ISSN 0254-380 X

MARINE FISHERIES INFORMATION SERVICE

No. 191 January, February, March 2007

TECHNICAL AND EXTENSION SERIES

CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE

COCHIN, INDIA

(INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH) Marine Fisheries Information Service

No. 191 January, February, March 2007

Published by : Dr. Mohan Joseph Modayil Director, CMFRI

Editors : Dr. N.G. Menon : N. Venugopal

Translation : P.J. Sheela : E. Sasikala

The Marine Fisheries Information Service : Technical and Extension Series envisages dissemination of information on marine fishery resources based on research results to the planners, industry and fish farmers, and transfer of technology from laboratory to field.

Abbreviation - Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T & E Ser. CONTENTS

Article No. Article Title Pages

1214 Bivalve resources of Palar Estuary ...... 1 1215 Mussel seed prospecting along Malabar Coast and the influence of rainfall ...... 5 1216 On-bottom culture of the green mussel Perna viridis in Kerala ...... 9 1217 Semi-automated de-clumper for harvesting farmed mussels ...... 10 1218 Production estimates of farmed mussel in Kerala, India ...... 12 1219 Development of ancillary industries related to mussel farming in Kerala ...... 13 1220 On the juvenile fishery of Euthynnus affinis and Sarda orientalis along the Tuticorin Coast in Gulf of Mannar ...... 17 1221 Emergence of thermocole fishing crafts and their economy along Tuticorin coast in Gulf of Mannar ...... 19 1222 On the occurrence and fishery of fishes of the family Gempylidae along the Tuticorin Coast in Gulf of Mannar ...... 21 1223 Utilization of gill rakers of lesser devil ray Mobula diabolus - a new fish by product ...... 22 1224 Value added products from rays at Tuticorin ...... 23 1225 A note on the recurring heavy catch of ‘Ghol’, Protonibea diacanthus by dol net at Bassien koliwada, Maharasthtra...... 24 1226 Report on stranding of dolphins ...... 25 1227 Strandings of whales along Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay ...... 25 1228 Report on dugong strandings along Gulf of Mannar ...... 26 1229 Unusual landings of Arius dussumieri by Karli dol net at Basien Koliwada ...... 26 1230 Export of silver conger eel's air bladder from Chennai ...... 27 1231 On the landing of large size guitar fish, Rhina ancylostoma at Chennai Fishery Harbour ...... 28 1232 Record of oceanic squid Thysanoteuthis rhombus off Maharashtra Coast ...... 28 1233 On the record of the largest (Giant) Bull Shark Carcharhinus leucas caught off Chennai ...... 28 1234 Unusual landing of deep sea mud shrimp Solenocera hextii from Chennai coast ...... 29 1235 Devil ray Manta birostris landed at Chennai Fishing Harbour ...... 29 1236 First report on the philopatric migration of bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas in the Pulicut lagoon ...... 30

Front Cover Photo : Lepidocybium flavobrunneum Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 1

1214 Bivalve resources of Palar Estuary

Palar estuary is a bar-built estuary located The maximum width of the river is about 1.2 about 70 km south of Chennai, runs perpen- km. The maximum depth of the estuary is 1.5 dicular to the sea coast and enters into the metre and an average of 0.5 m. In recent Bay of Bengal near Pudupattinam colony. The years, the water level of the estuary has gone Cheyyar river which runs towards east in the down, thereby several areas of the bottom is Kancheepuram District and the Buckingham exposed in the form of small islets. There are canal which runs parallel to the sea coast, both 11 islets of different dimensions and shapes. of them confluences with the Palar estuary In majority of the places the bottom is sandy before entering into the Bay of Bengal (Fig.1). and an admixture of sand and mud in the The width of the bar mouth vary between 30 Buckingham canal area. The estuary branches to 500 m depending on the flow of water. out in the northern side and runs parallel to the sea up to Oyyalikuppam village. The width of this branch vary between 30 and 40 me- ters. This branch has further more 3 devia- tions. The Palar estuary is surveyed in 12 stations for the distribution of bivalve resources from the bar-mouth and up to a distance of 3 kilometers, using rectangular quadrat of 50 x 50 cm. The quadrat was placed on the clam bed and all the bivalves present inside the quadrat were removed. The bivalves were sorted out species-wise, counted and weighed and length measurements were taken separately. In each station, an average of 5 samples were collected in different locations and then the data was pooled to represent the biomas. Meretrix casta Fig. 1. Diagramatic representation of Palar Meretrix casta constituted 86.8%, Mercia estuary opima 10.3% and Crassostrea madrasensis Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 2

Table:1. Distribution of bivalve resources in different stations of Palar estuary Station Area M. casta Mercia C.madrasensis Total No. (in hectares) (in tonnes) opima (in tonnes) Biomass (in tonnes) (in tonnes) 1. 12.0 96.0 - 8.2 104.2 2. 4.0 65.4 12.0 - 100.6 3. 3.2 30.8 35.2 3.6 48.5 4. 0.8 42.8 14.1 6.1 49.4 5. 5.0 156.2 0.5 - 156.2 6. 7.2 206.4 - - 206.4 7. 2.0 3.4 - 7.6 11.0 8. 2.4 7.8 - - 7.8 9. 6.0 30.6 - - 122.9 10. 1.0 87.9 92.3 7.1 102.3 11. 1.6 461.0 7.3 10.2 471.2 12. 1.8 72.1 - - 72.1 Total 47.0 1260.4 149.4 42.8 1452.6 % 86.8 10.3 2.9 100.0 formed to 2.9%. The other bivalves such as ately high population of clams in 5th and 6th mussels and Pabhia sp. sporadically made the station representing 109 and 114 respectively. occurence, but very scanty. In the buckingham canal (7th station) the bot- The particulars regarding the clam bed area, tom is sandy and the depth varied between density of population, the size range, mean 30 and 50 cm. The clams buried even at a weight and estimated biomass are given in depth of 3 to 5 cm below the surface and the Tables 1&2. Meretrix casta was distributed population is very less. Poor ( 8/sq.m) distri- in all the 12 stations surveyed, but the size bution of clams was observed in station 8. and shape of the clam bed, density and mag- The richest (538/sq.m) clam bed was ob- nitude of population vary among the different served in station 11. The bottom in this sta- stations. The largest clam bed was in stations tion was muddy sand and water column was 2 and 3, but the clam beds were compara- 80 cm. The size of the clams were also larger tively small. The 4th station is the smallest one which ranged between 44 and 55 mm with a with rich clam distribution (208/ sq.m) and mean size of 49.44 mm. The total biomass in the bottom was sandy. There was a moder- this locality was estimated to be 461 tons. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 3

Table : 2. Total area, average number, mean weight, size range, mean size and total biomass of Meretrix casta of Palar estuary. Station Area Average No Mean weight Size range Mean size Biomass No. (in hectare) per m2 (gms) (mm) (mm) (in tonnes) 1. 12.0 32 25.0 38-43 40.4 96.0 2. 4.0 76 21.5 35-45 40.7 65.4 3. 3.2 40 24.1 36-46 39.4 30.8 4. 0.8 208 25.7 39-45 45.6 42.8 5. 5.0 114 27.4 40-45 42.3 156.2 6. 7.2 109 26.3 35-42 39.7 206.4 7. 2.0 8 21.4 31-52 39.3 3.4 8. 2.4 12 27.1 39-45 41.2 7.8 9. 6.0 26 19.6 28-39 33.9 30.6 10. 1.0 174 50.5 48-55 51.3 87.9 11. 1.6 538 53.5 44-52 49.4 461.0 12. 1.8 140 28.0 40-45 43.3 72.1

The 12th station is near Oyyalikuppam vil- the bar-mouth extending to about 2 kilome- lage where the clam distribution was very tres in the upper reaches of the estuary. The sparse which may be due to black muddy bot- extent of M. opima bed was estimated to be tom. The biological observations indicated 15 hectates with an estimated biomass of that both the sexes are equally represented 149.4 tonnes (Table-3). Among the 12 sta- more ore less in these stations (1,2,6,7 and tions, M. opima was distributed in five sta- 10). The females out-numbered males in sta- tion only (2,3,4,9 and 10). The maximum tion 4,5,11 and 12. The males were domi- depth in all those station varied between 0.4 nant in stations 3,8 and 9. The percentage and 1.5 metre. Among the five stations noted edibility was 12.7%. Both maturing and ripe for their occurrence, the biggest clam bed was gonads were represented more are less in station 9 with a wide area of 6 hectares equally in majority of the stations. The spent with an estimated biomass of 92.3 tons, fol- ones were recorded only a few numbers dur- lowed by station 2 having 4 hectares with a ing the period of observation. total biomass of 35.2 tons. The population Mercia opima density was very less in all other stations. The M. opima was distributed in shallow areas of size of the clam varied between 25 and 46 the Palar estuary from 300 metre away from mm with an average size of 39.7 mm. The Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 4

Table : 3. Extent of Mercia opima bed area, average number, mean weight, size range, mean size and total biomass of Palar estuary. Station Area Average No Mean weight Size range Mean size Total No (in hectare) per m2 (gms) (mm) (mm) Biomass (in tonnes) 1. ------2. 4.0 32 27.5 40-42 41.2 35.2 3. 3.2 18 24.5 25-44 39.4 14.1 4. 0.8 4 15.2 30-43 34.8 0.5 5. ------6------7. ------8. ------9. 6.0 57 27.0 30-46 39.4 92.3 10. 1.0 24 30.8 32-45 38.8 7.3 11. ------12. ------Total 15.0 149.4 distribution was 57 per sq.m. in station 9 veyed, the oysters were found to occur in 6 which is particularly high among the five sta- stations only. Though the extent of the oyster tions observed, followed by station 2 where bed was estimated to be 20.6 hectares, the 32 / sq.m and there after gradually declining oyster population was very sparse and the to 24, 18, 4 numbers in station 10, 3, 4 re- oyster biomass was estimated to be 42.8 spectively. Both the sexes are equally repre- tonnes only. The maximum oyster biomass sented in station 10. Females outnumbered was estimated to be 10.2 tones in station 11 males in station 2,3 and 4 and males out num- and 8.2 tonnes in station 1. The distribution bered females in station 9. The condition in- of oysters in all other stations are very less. dex was 14.3% The maximum density of oyster population was 24 / sq.m in station 4 and low density Crassostrea madrasensis was 1/sq.m. in station 1. The size ranged be- The distribution of the edible oyster tween 34 and 102 mm with a mean size of 70 Crassostrea madrasensis was very sparse mm. Females were found to be dominant in in this estuary. Among the 12 stations sur- all the stations. The gonadal stages showed Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 5 that the ripe oysters were dominant in all the Rs. 25/- per basket of about 15kg. The station observed. The condition index was shucked shells of one basket was sold at the 8.1%. rate of Rs. 15/- per basket, which is exclu- Fishery sively used for lime burning. There was no organized fishery for clam and The present survey has brought to light that oysters in this estuary, however, the fishery is the Palar estuary is a rich source of clams and conducted for clams and oysters whenever oysters in a total area of 47 hectares harbour- there is a scarcity for fish. Some people from ing 1452.6 tones. The clam M. casta form- Vayalur are engaged in clam picking for local ing the major resource (86.8%) followed by consumption. As per local enquiry, about 100 M. opima (12.36%) and C. madrasensis to 120 tons of clam shells collected from the (1.22%). Palar estuary are transported to the nearby area for lime-burning. About 15 to 25 tons of Prepared by : R. Thangavelu and P. edible oysters are fished annually for local con- Poovannan, Madras Research Centre of sumption. Live clams were sold at the rate of C.M.F.R.I., Chennai

1215 Mussel seed prospecting along Malabar Coast and the influence of rainfall

The green mussel Perna viridis forms a sig- tuting 40 ha. There is no significant mussel nificant fishery along the Malabar coast. The resource in Malappuram district. The total green mussel forms extensive beds on the lat- area of mussel beds along the Malabar Coast erite and granite formations along Kasargod constitutes 620 ha. Spat settlement occurs on to Kozhikode in the intertidal and subtidal lateritic formations along south beach, zones up to 15-20m depth. The major mus- Chaliyam, Elathur, Kollam, Moodadi and sel beds in Kozhikode district are in south Thikkodi. Spat settlement on granite rocks beach, Chaliyam, Elathur, Kollam, Moodadi, are observed in Chombala, Mahe, Thalassery, Thikkodi and Chombala constituting about Thalai, Koduvally, Kadalai, Chembarika, 435 ha. Mussel bed off Mahe constitutes Kottikulam and Bekel. nearly 20 ha. The major mussel beds in Kannur district are along Thalassery, Thalai, Spat fall begins with the onset of monsoon Koduvally, Kadalai constituting 125 ha (Table when breeding and spawning occurs. Mussel 1). In Kasargod district, the mussel beds are seed availability, abundance and rainfall pat- off Chembarika, Kottikulam and Bekel consti- tern along the Malabar Coast was surveyed Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 6 (mm) Size range 11-24 16-41 7-30 8-33 1228 483 Mean weight Number of mussel of mussel seed / kg 30.1 26.8 2.9 2.25 736 444 17-43 16-44 Mean size seed (mm) seed (g) 2208 848 5883 4541 biomass of Estimated 1.08 144 216 27.2 21.4 2.6 1.09 264 917 10-43 8.48 0.47 90 75 19.6 22.3 0.8 1.16 704 862 (Kg) (Tonnes) 2 0.85 0.46 3390.59 1840.50 0.821.11 1.16 22.0 297 1.32 24.5 252 410 278 580 1.32.84 18.8 3302.44 Ns 1.56 24.2 19.4 Ns 21.8 24.0 696 0.9 497 26.5 641 1.0 122 Ns 1.5 2.0 Ns 1.18 8-36 35.7 600 2.07 15-40 480 Ns 27.0 667 508 847 Ns 4.0 6-33 483 9-32 2.9 9-42 Ns 9-44 6-38 Ns 9-40 664 904 Ns Ns 23-48 Ns 10-45 Ns 2.120.78 1.62 1.21 7422.76 588 567 1.06 908 27.5 30.7 19.9 26.3 2.3 0.9 3.26 2.08 824 848 307 481 8-42 11-31 11-42 11-45 0.72 0.94 326 423 11.2 27.2 0.6 2.07 Mean mussel 1.33 1.01 21.7 25.2 1.7 1.82 650 613 6-48 mussel bed M extent of biomass per Ha 2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Estimated ChombalaMaheKannur District 40 Thalassery/ThalaiKoduvally 50 20KadalaiKasargod District 50 Chembarika 0.72 Kottikulam 25 Bekel 18Total 18 Ns 5 Ns 620 Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns ChaliyamElathur/KollamMoodadi 75 35 Thikodi 160 80 0.56 Kozhikode District South Beach 45 Table 1. Mussel seed settlement along Malabar coast indicating major sites during November 2005, 2006 Table Zone / location Average Ns : Not Sampled Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 7 from Kozhikode to Kasargod districts dur- from 1.09 g in Mahe to 3.26 g in Chaliyam. ing 2005 and 2006 to analyze the influence During 2005, total annual rainfall in of rainfall on spat fall pattern and abundance. Kozhikode was 2236 mm, with mean monthly Depending on the onset, intensity and pattern rainfall of 186 mm. Maximum rainfall was re- of rainfall, mussel seed prospecting can be corded during June (677mm) and July (417 done so as to predict the availability and abun- mm). Intense rainfall extended up to Novem- dance of mussel seed that can be exploited ber. The mean maximum atmospheric tem- for suply to the farming sector. perature during 2005 was 32.66 oC and mean The total biomass of mussel seed along minimum atmospheric temperature 23.61oC. Kozhikode, Mahe, Kannur and Kasargod Total annual rainfall in Kannur was 2460 mm, Coast during November 2005 was estimated with mean monthly rainfall of 205 mm. Maxi- at 5883 t (Table 1). The mean mussel biom- mum rainfall was recorded during June ass in an estimated total mussel bed area of (684mm) and July (551mm). Intense rainfall 620 ha was 1.3 kg m-2 (17.2%). The aver- extended up to November. The mean maxi- age number of seed per kiologram was 650. mum atmospheric temperature during 2005 The mean size of mussel seed was 21.7 mm, was 32.28 oC and mean minimum atmospheric ranging from 11 mm in south beach to 36mm temperature 24.2 oC. Total annual rainfall in in Kottikulam. The mean weight of mussel Kannur was 3941 mm, with mean monthly seed was 1.7 g, ranging from 0.6 g in South rainfall of 328 mm. Maximum rainfall was Beach and 4 g in Kottikulam. recorded during June (1014mm) and Sep- The total mussel seed biomass along tember (692 mm).Intense rainfall extended up Kozhikode, Mahe and Kannur coast during to November. The mean maximum atmo- November 2006 was estimated at 4541 t. spheric temperature during 2006 was 32.9 o The mean mussel biomass in an estimated total C and mean minimum atmospheric o mussel bed area of 436 ha was 1 kg m-2 . temperture 23.2 C. Kasargod was not covered during sampling Although 14% more rainfall was recorded in process during 2006. Chaliyam recorded the Kozhikode and Kannur during 2006, com- highest average biomass at 1.6 kg m-2 pared to 2005, mussel seed settlement was (15.8%) followed by Kadalai at 1.3 kg m-2 23% lower than the previous year. The mean (12.9%). The mean number of seed per kilo- annual rainfall and mean monthly rainfall also gram was 613 and the mean size of mussel was higher during 2006 compared to 2005. seed was 25 mm, ranging from 6 mm in The mean maximum and mean minimum at- Koduvally to 48 mm in Mahe. The mean to- mospheric temperatures recorded were also tal weight of mussel seed was 1.8 g, ranging comparatively higher. These factors and the Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 8 more intense rainfall during 2006 probably Korapuzha, Kadalundi, Chaliyar and Moorad affected the spat settlement adversely. The estuaries. Given this scenario, although spat mussel larvae which remain pelagic for nearly settlement is poor relative to the previous year, 21 days were probably drifted away due to there is sufficient quantity of seed that can be the continuous rains and turbulence failed to used for farming. However in 2006, seed was transform to pediveligers and settle on suit- available only up to mid-December. Farm- able substrata. ing in most estuaries in Malabar can be done On the other hand, the rainfal during 2005 only by December end / January when higher had at least two short spells which probably salinity suitable for farming prevail. Thus farm- facilitated the larval settlement as well as sub- ers faced acute shsortage of seed supply for sequent spawnings. A significant feature of farming during 2006. This has also led to mussel spat settlement during 2005 was the exorbitant prices for the seed (Rs 10/kg). The occurrence of at least 4 different size groups farmers are switching over to on-bottom cul- of spat from August through December which ture instead of the suspended (rack) culture occurred as a result of repeated spawnings by stocking large sized mussels (60-70 mm, and settlement. As a result seed was avail- retarded mussels of previous years' settlement) able up to December 2005 to the mussel which fail to attach to ropes causing signifi- farmers. Mussel seeding in the estuaries of cant loss due to high rate of slippage. Malabar usually begins during December / The mussel farming sector now faces two- January. fold problem in acquiring seed for farming in The estimated mussel seed biomass during the estuaries. a) Mussel spat settlement has November 2006 was 454 t from Kozhikode, been relatively poor and not available during Kannur and Mahe. Assuming that about 15% the mussel farming season. b) The mussel of the estimated total is used for seeding for pickers are unwilling to supply seed to the mussel culture in the estuaries in Malabar, 681 mussel farmers. They sort the seed picked tonnes of seed would be available for farm- along with adults and put it back in the mus- ing. The total length of rope that can be seeded sel beds. These factors have caused severe with this quantity of seed would be 272400 pressure on the mussel farmers due to non- m, at the rate of 2.5 kg seed per meter of availability of adequate quantities of seed for rope. About 2724 farmers can do mussel seeding farming at the rate of 100 m of seeded rope per farmer. Nearly 1200 farmers are expected Prepared by : P. Laxmilatha and M.P. to set up mussel farms in 2006-2007 in Sivadasan, Calicut Research Centre of Padanne, Dharmadom, Valapattanam, Mahe, CMFRI, Calicut Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 9

1216 On-bottom culture of the green mussel Perna viridis in Kerala

Farming mussels by sowing the seed on the has been estimated as 8140 tonnes. On- estuarine or coastal intertidal regions, a bottom farming thus formed 19% of the total method which is popularly called on-bottom farmed mussel production (10060 tonnes) in method of farming has become popular in the county. Kerala. This method of farming was first A study was conducted to assess the started in the early 1990’s at Koduvally near production of on-bottom farmed mussel in the Thalasherry, in north Kerala long before the state. Details regarding the method of farming, rack method of farming was introduced in the location of farms, number of persons involved coastal waters. Mussel fishers and villagers and the production rates were collected. used to collect the seed of mussel from the During the period November 2005 to June intertidal areas and sow them in areas with 2006, on-bottom farming of mussels was done semi-hard substrates with more gravel, at Kannur, Kozhikode and Malappuram and pebbles or shell grits and where tidal influx to a small extent at Kollam. The mussel was strongly felt. This was done in small scale fishers, venders or other villagers who live in in a limited area. However, during the last three the coastal areas, stock mussel seed of length years on-bottom culture is done more 25 to 40 mm in selected regions after the systematically and during the period 2005- bottom is prepared by clearing the weeds and 06, 1894 tonnes of mussel was produced other unwanted material. Care is taken to sow through on-bottom farming in north Kerala the seed in a single layer. However, after a and 26 tonnes from Kollam, in south Kerala. few days the seed mussels form clumps which During the same period, the farmed mussel the farmers carefully segregate. The stocking production in the country by the rack method density is usually 6 kg- m2 which grows and

Table 1. Details regarding the on-bottom culture in Kerala District Estuary Production in tonnes Number of farmers Kozhikode Kallai 243 30 Kozhikode Chaliyar 266 48 Malappuram Kadalundi 558 62 Kannur Koduvalli 744 10 Kannur Dharmadam 81 25 TOTAL 1892 173 Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 10 gives a three fold increase, 18 kg- m2 in four to fattening is also in vogue. When mussel five months. demand is low or when the condition index is Among the three districts, maximum low, fishers/mussel venders stock the mussel production was from Kannur, 825t (Table. in selected regions for a short period of two 1) contributing to 43.6% of the total on- to three weeks and harvest it when the meat bottom farmed mussel produced by 35 percentage increases. farmers in Koduvalli and Dharmadam The profit made by villagers who have estuaries. From Kadalundi estuary in adopted rack method of farming has Malapurram district, 558 t were produced by prompted other villagers to take up on- 62 farmers and this formed 29.4% of the total bottom farming which does not require much on-bottom cultured mussel. In Kallai and investment other than the cost of seed. Chaliyar estuaries on-bottom farming of However, there is considerable risk since mussels was done by 76 farmers producing smothering by silt may lead to complete 511 t contributing to 27% of the total mortality of the stocked mussel. production. Prepared by : V. Kripa and V.G. Apart from this, another method of simple Surendranath, CRC of CMFRI, Calicut

1217 Semi-automated de-clumper for harvesting farmed mussels

Mussel farming has developed as one of the the concept of a semi-automated declumping major mariculture activities in India. In 2005- machine was developed and accordingly one 06 about 7500 tonnes of farmed mussels were unit (Prototype I) was fabricated in 2004. The produced and marketed in the country. The machine had two separate units, a metal drum farming technology is simple and all the farm and a metallic circular fixed shield with a cen- related activities are at present done manu- tral opening with a diameter of 10mm fixed ally without any automation. Harvesting and on a stand and a ramp for placing the har- declumping (separating mussels from the vested rope. The method of operation is sim- rope) farmed mussels is by lifting the mussel ple and had four steps as given below. Place ropes and by plucking the mussels from the the harvested rope on the ramp, pass the up- rope or by stamping if the byssal attachment per part of the rope through the metallic shield, is very strong. wind the free end of rope on the metallic drum, To separate the mussels easily from the rope rotate the drum with the handle. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 11

the end of the ramp (Fig.1). This machine with an estimated production cost of Rs.4500 can be used to detach the mussel from the rope very easily (Fig.2). This was field tested in the mussel farms of Korapuzha and Padanna in North Kerala. The declumper could detach 7 to 10kg of mussels from the meter mussel rope in two minutes. This works on the same principle as that of Prototype I Fig. 1 Mussel de-clumper Prototype - II but is much lighter and easlier to transport. During the rotating and coiling process the This easy to handle semi-automated de- mussels are detached at the point where the clumping machine (Prototype II) was rope passes through the shield since the ex- launched among the mussel farmers (Fig.3) tended part of the shield prevents the mus- during the inaugural ceremony of the Green sels from passing through. One meter mussel Mussel Farmers Society at Padanna in De- rope could be de-clumped in two minutes. cember 2005. This marks the beginning of The chief advantages were that physical ex- mechanization in harvesting of mussels in In- ertion during harvesting could be avoided and dia. Relief from physical exertion during har- that it was more hygienic and efficient. How- vesting especially for women and improve- ever, the disadvantage was the heaviness and ment in hygiene in the harvesting process are difficulty in transporting to different sites. the main advantages. Prototype II is detach- able, light weight and can be easily trans- To solve this problem Prototype I was modi- fied and made friendly by fixing the drum at

Fig. 3 Mussel de-clumper displayed at the Fig. 2 A mussel farmer using the mussel de- Green Mussel Farmers Society (GMFS) clumper meeting in Padanne, Kasargod Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 12 ported. Besides, by attaching a 1 HP electric they are de-clumped. motor at the pulley end the de-clumper can Prepared by : V. Kripa, P. Radhakrishnan, be made fully automatic. Provisions for jet washing of mussels can also be provided at V.G. Surendranathan and K.S. Mohammed, the ramp end so as to clean the mussels as Calicut R.C. of CMFRI, Calicut.

1218 Production estimates of farmed mussel in Kerala, India

Mussels were farmed from racks (off- consistent increase from 1997. On-bottom bottom)method in the estuaries and backwa- farming, which is a custom of simple re-lay- ters of Kasargod, Kozhikode,Malappuram, ing of seed mussels with low inputs, is mainly Thrissur, Ernakulam and Kollam districts of in vogue in Kannur, Malappuram, Kozhikode Kerala during the period 2005-06 and this and Kollam districts and has contributed to has contributed to 81% (8140 t) of the total 19% (1920 t) of the production. The value farmed mussel production of 10060 t during of the mussel produced is estimated as the period 2005-06 (Table 1). The annual Rs.80.6million (US$1.79 million) on the ba- production of farmed mussels has shown a sis of farm-gate price 45 INR=1US $ at 2006

Table 1. Details of the farmed mussel production, area used for farming and productivity of mussel farms Disctrict Production (t) Area (in ha) Productivity (t/ha) Trestle On- Perc On- Per On- Bottom Total entage Trestle bottom Total centage Trestle bottom Kasaragod 7496 0 7496 74.52 12.14 0.00 12.14 47.5 617.5 Kozhikode 211 511 722 7.17 0.82 3.11 3.93 21.1 257.1 164.3 Kannur 0 825 825 8.20 0.00 4.58 4.58 12.2 180.1 Malappuram 399 558 957 9.51 1.40 3.30 4.70 18.4 285.7 169.1 Thrissur 5 0 5 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.0 617.3 Ernakulam 25 0 25 0.25 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.2 617.3 Kollam 4 26 30 0.30 0.01 0.18 0.19 0.7 615.4 143.6 TOTAL 8140 1920 10060 100.00 14.41 11.17 25.58 100.0 564.9 171.9 Percentage 80.91 19.09 100.00 Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 13 conversion rates) during the period 2005-06. The total area utilized for rack farming during 2005-06 was estimated as 14.14 ha with 12.14 ha in Kasaragod (KAS). On bottom farming was done in 11.17ha in the state mainly at Kozhikode and Malappuram dis- tricts. At Kannur, a district between Kasaragod and Kozhikode, rack method of farming has till not been adopted by villagers, Fig. 1. Constraints of mussel farmers in the instead, on-bottom method is popular which three districts of north Kerala has resulted in the utilization of 4.58 ha area and an annual production of 825 t of mus- (Fig.1). Between 50 to 55% of the farmers also felt that seed availability, slipping of seed sels. In the southern districts, mussel farming mussel and poor growth of mussels as prob- is done only in limited area and the produc- lem. At Kozhikode, silting within the farm tion is comparatively low. and reduction of depth at the farm site were The average productivity for rack method was cited as the major problems and only less than estimated as 564.9 t/ha, while for on-bottom 10% of the farmers indicated marketing, seed method it was 171.9 t/ha. However, there slipping and poor growth of mussels as prob- was regional difference in productivity with lems. Silting was the major problem of mus- high values in Kasaragode. The constraints sel farmers at Malappuram also, with 93% of faced by the mussel farmers was identified farmers indicating their concern in the addi- based on a survey conducted in the major tional labour incurred to clear the silt on al- mussel farming areas located at Cheruvathur, ternate days. Marketing, seed availability, and Padanna, Thrikaripur and Valiaparamba at seed slipping were also problems of few farm- Kasaragod, Elathur in Kozhikode and ers at Malappuram. Vallikunnu at Malappuram. Prepared by : V. Kripa, V.G. Surendranath All the farmers of KAS indicated marketing and K.S. Mohamed, CRC of CMFRI, of farmed mussel as the major problem Calicut

1219 Development of ancillary industries related to mussel farming in Kerala

The commercialization of mussel farming in ing the crop period and has also helped in the Kerala has created more part-time jobs dur- development of several ancillary industries. It Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 14

Table 1. Details of mussel farm for stocking 100 m of seeded rope in three major locations Kasargod Kozhikode Malappuram Size of farm (m) 4.5mx4.5m 20m x 3.5m 20m x 3.5m Area (sq.cm) 20.25 70sqm 70sqm Depth 1.5 to 3 m >1.5m 1 to 2m Total expense 6000 8500 8000 Method of tying mussel ropes Vertical Horizontal Horizontal is estimated that during 2005-06, in the three remove the silt which gets deposited beneath northern districts viz Kasaragod, Kozhikode the farm. Based on these facts the quantity of and Malappuram, the farmed mussel produc- inputs required for farming and the expenses tion by the rack method was 7496, 211 and incurred were estimated for unit area (Table.1) 399 tonnes (t) respectively. To support such From the survey data, estimates of produc- extensive mussel farming, several ancillary in- tion and farm inputs and related labour days dustries have also developed and the impact were made for the period 2005-06. is widespread (Fig.1). Part-time employment: Though the mussel A study was conducted in the three districts farmers themelves attended to the farming to evaluate the development of other indus- activites, they also hire other villagers for seed- tries and the estimates and inferences are given ing, farm construction, seeding and harvest- below. Regional differeces in farm structure ing. Each year during the farming season, vil- and inputs used were observed (Table.1) in lagers, mostly women get part time employ- the three regions. The Korapuzha and ment in all the three districts. In North Kerala, Kadalundy estuaries in Kozhikode and during the year 2005-06 employment oppor- Malappuram respectively, were shallow and tunities, exclusively for seeding, estimated as the mussel ropes were not hung vertically in- 12627 labour days was created which is stead they were tied horizontally. The price worth to Rs.6.3 lakhs assuming that one per- of seed varied depending upon the farm site. son can seed 50 m rope at a daily wage of The main seed collection sites were at Rs.50. Nearly 50% of the seeding is done by Kozhikode and the farmers at Kasaragod had women farmers. The flexibility of working to pay more for the seed including the trans- hours and the nearness of work site has en- portation cost. Because of the shallow nature couraged villagers to involve in mussel seed- of the site and as the low tidal flow siltation is ing during the stocking period. high at Kozhikode and Malappuram, the Similarly, when the farms are harvested at a farmers have to bear additional expenses to stretch, additional labour is hired by the farm- Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 15

Fig. 1. Ancillary industries related to mussel farming ers for declumping and loading the mussels Bakel, Beypur, Chaliyam, Chettikulam, to the transportation trucks. More business Chombala, Kanhangad, Kannor, Kasargod, opportunities are created . During the period Kottikulam, Kozhikode, Manjeswaram and April to May, mussels are harvested almost Thuvappara. During the period 2005-2006 everyday by farmers and these are sold in small approximately 1799 tones of mussel seed quantities in the nearby markets by other vil- valued at Rs.98 lakhs were collected and sup- lagers, mostly women who are not directly plied to mussel farmers in Kasargod. The involved in mussel farming. Nearly 10% of mussel farmers at Kozhikode and the mussel production is marketed by the vil- Malappuram utilized approximately 29 and lagers in the local market. 49.8 t seed valued at Rs.1.02 and 1.7 lakhs Mussel seed collection and supply: The respectively. Altogether 1878 t of seed val- mussel seeds required for farming at North ued at Rs.101.7 lakhs collected from differ- Kerala are supplied by mussels fishers from ent centers was utilized for mussel farming. 13 main collection centers namely Anangadi, For collecting the seed required for Kasargod, Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 16

Kozhikode and Malappuram, employment Koduvally (2), Thalasherry (1), Muttangal (1), opportunities in terms of labour days has been Payyoli (1), Kozhikode (4), and Chaliyam estimated as 17991,292 and 499 respectively (1). This has helped the mussel venders to (Total=18783 labour days). The business get a consistant supply of mussels in addition turn-over at collection site is estimated as to normal supply from natural beds. Related Rs.5397386, Rs.87750 and Rs.149696 (To- to this, a market chain itself has developed tal = Rs.5634832 or Rs.56.3 lakhs) respec- linking the farmers, agents, wholesalers, re- tively when the price per 100 kg of seed mus- tailers, restaurants and even meat shucking sel is Rs.300. units by women. There are about 100 women earning livelihood through shucking of mussel Production of material for farming: Coir under major mussel venders for supplying rope spun at 5 centers in and around mussel meat to restaurants. Kasaragode disctrict was used for seeding Transport of raw and farmed material : by mussel farmers of Kasaragod. Nylon rope, Supplying seed to the farmers and distribu- bamboo poles and other materials used by tion of harvested mussels from the farm site mussel farmers were supplied by traders in to the distant markets is done by coastal vil- north Kerala. During 2005-06, approximately lagers. Trucks with a capacity of 3, 4, 6 or 600 t of coir rope worth Rs. 30 lakhs, cotton 10 t ply between the production and distri- cloth valued at Rs.30 lakhs and nylon thread bution sites. Based on the quantity of seed worth Rs.4.5 lakhs were used as inputs in the utilized, it has been estimated that for trans- industry. 19 main centers were identified as portation of seed for supplying at Kasargod, the major centers which supply material for Kozhikode and Malapuram approximately mussel farming. (Anayarangadi, Athani, Atholi, 360, 3 and 5 labour days (Total = 368 la- Beypur, Chaliyam, Cheruvathoor, Elathoor, bour days) @ 2 persons for 10t capacity Faroke, Kadalundi, Kattilappedika, Koilandi, truck) and for transporting harvested mussel Kotta, Kozhikode, Oori, Padanna, from farm site 2249, 63 and 120 labour days Parappanangadi, Thekkae Kattil, Thuruthi and of employment for truck drivers respectively Vadakkaekad). will be created (@ 2 persons per truck of 6 t Development of mussel markets: Widen- capacity, Total = 2432 labour days). Thus ing of mussel markets in the state is a direct during the crop season of 2005-06, 2807 la- outcome. From north Kerala farmed mussels bour days related to main transport alone has are marketed to the southern regions even been created. upto Kollam, about 500 km from the pro- Prepared by : V. Kripa, V.G. Surendranath duction sites. There are 14 major purchase and K.S. Mohammed, R.C. of CMFRI, points at seven locations such as Kannur (4), Calicut Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 17

1220 On the juvenile fishery of Euthynnus affinis and Sarda orientalis along the Tuticorin Coast in Gulf of Mannar

An estimated 2882 t of tuna were landed by comprised of E.affinis, A. thazard and S. gillnets and hook and line at Tuticorin during orientalis of which nearly 11.6 t was by the year 2006. They were exploited by small juveniles of E. affinis and 12 t by S.orientalis meshed gillnets locally known as podivalai of 14-20 cm and 12-20 cm size respectively. with 3.3 to 7.5 cm mesh size, large meshed They formed nearly 5.2 and 25.8% of the gillnets known as paruvalai with 8-16 cm respective species catch. (Table I). mesh size and hooks and line operated from Juveniles entered the fishery during June to mechanized boats and motorized vallams. August period which coincides with the peak Small meshed gillnets operate in shallow season of tuna fishery. Juvenile fishery waters within 10-15 m depth and land tunas prevailed all along the coast. Samples were along with other medium sized pelagics. drawn and studied for their biological Podivalai accounted for 8.3% tuna landings. parameters such as length, weight, gut contents Large meshed gillnets and hooks and line and sex ratio. The size ranged between 14 operate in 50-150 m depth zone beyond 10 and 20 cm in E.affinis and 12-20 cm in km from the coast and land large tunas and S.orientalis. (Table 2 and 3). Their weight pelagics. Large meshed gillnets contributed ranged between 40 and 100 gm for E.affinis 90.3% of the total tuna catch. Fishery was and 20 and 90 gm for S.orientalis. Their food supported by seven species, dominated by during the period was constituted by Euthynnus affinis in all gears. Stolephorus spp., squids and skeletal remains Peak season of tuna fishery was June to of fish, fish eggs and larvae. All specimens September. Stray catches of the juveniles of were with gonads at indeterminate stage. The E. affinis, Auxis thazard and Sarda observation indicates that juveniles migrated orientalis used to occur during this period. to coastal water for food. Juvenile fishery of these species along Tuticorin Previous study on recruit pattern of these coast has been reported earlier. But they never species indicated that young recruits enter the formed a fishery. stock during most part of the year with peak During 2006 large meshed gillnets landed during August-December. Main loss from the 2601 t of tuna, small meshed gillnets landed stock up to 43 cm size was by natural causes. 239 t and hook and line landed 42 t. Fishery Fishes become more vulnerable to fishing by former gear was represented by seven gears after this size and mortality due to fishing species and catch by smaller mesh gillnet were increased and outnumbered natural losses. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 18

Table 1: Month-wise adult and juvenile fish composition of E.affinis, A.thazard and S.orientalis landed in tons by smaller mesh gillnet at Tuticorin during 2006. E.affinis A.thazard S.orientalis Months Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Total Jan-Apr Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil May 10.6 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 10.6 Jun 9.8 0.6 0.4 Nil Nil Nil 10.8 Jul 4.6 4.1 0.9 Nil 4.0 8.8 22.4 Aug 41.1 5.1 0.3 Nil 22.1 0.5 69.1 Sep 12.2 Nil Nil Nil 0.7 Nil 12.9 Oct 74.0 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 74.0 Nov 38.0 0.7 Nil Nil Nil Nil 38.7 Total for Jan to Dec 190.3 10.5 1.6 Nil 26.8 9.3 238.5 Percentage 94.8 5.2 100 Nil 74.2 25.8

Table 2: Month-wise estimated size distribution of E.affinis juveniles in percentage Centre : Tuticorin Year : 2006 Gear : Small mesh gillnet (podivalai) Size Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total group (cm) 14-15.9 ------13 ------6.9 16-17.9 ------29.3 6.4 ------15.5 18-17.9 ------30.0 38.2 ------31.0 20-21.9 ------100 27.7 55.4 ------100 --- 46.6

Table 3: Month-wise estimated size distribution of S.orientalis juveniles in percentage Centre : Tuticorin Year : 2006 Gear : Small mesh gillnet (podivalai) Size Jul Aug Total group (cm) for Jan to Dec 12-13.9 4 --- 4.0 14-15.9 24 --- 23.1 16-17.9 36 --- 34.5 18-19.9 12 --- 11.4 20-21.9 24 100 27.0 Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 19

The present observation reveals loss in the quantities of juveniles may adversely affect the stock below 43 cm would be by natural loss future recruitment also. Hence more attention as well as by fishing mortality during this year. is to be paid in this regard to evaluate its impact Most of the previous studies reported that on the regular tuna fishery. exploitation of juvenile fish in huge quantity Prepared by : T.S. Balasubramanian and may lead to decline in the production in the E.M. Abdussamad, TRC of CMFRI, ensuing season. Moreover removal of large Tuticorin.

1221 Emergence of thermocole fishing crafts and their economy along Tuticorin coast in Gulf of Mannar

In the recent past thermocole waste materials either by wooden reapers or bamboo reapers. and sheets were used in fabricating tiny fishing The reapers are firmly placed with the help of boats and floats of various size and shapes nylon rope stitching. Finally the whole structure along the Tuticorin coast. Based on the is covered with nylon mesh cloth. As a recent structure they are recognized as floats (poya) improvement provision has been made to and thermocole boats. drive the thermocole boat with the help of sail along with oar. During the recent past few fisher folk of Vembar made floating objects by stacking Mostly the thermocole floats are employed together thermocole packing materials/wastes hand jigging for the exploitation of squids and and used as a fishing platform in the near shore cuttle fishes. Prior to the introduction of waters. In some cases the pieces are stitched thermocole floats, smaller catamarans of 2.3m together by nylon twine to have a definite in length and 0.5m in breadth with 3 pieces of shape. Entire structure is either covered by wooden logs, weighing 40-50 kg were waste nylon net or waste polysac leaving the employed in jigging. One motorized vallam upper portion open. used to take 8-10 small sized catamarans to the fishing ground. After reaching the fishing Encouraged by the success of thermocole ground each catamaran will be sailed off with floats as fishing crafts, thermocole sheets of one or two persons to a distance of 1-3 km 10-15 cm thickness are used to replace away from the mother boat and operate jigs packing waste for bottom and for the sides. for squids and cuttle fishes. By this collective Number of sheets vary depending upon the operation fishermen could cover a larger thickness required. Sheets are joined by fishing area in short time. After fishing they stitching. Bottom and sides are supported return to the mother boat and then reach the Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 20

Table 1. Details of the distribution of thermocole poya and boats along the Tuticorin coast along with the dimensional details Fishing No of Length Breadth Height Weight Cost Gear Resources Major Daily village units (m) (m) (cm) (kg) Rs used caught catch earning (Rs) Vembar 85 2.3-3.5 0.5- 22. -24 8-15 1000- Hooks, Cuttlefish, Cephal 100- 0.75 1500 Jigs, squid, -opods 1000 crab net, crab, lobster net lobster, other fishes Vellappatti 9 2.5-4 0.5-0.9 20-22 6-12 200- Hooks, Cuttlefish, Crab 100-500 2500 Jigs, squid, crab net crab Tuticorin 5 2.8-4.2 0.3-0.6 22-24 10-15 1000- Hooks, Cuttlefish, Crab & 100-400 Major 2000 crab net squid, chank harbour diving crab, prawn Pazhaya 3 2-3.5 0.5- 20-25 8-15 800- Hand Squid, Prawn 100-300 kayal 0.75 1200 hooks, crab, crab net, prawn gillnet Punnak 4 2.5-3.5 0.5- 22-25 8-15 1000- Hand Crab, Catfishes 100-500 kayal 0.75 1500 hooks, prawn, gillnet Siganids, catfish Kayal 3 2.5 0.5- 22-25 10-15 100- Hand Cuttlefish, Lobster, 100-700 patnam 0.75 1500 hooks, squid, crab gillnet crab, lobster, other fishes shore. Hence the catch and the revenue of Tuticorin coast. realized is multifold. Now in Vembar fishing Preliminary survey was conducted to find out village most of the mini catamarans were the total number of thermocole boats replaced by thermocole. Being cheap with a operating along the Tuticorin coast and their life of nearly two years for such boats similar economic viability. The results are presented trends are now seen in other fishing villages in Table 1 along with other dimensional details. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 21

These crafts are beach landed types like ideal for hand hook operation around artificial catamarans. The added advantage is that the reefs to be deployed in the inshore waters of boat can be managed by single man. They Vembar shortly. are operated in inshore waters up to 10 km. Reported by : T.S. Blasubramanian, E.M. and also withstand high tide waves and Abdussamad and K.K Joshi, TRC of currents. These crafts does not incur any CMFRI, Tuticorin. operational cost. These crafts would be more

1222 On the occurrence and fishery of fishes of the family Gempylidae along the Tuticorin Coast in Gulf of Mannar

Fishes belonging to the family Gempylidae About 15.4 t of gempylids were landed by have formed part of regular fish landings by large meshed gillnets (8-16 cm) during 2004- trawls and large meshed gillnet (Paruvalai) 2006 (Table 1) of which nearly 98.2% was since deep sea fishing started off Tuticorin in contributed by L. flavobrunneum (Fig. 1) Gulf of Mannar. Occurrence of six species of and the rest (1.8%) by R. pretiosus. Since Gempylids are reported from the bathypelagic the fisher folks as well as fish traders were tropical seas. They are Lepidocybium not familiar with these species they were flavobrunneum, Ruvettus pretiosus cocco, reluctant to purchase these fishes in the open Gempylus serpens, Neoepinnula orientalis bidding. Almost all the members of this family and Von Bonde Thysitoides marlei and yield high amount of oil which in turn changed Thysites atun. Of these L.flavobrunneum, new market potentials. The size of the fish R.pretiossus and N. orientalis formed a ranged between 45 and 105 cm and fetched regular fishery and contributed moderately to a reasonable price of Rs. 30-50/kg. Peak the fish landings. season of this fishery coincides with the peak season of tuna fishery i.e. June-September. In addition to this, stray individuals of T. marlei were also encountered in the paruvalai landings. About 236.5 t of Neoepinnula orientalis were caught by trawlers during 2004-2006. (Table 2) On an average 79 t were caught by 26406 trawlers annually. Their size ranged Fig. 1. Lepidocybium flavobrunneum from 16-30 cm. During the initial period this Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 22

Table 1: Month-wise estimated landings of Lepidocybium flavobrunneum and Ruvettus pretiosus in Kg by larger mesh gillnets at Tuticorin during 2004-2006. Year Jan Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 2004 506 427 1121 72 --- 66 --- *126 2318 2005 44 --- 545 5562 2002 30 ------8183 2006 ------4316 373 124 *122 --- 4935 Total 550 427 1666 9950 2375 220 *122 *126 15436 *Ruvettus pretiosus

Table 2: Month-wise estimated landings of Neoepinnula orientalis in Kg by trawlers at Tuticorin during 2004-2006. Year Jan Feb Mar Nov Dec Total 2004 --- 47238 5460 1584 --- 54372 2005 13894 3584 7492 ------24970 2006 --- 4080 --- 10759 142296 157135 Total 13894 54992 12952 12343 142296 236477 fish was also not preferred for human known as 'seela kutti' (young ones of seerfish). consumption. Subsequently it has been Prepared by : T.S. Balasubramanian and recognized as one of the delicious fish variety and thus it fetched better price in the market. E.M. Abdussamad, TRC of CMFRI, It was sold for Rs: 20-40 /kg. Locally it is Tuticorin

1223 Utilization of gill rakers of lesser devil ray Mobula diabolus - a new fish by product

The skin of the rays Dasyatis uarnak and D. formed a new fishery for mechanized gillnets jenkinsii are used as an excellent source of along the Chennai coast since 2005. Lesser leather. It is expensive due to its high durability. devil rays are auctioned in the sea shore for In addition to the skin of the rays, the gill rakers Rs. 5 to 8 per kg. The merchants buy these of the lesser devil ray Mobula diabolus is rays, cut them and remove the head portions. exported in recent years. Hitherto discarded, The remaining body portions are cut into small gill rakers of rays have now gained strips and salted with ice. After removing the importance. Following demand, the lesser gill rakers without any damage, the head devil ray M. diabolus (family: Mobulidae) has portions are thrown into the sea. The gill Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 23 rakers are washed in fresh water and dried in Prepared by : S. Rajapackiam, S. Mohan and the sun. After drying, the gill rakers are sold N. Rudramurthy, M.R.C. of C.M.F.R.I, to the traders at Chennai for Rs. 500/- per Chennai kg who export them to Singapore.

1224 Value added products from rays at Tuticorin

In addition to meat, almost all the body parts as an excellent source of leather of high dura- of rays are used for different purpose. Ray’s bility. The skin is removed meticulously by skin, head, gill rackers, liver, tail and stomach engaging professional peelers so as to avoid content are processed and converted as value any damage and wastage. Peeled skins are added products. washed thoroughly in clean water and then dried. The skin of Dasyatis bleekeri, At Tuticorin, on an average 1334 t of rays D.uarnak and Pastinachus sephen are pre- are caught by trawlers, hook and line, bot- ferred. Various value added products such as tom set gillnet and drift gillnet annually. They purses, chappals, wallets, belts, ladies bags, are procured for Rs10 to Rs 30 per kg at the wall hangings and floor mats are made by landing centre depending upon the demand using the skin. The skin is sold in predried and variety. condition for Rs. 60 - 70 per piece. Dried The head is removed and boiled with water skin is sold between Rs 30 - 40 per piece. and calcium powder for about 2 hours so as The liver is used for extracting oil. All the to remove the flesh from the skull. Then the livers collected from the rays are put together skull is cleaned thoroughly by using brush and and boiled in tin barrel; oil is separated and washed in water to remove the adhering dirts. collected in clean containers. It is mainly used The skull is then dried in shade. These are for medicinal purpose. One barrel of oil (200 used for making fancy novelty items. The gill 1) costs Rs.5000.The tail is dried and pre- rackers are removed and washed thoroughly served with coating of oil on the surface. They in water and then dried in sunlight. After dry- are also used in making fancy items. The stom- ing they are packed in polybags for transpor- ach contents are dried in the open sun and tation. They are sold for Rs.300 to 400 per used in making fish meal for poultry feed. kg. These are used for making decorative Prepared by : G. Arumugam and T.S. hair clips and medicines. Skin of rays is used Balasubramanian, TRC of CMFRI, Tuticorin. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 24

1225 A note on the recurring heavy catch of ‘Ghol’, Protonibea diacanthus by dol net at Bassien koliwada, Maharasthtra.

Protonibea diacanthus, locally known as ‘Ghol’ is one of the most commercially im- portant fishes of northwest coast of India. The swim bladder of ‘Ghol’ fetches a very high market price as it is considered as one of the best qualities. On 28-10-06 catch of 8820 Kg of ‘Ghol was landed at Bassien koliwada by a dol net boat with an OAL of 15 m fitted with 90 HP en- Fig. 1. Catch of Protonibea diacanthus gine. Bassien koliwada is situated about 66 Km from Mumbai and is an exclusive dol with larger mesh size of 60 mm targeting sil- landing centre. There are two types of dol ver pomfrets. ‘Ghol’ is landed as a bycatch in netters operated at Bassien koliwada, one dol nets from this area. The fishing was car- with smaller cod end mesh size of 20-25 mm ried out at a depth of 30-35 m at a distance targeting Harpodon nehereus and the other of 30-35 Km in the northwest coast off

Earlier reports of ‘Ghol’ landings by dol netters from Mumbai and Bassien koliwada are given below. Reported by Landing Month Length Total No of centre range(mm) weight (t) specimens Chakraborthy Versova November’84 700-900 5.50 352 & Dias Karbhari et Satpati November’86 85-120 39.52 3218 al Hotagi Bassien October’92 810-1560 3.48 -- Jaydev koliwada Chavan et al Basien October’02 690-1210 5.26 569 koliwada Present Bassien October’06 800-1100 8.82 490 Koliwada October’06 800-1100 8.82 490 Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 25

Jaffrabad in Saurashtra region of Gujarat. The cates that ‘Ghol’ moves in large shoals and other catch included Pampus argenteus (495 would have come to nearshore for feeding. Kg), Ilisha spp. (150 Kg), Chirocentres Reported by : Jaydev Hotagi, Sujit Sundaram, dorab (80 Kg) and Scombromorous C.G. Josekutty, D.G. Jadhav, Thakurdas and guttatus (50 Kg). Umesh H. Rane. Mumbai Research Centre A catch of this magnitude by dol netters indi- of CMFRI, Mumbai

1226 Report on stranding of dolphins

A bottlenose dolphin of Tursiops spp. with a Tursiops spp. was found in a highly decayed total length of 2.43 m and weighing 110 kg. condition near CMFRI Jetty, Mandapam on was found washed ashore at Aricchalmunai, 24-12-2005. Dhanushkodi, on 17-12-2005. The carcass Reported by : Afsal V.V., M. Rajagopalan, was in a decayed condition. Mandapam Regional Centre of CMFRI, Carcass of a male bottlenose dolphin, Mandapam.

1227 Strandings of whales along Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay

Whale strandings occurred frequently along towards the coast by strong currents. The the southeast coasts of India along Gulf of carcass measured about 14.9m in total length Mannar and Palk bay during Dec 2005 and and a circumference of 6.4m. Its approximate August 2006. weight was calculated as between 15-20 A female baleen whale, Balaenoptera spp. tonnes. was found washed ashore at Narikuzhi, north On 1-5-2006, carcass of a male baleen of Rameswaram, along Palk bay on 27-12- whale, Balaenoptera spp. was found washed 2005. The carcass was in a decomposed ashore at Mandapam, along Gulf of Mannar. state. The tail portion was injured and pieces The body was in a highly decomposed state, of nets were found sticking to the tail. It was exposing the skeletons at various parts. Its suspected that the whale might have entrapped total length was 13.70m and maximum girth in a strong net used by big trawlers and died was 3.80m. Estimated weight was about 12 due to severe compression and then dragged tonnes. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 26

A young female sperm whale, Physeter mac- specimen and measured about 20m in length. rocephalus, stranded live, at Agnitheertham On 4th August 2006 a whale belonging to the seashore, Rameswaram on 20-01-2006. The Genus Balaenoptera was found washed forest officials with the help of fishermen res- ashore at Hare Island, along Gulf of Mannar. cued the animal by taking it to deeper wa- The animal could not be identified up to spe- ters. But the animal again stranded live on the cies level because of the highly decomposed next day near Port Trust office, Rameswaram. condition of the body. Again measures were taken to rescue by push- ing it to deeper waters. But on 23-01-2006 On 8th August 2006 another baleen whale evening the animal washed ashore dead. The of 12 m total length and weighing 9 tonnes total length of body was 3.3m and circumfer- was washed ashore in decayed condition at ence was 1.82m. Kundhukal seashore, along Gulf of Mannar. On 17-07-2006, a blue whale, Balaenoptera Reported by : Afsal V.V., M. Rajagopalan, musculus, got stranded at Kundhukal, near Mandapam Regional Centre of CMFRI, Pamban, along Gulf of Mannar. It was a male Mandapam.

1228 Report on dugong strandings along Gulf of Mannar

A male seacow, Dugong dugon of 240 cm at south seashore of Vedalai, along Gulf of in total length and weighing 350 kg. was Mannar on 17-06-2006. stranded dead on 20-03-2006 at Kundhukal Reported by : Afsal V.V., M. Rajagopalan, seashore, along Gulf of Mannar. Mandapam Regional Centre of CMFRI, Another dugong was found washed ashore Mandapam.

1229 Unusual landings of Arius dussumieri by Karli dol net at Basien Koliwada

On 21.12.06, a huge catch of (4,200 kg.) Koliwada for catching pomfrets. The opera- Arius dussumieri was landed by a Karli dol tion of this net is restricted to a depth of about netter from a single haul from a depth of 24- 24-36 m. 26 m at a distance of 40-50 km towards The fishermen had actually set out for pomfret Gujarat. Karli dol is a fixed floating bag net, fishing and the catfish catch was unexpected. which is used by artisanal fishermen at Bassein Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 27

Each fish weighed about 5 to 5.5 kg and the maximum number of specimens belonged to total number landed was 920. Length meas- the size range 700-799 mm. urements were taken for 30 specimens and Reported by : Umesh Rane and Sujit the size ranged between 583-838 mm. The Sundaram, Mumbai RC of CMFRI, Mumbai

1230 Export of silver conger eel's air bladder from Chennai

Silver conger eel Muraenesox cinereus is water and dried by hanging them over a rope locally called as "Vilangu meen" and kadal in a room for one week. After drying, the air bamboo and its air bladder is called as "netti". bladders are sold for Rs. 2000-4000/- per M. cinereus is the only species of Muraenesocidae family, observed in the landings at Chennai Fisheries Harbour. M.cinereus are mainly landed by multiday trawlers. The species is available throughout the year. The multiday trawlers are operated at 40-60 m depth off 80-100 km northeast off Chennai. Occasionally the eel is caught by hooks & line and mechanized gill nets. Month-wise analysis of M. cinereus catch for Fig. 1. Air bladder of eel the period 2002-2006 revealed seasonal kg. to the traders. fluctuations in the landings. The catch was high during June-October with peak in June. The Of late the air bladders of eels are also estimated annual catch of M. cinereus was exported along with skin, fins, gill rakers, 53.0 t, 40.9 t, 27.0 t, 20.2 t, and 27.0 t. during bones and teeth of elasmobranchs. The air 2002-2006 respectively. bladders are exported to Singapore and The local agents purchase the eels, cut open HongKong, and used in the manufacture of the viscera and remove the air-bladder without soup and medicine. any damage. The air-bladder is sold for Rs. Prepared by : S. Rajapackiam, S. Mohan, 10-60/- depending upon the size. S.K. Balakumar and P. Poovannan, M.R.C. The air bladders (Fig. 1) are washed in fresh of C.M.F.R.I, Chennai Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 28

1231 On the landing of large size guitar fish, Rhina ancylostoma at Chennai Fishery Harbour

A large sized mature female guitarfish Rhina ancylostoma measuring 187 cm. was landed ancylostoma locally called "Kal uluvai" by a gillnet at the harbour. measuring 209 cm. in total length and weighing Reported by : S. Rajapackiam, S. Mohan and 75 kg. was caught by mechanised gillnet off N. Rudramurthy, M.R.C. of C.M.F.R.I, Chennai at a depth of 60m on 6-8-2006. Earlier on 27-04-2005, a female Rhina Chennai

1232 Record of oceanic squid Thysanoteuthis rhombus off Maharashtra Coast

A single male specimen of Thysanoteuthis specimen of T. rhombus with DML 327 mm rhombus measuring 370 mm in mantle length was recorded by trawl at Veraval from a and weighing 1.80 kg was landed by a trawler depth of about 80 m. These squids were re- at Sassoom docks on 23.01.07. ported from Cochin waters with one of the

The fishing was carried out at 60-70 m depth specimens measuring 620 mm in DML and at a distance of 50-60 km off southwest coast weighing 7.5kg. The present occurrence of towards Malvan. this species is the first record from Maharashtra waters. This species was recorded for the first time from the Indian Ocean by Fillipova (1968). Reported by : Sujit Sundaram, Jaydev Hotagi Kasim et al. (1998) reported their occur- and S.K. Kamble, Mumbai Research Cen- rence from the Gulf of Mannar. A single male tre of CMFRI, Mumbai.

1233 On the record of the largest (Giant) Bull Shark Carcharhinus leucas caught off Chennai

A giant sized female bull shark Carcharhinus 320 kg weight was caught by a gillnet oper- leucas measuring 356 cm in total length and ated at a depth of 50-60 m on 22-06-2005. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 29

The fishing was done off Iskapalli, tuna, rays, sailfish, seer fish and carangids.

Ramathirtham (Nellore), 200 km north of Prepared by : S. Rajapackiam, S. Gomathy Chennai and landed at Chennai fishing har- and N. Rudhramurthy, Madras Research bour. Other components of the catch were Centre of C.M.F.R.I., Chennai.

1234 Unusual landing of deep sea mud shrimp Solenocera hextii from Chennai coast

Solenocera hextii, the deep sea mud shrimp encountered, the catch being exclusively con- is usually landed by deep sea trawlers from a stituted by S. hextii. depth of 150-200m during January-March off The females ranged in size from 61-105mm Chennai. During December 2006, these and males from 51-95mm in total length. The shrimps were landed on three occassions on males contributed 35% and females 65%. The 15/12/06, 27/12/06 and 28/12/06 at Chennai present observation on the unusual landings fisheries harbour by multiday mechanized of S. hextii by trawlers along the Chennai boats operated in the depth range of 60-70m coast is the first report, which indicates the possible migration of the species from deep off Chennai. sea to the shallower region during Decem- Totally 10,250 Kg of S. hextii were landed ber. with an increasing CPUE of 6.36Kg on the Reported by : S. Lakshmi Pillai and P. first day, 7.33 Kg on the second day and 9.16 Thirumilu, Madras Research Centre of Kg on the third day. No other shrimps were CMFRI, Chennai

1235 Devil ray Manta birostris landed at Chennai Fishing Harbour

On 15-04-2006, a female devil ray Manta length, weighing 1050 kg. was landed at birostris measuring 5.2 m in width, 2.1 m in Chennai fishing harbour by a mechanised Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 191, 2007 30 gillnet. Generally, the lesser devil ray Mobula The devil ray has been reported on 23 occa- diabolus dominate the rays catch in mecha- sions along the Indian coast. The landings nised gillnets, off Chennai. Landing of M. were mainly during March and April. Out of birostris is unusual. 23 specimens, the sex of 18 specimens was On 06-10-2006, another female Manta reported. The M:F sex ratio was 1:3.5. The birostris measuring 5.2 m in width, 2.1 m in devil rays M. birostris were caught mainly length, weighing 1 ton was landed by a trawler by gill net. Maximum number was landed at at Chennai fishing harbour. On 10.10.06, a Tuticorin. male devil ray measuring 4.8 m across the dish and weighing nearly 850 kg was landed Reported by : S. Rajapackiam, S. Gomathy, by a mechanized gillnet and sold for Rs. and P. Jaiganesh, M.R.C. of C.M.F.R.I., 5000/-. Chennai

1236 First report on the philopatric migration of bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas in the Pulicut lagoon

Four pregnant bull sharks Carcharhinus 350 cm total length and weighed 325,300,320 leucas were captured by a modified gillnet, and 335 kg respectively. The bull shark is vi- made of cotton twine from Pulicat lagoon viparous with yolk-sac placenta. Total length during 2005-06. The bull sharks exhibit of sharklings varied from 620 to 840 mm with unique philopatric behaviour in the lagoon for a weight of 3.5 to 4.1kg. The value of the parturition. sharks ranged from Rs. 20000-22000.

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1225 ®…Ω˛…Æ˙…π]≈ı E‰Ú §……∫∫…“x… EÚ…‰ ±…¥……b˜… ®… b˜…‰±… V……±… u˘…Æ˙… "P……‰±…' |……‰]ı…‰ x… §…™…… b˜¨…EÚ…xi…∫… EÚ“ +…¥…i…‘ ¶……Æ˙“ {…EÚb˜

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®…÷∆§…<« +…ËÆ˙ EÚ…‰ ±…¥……b˜… ∫…‰ b˜…‰±… x…‰]¬ı]ıÆ˙… u˘…Æ˙… P……‰±… E‰Ú +¥…i…Æ˙h…… EÚ“ {…⁄¥…‘™… Æ˙{……‰]«ı x…“S…‰ n˘“ M…™…“ Ω˲ Æ˙{……‰]«ı EÚÆ˙x…‰¥……±…… +¥…i…Æ˙h… ®…Ω˛“x…… ±…∆§……<« E÷Ú±… x…®…⁄x…… EÂÚp˘ ÆÈ˙S… ( ®… ®…“) ¶……Æ˙ (]ı) EÚ“ ∫…∆J™…… S…GÚ§……‰i…‘ +…ËÆ˙ ¥…‰Æ˙∫……‰¥…… x…¥…∆§…Æ˙ 84 700-900 5.50 352 n˘…∫… EÚ…Æ˙§……Æ˙“ +… n˘ ∫…i{… i… x…¥…∆§…Æ˙ 86 85-120 39.52 3218 Ω˛…‰]ı…M…“ §……∫∫…“x… +Ci…⁄§…Æ˙ 92 810-1560 3.48 -- V…™…n‰˘¥… EÚ…‰ ±…¥……b˜… S…¥……x… +… n˘ §……∫∫…“x… +Ci…⁄§…Æ˙ 02 690-1210 5.26 569 EÚ…‰ ±…¥……b˜… ¥…i…«®……x… Æ˙{……‰]«ı §……∫∫…“x… +Ci…⁄§…Æ˙ 06 800-1100 8.82 490 EÚ…‰ ±…¥……b˜… +Ci…⁄§…Æ˙ 06 800-1100 8.82 490 ∫….®…….∫…⁄.∫…‰., i… ¥… ¥… +∆EÚ ∫…∆ : 191, 2007 25 l……* {…EÚb˜ ®… {……®{…∫… +…Æ˙V…‰x]ı∫… (495 EÚ O……), <±…“∂…… EÚ“ ®……Ë∫…®…“ ={…Œ∫l… i… {…Æ˙ V……ƒS… EÚÆ˙x…… S…… Ω˛B* V…… i… (150 EÚ O……), EÚ…<Æ˙…‰∫…‰x]≈ı∫… b˜…‰Æ˙…§… (80 EÚ O……) ∫…“ B®… B°Ú +…Æ˙ +…< E‰Ú ®…÷∆§…<« +x…÷∫…∆v……x… EÂÚp˘, ®…÷∆§…<« E‰Ú +…ËÆ ∫EÚ…‰®§…‰Æ…‰®……‰Æ∫… M…]¬]…]¬]∫… (50 EÚ O……) ∂…… ®…±… l…”* V…™…n‰˘¥… Ω˛…‰]ı…M…“, ∫…÷V…“i… ∫…÷xn˘Æ˙®…, ∫…“.V…‰. V……‰∫…¬E÷Ú]¬ı]ı“, b˜“.V…“. b˜…‰±… x…‰]¬ı]ıÆ˙… u˘…Æ˙…

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1227 ®……z……Æ˙ EÚ“ J……b˜“ +…ËÆ˙ {……EÚ J……b˜“ ®… i… ®…™…… EÚ… v…∆∫…x… ¶……Æ˙i… E‰Ú n˘ I…h…{…⁄¥…« i…]ı… ®… ®……z……Æ˙ EÚ“ J……b˜“ +…ËÆ˙ {……EÚ °∆Ú∫…EÚÆ˙ n˘§……¥… ∫…‰ ®…Æ˙ M…™…“ Ω˛…‰M…“ +…ËÆ˙ ∂…Ci… v……Æ˙…+… ®… J……b˜“ ®… n˘∫…∆§…Æ˙ 2005 +…ËÆ˙ +M…∫i… 2006 E‰Ú n˘…ËÆ˙…x… {…b˜EÚÆ˙ i…]ı {…Æ˙ v…∆∫… M…™…“ Ω˛…‰M…“* <∫… i… ®… ∂…¥… EÚ“ E÷Ú±… i… ®…™…… EÚ… ±…M……i……Æ˙ v…∆∫…x… Ω÷˛+… l……* ±…∆§……<« ±…M…¶…M… 14.9 ®…“ +…ËÆ˙ {… Æ˙ v… 6.4 ®…“ l…“* <∫…EÚ… Æ˙…®…‰∑…Æ˙®… E‰Ú =k…Æ˙ ¶……M… ®… Œ∫l…i… x… Æ˙E÷Úπ…√“ ®… {……EÚ J……b˜“ ¶……Æ˙ ±…M…¶…M… 15-20 ]ıx… l…… {…Æ˙ 27-12-2005 EÚ…‰ BEÚ ®……n˘… §……±…“x… i… ®… §…… ±…x……‰{]ı“Æ˙… n˘x……∆EÚ 1-5-2006 EÚ…‰ ®…∆b˜{…®… ®… ®……z……Æ˙ EÚ“ J……b˜“ ®… V…… i… EÚ…‰ v…∆∫…“ Ω÷˛<« {……™…“ M…™…“ l…“* <∫…EÚ… +S…‰i… ∂…Æ˙“Æ˙ BEÚ x…Æ˙ §……±…“x… i… ®… §…… ±…x……‰{]ı“Æ˙… V…… i… EÚ… ∂…¥… n‰˘J…… ∫…b˜“ Ω÷˛<« +¥…∫l…… ®… l…“* {…⁄UÙ {…Æ˙ S……‰]ı ±…M…… Ω÷˛+… l…… +…ËÆ˙ M…™…… l……* <∫…EÚ… ∂…Æ˙“Æ˙ §…Ω÷˛i… §…÷Æ˙“ i…Æ˙Ω˛ ∫…b˜… Ω÷˛+… l…… EÚ V……±…… EÚ“ ]÷ıEÚb‰˜ S…{…EÚ Ω÷˛B l…‰* B‰∫…… +x…÷®……x… EÚ™…… M…™…… EÚΩ˛” EÚΩ˛” E∆ÚEÚ…±… o˘∂™…®……x… l……* <∫…EÚ“ E÷Ú±… ±…∆§……<« 13.70 EÚ ™…Ω˛ i… ®… §…b‰˜ +…x……™…EÚ…Â ®… |…™…÷Ci… ®…W…§…⁄i… V……±… ®… ®… ®…“ +…ËÆ M…ΩÆ…<« 3.80 ®…“ l…“* ¶……Æ ±…M…¶…M… 12 ]x… l……* ∫….®…….∫…⁄.∫…‰., i… ¥… ¥… +∆EÚ ∫…∆ : 191, 2007 26

Æ˙…®…‰∑…Æ˙®… ®… +ŒMx…i…“Æ˙®… ∫…®…÷p˘ i…]ı {…Æ˙ 20-1-2006 EÚ…‰ ®… ®……z……Æ˙ EÚ“ J……b˜“ {…Æ˙ BEÚ x…“±… i… ®… §…… ±…x……‰{]ı“Æ˙… BEÚ UÙ…‰]ı“ ®……n˘… ∫{…‰®…« i… ®… °Ú“∫…‰]ıÆ˙ ®……GÚ…‰∫…‰°Ú…±…∫… ∫…V…“¥… ®…∫E÷Ú±…∫… EÚ…‰ v…∆∫…… Ω÷˛+… {……™…… M…™……* ™…Ω˛ 20 ®…“ ±…∆§……<« EÚ… +¥…∫l…… ®… v…∆∫… M…™…“* ¥…x… + v…EÚ… Æ˙™…… x…‰ ®…U÷Ù+…Æ˙… EÚ“ BEÚ x…Æ˙ı x…®…⁄x…… l……* n˘x……∆EÚ 4-8-2006 EÚ…‰ Ω‰˛Æ˙ u˘“{… ®… ∫…Ω˛…™…i…… ∫…‰ <∫…‰ M…¶…“Æ˙ V…±… ®… ¥……{…∫… ¶…‰V… n˘™……* ±…‰ EÚx… ®……z……Æ˙ EÚ“ J……b˜“ {…Æ˙ §…… ±…x……‰{]ı“Æ˙… ¥…∆∂… E‰Ú BEÚ i… ®… EÚ… +M…±…‰ n˘¥…∫… ™…Ω˛ °ÚÆ˙ ∫…‰ ∫…V…“¥… +¥…∫l…… ®… {…k…x… x™……∫… v…∆∫…x… n‰˘J…… M…™……* <∫…EÚ… ∂…Æ˙“Æ˙ §…Ω÷˛i… §…÷Æ˙“ i…Æ˙Ω˛ ∫…b˜… Ω÷˛+… EÚ…™……«±…™… E‰Ú {……∫… v…∆∫… M…™…“* +…ËÆ˙ BEÚ §……Æ˙ ¶…“ <∫…EÚ…‰ l…… EÚ V…… i… x…v……«Æ˙h… x…Ω˛” EÚÆ˙ {……™……* E÷Úhb÷˜CEÚ±… ∫…®…÷p˘ ∫…®…÷p˘ ®… ¥……{…∫… ¶…‰V…x…‰ E‰Ú ±…B |…™……∫… EÚÆ˙x…‰ {…Æ˙ ¶…“ n˘x……∆EÚ i…]ı ®… ®……z……Æ˙ EÚ“ J……b˜“ {…Æ˙ 8 +M…∫i… 2006 EÚ…‰ +…ËÆ˙ 3-1-2006 EÚ…‰ ∂……®… E‰Ú ∫…®…™… <∫…EÚ…‰ ®…fii… +¥…∫l…… ®… BEÚ i… ®… ¶…“ ∫…b˜“ Ω÷˛<« +¥…∫l…… ®… v…∆∫… M…™…… l……* i…]ı {…Æ˙ {……™…“ M…™…“* <∫…E‰Ú ∂…Æ˙“Æ˙ EÚ“ E÷Ú±… ±…∆§……<« 3.3 ®…“ ∫…“ B®… B°Ú +…Æ˙ +…< E‰Ú ®…∆b˜{…®… I…‰j…“™… EÂÚp˘, ®…∆b˜{…®… E‰Ú +…ËÆ˙ {… Æ˙ v… 1.8 ®…“ l…“* ¥…“.¥…“. +}∫…±… +…ËÆ˙ B®…. Æ˙…V…M……‰{……±… u˘…Æ˙… i…Ë™……Æ˙ EÚ™…… n˘x……∆EÚ 17-7-2006 EÚ…‰ {……®§……x… E‰Ú x…EÚ]ı E÷Úhb÷˜CEÚ±… M…™…… ±…‰J…*

1228 ®……z……Æ˙ EÚ“ J……b˜“ ®… b˜¨⁄M……ÂM… v…∆∫…x… {…Æ˙ Æ˙{……‰]«ı

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1229 §……∫∫…“x… EÚ…‰ ±…¥……b˜… ®… EÚ…±…‘ b˜…‰±… V……±… u˘…Æ˙… B Æ˙™…∫… b˜∫…÷ ®…Æ˙ı“ EÚ… +∫……v……Æ˙h… +¥…i…Æ˙h…

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EÚ… +¥…i…Æ˙h… EÚ™…… M…™…… l……* 30 x…®…⁄x…… E‰Ú ±…∆§……<« ÆÈ˙S… EÚ… ∫…“ B®… B°Ú +…Æ˙ +…< E‰Ú ®…÷∆§…<« +x…÷∫…∆v……x… EÂÚp, ®…÷∆§…<« E‰Ú ®……{…x… EÚÆ˙x…‰ {…Æ˙ +…EÚ…Æ˙ ÆÈ˙S… 583-838 ®… ®…“ n‰˘J…… =®…‰∂… Æ˙…h…‰ +…ËÆ˙ ∫…÷ V…i… ∫…÷xn˘Æ˙®… u˘…Æ˙… i…Ë™……Æ˙ EÚ“ M…™…“ M…™……* + v…EÚi…Æ˙ ®…UÙ ±…™……ƒ 700-799 ®… ®…“ EÚ“ l…”* Æ˙{……‰]«ı

1230 Æ˙V…i… EÚ…ÂM…Æ˙ ∫…{…«®…“x… E‰Ú ¥……™…÷+…∂…™… EÚ… S…‰z…<« ∫…‰ x…™……«i…

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1231 S…‰z…<« ®……Œi∫™…EÚ“ {……‰i……∏…™… ®… §…b‰˜ +…EÚ…Æ˙¥……±…“ M…]ı…Æ˙ ®…UÙ±…“ Æ˙…

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∫……∫…⁄x… b˜…ÏEÚ ®… n˘x……∆EÚ 23-1-2007 EÚ…‰ BEÚ +…x……™…EÚ l…“* ¥…‰Æ˙…¥…±… ®… 80 ®…“ EÚ“ M…Ω˛Æ˙…<« ∫…‰ 327 ®… ®…“ {…fiπ`ˆ u˘…Æ˙… 370 ®… ®…“ EÚ“ |……¥…Æ˙ ±…∆§……<« +…ËÆ˙ 1.800 EÚ O…… |……¥…Æ˙ ±…∆§……<« E‰Ú BEÚ x…Æ˙ ]ı“.Æ˙…‰®§…∫… |……{i… Ω÷˛+… l……* EÚ…‰S…“x… ¶……Æ˙ E‰Ú BEÚ x…Æ˙ l……<∫……x……‰]ı¨⁄ x…∫… Æ˙…‰®§…∫… EÚ… +¥…i…Æ˙h… E‰Ú V…±…I…‰j…… ∫…‰ 620 ®… ®…“ EÚ“ {…fiπ`ˆ |……¥…Æ˙ ±…∆§……<« +…ËÆ˙ EÚ™…… M…™……* ®……±…¥……x… EÚ“ +…‰Æ˙ 50-60 EÚ ®…“ n˘ I…h… 7.5 EÚ O…… ¶……Æ˙ EÚ“ Œ∫C¥…b˜… EÚ“ ={…Œ∫l… i… Æ˙{……‰]«ı EÚ“ {…Œ∂S…®… n∂…… ®… 60-70 ®…“ EÚ“ M…ΩÆ…<« ®… ®…i∫™…x… M…™…“ Ω˲* ±…‰ EÚx… ®…Ω˛…Æ˙…π]≈ı E‰Ú V…±…I…‰j…… ®… <∫…EÚ“ ={…Œ∫l… i… S…±……™…… l……* {…Æ˙ ™…Ω˛ |…l…®… Æ˙{……‰]«ı Ω˲* <Œxb˜™…x… +…Ï ∂…™…x… ®… <∫…EÚ“ ={…Œ∫l… i… {…Æ˙ |…l…®… Æ˙EÚ…b«˜ ∫…“ B®… B°Ú +…Æ˙ +…< E‰Ú ®…÷∆§…<« +x…÷∫…∆v……x… EÂÚp˘, ®…÷∆§…<« E‰Ú °Ú ±…{……‰¥…… (1968) u˘…Æ˙… EÚ“ M…™…“ l…“* EÚ… ∫…®… +… n˘ x…‰ ∫…÷ V…i… ∫…÷xn˘Æ˙®…, V…™…n‰˘¥… Ω˛…‰]ı…M…“ +…ËÆ˙ B∫….E‰Ú. EÚ…®§…±…‰ (1998) ®……z……Æ˙ EÚ“ J……b˜“ ®… <∫…EÚ“ ={…Œ∫l… i… Æ˙EÚ…b«˜ EÚ“ u˘…Æ˙… i…Ë™……Æ˙ EÚ“ M…™…“ Æ˙{……‰]«ı

1233 S…‰z…<« ∫…‰ BEÚ §…fiΩ˛k……EÚ…Æ˙ §…÷±… ∫…÷Æ˙… EÚ…Æ˙EËÚ Æ˙x…∫… ±…⁄EÚ∫… EÚ“ {…EÚb˜ S…‰z…<« ∫…‰ 200 EÚ ®…“ =k…Æ˙ Œ∫l…i… <∫EÚ{…±±…“ ∫…®…i…“l…«EÚ E÷Ú±… ±…∆§……<« +…ËÆ˙ 320 EÚ O…… ¶……Æ˙ EÚ“ BEÚ §…Ω÷˛i… §…b˜“ (x…‰±±……‰Æ˙) ®… n˘x……∆EÚ 22-6-2005 EÚ…‰ 50-60 ®…“ M…Ω˛Æ˙…<« ®……n˘… §…÷±… ∫…÷Æ˙… EÚ…Æ˙EËÚÆ˙“x…∫… ±…⁄EÚ…∫… EÚ…‰ S…z…<« ®…i∫™…x… ®… |…S…… ±…i… BEÚ M…±… V……±… ®… {…EÚb˜“ M…™…“ 356 ∫…‰ ®…“ EÚ“ {……‰i……∏…™… ®… +¥…i…Æ˙h… EÚ™…… M…™……* ]ı¨⁄x……, ∂…∆E÷Ú∂…, ∫…‰±… °Ú∂…, ∫….®…….∫…⁄.∫…‰., i… ¥… ¥… +∆EÚ ∫…∆ : 191, 2007 29

∫…÷Æ˙®…<« +…ËÆ˙ EÚÆÈ˙ V…b˜ {…EÚb˜ E‰Ú +x™… ∫…∆P…]ıEÚ l…‰* ∫…“ B®… B°Ú +…Æ˙ +…< E‰Ú ®…p˘…∫… +x…÷∫…∆v……x… EÂÚp˘, S…‰z…<« E‰Ú ™…Ω˛ <∆ b˜™…x… +…Ï ∂…™…x… ∫…‰ +¶…“ i…EÚ |……{i… ∫…“. ±…⁄EÚ…∫… §…÷±… B∫…. Æ˙…V…{…… EÚ™…®…, B∫…. M……‰®…i…“ +…ËÆ˙ Bx…. Ø˚p˘®…⁄i…‘ u˘…Æ˙… ∫…÷Æ˙…+… ®… ∫…§…∫…‰ §…b˜… Ω˲* i…Ë™……Æ˙ EÚ“ M…™…“ Æ˙{……‰]«ı

1234 S…‰z…<« i…]ı ∫…‰ M…∆¶…“Æ˙ {…∆EÚ ÀS…M…]ı ∫……‰±…‰x……‰ ∫…Æ˙… Ω‰˛ŒC∫…]ı“ EÚ… +∫……v……Æ˙h… +¥…i…Æ˙h…

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