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Aquaculture Effluents: Overview of EPA Guidelines and Standards and Bmps for Ponds, Raceways, and Recycle Culture Systems

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Aquaculture Effluents: Overview of EPA Guidelines and Standards and Bmps for Ponds, Raceways, and Recycle Culture Systems PROCEEDINGS Aquaculture Effluents: Overview of EPA Guidelines and Standards and BMPs for Ponds, Raceways, and Recycle Culture Systems Thursday, October 9, 2003 Proceedings Aquaculture Effluents Hosted by Iowa State University Sponsored by: North Central Regional Aquaculture Center ISU College of Agriculture ISU Department of Natural Resource Ecology & Management Minnesota Sea Grant College Extension Program Held at: The Hotel at Gateway Ames, Iowa October 9, 2003 Editors Robert C. Summerfelt and Richard D. Clayton Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Iowa State University i Proceedings of the North Central Regional Aquaculture Center NCRAC “Other Publications” Category http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/aquanic/ncrac/ A publication of the North Central Regional Aquaculture Center (NCRAC) in cooperation with United States Department of Agriculture (Grant 2001-38500-10369) ii This book is available as a perfect bound version or as a cd. CD version to be available after January 1, 2004 from NCRAC. Either version may be obtained from: NCRAC Publications office Dr. J. E. Morris Associate Director NCRAC 124 Science II Ames, Iowa 50011-3221 Phone 515-294-5280 Fax 515-294-5843 Email [email protected] Suggested citation formats Entire book Summerfelt, R.C., and R.D. Clayton, editors. 2003. Aquaculture effluents: overview of EPA guidelines and standards and BMPS for ponds, raceways, and recycle culture systems. Proceedings from the conference, Ames, Iowa, October 9, 2003. Publication Office, North Central Regional Aquaculture Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Chapter (example) Whelan, G. 2003. Effluent management, water quality regulations, and the courts: The Platte River State Fish Hatchery story — A case study. Pages 10-15 in R. C. Summerfelt and R. D. Clayton, editors. Aquaculture effluents: overview of EPA guidelines and standards and BMPS for ponds, raceways, and recycle culture systems. Proceedings from the conference, Ames, Iowa , October 9, 2003. Publication Office, North Central Regional Aquaculture Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. iii Table of Contents Presentation Page # Introduction Robert C. Summerfelt ...................................................................................................1 Case Studies Effluent Management, Water Quality Regulations, and the Courts: The Platte River State Fish Hatchery Story - A Case Study.................................................................. 9 Gary E. Whelan, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lansing, MI. NPEDS permits: The Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission Experience....................16 Andrew L. Shiels, Division of Research, Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission, State College, PA. EPA’s Proposed Guidelines and Standards for Confined Aquatic Animal Production Facilities (CAAPF) Aquacultural Effluents: Overview of EPA’s Guidelines and Standards ...........................19 John N. Hochheimer, Tetra Tech, Inc., Fairfax, VA. Best Management Practices HACCP Approach to prevent the Spread of Aquatic Nuisance Species by Aquaculture and Baitfish Operations .........................................................................27 Jeffrey L. Gunderson, Minnesota Sea Grant College Extension Program, Duluth, MN Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) Effluents Strategies and Tactics for Management of Swine Waste...................................................41 Wendy Powers, Department of Animal Science Iowa State University. “ Best Management Practices - continued BMPs for Raceway culture systems ..................................................................................80 Harry Westers, Aquaculture Bioengineering Corporation, Rives Junction, MI BMPs for pond culture.......................................................................................................93 Craig S. Tucker, National Warmwater Aquaculture Center and Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, Stoneville, MS BMPs for Recycle Systems..............................................................................................111 Steven T. Summerfelt, Freshwater Institute, Shepherdstown, WV iv Introduction Presented by: Robert C. Summerfelt, Professor Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management 124 Science II Ames, Iowa 50011-3221 (515)-294-6107 [email protected] Robert C. Summerfelt, is professor, Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University. He has held academic appointments at Southern Illinois, Kansas State, and Oklahoma State universities, and visiting professor appointments at Utah State University and the University of Oregon’s Institute of Marine Biology (OIMB). His administrative appointments include chair of the ISU Department of Animal Ecology (1976-85), associate director of the North Central Regional Aquaculture Center (1988-90), and leader of the Oklahoma Cooperative Fishery Research Unit (1966-76). His research history includes description of fish age and growth, reservoir ecology and management, destratification of lakes, management of winterkill lakes, fish biotelemetry, fish parasitology, aquatic toxicology, and aquaculture. He was editor of the book Age and Growth of Fish and author and managing editor for the Walleye Culture Manual, a comprehensive, 415 page state-of-the-art report on the status of walleye culture. In 2000, he was elected to the Fish Culture Hall of Fame. He is chair of the current NCRAC aquaculture effluents work group. Education - B.S., University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point in Biology MS and Ph.D., Southern Illinois University-Carbondale in Zoology 1 Introduction Robert C. Summerfelt Aquaculture versus Hunt-and-Capture Fisheries Aquaculture is the production of aquatic organisms, both plant and animal under controlled or semi-controlled conditions. The “controlled or semi-controlled conditions” distinguishes aquaculture from traditional “hunt-and-capture” fishing of wild stocks of marine and freshwater fish, shrimp, and shellfish. The combination of world aquaculture and commercial catches (wild stocks) have grown from 98.6 million metric tons (mmt) in 1990 to 126.2 mmt in 1999, but in 1990 aquaculture was only 13.2% of the total compared with 26.4% in 1999. U.S. Aquaculture In the U.S., individuals and public agencies have propagated fish for food and for stocking lakes and streams for recreational fishing for more than 130 years. “A Manual of Fish Culture, “published in 1897 by the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries (CFF), described culture practices of 25 stations or hatcheries of the CFF for salmon, trout, lake trout, whitefish, black basses, crappies, rock bass, yellow perch, muskellunge, lake herring, American shad, edible frogs, cod, mackerel, lobster, oysters, and other species. The contents of the Manual of Fish Culture demonstrated practical techniques for spawning these species, but relatively little science or engineering based technology, and fish hatchery effluents were not a consideration. In 1998, the first national census of fish culture in the U.S. reported the value of the aquaculture sector, both commercial and noncommercial at $978 million (USDA 2000). The noncommercial operations—Federal, State, or Tribal facilities—distributed their production for purposes of restoration or conservation; the value of their production was estimated. Culture systems include drainable and nondrainable ponds, raceways, recirculation (“closed re- circulation tanks”) and cages. Most marine culture systems employ net pens for salmonids and prepared bottoms for shellfish, but oyster culture more often relies on a variety of off-bottom techniques (e.g., rafts, trays, containers). The food fish category accounted for the highest relative value at 70.7% of U.S. aquaculture sector, followed by mollusks 9.1%, ornamental fish 7.0%, baitfish 3.8%, crustaceans (crawfish and shrimp) 3.7%, sport or game fish 0.8%, and other fish and animal aquaculture 4.9%. The next census is scheduled for 2002, but probably not reported until 2004. Per capita consumption Because the value of the food fish category dominates aquaculture production, changes in U.S. population and per capita consumption are major forces driving production. Between 1990 and 2001, total fish and shellfish consumption (pounds per capita per year) in the U.S. ranged from 1.4.3 to 15.2. Between 1997 and 2000, there was a positive trend in per capita consumption, increasing each year, going from 14.3 in 1997 to 15.2 lbs/capita in 2000. However, after Federal Reserve Chair Alan Greenspan exposed the “irrational exuberance” that unduly escalated asset values of stocks and following the collapse of the exuberant “dotcoms”, the per/capita consumption declined to 14.7 in 2001, demonstrating a close association between 2 the economy and consumer response to the relative prices of seafood, poultry, pork and beef. In spite of changes in consumption of all sources of fish and shellfish, the percentage of per capita consumption coming from aquaculture has been rising; e.g., catfish sales by processors had an increase of 7.1% in 2002. Also, the quantity and value of imported fish rose even more; e.g., tilapia rose 19 and 36%, respectively, and Atlantic salmon, which totaled 413 million pounds with a value of $818 million, showed a 15% increase in quantity and 6% in value over one year (Harvey 2003). The sum of the value of imported tilapia and salmon in 2002 ($174 and $818 million, respectively) was $992 million, which was greater than the $978 million for all of U.S. aquaculture production in 1998. Of
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