on the inside back cover. Wet Botanical terms For definitions of botanical terms, visit en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_ terms. This is the average height Habit of a mature plant. Other species For information on other wildflower species not covered in this publication, check out Wildlife Plant is a source of nectar, the Flower Friday plant profiles at www.FlaWildflowers.org/category/flower-friday. seeds or other insects, or is use a larval host plant.

This publication was produced by the Florida Wildflower Foundation (FWF) with support from the Stanley Smith Horticultural Trust. Funding also was provided by the State Wildflower license plate. FWF is grateful to the Florida Association of Native Nurseries for its participation. © 2020 Florida Wildflower Foundation. Cover photo credits (clockwise from upper left): Landscape with Dune sunflower Helianthus( debilis) by Lisa Roberts; Pinebarren goldenrod (Solidago fistulosa) by Ryan Brown; Tropical sage (Salvia coccinea) by Troy Springer; and Monarch with Pink milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) by Peg Urban. Milkweed

Seeds can be stored in the refrigerator for a couple of months. 2–4 ft Plant seeds by barely covering them Nectar with soil. Seedlings should be potted and allowed to grow to 3 inches before transplanting.

Plants Milkweeds are typically available in Photo by Mary Keim Photo by Peg Urban 4-inch, 6-inch and gallon pots. Pink milkweed Phaon crescent butterfly on Butterflyweed

Asclepias species produce showy oval- to lance-shaped leaves. Its peak Care flowers in a variety of colors. They are bloom time is late spring through late Most milkweeds require light annual excellent for attracting butterflies and fall. Butterflyweed lacks the milky sap of pruning to remove dead stems. other pollinating insects. They are a must most milkweeds. The Florida subspecies for Monarch butterflies, as they are the tends to be less bushy than its northern Site conditions Monarch’s primary host plant. counterpart. Butterflyweed is best suited for dry to Florida has 21 native Asclepias species, Pink milkweed flowers range in color from slightly moist well-drained soils in full sun. most of which are perennials. Six are light pink to rose. Its leaves are lance- to Pink and White milkweeds require moist to available commercially, most commonly linear-shaped and up to 6 inches long. wet soils, and do well along pond edges or similar sites. They can tolerate short Butterflyweed A.( tuberosa subsp. rolfsii), White milkweed produces white to pale periods of drought once established, Pink milkweed (A. incarnata) and White pink flowers. It is a shorter, more delicate but soil should be kept moist to wet in milkweed (A. perennis). species of milkweed. Its leaves are lance- summer. Pink milkweed does best in full Butterflyweed is the most widely shaped and bright green. It produces sun but may adjust to partial shade. White recognized native milkweed. It occurs smaller flowerheads than the others. milkweed can tolerate more shade. Both in sandy uplands and is good for dry do well in pots. landscapes. Pink milkweed is a striking species and makes an excellent addition Butterflies and bees to moist, sunny landscapes. White milk- Hardiness zones Milkweed is the larval host plant weed is also good for moist to wet spots. Butterflyweed and Pink milkweed are best for Monarch, Queen and Soldier suited for zones 8A–10B; White milkweed butterflies and is an important nectar does best in zones 8A–9B. Description source for these and other butterflies, Asclepias flowers consist of petals that including Pipevine, Spicebush and reflex backward and an upright crown Eastern swallowtails. (corona) of crested hoods that are often Native sweat bees, leafcutter bees mistaken for petals. Do not confuse these and yellow-faced bees forage the plants with their non- Butterflyweed is the most widely flowers for pollen and nectar. native relative, Tropical CAUTION recognized of the native milkweeds. milkweed (Asclepias It produces showy clusters of bright curassavica), which is reddish-orange flowers and has coarse Planting typically sold at big box retail garden centers. A. curassavica, Milkweed works best in mixed butterfly which does not die back in winter in and wildflower gardens. In the landscape, Florida as do native milkweeds, can space plants 2 to 3 feet apart in clusters encourage overwintering in adult of three or more plants. Monarch butterflies and is linked to the transmission of Ophryocystis Seeds elektroscirrha (OE) infection. Inquire The small, flat seeds are born in pods that about species to ensure you are split to release seeds. Attached to each purchasing a native, or visit a nursery seed are silky white filaments that aid in that specializes in native plants. When wind dispersal. Seeds may be collected purchasing milkweed plants or seeds, from plants once pods split. Native look for and request local ecotypes ecotype milkweed seeds are generally not propagated from responsibly Photo by Mary Keim commercially available. collected seeds. Queen butterfly on White milkweed Goldenaster

well enough to yield an abundance of blooms. 1½–4 ft

Seeds Nectar Maryland goldenaster seeds are available from the Florida Wildflower Seed Cooperative. Sow in well-drained soil in late fall or winter. Seeds collected from plants should be sown immediately. Photo by Peg Urban Photo by Bob Peterson Plants Maryland goldenaster Bumble bee on Coastalplain goldenaster Maryland goldenaster is the most- available species sold by native nurseries, Goldenaster (Chrysopsis spp.) is a Coastalplain goldenaster can be leggy, while Florida and Coastalplain are member of the Asteraceae (daisy) family. with stalks that can reach up to 4 feet. occasionally available. Members of this genus range from the Its blooms are limited to the crown of the Northeastern U.S. to the southern Midwest plant. Maryland goldenaster grows more and the entire Southeast. Florida has 11 compactly than its cousins, standing up to native Chrysopsis species, eight of which 18 inches tall. Its leaves are elliptical and Butterflies and bees are endemic. Look for them primarily bright green, and its attractive foliage, The plant’s flower nectar is attractive in scrub habitats and well-drained along with its larger flowers, make it to native butterflies, as well as to pinelands. appealing for landscapes. a variety of native bees with long tongues, including green metallic Description Planting bees, sweat bees, leafcutter bees, bumble bees, mining bees and miner Florida’s goldenasters include species Goldenaster is drought tolerant once bees. found nowhere else in the world, and established and performs best in full sun, several are listed by the state as rare but also adapts to high pine shade. Use or endangered. The most commonly it as a “mid-section” addition to gardens, encountered species are Maryland planting it well behind the border. Care goldenaster (Chrysopsis mariana) and Because of some species’ leggy growth, Goldenaster needs little, if any, grooming. Coastalplain goldenaster (C. scabrella). consider planting goldenaster among Resist the temptation to nip back its stems Maryland goldenaster is found in well- sturdy wildflowers that can help keep when it sprawls; doing so will reduce its drained pinelands throughout Florida, plants erect. ability to flower. Let seeds ripen on stems with the exception of the extreme south. once fall flowering is done, and you’ll When planted in mass, goldenaster can Coastalplain goldenaster is a short-lived be rewarded with more plants the next be an eye-catcher when blooming — just biennial, occuring in sandhills throughout spring. When stems die and become keep in mind its deciduous nature. the peninsula, except for the extreme brittle, they may be trimmed from the southern portion. Chrysopsis plants can be planted any plant. time and should bloom within a year of Florida goldenaster (C. floridana) is planting. However, if plants are large and naturally rare — endemic only to four Site conditions close to blooming when planted, they counties in west Central Florida. However, In general, goldenaster loves full sun and may not have time to become established it is often commercially available and easy does best in well-drained sandy soils. to grow. It is more compact than other Plant Coastalplain goldenaster in sandy, Chrysopsis species and is most attractive well-drained soil. Florida goldenaster in late spring and early summer when not does best in white, scrub-like sand. It is in bloom. Its beautiful silvery white foliage most likely to reseed in these conditions. is reminiscent of lupine. Maryland goldenaster will tolerate wetter and more organic conditions than other Goldenaster’s clusters of yellow daisylike Chrysopsis species. All commercially flowers are cheerful and profuse, with available species adapt well to sunny multiple buds at the end of each branch. urban landscapes if not overwatered. Flowering usually peaks in late summer or early fall and lasts up to a month, depending on the species. All are Hardiness zones deciduous, losing their foliage in winter Maryland goldenaster is suited to and rising in spring from a basal rosette zones 8A–9B. Florida and Coastalplain of soft wooly leaves covered with dense Springer Troy Photo by goldenaster are best for zone 9. white “hairs.” Florida goldenaster’s silvery white foliage False rosemary

may die suddenly; remove these to encourage new 2–3 ft growth. C. grandiflora will tolerate some Nectar overhead or drip irrigation. Other Conradina species should be watered only during extended dry periods. Because this plant thrives naturally in dry ecosystems, overwatering may cause rot and decline. Photo by Andrea England Photo by Photo by Ron and Diane Bynum Site conditions Conradina canescens Conradina grandiflora with needlelike leaves Conradina is ideal for dry, sandy soils in full sun. It will thrive on natural rainfall. If Plants in the Conradina or False rosemary Planting your landscape is irrigated on a regular genus may look like their namesake basis, look for a spot that remains dry. cousin, whose leaves are used as a Conradina can last three or more years in landscapes. Plant in sandy, well- savory cooking spice, but these members Hardiness zones of the Lamiaceae (mint) family emit a drained soil, and water until established. minty-fresh smell when their leaves are Conradina releases a chemical that Conradina grandiflora is suited for zone 9. suppresses the growth of other crushed. There are six Conradina species C. canescens is best for 8A–9B. vegetation, including weeds, and thus found in Florida; only one, Conradina may be beneficial, but also may restrict canescens, is not considered endangered or threatened. growth of other plants close by. The plants are evergreen and reward Seeds gardeners with a display of fragrant white-lavender blooms. Seeds are not commercially available, but may be collected from plants when fresh. Sow in spring in well-drained soil and Description keep moist until germination occurs. Conradina are small perennial shrubs that mature into 2- to 3-foot-wide and -tall silvery-green clumps. Their short, Butterflies and bees needlelike leaves grow densely from Conradina is attractive to some upright stems that branch from a main butterflies and moths, but it mostly woody stem. draws native bees, including large Conradina canescens occurs in the carpenter and digger bees. Honey western Panhandle, and is found in dry bees also have been seen sampling Photo by Peg Urban disturbed areas and on dunes. Short- its nectar. leaved false rosemary (C. brevifolia), Conradina grandiflora in a landscape a federally listed endangered species, is found only in scrub habitats in Polk Plants Of the six Conradina and Highlands counties in south Central Plants are readily available from nurseries species in the state, Florida. It reaches out with graceful specializing in native plants. Conradina all but C. canescens CAUTION fingers that give it a unique character also can be easily started from cuttings are endangered or apart from C. canescens. Largeflower (4-inch non-branching terminal shoots) threatened, and thus false rosemary (C. grandiflora), a state- in well-drained potting soil in small pots. limited in population. listed threatened species, can be found Mist daily and do not allow soil to dry. Because these species can hybridize, on scrubby sites in coastal counties in Prune before transplanting or within one it is important to plant the species the central and southern peninsula. It has week after transplanting. Pinch tips to found naturally in your area to help larger flowers and a more upright growth. encourage branching. preserve the distinct genetic identities All are very drought-resistant once and ecological roles of these plants. established. Care In Polk and Highlands counties, Prolific flowers cover in spring, Conradina Conradina may be trimmed after choose C. brevifolia. Along the central and the plant can keep blooming through flowering, but most gardeners leave it and southern east coast, choose C. late fall. This versatile deer-resistant alone and enjoy its beautiful natural form. grandiflora. Ask your nursery supplier groundcover can be used in mass plant- Sections of older, well-established plants for the species native to your locale. ings, as a single specimen or in a pot. Tickseed

Seeds Florida tickseed (C. floridana) is endemic Seeds are commercially available, or you to Florida and grows 1–3 ft can harvest your own. They mature very in wet prairies and quickly after flower petals have withered. wet pine flatwoods Nectar Look for mature seeds with “wings” on their throughout the state. sides in the little cup at the tip of the stem. This perennial has Germination usually occurs in less than thick fleshy leaves and larger flowers than seven days. The first leaves of a seedling Leavenworth’s tickseed. It blooms in the are not lobed and have rounded tips. fall on stems up to 3 feet tall. Yellow ray flowers surround a deep brown disk. Plants Leavenworth’s tickseed is available in

Photo by Vince Lamb Photo by Vince quarts and gallons. Leavenworth’s tickseed Care Florida’s state wildflower isCoreopsis , Because this plant is an annual, also known as tickseed, and refers to especially in colder areas, cold protection all 14 species native to Florida. Many of is not needed. Leavenworth’s tickseed is these occur only in North Florida and the relatively disease- and pest-free, though Panhandle. The most common species, some critters may feed on it. Leavenworth’s tickseed (Coreopsis leavenworthii), is almost entirely endemic If the plants are cut back near the end to Florida, which means it occurs naturally of their bloom, they will produce another nowhere else in the world. This plant can flush of flowers. Plants can be string- be found throughout Florida, especially trimmed or mowed at a 6- to 8-inch Alan Shapiro Photo by on roadsides and in disturbed areas, height. Lanceleaf tickseed flatwoods and prairies. It has been used to make tea and for treating various medical ailments. Butterflies and bees Coreopsis is a great nectar plant for Description butterflies and pollinators. Leavenworth’s tickseed is an annual but can be a short-lived perennial in the southern half of Florida. Its bouquets Site conditions of yellow daisy-like flowers bloom Leavenworth’s tickseed likes any open, throughout the year when the weather is moist site, preferably sandy and drained, warm. The 1- to 2-inch flowers have dark but is not very particular about soil acidity. centers surrounded by scalloped yellow Full sun produces the most flowers. ray florets, which look like petals but Though it can tolerate some drought and technically aren’t. Leavenworth’s tickseed drier soils, it will not perform as well. Moist Photo by Eleanor Dietrich grows 1½ to 3 feet tall on slender stems soils also allow for reseeding — important Florida tickseed with many branches. Its bright green in maintaining this species. leaves are narrow and range from simple to lobed or deeply divided, thus giving the Hardiness zones For Coreopsis plant a more open appearance. Leavenworth’s tickseed is best suited for leavenworthii, which zones 8A–11. occurs throughout Planting Florida, the origin of the CAUTION As an annual or short-lived perennial, Other species plants or seed does Leavenworth’s tickseed needs a site that not seem to be a factor Lanceleaf tickseed (C. lanceolata) offers space for it to reseed. It can reseed in successful growth, according to grows naturally in North Florida and the between other plants, such as other recent research. If other species of Panhandle in sandhills and disturbed wildflowers, if they are not too competitive. Coreopsis are being considered, areas, but it is widely used farther south. They may be planted anytime of the year; look for local sources, as most other It is a short-lived perennial that readily plant in the spring for the full benefit species occur far outside of Florida. reseeds. Its yellow ray flowers are of flowering. Space 1 to 2 feet apart. Some, such as Lanceleaf tickseed, complemented by a golden disk atop Coreopsis establishes quickly in moist also have popular horticultural fairly thick stems. This spring bloomer can soils. varieties developed from progeny flower into summer with dead-heading outside Florida. and is drought tolerant. Twinflower

shady well-drained soils. It also adapts Seeds to seasonally dry conditions. Pineland Seeds are twinflower is more common in South 6–10 in Florida, where it can bloom year-round. not available commercially at this Host, nectar Both Swamp and Pineland twinflower time. have smaller flowers than Oblongleaf twinflower. Swamp twinflower’s leaves Plants are rounder and have a succulent appearance, while Pineland’s leaves are Twinflower is often available at nurseries linear. that specialize in native plants. Twinflower is so-named because its Care flowers are born in pairs. It is also referred

Photo by Mary Keim to as snakeherb. In winter, plants are semi-dormant and can be trimmed or mown to 3 inches to Oblongleaf twinflower Description freshen. Plants will go dormant in areas that receive frost (usually in North Florida) If you are looking for an easy, low- Oblongleaf twinflower grows to between but will quickly recover in spring. maintenance groundcover, consider 6 and 10 inches tall and is spreading. Oblongleaf twinflower Dyschoriste( Its small 1-inch blooms are light-blue to Site conditions oblongifolia). This perennial wildflower purple and funnel-shaped, with five lobed has an extended bloom period and is petals. The lower petal bears dark marks Oblongleaf twinflower prefers full sun adaptable to a variety of conditions. or streaks that extend into the throat. Each and well-drained soils. Planting in partial It prefers open, sunny areas but can bloom has four stamens and five calyces. shade will result in a less dense cover. tolerate shade (although flowers won’t Twinflower’s simple leaves are linear, Swamp twinflower is acclimated to moist be as profuse). It typically blooms spring dark green, pubescent and oppositely soils and partially shady conditions. through fall and is commonly found arranged on thin stems. Pineland twinflower prefers well-drained in dry to moist habitats of sandhills, calcaerous or sandy soils. Once flatwoods and upland mixed forests established, it is very drought tolerant. throughout peninsular Florida and into Butterflies and bees One of the best uses for this plant is the central Panhandle. Of the three as a low groundcover near sidewalks, native Dyschoriste species, Oblongleaf Twinflower’s nectar attracts a few species of butterflies, including the walkways or naturalized areas. The plant twinflower is the largest and most spreads by underground rhizomes and by commonly available for purchase. Malachite and White Peacock. It is a host plant for the Common buckeye. self-sown seed. It will flower intermittently Other native twinflower species are Look for small pale-green eggs laid spring through fall. Twinflower is not salt Pineland twinflower D.( angusta) and singly on leaves. Common buckeye tolerant, making it a poor candidate for Swamp twinflower D.( humistrata). Both caterpillars eat both leaves and coastal landscapes. species are rather small compared with flowers and may be seen on the D. oblongifolia. Swamp twinflower typically plants year-round and especially Hardiness zones blooms in spring. It makes an excellent in fall. Oblongleaf twinflower is suitable for groundcover and turf replacement in zones 8A–11. Pineland twinflower is best moist to wet soils and does very well in Leafcutter, bumble and honey bees are also attracted to the flower. suited for zones 8A–10A, while Swamp twinflower does well in zones 8B–11.

Planting Plants should be installed 18 to 24 inches apart as they spread quickly. To propagate, take stem cuttings or divide clumps in summer. Twinflower forms dense colonies by underground runners. It is also a prolific self-seeder and, in the best conditions, may require regular weeding of seedlings to keep it under control. All three native twinflower species are well-suited for life in a hanging basket or pot. Pay attention to soil moisture levels, particularly with Swamp twinflower, as it Photo by Peg Urban Photo by Bob Peterson will quickly begin to perish if it dries out. Twinflower makes an excellent groundcover. Pineland twinflower Florida greeneyes

Site conditions Florida greeneyes is 12–18 in. easy to establish in the garden. It grows Nectar best in full sun to high pine shade and in dry to moderately moist, well-drained sandy or rocky soils. Its tuberous root, which can be as thick as 12 inches in older plants, makes it very drought tolerant. Once established, Florida greeneyes can form large clumps and produce copious blooms, creating a beautiful display. Photo by Mary Keim Photo by Jean McCollom

Florida greeneyes Gulf fritillary on Florida greeneyes Hardiness zones Florida greeneyes is best suited for zones Florida greeneyes (Berlandiera Plants 8B–10B. subacaulis) is a perennial herbaceous wildflower endemic to Florida. It occurs Florida greeneyes is available at nurseries naturally in sandhills, dry pine flatwoods, that specialize in native plants. It is sold in and mixed upland forests, as well as quart and gallon containers. along dry roadsides.It typically blooms in spring and summer, but may bloom year- round in southern climes. Butterflies and bees Description Florida greeneyes attracts a variety of bees and butterflies. Florida greeneyes’ flowers consist of vibrant yellow ray florets surrounding a head of greenish-yellow tubular disk florets. The flowers are held at their base Care by a cup of soft greenish-yellow bracts. Established plants are drought tolerant, so Seeds develop in the bracts and mature supplemental watering might be needed into a distinctive, platelike seedhead. Only only during extended dry periods. Cut old ray florets produce seed. flowerheads to extend flowering and help keep the plant looking neat. The plant’s dark green basal leaves are ovately shaped with scalloped margins Propagation by division is possible but when young; they become more deeply may be difficult, as plants are joined by a lobed as they mature. Stems are hairy. thick tuberous root. Photo by Nancy Bissett Florida greeneyes (as well as other The plant is a profuse bloomer. Berlandiera species) have been informally referred to as “chocolate flowers” because the open disk florets emit a subtle chocolatey fragrance.

Planting Plantings can be established by seed or plants. Space plants as close as 12 inches apart or mix with grasses and other wildflowers.

Seeds Seeds are commercially available, or collect your own after ray florets drop and seeds are dry. Photo by Stacey Matrazzo Photo by Peter Connolly

Young leaf margins are scalloped. Florida greeneyes’ distinctive, platelike seedhead Verbena

more formal settings; otherwise, plants are maintenance-free. 8–24 in

Site conditions Nectar Beach verbena adapts to a variety of acidic and alkaline soils, including clay, loam and sand. Try it in dry, low- nutrient soils where other plants have trouble growing; do not over-irrigate it. Plant in full sun. Because it’s found in coastal communities, its salt and drought tolerance is high. Photo by Ron and Diane Bynum Photo by Andrea England Photo by

Tampa verbena Beach verbena Tampa verbena prefers more moisture and can adapt to full sun and partial Three native Verbena species occur in perennials, lasting up to three years. shade. It does well in a container, Florida. Two of them — Beach verbena Tampa verbena reaches up to 2 feet in provided it receives sufficient sun and is (Glandularia maritima) and Tampa height with a spread of 3 to 4 feet. Beach watered often. verbena (G. tampensis) — are state-listed verbena is a low-growing, sprawling plant as endemic and endangered. Both are with a maximum height of 8 inches and a Verbena can sustain freeze damage in attractive and work well in landscapes. spread of 2 feet or more when mature. northern counties.

Description Hardiness zones Tampa verbena occurs on the east and Butterflies and bees Beach verbena is best suited for zones west coasts of peninsular Florida, from Verbena is a good nectar source for 8B–11, while Tampa verbena is better for Lee to Levy counties on the west side a variety of butterflies and moths, zones 9A–10B. and from Volusia to Indian River counties including Gulf fritillaries, hawkmoths on the east. Beach verbena is found and Long-tailed skippers. It is also mostly on the east coast — from St. attractive to miner bees and long- Johns to Monroe counties — but also tongued bees such as bumble and has been documented in Levy County orchid bees. on the west coast. Verbena produces clusters of deep pink to lavender flowers year-round, although Planting the most prolific flowering occurs in Use verbena as a low groundcover in spring and summer. Its flowers — along a bed, on a woodland edge, or in a with its adaptable nature and attractive container or above-ground planter. It is dark-green, diamond-shaped leaves — particularly striking when used in masses. have earned it a place in many gardens. Plants should be spaced from 3 to 4 feet Both species are short-lived evergreen apart to allow for their spread. They may be planted anytime between February and December. Photo by Peg Urban Seeds Tampa verbena Seeds of these species are not usually available commercially. Verbena does not reseed readily in landscapes. There are many non- native verbenas CAUTION Plants available. Be sure to ask your nursery or supplier Plants are available at native nurseries for native species. and some mainstream retail nurseries. Verbena species may hybridize, so it Care is important to plant the species found naturally in your area to help preserve Verbena is relatively free of pests and the distinct genetic identities and

Photo by Melanie Long disease, provided it isn’t watered too ecological roles of these plants. much. Light pruning may be necessary in Zebra longwing on Tampa verbena Dune sunflower

foliage looking fresh. This plant will also Its leaves are also regenerate from the rootstock if winters unusual — large, are mild. round, thick and 1–2 ft; 6 ft relatively flat on the Site conditions ground. You can use Nectar this plant in well- Plant dune sunflower in full sun for best drained moist soils flowering. Plants will tolerate light shade from Lake Okeechobee northward. Mix in for part of the day. a few with ornamental grasses and other Dune sunflower is salt and wind tolerant. wildflowers for visual contrast. It likes exceedingly well-drained sandy Lakeside sunflower blooms from late soils. Avoid persistently moist or heavily spring to fall with showy 3-inch yellow Photo by Bob Peterson irrigated situations. flowers with greenish-yellow centers. The Dune sunflower Hardiness zones 1- to 3-foot stems rise from an evergreen basal rosette. Central and North Florida Of Florida’s 17 native sunflower species, Dune sunflower does best when used in gardeners can use it in moist-to-wet soils. gardeners will most often find Dune or zones 8A–11. Beach sunflower Helianthus( debilis). Use Rayless and Lakeside sunflowers in Dune sunflower naturally occurs along the zones 8A–9B. coast, but adapts well for inland use. Butterflies and bees All of Florida’s native sunflowers Description are excellent nectar plants for Dune sunflower, a perennial with bright butterflies and pollinators. yellow flowers, blooms throughout the year. It will die back in North Florida in winter. Depending on the variety (see Other species Caution), this plant may be spreading or Narrowleaf sunflower H.( angustifolius) upright. As a groundcover, it may sprawl also may be available at nurseries several feet, but generally is no more than specializing in native plants. It naturally 1 or 2 feet high. The upright variety can grows throughout the Panhandle, be taller. North and Central Florida south to Lake Okeechobee and is suitable for zones Planting 8A–10A. It prefers moist acidic soils. Photo by Eleanor Dietrich Rayless sunflower Give Dune sunflower room to roam, Narrowleaf sunflower’s showy golden as it spreads readily. Plant in masses flowers are 3 inches across with reddish- brown centers. It can reach 4 to 6 feet in 3 to 4 feet apart. Do not irrigate after There are three distinct height. It has long narrow, rough leaves establishment. Plants can reseed subspecies of Dune and blooms in the fall. It may die back in prolifically. Seedlings may be carefully sunflower: East Coast winter, particularly in North Florida. It’s CAUTION dug up and relocated. Be sure to water dune sunflower, West a great choice for a large, sunny, moist transplanted seedlings well until they are Coast dune sunflower meadow; a lake edge or retention pond; established. (Helianthus debilis a ditch; or the back of a bog garden. It subsp. vestitus) and Cucumberleaf spreads aggressively by its roots and may Seeds dune sunflower H.( debilis subsp. outcompete other wildflowers in a small cucumerifolius). Most native nurseries Seeds are available commercially. To garden. collect your own, allow flower heads to dry should know the difference; other on the plants, then break them open to Space plants 2 to 3 feet apart. Consider nurseries may not. Environmentally collect seeds. using them where you won’t mind seeing conscientious gardeners living along spent stems and flowers after a bloom. the coast should ask their nursery Plants Stems can be pinched back in late spring supplier for the subspecies native to or early summer to encourage shorter, their locale. This will help preserve the Dune sunflower is readily available in bushier growth and more blooms. Divide distinct identities and ecological roles containers from native nurseries. It also plants for using elsewhere. of these plants. is often available at commercial garden centers. (See Caution.) Gardeners may encounter two other Narrowleaf sunflower naturally ranges species: Rayless sunflower H.( radula) as far west as Texas and as far north and Lakeside sunflower H.( carnosus). Care as New York. Large retail outlets and Rayless sunflower has no sunny yellow ray national seed suppliers sell varieties Dune sunflower will get leggy and messy- flowers — just dark, purplish flowerheads originating from out of state. Their looking over time. Remove old stems and on 2- to 3-foot stems in the fall. Despite performance in your landscape can let new plants sprout from seeds. Light the lack of ray flowers, Rayless sunflower be different than Florida ecotypes. trims every three months will help keep attracts many small bees and butterflies. St. John’s wort

Planting

St. John’s Wort can 1–3 ft be used a foundation plant, along a border Nectar or edge, or in a mass planting. Space plants from 24 to 36 inches apart.

Seeds Native ecotype seeds are not available commercially but may be collected from plants when dry. Sow directly in the Photo by Mary Keim Photo by Ron and Diane Bynum garden in the fall for spring growth. Fourpetal St. John’s wort St. Andrew’s cross Plants Thirty-one species of St. John’s wort Atlantic St. John’s wort (H. tenuifolium) Plants are sold in 1-gallon containers. (Hypericum) are found in Florida. All is the most typical species encountered are native, and several are on state at nurseries and plant sales. It likes dry Care and federal endangered plant lists. In to moist soils and usually doesn’t need These hardy perennials are easy to care nature, look for St. John’s wort in sandhill any pruning, maintaining a delightful, for once established. A light pruning in and flatwood habitats, as well as on the mounding shape. Its summer blooms last winter, if needed, is all established plants margins of cypress swamps and marshes. a month or more. St. Andrew’s cross (H. hypericoides), found in nature in moist require to maintain a desired shape. Give Species vary in the appearance of their shaded areas, has an elegant, feathery wetland species a drink after a few days leaves, but their reddish stems and form and produces three seasons of without rain. delightful yellow flowers are constants. flowers. For a showy addition to the Some have short needlelike leaves, while garden, consider Fourpetal St. John’s Site conditions others might look as if they belong to a wort (H. tetrapetalum), which has larger, St. John’s wort does best when planted different genus entirely. four-petaled flowers; and Mrytleleaf St. in full sun to part-shade in sandy soils. John’s wort (H. myrtifolium), which has However, they can adapt to a variety of Description blue-green foliage and rich yellow flowers. other soils, including clay and loam, and St. John’s wort is an evergreen perennial acidic and lightly alkaline soils. Plants shrub known for its outstanding are not salt tolerant and are moderately drought tolerant once established. Keep ornamental features. With sturdy reddish- Myrtleleaf St. John’s wort, a wetland brown twigs, species in this genus Butterflies and bees species, moist by adding it to a rain can grow from 1 to 3 feet tall and have Hypericum species are attractive garden or moist site. spreads of 2 feet or more. Species found to polyester, yellow-face, large carpenter, bumble, leafcutter, at native nurseries typically have 1-inch Hardiness zones yellow flowers with four or five petals that resin and sweat bees, as well as to contrast with their dark green foliage. Gray hairstreak butterflies, whose Most St. John’s Wort species are suitable Plants of most species flower in summer. caterpillars feed on its seed capsules. for zones 8A–10B, though St. Andrew’s cross’ southern limit is 9B.

The St. John’s wort that is promoted as a supplement for use in CAUTION treating depression is a non-native species. According to Dan Austin in his book, Florida Ethnobotany, using native St. John’s wort can lead to dermatitis or photosensitization due to a hypericin compound found in the plants. Some species may be toxic to Photo by Mary Keim Photo by Peg Urban livestock. Atlantic St. John’s wort Myrtleleaf St. John’s wort Blazing star

blazing star has lavender-colored flowers to moist sandhills anywhere from September through and dry to mesic October. Graceful blazing star has light- flatwoods. Do not 2–4 ft to bright-lavender flowers in October and plant these species November. where the ground Nectar remains moist or Planting wet. Dense blazing star prefers a moist-wet situation, but is Blazing stars require little ground space fairly adaptable and surprisingly drought and can be used even in small gardens. tolerant. While you can plant anytime of the year, you may be most successful planting in spring after plants emerge from dormancy. To provide seasonal color and vertical interest, place plants in clusters in Butterflies and bees Photo by Terry Zinn Terry Photo by beds of mixed wildflowers and ornamental Blazing stars are excellent nectar Dense blazing star grasses. To lengthen your blooming plants and will reliably attract season, plant more than one species. numerous butterflies, moths, Florida gardeners will find four native Blazing star’s thin, stiff, upright silhouette bees and other insect pollinators. species on the market: Chapman’s Liatris is complemented by plants with rounder Hummingbirds may also nectar on the blazing star ( ), Dense Liatris chapmanii or spreading forms, wide strappy leaves, flowers. blazing star ( ), Evergreen L. spicata and different flower shapes and sizes. blazing star (L. laevigata) and Graceful blazing star (L. gracilis). These species are found throughout Florida. Seeds Hardiness zones Seeds are commercially available. To Chapman’s, Dense, Evergreen and Blazing stars have long been a favorite in collect your own, wait until the flowers are Graceful blazing star can be grown in floral bouquets. Flowers start opening at light tan in color and fluffy, then shake or Zones 8A–11. the top of the stem and continue to bloom lightly brush the flowers into a container. after cutting. The brown achenes are the seeds. Other species Native Americans used these plants You may also find Elegant blazing star to treat a variety of illnesses, and Plants (L. elegans) suitable for exceptionally researchers have discovered anti-cancer Blazing stars are available in 4-inch and deep, well-drained sand in North and substances in various species. Modern gallon containers. Space plants 12 to 15 North Central Florida. herbalists use the plants for homeopathic inches apart. Keep them watered until you remedies and in potpourris and insect see new growth or seasonal rains begin. repellants. Care Description Staking is only needed when plants have Blazing stars are among our taller been over-irrigated or -fertilized and are perennial wildflowers, generally standing weak from having grown too quickly. 2 to 4 feet. One or more flowering stems Cut stems only if necessary, and carefully, rise from basal rosettes in the summer, because plants pull up easily. For this with blooms appearing anywhere from late reason, be very careful when weeding summer through fall, depending on the around them. You may want to mark your species. This is a deciduous wildflower — plants so you will remember where they it overwinters underground and sends up are in the spring. stalks from thickened, cormlike rootstock, which resembles underground bulbs. After flowering, the dead stems shelter Photo by John Moran Foliage tends to be thin or not particularly insects — an important food source for noticeable. However, Evergreen blazing birds. Birds will also feed on the seeds. Graceful blazing star star does maintain a visible basal rosette in the winter. Site conditions Non-native blazing star Chapman’s blazing star blooms as early All the plants listed here need full sun as August and into September, with plants are often sold in for best flowering and well-drained large retail stores and CAUTION light-lavender-colored blooms. Dense soils. Some blazing stars are especially blazing star, the most commonly available garden centers. Blazing sensitive to persistent moisture in the soil. star seed sold by out-of- and typically tallest of the species, has Chapman’s blazing star prefers dry, very bright lavender-colored blooms from state vendors is typically not Florida well-drained, deep sand. Graceful and native ecotype. October into early November. Evergreen Evergreen blazing star are found in dry Spotted beebalm

lengthen the bloom period. Spent stems are beneficial to 3–4 ft insects and birds, but can be cut back to Nectar the emergent growth if desired for tidiness. Spotted beebalm contains a chemical called thymol that helps to prevent fungal and bacterial diseases, so it is relatively trouble-free.

Site Conditions Photo by Valorie Catalano Photo by Peg Urban Full sun will bring out the best flowering, but partial shade also works. Spotted Spotted beebalm Zebra swallowtail on Spotted beebalm beebalm does best in sandy, well-drained Spotted beebalm (Monarda punctacta), may be too woody for division in summer soils. Some moisture may be tolerated, also known as Dotted horsemint, occurs or fall). It readily reseeds itself in the but when more nutrients or water are south to Lee and Palm Beach counties in garden. Plants should be 2 to 3 feet apart. available, the plant is likely to grow dry sandy soils that are often disturbed Don’t crowd plants; allow for good air taller and even fall over, requiring extra sites, such as roadsides, but also in open circulation. Mulching may help to reduce trimming or staking. In wet conditions, it pine flatwoods. It is moderately tolerant the number of unwanted seedlings. can be susceptible to fungal attacks. of salt spray and can be found near the Gulf of Mexico and along the Indian River Seeds Hardiness zones Lagoon. Seeds are commercially available, Spotted beebalm is best suited for zones It is a good cut flower for fresh or dry or collect your own after flowering is 8A–10A. arrangements. Native American tribes complete and stems are drying. The used the plant to treat a wide variety of seeds, or nutlets, are found in the calyx ailments. A weak tea can be made from at the base of the flower. Look for almost- the leaves. black seeds the size of poppy seeds as a sign of maturity. To collect, cut and shake Description stems into a container. Monarda punctata is a perennial that dies back to the ground in winter in North Florida, but can retain some foliage Butterflies and bees farther south. It is multi-stemmed, almost Beebalm is known as perhaps the bushy in form, with a 2- to 4-foot spread best Florida wildflower for attracting and height of about 3 feet. It can grow vast numbers of pollinators. From taller with irrigation and fertilizer. Its summer through fall, the showy bright green, lance-shaped leaves make blooms attract butterflies and a attractive foliage that is scented like great variety of other insects not oregano or thyme. generally seen in any other season, including many native bee species. The whorls of flowers are creamy white Hummingbirds also use it. to yellow with purple spots, and are underlain with even showier bracts of lavender to cream. The whorls are Plants Photo by Peg Urban repeated several times on a single stem. Four-inch to 1-gallon pots are available. Gulf fritillaries on Spotted beebalm Because of its height and ability to spread easily by seed, it should be used toward the back of the landscape or in a place of Care its own. Spotted beebalm is quite drought This species grows resistant, but during prolonged spring throughout the Eastern CAUTION Planting droughts, it may need a little extra water. U.S. and into Canada. For best landscape In early summer, plants can be cut back As a perennial, Spotted beebalm will performance, be to reduce the height and still produce come back each year, and can be cautious and purchase plants that are blooms. Trimming the bloom stalks divided to produce more plants in the Florida native ecotypes. spring when there is new growth (plants near the end of flowering may also help Silver-leaved aster

Plants Plants are generally 1–3 ft available in quarts or gallons from native Nectar nurseries.

Care After the plants have bloomed, cut back the flowering stems to ground level. You can even mow in areas where Tracy’s silver-leaved aster has been used to make a spreading groundcover. Use well-sharpened blades, as the stems and leaves are quite tough.

Photo by Eleanor Dietrich Photo by Mary Keim Site conditions Silver-leaved aster Flower flies on Silver-leaved aster The plant prefers full sun to light shade and well-drained soils to droughty sandy Silver-leaved aster (Pityopsis graminifolia), grows as a single clump with smaller soils. Avoid heavily shaded or crowded also known as Grass-leaved goldenaster flowers on the tips of stems that have plantings. Different varieties may require or Narrowleaf silkgrass, is found longer spreading leaves all the way to the different growing conditions; ask about throughout Florida in scrub, sandhills and top. It can be mixed with other wildflowers the plant’s origins. flatwoods ecosystems. that offer a variety of color and bloom times. The species has five varieties, two or Hardiness zones more of which may be offered by native Silver-leaved aster is best suited for zones nurseries. Tracy’s silver-leaved aster 8A–11. (Pityopsis graminifolia var. tracyi) can be Butterflies and bees found in all of the habitats, though mostly Silver-leaved aster attracts butterflies in flatwoods. It makes a short silvery and various pollinators as a nectar groundcover and can often be seen on plant. upper slopes of many roadsides. Sandhill silver-leaved aster (P. graminifolia var. aequifolia) is usually only found on drier Planting soils of sandhills and scrub. It blooms later than most other fall wildflowers, Though some varieties will spread, providing color into late fall and early Pityopsis does not reseed as readily winter. as do wildflowers such asCoreopsis and Blanketflower. Silver-leaved aster is relatively easy to establish and Description maintain over time, especially if it is one Silver-leaved aster is a fitting name, as of the spreading varieties. The more the leaves are covered with silky hairs rhizomatous varieties can also be divided that give it a silvery look. At first glance, and planted in new areas. the plant may appear to be a grass. It is a perennial with short or long rhizomes, Plants can be established at any time of depending on the variety, and is less than the year from containers by watering in a foot tall until the fall, when it sends up well after planting and following with water Photo by Peg Urban bloom stalks on stems up to 3 feet tall. Its as needed until established or well into Silver-leaved aster in a landscape setting yellow aster-like flowers can bloom into the rainy season. Space them 2 feet apart November and December, and even later — closer if using Tracy’s silver-leaved farther south. aster to create a groundcover quickly by The different varieties of spreading. Tracy’s silver-leaved aster spreads from Silver-leaved aster are rhizomes to make a dense groundcover not well known, even CAUTION and has flowers over 1 inch across on Seeds by native growers, so the tips of branched stems with short, Collect the seed heads once the head has ask about the growth appressed leaves. This variety, with completed flowering and the seed has characteristics when its ability to spread, can make a very fluffed out. Seeds may need to be sown you purchase plants or obtain plant pleasing silvery grass-like groundcover rather soon in the winter months, because material from a friend. over time. Sandhill silver-leaved aster they aren’t viable for long. Black-eyed Susan

across when in full bloom in late summer Plants and fall. Found in moist, open hammocks Plants are available and floodplains of North Florida, it prefers 1–4 ft moist settings and may need a little more in gallon containers shade or protection from the west sun from native nurseries. Nectar, host when used in Central Florida. The lower When buying at leaves are toothed and deeply dissected. mainstream retail The large flowers stand 2 to 4 feet above outlets, be sure to ask about the origin of the last leaves and have long yellow ray the plant (see Caution). florets spreading from the mounding disk with greenish yellow florets. Cutleaf Care coneflower’s very beautiful rosette of Monitor plants during extra-long dry large, rich green leaves can be seen periods, especially in spring, and water

Photo by Mary Keim through much of the year, making a fine deeply only as needed. Black-eyed Susan mass planting. flowers can be cut after they bloom to Little metalmark on Black-eyed Susan encourage more flowering stems and Rudbeckia species are commonly known Planting lengthen the bloom period. as Black-eyed Susans or coneflowers. Use Black-eyed Susans in mixed The most widely available native is Black- wildflower beds. This and most other Site conditions eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta). It is found Rudbeckia species easily self-seed This plant does well in many soil types as throughout Florida in sandhills, flatwoods if open or lightly mulched areas are long as the site is well-drained and not and disturbed areas, including the variety available. extremely dry. Give Rudbeckia full sun or Rudbeckia hirta var. floridana, endemic to Space Black-eyed Susans and Softhair partial shade for the best blooming. Central and South Florida. coneflower 14 to 18 inches apart. Space Softhair coneflower R.( mollis) and Cutleaf Cutleaf coneflower about 3 feet apart. Hardiness zones coneflower R.( laciniata) can be used Black-eyed Susan is best suited for zones successfully throughout the Panhandle 8A–11. Softhair and Cutleaf coneflower and in North and Central Florida. Butterflies and bees are suited for zones 8A–9A. Description These plants are excellent nectar sources and are also larval hosts to Black-eyed Susan, especially the variety found in Central and South Florida, some moths. appears to be perennial. However, varieties may be annual, biennial or Seeds perennial. Plants are generally 1 to 2 feet tall with most of the foliage on the bottom Seeds can be collected after the ray and half. Leaves are very rough to the touch disk flowers finish blooming and have (which can help identify young plants). dried slightly. Pick a head and tear it apart The 3- to 4-inch deep-yellow aster-like to find the mature cone-shaped seeds, flowers have dark brown disk flowers in a which should have solid white centers. central dome. Rudbeckia blooms spring Seeds can be purchased commercially. through fall, and has scattered blooms through the winter in South Florida. Softhair coneflower is annual or biennial, with soft, almost velvety hairs on plants Photo by John Moran that reach 3 feet or more when flowering. Softhair coneflower The 2½-inch flowerheads are similar to Black-eyed Susan. They have showy ray florets, but the disk is flattened and There are many named brown or purplish. Softhair coneflower is cultivars of Rudbeckia a robust plant that can have 30 flowers species, and some CAUTION open at a time from late spring through are quite popular summer. It naturally occurs in sandhills and widely available. and open hammocks, so plant it in sandy, None of the cultivars well-drained soils, and mix it with other currently available were derived from species where its height is a welcome Florida ecotypes, and they are not addition to the landscape. considered native wildflowers. They may not perform as well or live as

Cutleaf coneflower is a large perennial Photo by Kari Ruder long as those from your local region. reaching 4 to 6 feet tall and up to 4 feet Black-eyed Susan Wild petunia

new growth and blooms. Remove 3-4 internodes (4-6 12–18 in inches) with scissors or clippers. Annual Nectar, host pruning may be required to remove old stems. Wild petunia is a prolific self-seeder and may form colonies over time. (Like other members of the Acanthaceae family, its Photo by Ron and Diane Bynum Photo by Kitty Loftin mature seed capsules will explode open, sending seeds far from the parent plant.) Wild petunia Gulf fritillary on Wild petunia Plants have a strong root system, making Wild petunia (Ruellia spp.) is an easy-to- Wild petunia’s showy flowers last only a them easy to transplant. grow, lavender- to blue-flowered native day, but successional blooms keep the that works well in most conditions. It is plant looking fresh with continuous flowers Site conditions endemic to the eastern United States, spring through fall. In warmer parts of This plant adapts well to varied sun and where its range extends from New Jersey the state, it may bloom year-round with soil moisture conditions. It will thrive in a southward and west to Texas. In Florida, it smaller flowers. In colder climes, Wild moderate-to-dry sunny location but also is found in sandhills, flatwoods and moist petunia may die back in winter and return tolerates shade and even wet, mucky to wet hammocks in about 52 counties. in spring. soils. Establishing Wild petunia in shadier There are five species ofRuellia native locations will result in plants that appear to Florida, but Ruellia caroliniensis is Planting lanky with fewer blooms. Plants have the most common, both in the wild and Wild petunia does well in a mixed some salt tolerance. commercially. Other species include wildflower bed of plants and grasses. In Ciliate wild petunia (Ruellia ciliosa) North Florida, it is not recommended for Hardiness zones and Thickleaf wild petunia (Ruellia a mass planting as it will be a patch of succulenta), endemic to South Florida. A Wild petunia is best suited for zones stems during the winter. non-native species of Ruellia is commonly 8A–10B. available for purchase but should not be Plant Wild petunia 12 to 15 inches apart, used as it is invasive. (See Caution.) or grow it in a hanging basket or large, well-drained container. Wild petunia is Description one of the few wildflowers that will bloom in partial to slightly denser shade. Wild petunia is a long-lived perennial that can attain a height of 12 to 18 inches. Its 5-petaled blooms are tubular, grow Seeds to about 1 to 2 inches, and appear in Seeds are generally not commercially clusters along multi-branched stems. It available. To grow this plant from seed, resembles the common garden petunia, collect mature capsules in a paper bag although they are not related. Its simple in mid- to late summer. Seeds gradually leaves are green with an ovate to elliptic ripen on the plant over a period of weeks, Photo by Mary Ellen Gotto shape and are oppositely arranged so visit plants several times to check the Wild Petunia is best in a mixed planting. on stems. R. caroliniensis is easily capsules. They will turn from bright green distinguished from other Ruellia species to brown when mature. by the long, pointed sepals and bracts Although the nursery that surround the flower’s base. Plants industry offers some sterile non-native Plants are widely available from native CAUTION Ruellia, the widely grown nurseries in various pot sizes, and can be Mexican petunia (Ruellia planted throughout the growing season. Butterflies and bees simplex; synonyms R. Several butterfly species, including Stem cuttings are also an easy way to brittoniana and R. tweediana) should the White peacock, Malachite and propagate it. Take 3- to 4-inch cuttings be avoided as it may reproduce Mangrove buckeye, gather nectar in the summer from flexible stems. Plants via underground rhizomes. As a from Wild petunia. It is a host for the root easily in 3-4 weeks. Category I invasive exotic species, it Common buckeye. The blue corollas has spread into municipal and natural attract a variety of bees, including Care areas, displacing native species and bumble bees, leafcutter bees and Wild petunia may need trimming halfway changing community structures or honey bees. through its growing season to promote ecological functions. Sage

Plants Plants are available 6–36 in in 4-inch to 1-gallon containers. Nectar Care For continuous blooming, cut Scarlet sage plants back after flowers are spent for continuous blooming. Lyreleaf sage can be mowed in late spring or early summer, after it seeds. Creeping sage can be clipped once or twice in the summer. Lyreleaf and Creeping sage may need water if planted in full sun or during Photo by Jeff Norcini Photo by Jeff Photo by Martha Steuart extended drought. Salvia coccinea Salvia lyrata

Florida gardeners will generally find three variegated leaves that display a range of Site conditions native Salvia species available. Scarlet green, dark violet and chocolate brown. Scarlet sage does best in moist, well- or Tropical sage (Salvia coccinea) is the Light violet-colored flowers appear on drained sandy soils with full sun to most commonly available and occurs deep-green or burgundy-colored stems scattered shade. It can tolerate some salt throughout the state (with the exception of in late winter or early spring. Stems reach spray. the Keys) in areas with moist, well-drained 12 to 24 inches or taller, depending on Lyreleaf sage prefers moist ground and soils. Lyreleaf sage ( ) occurs Salvia lyrata available moisture, nutrients and light. partial shade, but will tolerate full sun. throughout Florida south to Broward and Lee counties in moist soils at woodland Creeping sage is a low-growing Creeping sage does well in bright shade edges or in open areas. Creeping or evergreen groundcover 6 to 8 inches and prefers moist soils. It will tolerate full Southern river sage (Salvia misella) high. Blooming occurs off and on sun but may become stressed in hot and occurs in moist semi-shaded woodlands throughout the year, with tiny, abundant cold weather. from Alachua County south through blue flowers. The blooms are not Miami-Dade and Monroe counties. All are noticeable from a distance, but the light- Hardiness zones nectar sources for butterflies. green foliage is very attractive. Plants creep out from a main central stem. Salvia species are best suited for zones 8A–10B. Salvia has a long history of medicinal uses. Crush the foliage, and you’ll detect Planting a faint herbal fragrance. Use Scarlet sage in the mid-portion of a mixed wildflower bed or as an accent Description by itself. Space plants 1 to 2 feet apart Scarlet sage is a short-lived perennial that and resist the urge to plant in masses persists in the landscape by self-seeding. — they self-seed readily and will spread It generally reaches 18 to 36 inches throughout the garden. in height and is taller than it is wide. Plant Lyreleaf sage in small clusters, with Blooming occurs throughout the year in individual plants about a foot apart. Some South Florida, and summer through fall in growers have successfully established it Central and North Florida. The abundant as a spreading groundcover after two or blooms are 1-inch long and usually deep three years of cultivation in a landscape. coral or fire-engine red, although pink and white forms occur as well. The plant’s Creeping sage is a good choice for tight square stems are green to dark brown. areas and under trees, where it can be planted in pockets between roots. It Lyreleaf sage is a perennial that, for much tolerates light foot traffic. Space plants 6 of the year, consists of relatively flat, to 8 inches apart. Turley Photo by Bruce Border planting of Creeping sage Seeds Butterflies and bees Scarlet and Lyreleaf sage are easily Many non-native sages Salvias are excellent nectar sources grown from seed. To collect your own, are sold in garden for butterflies and bumblebees. allow flowers to dry on stems and gently centers and other CAUTION Hummingbirds are attracted to them, shake them into a container to remove large retail outlets, with too. flowers and obtain seed. minimal identification. Skullcap

mature when the nutlet coat turns light brown and becomes 1–2 ft papery. The plant may hold flowers and Nectar seeds at the same time. Dried seeds can be stored up to six months then sown when temperatures reach 70 degrees. Germination may take up to 30 days. Plants Nurseries that specialize in native plants Photo by Peg Urban Photo by Peg Urban sell Helmet skullcap almost year-round. It Helmet skullcap Hairstreak on Helmet skullcap is generally available in 4-inch or 1-gallon pots. For such a diminutive wildflower, Helmet colors ranging from sky blue to violet. The skullcap (Scutellaria integrifolia) makes a lower lip consists of three fused lobes with Care large impact when it blooms in late spring white splotched centers extending down Excess seedlings can be easily removed and summer. Also known as Common the throat. A dark strip guides insects or transplanted into small pots. To avoid skullcap, it is ideal for a wildflower border toward desirable nectar. Upper petals are having to weed out seedlings, prune or nestled within a pond or rock garden. fused and curved, forming a small hood plants back after flowering to limit seed Although a short-lived perennial, its or helmet-like structure. Flowers are born production. Disease and pests are not a adaptability is contributing to its surge in the axils of the bract-like upper leaves. problem with this wildflower. in popularity with home gardeners. Scutellaria is Latin for dish, possibly Site conditions describing the lower plate-like petal; Butterflies and bees Prized for its early spring flowering, and integrifolia refers to its smooth leaf Helmet skullcap flowers are visited margins. Helmet skullcap is great in the front of by a wide range of bees whose a mixed wildflower bed. This adaptable The natural distribution of Scutellaria bodies can fit between the lower plant can be used in well-drained to extends to all of Florida except the and upper lips in order to reach moist soil and is reported to be somewhat southernmost tip. It is frequently found in the nectar. This includes leafcutter, drought tolerant. A pH of 5-6.5 is ideal. It the Panhandle, and in North and Central carder and cuckoo bees, as well as is best suited to sunny or lightly shaded Florida in the moist soils of sandhills, pine some bumble bees. Sweat bees are sites. Plants will be dormant in winter, flatwoods and upland mixed forests, as also known to visit Helmet skullcap, dying back to the rootstock. Helmet well as along marsh and swamp edges. but they are nectar robbers and skullcap is not salt tolerant. Skullcap is also found through most of the will pierce the base of the corolla eastern U.S. to access nectar. Like many other Hardiness zones A closely related species, Florida scrub species in the Lamiaceae (mint) Skullcap is best suited for zones 8A–9B. skullcap (Scutellaria arenicola) can be family, Helmet skullcap flowers distinguished by its crenate leaf margins. are only visited sporadically by The other nine native Florida skullcap butterflies. Species known to utilize species are only rarely or occasionally Helmet skullcap include Gulf fritillary, found in their habitats. Spicebush swallowtail and Eastern black swallowtail. Description Helmet skullcap is a 12- to 24-inch Planting perennial that dies back in winter. It This lovely little wildflower can be begins as a basal rosette of bright green, introduced into your garden anytime arrow-shaped leaves with coarsely using plants or seeds. It produces a toothed margins. From the rosette, many large amount of seeds and seedlings, branched stems emerge. Stem leaves so plantings will naturally and quickly vary from elliptical to arrow-shaped and increase in size. are oppositely arranged. Upper leaves are more narrow and have entire margins. Seeds Flowers are two-lipped and resemble Seeds are small, shiny and black and are snapdragon blooms. They occur on Photo by Peg Urban terminal racemes and are very showy with produced in nutlets. They are currently not available commercially. Seeds are Gulf fritillary on Helmet skullcap Senna

can become leggy. Removal of brown seed pods will help 4–10 ft the plants remain attractive when not in Nectar, host flower and will help decrease seedlings. Unwanted seedlings can easily be removed.

Site conditions Photo by Melanie Long Photo by Andrea Salas Photo by Plant Privet senna and Chapman’s senna Privet senna Chapman’s senna in dry to slightly moist, well-drained soils. Both can tolerate nutrient-poor soils but Senna is a genus of diverse flowering foliage is similar to that of Chapman’s do better with some organic content. Full plants native throughout the tropics. senna, with pinnately compound leaves sun to light shade is best for both species. Four species are native to Florida, and that are alternately arranged, but its Privet senna can tolerate a little more two — S. ligustrina and S. mexicana leaflets are linear- to lance-shaped and shade than Chapman’s — up to half a day var. chapmanii — are commercially more numerous. Overall, its foliage is — but neither will flower without several propagated. Both are great for attracting less dense. Privet Senna typically blooms hours of daily direct sunlight. Despite pollinators and adding a touch of the from autumn to late spring but may bloom being native to coastal areas, Privet senna tropics to the home landscape. sporadically throughout the year. is not salt tolerant, although Chapman’s senna is. Senna mexicana var. chapmanii is known commonly as Chapman’s wild sensitive plant, Chapman’s senna and Bahama Butterflies and bees Hardiness zones senna. It occurs in pine rocklands, coastal Senna flowers are visited by sweat, Privet senna is suited for zones 9A–11; strands and along hammock edges in resin, cuckoo, leafcutter and bumble Chapman’s senna for zones 10A–11. Miami-Dade County and the Florida Keys. bees for their pollen and nectar. However, it can be planted in landscapes Butterflies such as the Sleepy orange, as far north as Central Florida. Due to its Little yellow, and Cloudless, Orange- limited natural range, it is a state-listed barred and Statira sulphurs are also threatened species. frequent visitors. All members of the Privet wild sensitive plant or Privet senna Senna genus are larval host plants for sulphur caterpillars. (S. ligustrina) naturally occurs in coastal counties from Brevard south on the east coast, and from Gilchrist and Levy south Planting on the west coast. It can be found along hammock edges and in disturbed areas. Both species may be used as specimen shrubs, but Chapman’s senna works best Description planted in mass and as a border. Photo by Peg Urban With an abundance of showy yellow Seeds Cloudless sulphur caterpillar on Privet senna flowers and gleaming evergreen foliage, both Privet and Chapman’s senna Senna seeds usually aren’t available make exceptional ornamental plants. commercially. Both species are prolific Many non-native self-seeders. Seeds typically sprout in Chapman’s senna is a robust evergreen Senna species are spring. perennial that can take on a variety sold commercially. In CAUTION of shapes — from upright to nearly particular, Christmas prostrate and sprawling. Its flowers have Plants senna or Butterfly senna bright, buttery-yellow petals with subtle Plants of both species are available (S. pendula) is often red venation. They are born on stalked in 1- and 3-gallon pots at native plant recommended clusters in spring and fall. nurseries. for butterfly gardens. However, Privet senna is a fast-growing shrub that the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council can reach a height of 10 feet or more. It Care (FLEPPC) lists it as a Category I invasive species, known to alter is lanky, with a thin crown and many short Sennas are not cold tolerant and native plant communities. It should side branches. If allowed to self-sow, it may die if exposed to below-freezing be avoided. For more information may form a dense colony. At maturity, temperatures. Seedlings are slightly more on Butterfly senna, visit the FLEPPC Privet senna tends to bend under its own resilient and may survive. Sennas require website: www.fleppc.org. weight. Its flowers are lemon yellow. Its occasional pruning; otherwise, they Rosinweed

Care When established in 3–6 ft the right soil, plants should not need extra Nectar water, but watch for extra-long droughts, especially in the spring, and water as needed. Plants can be cut back after flowering if desired. On Starry rosinweed, cut the flowering portion only, leaving the leafy stems. Cut back Bigleaf rosinweed Photo by Sarah Kiefer Photo by Eleanor Dietrich to its basal leaves. Starry rosinweed Bigleaf rosinweed Site conditions Florida has two native Silphium species, top. Flowers are slightly smaller than Although the natural range of Starry both with robust foliage and flowers. Starry rosinweed, with yellow ray petals rosinweed is the west side of the The traditional common name for these surrounding reddish disks, and bloom peninsula, it performs well through much plants is rosinweed. New common names toward the end of summer. Because the of the state. It is fairly drought-resistant, were adopted recently to eliminate any stems are not leafy and have flowers and also does well in moist soils. Full misconception that these beautiful plants only at the top, place plants where sun to partial shade is needed for good are weeds. Starry rosinweed (Silphium the beautiful basal foliage can also be flowering. astericus) occurs in flatwoods, sandhills appreciated. and disturbed areas in the Panhandle and Bigleaf rosinweed is even more drought the western central peninsula south to Planting tolerant than Starry rosinweed and does Lee County. Bigleaf rosinweed (Silphium Space plants about 2 feet apart. Because well in dry, sandy soils. It also tolerates compositum) occurs in flatwoods in the both species can tolerate some drought, moist, well-drained soils, but may grow Panhandle and northern counties south to water deeply and thoroughly to wet taller under those conditions. Full sun is Pasco County. the soil at least 7 inches down until the needed for best flowering. Rosinweed stems contain a gummy or plant is established, but only as often resinous substance. Native Americans as needed. As perennials, both species Hardiness zones chewed stems to clean their teeth. persist in the landscape and can reseed Starry rosinweed and Bigleaf rosinweed Cherokees also used the plants on their own. are suited for zones 8A–10B. medicinally.

Description Butterflies and bees Starry rosinweed is a perennial that may Both species are good attractors die back in the winter, particularly if cold. of butterflies, native bees and other It sports new foliage in the spring and pollinators. Birds will eat the seeds. can produce flowers from mid-spring through early fall, and even through winter if temperatures are mild. The flowering Seeds stems can reach 3 to 5 feet, with plants Starry rosinweed seeds are commercially about 2 feet across. The lance-shaped, available; you also can collect your toothed leaves occur throughout the stem own when flowerheads are dry. Break to the flowering scapes, where the stems them apart to separate the seeds. For branch to support many flowering heads. best results, plant seeds shortly after The 2-inch flowerheads have yellow collection and keep the soil surface moist. ray petals and disks. This species is Germination occurs in about 3 weeks. Photo by Nancy Bissett especially loved, because it blooms over For faster germination, cold-stratify seeds Starry rosinweed a long period of time. by keeping them moist and refrigerated in planting media for 30 days. They will Bigleaf rosinweed is also a perennial, but begin to sprout in 4 days and complete Since both species of does die back in the winter. It emerges in germination in 2 weeks. Silphium occur north spring with very unique basal leaves — to the Mid-Atlantic they are almost round, deeply dissected, CAUTION Plants States, it is important dark green, red-veined and 4 to 12 inches to purchase plants that across. The flowering stems can reach 6 Both species can be found in nurseries in were propagated from feet and have a few tiny leaves scattered 1-gallon containers, but Bigleaf rosinweed Florida progeny for best performance. up the stem, which branches near the is not widely available. Goldenrod

Hardiness zones 3–4 ft Seaside goldenrod is best suited for zones Nectar 8A–11.

Other species Wand goldenrod (Solidago stricta) blooms in the fall with lavender blazing stars in wetter flatwoods and prairie communities throughout Florida. It has the same slender wand appearance of the blazing star, but its flowers are golden yellow. This 2- to 4-foot perennial has small basal Photo by Nelson DeBarros, USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database Photo by Mary Keim leaves and very small appressed leaves Seaside goldenrod Bees on goldenrod on its flowering stems, which die back after seeds mature. Seaside goldenrod (Solidago Seeds sempervirens) is generally the most Collect seeds after flowers are spent Pinebarren goldenrod (Solidago fistulosa) available of the four native goldenrods is Florida’s most common goldenrod, that are grown commercially. This and fluffy tufts of hairs occur. These are called “pappus” and are attached to the found on disturbed sites and in pine plant blooms in very showy masses on flatwoods, wetter soils, and dry upland dunes, in swales and brackish marshes, end of seeds. Seeds also are available commercially. habitats throughout Florida. The panicles on sandy soils in coastal areas, and of its golden flowering heads are found on occasionally inland throughout the state, Plants the ends of stems reaching 3 to 5 feet. It except for the Keys. Plants are available in quart, 1-gallon and spreads through rhizomes to cover large areas, so it should be carefully placed in Goldenrod is often mistakenly blamed 3-gallon containers. It can be propagated the landscape. for triggering allergies, but it is ragweed, using division. which blooms heavily around the same Chapman’s goldenrod (Solidago odora time, that is to blame. var. chapmanii) likes the dry sandy Butterflies and bees soils of sandhills and open hammocks Goldenrods have been used medicinally A variety of butterflies and other in the peninsula and a few areas in the since Roman times or earlier. Seaside pollinators are attracted to Goldenrod central Panhandle. It does not spread goldenrod was used by the Seminoles to as a nectar plant. The plants also by rhizomes, and is a relatively slender treat wounds. attract birds searching for insects. branching plant that reaches 3 to 4 feet tall — shorter than most other species. Description Its typical golden flowers bloom in late Seaside goldenrod has golden-yellow Care summer to early fall and are found on the tubular blooms that densely cover the This plant performs best in harsh tips of downward-bending branches. long wand-like inflorescences on the tips conditions with no watering after of the stem in summer and fall in most of establishment. To reduce height, cut back the state, and also in the spring in South plants in mid-summer before blooms start Florida. This perennial retains its long to form, and cut back to basal rosettes strap-shaped, somewhat-fleshy basal after blooming. There is no need for cold leaves year-round. Leaves gradually protection. Seaside goldenrod also is become smaller as they ascend stems. fairly disease-free. Plants are 4- to 6-feet tall in flower and spread by rhizomes to make large Site conditions colonies over time. Plant it where it can make a big show in the garden, or allow it This plant needs lots of sun to bloom a large space in the landscape. prolifically, but it will tolerate some shade. Although it can occur in moist to wet areas naturally, it is important to plant Planting it in sandy, well-drained soils for best Because of its large size, space plants 3 performance in landscapes. This keeps its feet or more apart and allow to fill in over height in check, keeps plants from falling time. It spreads by rhizomes to make over or needing staking, and produces dense stands with stout stems and is easy more showy blooms. Seaside goldenrod Photo by Ryan Brown to retain in the landscape. is salt tolerant. Pinebarren goldenrod Aster

season to keep them from outcompeting other species. Both 4–5 ft species can be problematic in formal Nectar landscapes as they can take on a tangled or chaotic appearance; however, they can be pruned to any shape and also perform well as a hedge.

Site conditions Photo by Mary Keim Photo by Andrea England Photo by

Monarch butterfly on Elliott’s aster Climbing aster flowers and flower buds Both Elliott’s and Climbing aster prefer sandy, loamy or organic soils that With a bounty of beautiful blooms, there to lance-shaped with toothed margins. are moist, although they can tolerate is no better genus of wildflowers than Elliott’s aster typically blooms in late fall moderately dry soils. Plant in full sun to aster (Symphyotrichum spp.) for attracting and will die back in winter. partial shade. Neither is salt tolerant. pollinators to your landscape. Planting Of the 26 aster species native to Florida, Hardiness zones several are well-suited for landscape The sprawling nature of Climbing aster Climbing aster and Elliott’s aster are use. Climbing aster (S. carolinianum) makes it suitable for growing along a suited for zones 8A–11. is a sprawling, vinelike shrub. It occurs trellis or fence. Elliott’s aster is best naturally in coastal hammocks, wet for a naturalistic planting, and must Other species flatwoods and along the edges of be frequently maintained in a more formal setting. Both are prolific self- Other species of Symphyotrichum may swamps, springs and streams. Elliott’s be available from native nurseries. Rice aster (S. elliottii) is an erect, multi- seeders. Elliott’s aster will also spread by suckering. button aster (S. dumosum) grows 2-3 branched herbaceous perennial that feet tall and produces small, whitish- occurs in wet flatwoods, swamps and lavender flowers. It suckers in single freshwater marshes. Both species can Butterflies and bees stalks. Georgia aster (S. georgianum) has be found nearly throughout the peninsula cornflower blue to purple ray florets and and into the eastern Panhandle, although The flowers draw honey bees and contrasting white anthers. It requires a bit Climbing aster has a slightly greater myriad native bees, including more moisture and sun than S. elliottii or distribution. polyester, sweat, cuckoo, leafcutter, S. carolinianum. mining, bumble and miner bees. As fall- and winter-flowering species, Eastern silver aster (S. concolor) is an Climbing aster and Elliott’s aster help Butterflies and moths also love them: Monarchs, Pearl crescents, skippers, upland species that is very drought extend the options for nectar and pollen tolerant. Its flowers are deep violet and available to pollinators. Climbing aster is fritillaries, Common buckeyes, Gray hairstreaks, swallowtails and sulphurs born in fall on the ends of long stalks. one of the few wildflowers that will bloom It gets its name from its silvery-green in December. have been known to frequent the flowers for nectar. foliage. Walter’s aster (S. walteri) is an upland species that prefers dry, well- Description drained soils. Its flowers are smaller and Climbing aster’s limbs can extend to 8 Seeds have fewer ray florets and more distinct feet or more. Flowers are 1 to 2 inches Elliott’s aster seeds are available disk florets. It should not be planted south in diameter and have a very sweet commercially. Sow in fall. of Central Florida. fragrance. They have dense centers of yellow-orange disk florets. Ray florets Plants vary in color from lavender to purplish- pink to violet. Leaves are grayish-green Climbing aster is generally available from and elliptical to ovate with entire margins. native plant nurseries. Elliott’s aster is Climbing aster blooms in the fall and becoming more available. continues into January; it may bloom year- round in favorable conditions. Care Elliott’s aster can grow to 4 or 5 feet tall. Cut back Climbing aster in late winter Its flowers are about 1 inch in diameter after flowering to encourage future with pale, lavender ray florets surrounding blooms and healthy growth. Elliott’s aster a center of yellow-orange disk florets. can sucker and form dense colonies. Flowers are born in dense, crownlike Suckers can be removed, but must Photo by Bill Evoy clusters. Leaves are shiny and elliptical be tended to throughout the growing Barred yellow sulphur on Climbing aster Show the neighbors Resources Native Plants for Florida Gardens your side — (216 pages, $21.95) Learn about 100 Florida Plant Florida wildflowers! native wildflowers, grasses, shrubs, vines and trees that can transform typical Florida landscapes! This book, from the Florida Wildflower Foundation, features inspirational photos, tips on care and landscape use, and much more. Preview and purchase your copy at www.FlaWildflowers.org/shop.

Visit www.FlaWildflowers.org to: • Learn more about selecting and planting wildflowers. • Download handouts to help with plant selection, growing and maintenance. • Read informative articles on attracting pollinators to your landscape.

Other resources • www.PlantRealFlorida.org • www.FloridaWildflowers.com • www.FNPS.org • www.RegionalConservation.org/beta/ nfyn/default.asp Wildflower Seed and Plant Growers USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map Association

Seed packets 8a cover 60 square 10–15º F feet and are 8b The USDA Plant 15–20º F Hardiness Zone Map available in a 9a can help gardeners variety of 20–25º F determine which plants are most likely to thrive wildflowers. 9b 25–30º F in their landscape. The map is based on the For more information, 10a average annual minimum 30–35º F call (352) 988-8117, e-mail winter temperature. It [email protected] 10b is not precise. Consult 35–40º F your local native nursery or visit www.floridawildflowers.com. 11a for advice on the best 40–45º F plants for your area. Get the tag that feeds butterflies and bees Ask for the State Wildflower plate!

Purchase your State Wildflower license plate with just a phone call. Visit www.wildflowertag.com to request a call.

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