DOCSLIB.ORG

2000 Year-Old Bogong Moth (Agrotis Infusa)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
2000 Year-Old Bogong Moth (Agrotis Infusa) www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN 2000 Year‑old Bogong moth (Agrotis infusa) Aboriginal food remains, Australia Birgitta Stephenson1, Bruno David2,3*, Joanna Fresløv4, Lee J. Arnold5, GunaiKurnai Land and Waters Aboriginal Corporation4, Jean‑Jacques Delannoy2,6, Fiona Petchey2,7, Chris Urwin2,3, Vanessa N. L. Wong8, Richard Fullagar9, Helen Green2,10, Jerome Mialanes2,3, Matthew McDowell2,11, Rachel Wood2,12 & John Hellstrom10 Insects form an important source of food for many people around the world, but little is known of the deep‑time history of insect harvesting from the archaeological record. In Australia, early settler writings from the 1830s to mid‑1800s reported congregations of Aboriginal groups from multiple clans and language groups taking advantage of the annual migration of Bogong moths (Agrotis infusa) in and near the Australian Alps, the continent’s highest mountain range. The moths were targeted as a food item for their large numbers and high fat contents. Within 30 years of initial colonial contact, however, the Bogong moth festivals had ceased until their recent revival. No reliable archaeological evidence of Bogong moth exploitation or processing has ever been discovered, signalling a major gap in the archaeological history of Aboriginal groups. Here we report on microscopic remains of ground and cooked Bogong moths on a recently excavated grindstone from Cloggs Cave, in the southern foothills of the Australian Alps. These fndings represent the frst conclusive archaeological evidence of insect foods in Australia, and, as far as we know, of their remains on stone artefacts in the world. They provide insights into the antiquity of important Aboriginal dietary practices that have until now remained archaeologically invisible. Ethnographic accounts from around the world have reported the widespread use of insects as food by people 1–3. In some cases, such as among the Shoshone and other Great Basin tribes of the U.S., swarms of grasshoppers and crickets were driven into pits and blankets 4, while among the Paiute the larvae of Pandora moths (Coloradia pandora lindseyi) were smoked out of trees to fall into prepared trenches, where they would be cooked5. Across the world, insects could be mass-harvested, ofen seasonally, ofering high nutritional value especially in fat, protein and vitamins6. Te harvesting of insects in the past has ranged from opportunities to feed large communal gatherings during times of plenty, to more individualistic economic pursuits such as in the search for delicacies or the exploitation of low-ranked resources when other foods were scarce or depleted 7–9. Irrespective of the catch, insects ofen represented an important component of the diet, and of the reliability and thus dependability of locales as resource zones, with implications for social scheduling and cultural practice. However, a paucity of archaeological studies of insect food remains has resulted in a downplay or omission of the use of insects from archaeological narratives and deep-time community histories10. In Australia, a wide range of insects is known to have been eaten by Aboriginal groups, in particular the larvae (‘witchetty grubs’) of cossid moths (especially Endoxyla leucomochla) in arid and semi-arid areas11–13. Of 1In the Groove Analysis Pty Ltd., Brisbane, QLD, Australia. 2Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Canberra, ACT , Australia. 3Monash Indigenous Studies Centre, 20 Chancellors Walk, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia. 4GunaiKurnai Land and Waters Aboriginal Corporation, Kalimna West, VIC, Australia. 5School of Physical Sciences, Environment Institute, and Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia. 6Laboratoire EDYTEM, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, 73376 Le Bourget du Lac Cedex, France. 7Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. 8School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia. 9Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia. 10School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. 11School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia. 12Radiocarbon Facility, Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, ACT , Australia. *email: bruno.david@ monash.edu Scientifc Reports | (2020) 10:22151 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79307-w 1 Vol.:(0123456789) www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Figure 1. (A) Bogong moth, Agrotis infusa (photo: Ajay Narendra). (B) Tousands of moths per square metre aestivating on a rock surface (photo: Eric Warrant). particular interest to archaeologists and behavioural ecologists has been the seasonal consumption of Bogong moths by mass gatherings of Aboriginal groups in the southern portions of the Eastern Uplands14 (Fig. 1). How- ever, no conclusive archaeological evidence has ever been reported for the processing or use of Bogong moths. The Cloggs Cave grindstone. Cloggs Cave is located 72 m above sea level in the southern foothills of the Australian Alps, in the lands of the Krauatungalung clan of the GunaiKurnai Aboriginal peoples of southeastern Australia (Fig. 2). Te cave is a small, 12 m long × 5 m wide × 6.8 m high limestone karst formation that is today entered through a walk-through opening on the side of a clif (Fig. 3). Indirect sunlight dimly illuminates the cave for much of the day (Supplementary Fig. S1). Archaeological excavations were frst undertaken in 1971–197214, followed by a new program of excavations in 2019–2020, initiated by the GunaiKurnai Land and Waters Aboriginal Corporation and directed by Bruno David. Te new excavations were aimed at better determining the site’s stratigraphy and the antiquity of Abo- riginal occupation (Supplementary Fig. S2). An intensive dating programme showed that the oldest excavated evidence for human activity dates to between 19,330–19,730 cal BP (median age of 19,530 cal BP; cal BP = before AD1950) and 20,590–23,530 cal BP (median age of 21,690 cal BP) (all calibrated radiocarbon ages in the text are presented at 95.4% probability range. See “Methods”; Supplementary Fig. S3)15–17. During the 2019 excavations, a small, fat grindstone was found. Te fnely stratifed hearth layers of strati- graphic unit (SU) 2 in which it was found were radiocarbon-dated to 1567–1696 cal BP at their top (uncalibrated: 1724 ± 16 BP; median age of 1632 cal BP) and 2002–2117 cal BP at their base (uncalibrated: 2091 ± 16 BP; median age of 2062 cal BP). Te grindstone therefore dates to between 1600 and 2100 years ago (see “Methods”; Sup- plementary Figs. S3 and S4)17. No other grindstone has been found at Cloggs Cave. Te grindstone is a tabular fragment of sandstone with two fat and parallel ground surfaces (Surfaces A and B), in the form of a fat dish (Fig. 4). It measures 10.5 cm long × 8.3 cm wide × 2.2 cm thick and weighs 304 g. Te outer, intact margin is elliptical in plan view; the other three margins indicate old breaks that have been subsequently worn from use. Terefore, prior to its deposition at Cloggs Cave, the grindstone had been used in its current form. To understand how the grindstone was used, we undertook use-wear and residue analyses (see “Methods”). Te central area of both its surfaces contain fne unidirectional striations (Supplementary Figs. S5A and S5B), a lowered but not levelled topography, and areas of missing or ripped quartz grains (Supplementary Figs. S5C and S5D). Its use to shape ground stone axes is an unlikely function because the Cloggs Cave grindstone surfaces are relatively fat with only very slight concavities, and the lowered surface topography (Fig. 4) lacks broad grooves typical of axe grinding. When viewed at lower (up to 5 ×) magnifcation under a stereozoom microscope with a point source of light, each surface appears relatively rough compared with grindstones used for processing seeds, which, in Australia, tend to be highly smoothed and polished18,19. Tere are numerous ‘pits’ where sand grains have been plucked from the surface during use (Supplementary Fig. S5D). Te presence of a lowered surface topography (Supplementary Fig. S5C) with a lack of smooth, developed polish suggests that the stone was not used to process siliceous plants. Te repeated mechanical action of grinding has been shown to force residues into the voids and interstitial spaces of ground surfaces, where they become trapped 20–22. Residue analyses conducted on grindstones world- wide have relied on microscopic observations of individual residue morphologies. However, visually diagnostic features can be altered by the mechanical forces of grinding, heat, and contact with water and various envi- ronmental factors, which can cause residues to swell or become amorphous 21–24. Te distinctiveness of residue Scientifc Reports | (2020) 10:22151 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79307-w 2 Vol:.(1234567890) www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Figure 2. Location of Cloggs Cave and the area of the GunaiKurnai Land and Waters Aboriginal Corporation, at the southern foothills of the Australian Alps. Esri ArcMap 10.5 (https ://deskt op.arcgi s.com/en/arcma p/) and Adobe Illustrator CC 2017 (21.0) (https ://helpx .adobe .com/au/illus trato r/relea se-note/illus trato r-cc-2017-21-0- relea se-notes .html) were used by CartoGIS Services, College of Asia and the Pacifc at the Australian National
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Making a Meeting Place Eucalypt Trail Map and Signs
    Friends of the Australian National Botanic Gardens Number 73 April 2013 Inside: Making a Meeting Place Eucalypt Trail map and signs Friends of the Australian National Botanic Gardens Patron His Excellency Mr Michael Bryce AM AE Vice Patron Mrs Marlena Jeffery President David Coutts Vice President Barbara Podger Secretary John Connolly Treasurer Marion Jones Public Officer David Coutts General Committee Dennis Ayliffe Glenys Bishop Anne Campbell Lesley Jackman Warwick Wright Talks Convenor Lesley Jackman Membership Secretary Barbara Scott Fronds Committee Margaret Clarke Barbara Podger Anne Rawson Growing Friends Kath Holtzapffel Botanic Art Groups Helen Hinton Photographic Group Graham Brown Social events Jan Finley Exec. Director, ANBG Dr Judy West Post: Friends of ANBG, GPO Box 1777 Canberra ACT 2601 Australia Telephone: (02) 6250 9548 (messages) Internet: www.friendsanbg.org.au Email addresses: [email protected] IN THIS ISSUE [email protected] [email protected] Eucalypt Trail map and signs.................................................2 Fronds is published three times a year. We welcome your articles for inclusion in the next Discover eucalypts ................................................................3 issue. Material should be forwarded to the Giant wood moths in the Gardens .........................................4 Fronds Committee by mid-February for the April issue; mid-June for the August issue; Growing Friends ....................................................................6 mid-October
    [Show full text]
  • Corroboree Ground and Aboriginal Cultural Area, Queanbeyan River
    November 2017 ACT Heritage Council BACKGROUND INFORMATION Corroboree Ground and Aboriginal Cultural Area, Queanbeyan River Block 700 MAJURA Part Blocks 662, 663, 699, 680, 701, 702, 703, 704 MAJURA Part Blocks 2002, 2091, 2117 JERRABOMBERRA OAKS ESTATE Block 22, Section 2; Block 13, Section 3; Block 4, Section 13; Block 6, Section 13, Block 5, Section 14; Part Block 15, Section 2; Part Block 19, Section 2; Part Block 20, Section 2; Part Block 21, Section 2; Part Block 5, Section 13; Part Block 1, Section 14; Part Block 4, Section 14; Part Block 1, Section 17 At its meeting of 16 November 2017 the ACT Heritage Council decided that the Corroboree Ground and Aboriginal Cultural Area, Queanbeyan River was eligible for registration. The information contained in this report was considered by the ACT Heritage Council in assessing the nomination for the Corroboree Ground and Aboriginal Cultural Area, Queanbeyan River against the heritage significance criteria outlined in s 10 of the Heritage Act 2004. HISTORY The Ngunnawal people are traditionally affiliated with the lands within the Canberra region. In this citation, ‘Aboriginal community’ refers to the Ngunnawal people and other Aboriginal groups within the ACT who draw significance from the place. Whilst the term ‘Aboriginal community’ acknowledges these groups in the ACT, it is recognised that their traditional territories extend outside contemporary borders. These places attest to a rich history of Aboriginal connection to the area. Traditional Aboriginal society in Canberra during the nineteenth century suffered from dramatic depopulation and alienation from traditional land based resources, although some important social institutions like intertribal gatherings and corroborees were retained to a degree at least until the 1860s.
    [Show full text]
  • Report-VIC-Croajingolong National Park-Appendix A
    Croajingolong National Park, Victoria, 2016 Appendix A: Fauna species lists Family Species Common name Mammals Acrobatidae Acrobates pygmaeus Feathertail Glider Balaenopteriae Megaptera novaeangliae # ~ Humpback Whale Burramyidae Cercartetus nanus ~ Eastern Pygmy Possum Canidae Vulpes vulpes ^ Fox Cervidae Cervus unicolor ^ Sambar Deer Dasyuridae Antechinus agilis Agile Antechinus Dasyuridae Antechinus mimetes Dusky Antechinus Dasyuridae Sminthopsis leucopus White-footed Dunnart Felidae Felis catus ^ Cat Leporidae Oryctolagus cuniculus ^ Rabbit Macropodidae Macropus giganteus Eastern Grey Kangaroo Macropodidae Macropus rufogriseus Red Necked Wallaby Macropodidae Wallabia bicolor Swamp Wallaby Miniopteridae Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis ~ Eastern Bent-wing Bat Muridae Hydromys chrysogaster Water Rat Muridae Mus musculus ^ House Mouse Muridae Rattus fuscipes Bush Rat Muridae Rattus lutreolus Swamp Rat Otariidae Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus ~ Australian Fur-seal Otariidae Arctocephalus forsteri ~ New Zealand Fur Seal Peramelidae Isoodon obesulus Southern Brown Bandicoot Peramelidae Perameles nasuta Long-nosed Bandicoot Petauridae Petaurus australis Yellow Bellied Glider Petauridae Petaurus breviceps Sugar Glider Phalangeridae Trichosurus cunninghami Mountain Brushtail Possum Phalangeridae Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail Possum Phascolarctidae Phascolarctos cinereus Koala Potoroidae Potorous sp. # ~ Long-nosed or Long-footed Potoroo Pseudocheiridae Petauroides volans Greater Glider Pseudocheiridae Pseudocheirus peregrinus
    [Show full text]
  • The Brain of a Nocturnal Migratory Insect, the Australian Bogong Moth
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/810895; this version posted January 21, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. The brain of a nocturnal migratory insect, the Australian Bogong moth Authors: Andrea Adden1, Sara Wibrand1, Keram Pfeiffer2, Eric Warrant1, Stanley Heinze1,3 1 Lund Vision Group, Lund University, Sweden 2 University of Würzburg, Germany 3 NanoLund, Lund University, Sweden Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract Every year, millions of Australian Bogong moths (Agrotis infusa) complete an astonishing journey: in spring, they migrate over 1000 km from their breeding grounds to the alpine regions of the Snowy Mountains, where they endure the hot summer in the cool climate of alpine caves. In autumn, the moths return to their breeding grounds, where they mate, lay eggs and die. These moths can use visual cues in combination with the geomagnetic field to guide their flight, but how these cues are processed and integrated in the brain to drive migratory behavior is unknown. To generate an access point for functional studies, we provide a detailed description of the Bogong moth’s brain. Based on immunohistochemical stainings against synapsin and serotonin (5HT), we describe the overall layout as well as the fine structure of all major neuropils, including the regions that have previously been implicated in compass-based navigation. The resulting average brain atlas consists of 3D reconstructions of 25 separate neuropils, comprising the most detailed account of a moth brain to date.
    [Show full text]
  • The Australian Bogong Moth Agrotis Infusa: a Long-Distance Nocturnal Navigator
    REVIEW published: 21 April 2016 doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00077 The Australian Bogong Moth Agrotis infusa: A Long-Distance Nocturnal Navigator Eric Warrant 1*, Barrie Frost 2, Ken Green 3, Henrik Mouritsen 4, David Dreyer 1, Andrea Adden 1, Kristina Brauburger 1 and Stanley Heinze 1 1 Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden, 2 Department of Psychology, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada, 3 New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service, Jindabyne, NSW, Australia, 4 Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany The nocturnal Bogong moth (Agrotis infusa) is an iconic and well-known Australian insect that is also a remarkable nocturnal navigator. Like the Monarch butterflies of North America, Bogong moths make a yearly migration over enormous distances, from southern Queensland, western and northwestern New South Wales (NSW) and western Victoria, to the alpine regions of NSW and Victoria. After emerging from their pupae in early spring, adult Bogong moths embark on a long nocturnal journey towards the Australian Alps, a journey that can take many days or even weeks and cover over 1000 km. Once in the Alps (from the end of September), Bogong moths seek out the shelter of selected and isolated high ridge-top caves and rock crevices (typically at elevations above 1800 m). In hundreds of thousands, moths Edited by: Miriam Liedvogel, line the interior walls of these cool alpine caves where they “hibernate” over the Max Planck Gesellschaft, Germany summer months (referred to as “estivation”). Towards the end of the summer (February Reviewed by: and March), the same individuals that arrived months earlier leave the caves and Christine Merlin, begin their long return trip to their breeding grounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Edible Insects and Other Invertebrates in Australia: Future Prospects
    Alan Louey Yen Edible insects and other invertebrates in Australia: future prospects Alan Louey Yen1 At the time of European settlement, the relative importance of insects in the diets of Australian Aborigines varied across the continent, reflecting both the availability of edible insects and of other plants and animals as food. The hunter-gatherer lifestyle adopted by the Australian Aborigines, as well as their understanding of the dangers of overexploitation, meant that entomophagy was a sustainable source of food. Over the last 200 years, entomophagy among Australian Aborigines has decreased because of the increasing adoption of European diets, changed social structures and changes in demography. Entomophagy has not been readily adopted by non-indigenous Australians, although there is an increased interest because of tourism and the development of a boutique cuisine based on indigenous foods (bush tucker). Tourism has adopted the hunter-gatherer model of exploitation in a manner that is probably unsustainable and may result in long-term environmental damage. The need for large numbers of edible insects (not only for the restaurant trade but also as fish bait) has prompted feasibility studies on the commercialization of edible Australian insects. Emphasis has been on the four major groups of edible insects: witjuti grubs (larvae of the moth family Cossidae), bardi grubs (beetle larvae), Bogong moths and honey ants. Many of the edible moth and beetle larvae grow slowly and their larval stages last for two or more years. Attempts at commercialization have been hampered by taxonomic uncertainty of some of the species and the lack of information on their biologies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Brain of a Nocturnal Migratory Insect, the Australian Bogong Moth
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/810895; this version posted October 21, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. The brain of a nocturnal migratory insect, the Australian Bogong moth Andrea Adden1, Sara Wibrand1, Keram Pfeiffer2, Eric Warrant1, Stanley Heinze1 1 Lund Vision Group, Lund University, Sweden 2 University of Würzburg, Germany Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract Every year, millions of Australian Bogong moths (Agrotis infusa) complete an astonishing journey: in spring, they migrate from their breeding grounds to the alpine regions of the Snowy Mountains, where they endure the hot summer in the cool climate of alpine caves. In autumn, the moths return to their breeding grounds, where they mate, lay eggs and die. Each journey can be over 1000 km long and each moth generation completes the entire roundtrip. Without being able to learn any aspect of this journey from experienced individuals, these moths can use visual cues in combination with the geomagnetic field to guide their flight. How these cues are processed and integrated in the brain to drive migratory behaviour is as yet unknown. Equally unanswered is the question of how these insects identify their targets, i.e. specific alpine caves used as aestivation sites over many generations. To generate an access point for functional studies aiming at understanding the neural basis of these insect’s nocturnal migrations, we provide a detailed description of the Bogong moth’s brain. Based on immunohistochemical stainings against synapsin and serotonin (5HT), we describe the overall layout as well as the fine structure of all major neuropils, including all regions that have previously been implicated in compass-based navigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Minds in the Cave: Insect Imagery As Metaphors for Place and Loss
    AJE: Australasian Journal of Ecocriticism and Cultural Ecology, Vol. 3, 2013/2014 ASLEC-ANZ ! Minds in the Cave: Insect Imagery as Metaphors for Place and Loss HARRY NANKIN RMIT University 1. The Australian Alps In 1987 I authored a photographic book celebrating the Australian Alps. Its opening paragraph read, in part: Cool, rolling and serene, the High Country . is an assemblage of landforms and living things unlike any other. This crumpled arc of upland, the southeastern elbow of the continent . contains . the only extensive alpine and sub-alpine environments on the Australian mainland . ‘One climbs . and finds, not revelation, but simply range upon range upon range stretching . into distance, a single motif repeating itself to infinity . Climax? . Calm . ’ (Nankin, Range 11). ! Fig. 1 Mount Bogong, Victoria from Range Upon Range: The Australian Alps by Harry Nankin, Algona Publications / Notogaea Press, 1987 A quarter century after these words were published the regions’ serried topography remains unchanged but it no longer connotes serenity or calm. During the summers of 2003 and 2006-7 bushfires of unprecedented ferocity and scale destroyed much of the region’s distinctive old growth sub-alpine snow gum Eucalyptus Pauciflora woodland, a species, which unlike most lowland eucalypts, recovers very slowly and sometimes not at all from fire [Fig. 2]. The extent to which the rising average temperatures and declining snow falls of the last few decades or the more recent drought and heat waves precipitating Harry Nankin: Minds in the Cave: Insect Imagery as Metaphors for Place and Loss these fires were linked to anthropogenic climate change is uncertain.
    [Show full text]
  • Mountain Pygmy-Possum Action Statement 1
    Mountain Pygmy-possum Burramys parvus Action Statement No. 2 Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 Approved revision May 2020 OFFICIAL Cover photo credit Dean Heinze, 2017. Acknowledgment We acknowledge and respect Victorian Traditional Owners as the original custodians of Victoria's land and waters, their unique ability to care for Country and deep spiritual connection to it. We honour Elders past and present whose knowledge and wisdom has ensured the continuation of culture and traditional practices. We are committed to genuinely partner, and meaningfully engage, with Victoria's Traditional Owners and Aboriginal communities to support the protection of Country, the maintenance of spiritual and cultural practices and their broader aspirations in the 21st century and beyond. © The State of Victoria Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, 2020 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. You are free to re-use the work under that licence, on the condition that you credit the State of Victoria as author. The licence does not apply to any images, photographs or branding, including the Victorian Coat of Arms, the Victorian Government logo and the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) logo. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN 978-1-76105-278-1 (pdf/online/MS word) Disclaimer This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Edible Insects
    1.04cm spine for 208pg on 90g eco paper ISSN 0258-6150 FAO 171 FORESTRY 171 PAPER FAO FORESTRY PAPER 171 Edible insects Edible insects Future prospects for food and feed security Future prospects for food and feed security Edible insects have always been a part of human diets, but in some societies there remains a degree of disdain Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security and disgust for their consumption. Although the majority of consumed insects are gathered in forest habitats, mass-rearing systems are being developed in many countries. Insects offer a significant opportunity to merge traditional knowledge and modern science to improve human food security worldwide. This publication describes the contribution of insects to food security and examines future prospects for raising insects at a commercial scale to improve food and feed production, diversify diets, and support livelihoods in both developing and developed countries. It shows the many traditional and potential new uses of insects for direct human consumption and the opportunities for and constraints to farming them for food and feed. It examines the body of research on issues such as insect nutrition and food safety, the use of insects as animal feed, and the processing and preservation of insects and their products. It highlights the need to develop a regulatory framework to govern the use of insects for food security. And it presents case studies and examples from around the world. Edible insects are a promising alternative to the conventional production of meat, either for direct human consumption or for indirect use as feedstock.
    [Show full text]
  • THIS IS WHAT CLIMATE CHANGE LOOKS LIKE Please Note That the Photos of Healthy and Degraded Ecosystems Are Not Necessarily of the Same Locations in All Examples
    THIS IS WHAT CLIMATE CHANGE LOOKS LIKE Please note that the photos of healthy and degraded ecosystems are not necessarily of the same locations in all examples. Where possible, we have Thank you for used photos of the same or nearby locations. In other cases, we have chosen photos that depict healthy and degraded examples of the same ecosystem type but from diferent locations. Published by the Climate Council of Australia Limited supporting the ISBN: 978-0-6486793-0-1 (print) 978-0-6486793-1-8 (digital) © Climate Council of Australia Ltd 2019 This work is copyright the Climate Council of Australia Ltd. All material Climate Council. contained in this work is copyright the Climate Council of Australia Ltd except where a third party source is indicated. The Climate Council is an independent, crowd-funded organisation Climate Council of Australia Ltd copyright material is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia License. To view a copy of this providing quality information on climate change to the Australian public. license visit http://creativecommons.org.au. You are free to copy, communicate and adapt the Climate Council of Australia Ltd copyright material so long as you attribute the Climate Council of Australia Ltd and the authors in the following manner: This is what climate change looks like. Authors: Professor Lesley Hughes, Dr Annika Dean, Professor Will Stefen and Dr Martin Rice. — Cover image: ‘Mangroves before and after marine heatwave’ by Norman Duke. Reproduced with permission. Professor Lesley Hughes Dr Annika Dean This report is printed on 100% recycled paper. Climate Councillor Senior Researcher facebook.com/climatecouncil [email protected] twitter.com/climatecouncil climatecouncil.org.au Professor Will Stefen Dr Martin Rice Climate Councillor Head of Research Preface The word “unprecedented” has been in This report highlights recent examples of these regular use lately.
    [Show full text]
  • Logs and Chips of Eighteen Eucalypt Species from Australia
    United States Department of Agriculture Pest Risk Assessment Forest Service of the Importation Into Forest Products Laboratory the United States of General Technical Report Unprocessed Logs and FPL−GTR−137 Chips of Eighteen Eucalypt Species From Australia P. (=Tryphocaria) solida, P. tricuspis; Scolecobrotus westwoodi; Abstract Tessaromma undatum; Zygocera canosa], ghost moths and carpen- The unmitigated pest risk potential for the importation of unproc- terworms [Abantiades latipennis; Aenetus eximius, A. ligniveren, essed logs and chips of 18 species of eucalypts (Eucalyptus amyg- A. paradiseus; Zelotypia stacyi; Endoxyla cinereus (=Xyleutes dalina, E. cloeziana, E. delegatensis, E. diversicolor, E. dunnii, boisduvali), Endoxyla spp. (=Xyleutes spp.)], true powderpost E. globulus, E. grandis, E. nitens, E. obliqua, E. ovata, E. pilularis, beetles (Lyctus brunneus, L. costatus, L. discedens, L. parallelocol- E. regnans, E. saligna, E. sieberi, E. viminalis, Corymbia calo- lis; Minthea rugicollis), false powderpost or auger beetles (Bo- phylla, C. citriodora, and C. maculata) from Australia into the strychopsis jesuita; Mesoxylion collaris; Sinoxylon anale; Xylion United States was assessed by estimating the likelihood and conse- cylindricus; Xylobosca bispinosa; Xylodeleis obsipa, Xylopsocus quences of introduction of representative insects and pathogens of gibbicollis; Xylothrips religiosus; Xylotillus lindi), dampwood concern. Twenty-two individual pest risk assessments were pre- termite (Porotermes adamsoni), giant termite (Mastotermes dar- pared, fifteen dealing with insects and seven with pathogens. The winiensis), drywood termites (Neotermes insularis; Kalotermes selected organisms were representative examples of insects and rufinotum, K. banksiae; Ceratokalotermes spoliator; Glyptotermes pathogens found on foliage, on the bark, in the bark, and in the tuberculatus; Bifiditermes condonensis; Cryptotermes primus, wood of eucalypts. C.
    [Show full text]