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Hard Code Now! Ugo Mattei UC Hastings College of the Law, Matteiu@Uchastings.Edu University of California, Hastings College of the Law UC Hastings Scholarship Repository Faculty Scholarship 2002 Hard Code Now! Ugo Mattei UC Hastings College of the Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.uchastings.edu/faculty_scholarship Recommended Citation Ugo Mattei, Hard Code Now!, 2(1) Global Jurist Frontiers Art. 1 (2002). Available at: http://repository.uchastings.edu/faculty_scholarship/1147 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Global Jurist Frontiers Volume 2, Issue 1 2002 Article 1 Hard Code Now! Ugo Mattei∗ ∗Hastings College of the Law; Univ. of Turin, Italy, [email protected] Copyright c 2002 by the authors. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be re- produced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, bepress, which has been given certain exclusive rights by the author. Global Jurist Frontiers is Brought to you by | University of California, Hastings - College of the Law Authenticated Download Date | 7/2/15 12:23 AM Hard Code Now! Ugo Mattei Abstract This paper advocates the immediate beginning of a genuine, pluralistic political process lead- ing to a binding codification of European Private Law. It is a critique of what I characterize as the post-modernist “soft” discourse of current European private law. This soft ideology stays behind proposals of ”restatement” of European law; notions of ”model” European codes; assertions of the sufficiency of European legal science as an alternative to codification; theories of competition between national legal systems as an efficient pattern of private law integration; notions of facili- tating, optional ”default law” as an efficient alternative to mandatory binding legal rules. My claim is that such soft rhetoric is yet another pattern of reception of American legal categories, poorly fitting the present fabric of the European legal scenario, and yielding to a variety of political con- sequences that should be spelled out rather than kept tacit. The new European Code should be hard, minimal, not limited to contracts, and process-oriented. It should aim to reflect the social fabric of European capitalism. The European codification pro- cess should look beyond the frontiers of fortress Europe and locate itself in the global dynamic of lawmaking. KEYWORDS: european code, hard code, european integration, private law Brought to you by | University of California, Hastings - College of the Law Authenticated Download Date | 7/2/15 12:23 AM Mattei:HardCodeNow! HARDCODENOW! (ACritiqueof“Softness”andaPleaforResponsibilityintheEuropeanDebateover Codification) ByUgoMattei.1 This paper advocates the immediate beginning of a genuine, pluralistic political processleadingtoabindingcodificationofEuropeanPrivateLaw.ItisacritiqueofwhatI characterizeasthepost-modernist“soft”discourseofcurrentEuropeanprivatelaw.Thissoft ideology stays behind proposals of “restatement” of European law; notions of “model” Europeancodes;assertionsofthesufficiencyofEuropeanlegalscienceasanalternativeto codification;theoriesofcompetitionbetweennationallegalsystemsasanefficientpatternof private law integration; notions of facilitating, optional “default law” as an efficient alternativetomandatorybindinglegalrules.Myclaimisthatsuchsoftrhetoricisyetanother pattern of reception of American legal categories, poorly fitting the present fabric of the Europeanlegalscenario,andyieldingtoavarietyofpoliticalconsequencesthatshouldbe spelledoutratherthankepttacit. The new European Code should be hard, minimal, not limited to contracts, and process-oriented. It should aim to reflect the social fabric of European capitalism. The EuropeancodificationprocessshouldlookbeyondthefrontiersoffortressEuropeandlocate itselfintheglobaldynamicoflawmaking. 1AfirstdraftofthispaperwasdiscussedattheLeuvenconferenceonEuropeanCodificationNov30-Dec1, 2001 organized by Secola. It was originated by an invitation to participate to a conference on “Comparative contractremedies”scheduledatTelAvivUniversityinJune3-52002.TheauthorisAlfredandHannaFromm ProfessorofInternationalandComparativeLawatU.C.Hastings. ItisProfessoreOrdinariodidirittocivilenell’ Brought to you by | University of California, Hastings - College of the Law Authenticated 1 Download Date | 7/2/15 12:23 AM GlobalJuristFrontiers,Vol.2[2002],Iss.1,Art.1 1.PostmodernConditionandtheDebateovertheCode. Postmodernismisthelogicoflatecapitalism.2Itisthedomainoftheweak,themild, the soft, the relative, the unprincipled, the random, and the rhizome.3 Postmodernist legal discoursegivesupclaimsofuniversality,objectivityandmonism.4Thenationstateblurs; sovereigntyisdecentralized;andlegalpropositionscannotbelegitimisedintermsofrightor wrong.Justicegetsrelative,andefficiencybecomesexpediency,pragmatismandstrategy.5 Inapost-modernistenvironment,“avantguarde”juristshavediscoveredpluralism.6 They have abated hierarchy, and they have claimed that the law is the domain of professionalism, culture, and technique.7 Jurists have finally got rid of positivism, state- centrism,anddogmatisminlegalreasoning.Legalstylehasbecomeapasticheofdifferent modesofthought--manytimesborrowedfromexperiencesofdifferentdomainsofknowledge orofdifferentlegalexperiences.8 Political legitimacy is the last of concerns. If legal reasoning is a technique of argumentation, a battle of hired weapons, there is no space for the myth of political UniversitàdiTorino.IwishtothankNiliCohen,LauraNader,MauroBussani,LuisaAntoniolliDeflorianand AnnadiRobilantforhelpfulcontributionsinitsconceptionandunfolding. 2SeeF.Jameson,Postmodernism;ortheCulturalLogicofLateCapitalism,(1991).D.Harvey,TheCondition ofPostmodernity.AnInquiryintotheOriginsofCulturalChange,(1990). 3SeeG.Deleuze&F.Guattari,MillePlateaux(1980) 4SeeU.Mattei&A.diRobilant,TheArtandScienceofCriticalScholarship.PostmodernismandInternational StyleintheLegalArchitectureofEurope,75TulaneL.R(2001) 5SeeN.Mercuro&S.G.Medema,EconomicsandtheLaw.FromPosnertoPostmodernism,(1997);seealso R.Posner,FrontiersofLegalTheory(2001). 6Pluralism,intheEuropeancontextisfullyaccountedforbyM.Bussani,(2000)“Integrative”ComparativeLaw EnterprisesandtheInnerStratificationofLegalSystems,8Eur.Rev.PrivateLaw,85 7SeeG.Teubner,LawasanAuthopoieticSystem(1993). 8SeeG.Minda,PostmodernLegalMovements(1995) Brought to you by | University of California, Hastings - College of the Law Authenticated 2 Download Date | 7/2/15 12:23 AM Mattei:HardCodeNow! representation. People no longer believe that the law is the will of the community as expressedbythepoliticalprocess. SuchmodeofthoughthascharacterizedAmericanlegalthoughtfromthelastdecadeofthe twentiethcentury,9andithas,induecourse,beenreceivedinEurope10. Astrong,dominantpositionoflegalscholarshipamongthesourcesoflawhavebeen thebackgroundinwhich,atleastontheContinent,postmodernistlegaldiscoursehasbeen received.11ThedomainofthelawhaslongbeenthedomainofjuristsinEurope,aneliteof sophisticatedintellectualstraditionallylegitimisedbyknowledgeandscholarship.12Toohigh is the degree of complexity of the postmodernist marketplace to be understood, let alone regulated,bypoliticians.Letpoliticiansbebusywithdismantlingthewelfarestate,deciding immigration policies, and negotiating tariffs and quotas. Let them deal with the problems arisingfromtheunificationofthecurrencyandtheissueofEuropeandefence.Letthemdeal withtheenlargement.Letthemkeeptheirhandsoffprivatelaw.Theycandonogoodinthis area.13 2.TheWhetherandtheHowinEuropeanPrivateLaw. TheissueofthenewEuropeanPrivateLawhasbeenunfoldinginthreephases.The first,beginningintheearlyeighties,dealtwiththewhether:istheresuchathingasEuropean privatelaw?Theanswerisfoundinthefacts.Legislative,judicialandscholarlydevelopment 9SeeFeldman,AmericanLegalThoughtfromPremodernismtoPostmodernism(2000). 10SeeM.W.Hesselink,TheNewEuropeanLegalCulture,(2001). 11Mattei&diRobilant,citsupranote4 12SeeA.Gambaro,WesternLegalTradition,inP.Newman(Ed)TheNewPalgrave.ADictionaryofEconomics andtheLaw,(1998) 13SeeR.Zimmermann,CivilCodeandCivilLaw.The“Europeanization”ofPrivateLawwithintheEuropean CommunityandtheRe-EmergencyofaEuropeanLegalScience,1Col.J.Eur.Law,63(1995). Brought to you by | University of California, Hastings - College of the Law Authenticated 3 Download Date | 7/2/15 12:23 AM GlobalJuristFrontiers,Vol.2[2002],Iss.1,Art.1 attheEuropeanlevelhascharacterizedeventhecoreareasofprivatelaw.Resistancefrom more conservative, domestic lawyers has been ineffective--at least at the theoretical level. ConsentontheexistenceofasubjectmattercalledEuropeanprivatelawisnowpractically unanimous.14 European private lawyers have also been remarkably quick in reaching consent on claimingaprofessionalmonopolyontheconstructionofthelegalframeworkofthemarket. TheacademicjihadagainstBrusselsbureaucrats,launchedearlyinthenineties,hasalsobeen successful.TheEuropeanisationofprivatelawhastobeseenasaprofessionalproject.15 Naturally,somedivisionswereboundtohappenwhenitcomestothequestionofwho arethemembersoftheprofessionalgroupsinvolvedintheproject.Thequestionwasnever reallyonthetableofanopendiscussion,butwecaneasilyseeacoupleofoppositetrends. Wecouldnamesuchtrendsastheelitistsagainstthedemocrats.Boththeelitistsandthe democratsshareEnglishasasortoflinguafranca,despitetheattempts,particularlyonthe
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