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SITE SELECTION FOR SUB SURFACE DAMS ACROSS IN CHAKRAYAPETA MANDAL USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES

1Dr T. Siva Prathap, 2 Dr Mohd Akhter Ali, 3 Anupreet Singh Tiwana, 4 M. Kamraju, 5 Sagar M Waghmare 1,2,3,5 Assistant Professor, 4 Research Scholar 1 Department of Earth Sciences 2,3,4 Department of Geography 1Yogi Vemana University, 2 Osmania University 3 Mata Gujri College (Autonomous) 4Centre for Economic and Social Studies 5S.G.Balekundri College of Engineering,

ABSTRACT A subsurface dam (SSD) is built across streams or valleys to establish an underground reservoir and to recharge . A subsurface dam constructed below ground level to arrest the flow in a natural aquifer. The best sites for construction of SSD are those where the soil consists of sand and gravel with rock and an impermeable layer at a few meters depth. Ideally the SSD should be built in the areas where water from a large catchment area flows through a narrow passage. The most favorable zone for construction of SSD is an area with gentle slope between hills and plains. The underground reservoirs in sand rivers are principally recharged by rainwater from flash floods, which originate in catchment areas with higher elevation. Upon full saturation of the underground reservoir the remaining flash floods will pass over the dam without further infiltration to replenish the aquifers down streams. The subsurface dams are more advantageous in dry regions because they offer minimal evaporation, as the evaporation is confined to the upper layers of the SSD. They avoid the problem of submergence of land area, and allow negligible water contamination. They also form sound basis for water budget available in the regions of low rainfall particularly rain fed regions of region in general and YSR district in particular. In the present study Chakrayapeta mandal is taken as the area of interest for the identification of suitable sites of SSDs using the available Digital Elevation Models from the Bhuvan Geoportal services and application of Geospatial Technology for their advantages, accuracy and time management.

Keywords: Subsurface dam, Geospatial Technology, Digital Elevation Model, Chakrayapeta

INTRODUCTION Natural groundwater storage can be improved by constructing a subsurface barrier that is a subsurface dam, in order to capture the subsurface flows and raise the groundwater levels (GWLs) in the sediment layers.

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Subsurface dams are preferable to surface dams because of lower evaporation, higher functionality, lower cost of construction, lessened risk for contamination and the possibility of utilizing land over the dam. Therefore subsurface dams constitute an affordable and effective method for the sustainable development and management of groundwater resources. Subsurface dams are the essentials in the India to overcome various problems related to water crisis in the arid and semi-arid areas. Subsurface dams have mainly advantages like water storage system without land submergence, Prevention of evaporation of reserved water, Clean, safe water, Utilization of renewable resources (Ishida et al., Borst and de Haas, Hoogmoed , Şen and Khairy et al.). Over the centuries population explosion, urbanization, conversion of forests to agriculture, have multiplied the demand for water. Fresh water problem is not limited to the arid climatic regions, even in areas with good supply the access to safe water is becoming a critical problem. For many the main source of water is the surface water that flows in streams, rivers and ground water. Rain water is the main source for recharge of Groundwater. The recharge depends on intensity of rainfall distribution, soil type and slope of the basin, land use and evaporability of the area. Infiltration takes place in inverse proportion to the intensity of the rainfall, slope and direct proportion of the porosity and vegetation cover. The infiltrated water percolates down after meeting Evapo-transpiration demand of vegetation from root zone and will be around 5-20%. On an average, the recharge from rainfall may work out to about 10% for the entire state of . The extraction of ground water has to be limited to long term average annual recharge to use ground water on renewable basis (AP State Ground Water Department Report). The rainfall in India is not uniformly distributed in time and space, which is causing the need for regulation and management of waters by resorting to structures creating storages. The rainfall occurs mainly during period of 4 months. The rainy days are normally about 60 days during the above period. This pattern of rainfall results in flashy flood, which continue only for few days. The seasonal flow available in the streams and rivers is generally groundwater contribution, especially in since south India doesn’t get any contribution from snowmelt. The runoff from floods is much more than the seasonal flow in the stream. Since the flashy flow is irregular, it requires a measure to utilize regulating the same. To achieve this objective it is required to have a structure across the stream or river which creates a reservoir. The main objective of storage reservoir is to store the flood flows and regulate the supply by means of distributive system over a long period. The flows available in the streams or rivers can be tapped by means of either pumping schemes or anicut schemes, which do not cause any storage. For tapping seasonal flows, it is required to have storage structure across the stream or river since the flows are regulated. One such feature similar to the natural dykes acting as artificial bund causing underground reservoir is Sub Surface Dam. The concept of artificial Sub Surface Dam and artificial sub surface reservoir is introduced in recent times in India. The literature available on Sub Surface Dams is also very limited. A sub-surface dam is a vertical, impermeable barrier through a cross section of a sand- filled, seasonal river bed. A ditch is dug at right angles across the stream and into each bank, preferably where a rock dyke protrudes. This provides a solid,

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© 2019 JETIR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 3 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) impermeable base onto which a simple barrier / masonry wall can be built within the trench. The main objective of the structure is to stop the subsurface flow from the given section of groundwater basin. OBJECTIVES The main objective of the present work is to understand the

 To identify suitable sites for Sub Surface Dams using Geospatial Technologies.  To manage rain water. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Vasanthakumaran et al., (2002) used remote sensing and GIS techniques for selecting suitable sites for artificial groundwater recharge in the rocky terrain of Southern India. Thematic maps of soil, lineament, and drainage density were prepared using toposheets and satellite data. ArcView and ArcInfo GIS softwares were used to integrate these developed themes after assigning appropriate weights to each theme, which resulted in the identification of suitable artificial recharge sites. Chenini et al., (2010) used the GIS based multi-criteria analysis technique to map groundwater recharge zone in the Maknassy basin (central Tunisia) where depletion of groundwater levels were taking place for the last decade and the problem further aggravated due to increased demand for agricultural and industrial needs and arid climatic conditions. Thematic maps of the factors (watershed limit, drainage, drainage density, lithology, fractured outcrops, lineament, permeability, and piezometry) influencing the groundwater recharge were prepared and integrated in GIS after assignment of weights. The resultant map was categorized as per the weight ranges obtained. Sukumar and Sankar (2010) delineated the potential zones for artificial recharge using GIS in Theni district, Tamil Nadu. Three problems, deeper groundwater levels, over-exploitation and salinity related to groundwater were identified in the study area. Therefore the layers of permeability, soil depth, drainage intensity, water holding capacity, soil texture and geology were integrated in GIS environment to prioritize the area for the identification of suitable artificial recharge sites. Structures like check dam and percolation ponds were suggested to create new plans and models to implement the water resource development and action plan in the study area. Sharma and Kujur (2012) applied remote sensing and GIS techniques for the identification of suitable sites for artificial recharge structures in and around Gola block, Jharkhand. Thematic data pertaining to geology, geomorphology, land use/land cover, lineaments, drainage pattern, etc. were prepared by visual interpretation of the digitally enhanced satellite data IRS-P6 LISS-III, for study area of Gola block, Ramgargh district, Jharkhand, India. The study found that in a hard rock terrain intersection zone of lineaments provide potential for groundwater accumulation and recharge. The multi-layer integration viz. geomorphology, land use, geology, lineament density and drainage density data helped to identify suitable zones for artificial recharge. These zones were then compared with land use land cover map and ordering of

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© 2019 JETIR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 3 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) drainage for adopting the suitable structure for rainwater harvesting like boulder bunds, check dams and recharge pits. Kadam et al., (2012) used SCS-CN method for identifying rainwater harvesting sites in basaltic region of Western India. The runoff was derived using SCS-CN method with the help of land use land cover, slope, soil and drainage layers. The analysis found that water body and agricultural land had high runoff potential followed by settlement, open scrub, dense scrub and low runoff from open forest and dense forest areas. The SCS-CN method integrated with geographical information system was found to be an effective method for identifying suitable rainwater harvesting sites because the average accuracy of these sites when checked in the field was found to be 86.25 %. The study revealed that 84 % of study area was suitable for constructing rainwater harvesting structures like farm ponds, check dam, percolation tank and gully plugs to augment the groundwater resource of the study area. STUDY AREA The Papagni river originates in the Nandi hills of Chikbalapur district in . It is a non-perennial river that is rainfed with its basin receiving 60-80 cm of rainfall annually. It travels through a region of granite deposits and that is frequently affected by . It drains the districts of Chittor, and Kadapa in Andhra Pradesh. The basin covers an area of 8250 sq.km and drains 30 Mandals of which 21 lie in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. It joins the near Kamalapuram in . Papagni is sub basin of Penna River. The basin experiences high water deficit due to a low rainfall and high loss of water through evapotranspiration. Water lost in the form of surface runoff need to be mitigated by better water resource management practices utilizing every single drop of rainwater. Therefore Chakrayapeta mandal (Refer Fig 1) which is traversed by the Papagni River is taken as pilot study for the identification of suitable sites of Sub Surface Dams using geospatial technologies. Chakrayapeta Mandal ChakrayapetaMandal covering an area of 33,533.5 Ha is surrounded by Vemula, Vempalli, Pendlimarri, LakkireddyPalli and Galiveedumandals with in Kadapa district from north to south in clockwise direction, whereas it shares its west with . It consists of a total number of seventeen villages namely Anjaneyapuram, Addalamarri, Marellamadaka, Kumarakalva, Gandikovvur, Errabommanapalle, Chakrayapet, Chilekampalle, Nersupalle, Kondappa Gari Palle, Surabhi, Gotlamitta, Mahadevapalle, Kuppam, Rajupalle, Kateneniyerragudi and Kallurupalli. The total area of the villages comprising of 17,176.7 Ha, the Forest Area about 6,844.5 Ha and the rest by waste lands.

Geography and Geology of the study area Geographically, Andhra Pradesh has varied topography ranging from the hills of Eastern and to the shores of that supports varied ecosystems, rich diversity of flora and fauna. The are a major dividing line in the state's geography. The Ghats become more

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© 2019 JETIR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 3 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) pronounced towards the south and extreme north of the coast. The state with a coastline of 974 km forms the second longest among all the states of India after Gujarat. There are three main rivers namely, Godavari, Krishna and Penna that flow through the state. The state is identified with 13 districts and 4 Rayalaseema districts as two socio-economic entities with as the largest city followed by and . The climate of Andhra Pradesh varies considerably, depending on the geographical region. play a major role in determining the climate of the state. Summers last from March to June. July to September is the season for tropical in Andhra Pradesh. The state receives heavy rainfall from the southwest monsoon during these months. About one third of the total rainfall in Andhra Pradesh is brought by the northeast monsoon. October and November see low-pressure systems and tropical cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal which, along with the northeast monsoon, bring rains to the southern and coastal regions of the state. November, December, January, and February are the winter months in Andhra Pradesh. Since the state has a long coastal belt the winters in the coastal Andhra are not very cold. Whereas the Rayalaseema region, consisting of districts , YSR Kadapa, Anantapur and Chittor has semi-arid conditions. Present study area falls in the YSR Kadapa district. Geographically the study area is bounded by 14o11.04’N to 14o33.84’N Latitudes and 78o34.57’E to 78o62.91’E Longitudes and falls in the Open Series Maps of Survey of India Toposheets numbering D44G07, D44G08, D44G11 and D44G012. Also the study area shows an irregular landscape with a number of hill ranges and hills with intervening valleys and high lands. The highest elevation is 1108 m above mean sea level. The important hill ranges are Velikonda, Nallamalais, Yerramalai, and Lankamalai are trending in NW-SE or E-W direction. The district is drained by the major river Penna and its tributaries are cheyyeru, Papagni, Chitravati, and Kunderu. Pincha and Mandavi are other minor streams. The drainage pattern in general is dendraitic to sub- dendritic and parallel. The drainage is often parallel to sub parallel indicating structural control. Geomorphologically, the district can be classified into three units based on relief, slope factor and soil. The three groups are (i) Structural Landforms : Structural Hills, Structural Valleys, Cuesta Hills, Mesa/Butte, Linear Ridges, Intermontane Valleys (ii) Denudational Landforms : Pediplain, Pediment- Inselberg Complex. Piedmont zone and Residual Hills. (iii)Fluvial landforms : Alluvial Plains and Bazada

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Fig. 1 Location Map (in clock wise direction from the top)

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METHODOLOGY Survey of India Toposheets

Base Map Preparation

Soil Erosion Map LULC

BHUVAN

Geomorphological Map Lineaments Map

CARTOSAT

Contour map LS and TS Profiles

GIS Overlay

Criteria / Guidelines Auxiliary Information

Inventory Sites

Field Verification

NECESSARY MODIFICATIONS IN FINALISING SITE SELECTION

Fig 2. Methodology and Workflow

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The district is underlain by various rock types belong to Late Archaean or Early Proterozoic era which are succeeded by rocks of Dharwarian Age and both are traversed by dolerite dykes. The older rocks are overlain by rocks of Cuddapah Super group and Kurnool Group belonging to Middle and Upper Proterozoic Age. While in case of Chakrayapeta mandal is Late Archaean / Early Proterozoic granitoids and Metamorphic in short Peninsular Gneissic Complex. Archaeans are represented by amphibolites, , schists and granites forming the oldest rocks in the study area. Tonalities and minor proportions of granodiorites are the compositional variants within the gneisses. The ganatoids and potassic granites present are weakly foliated, medium to coarse grained and equigranular. The granites are intrusive in to the green stone belts, gneisses, calc-alkaline grantoids are massive grey to pink, medium to coarse grained and locally porphyritic. The granite green stone terrain of this area is intruded by several mafic dyke forms. The general strike direction is E-W, NW-SE, N-S and NW-SE. Dolerite is the most common variety among mafic rocks. (Geology and Mineral Resources of AP, 2006. GSI). The contact of the base of the Cuddapah’s and Archaeans is marked by a period of hiatus known as the “Eparchaean unconformity”. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The construction of Sub Surface Dams is one of the water harvesting structures envisaged for longevity of the water availability within the river basin. Like runoff, groundwater also leaves the basin as base flow if it is not harnessed. Therefore three suitable sites are identified with in the parts of the study area after scrutinized with all the available thematic layers in complex GIS overlay analysis with the due weightages with respect to impediments and desirable nature of the layers. In addition auxillary information and the following guidelines are taken into account for the arrival of the site suitability of above mentioned three Sub Surface Dams across Papagni in Chakrayapeta Mandal. The following are various themes, calibrated in arriving at the Site Suitability of Sub Surface Dams in Chakrayapeta Mandal.

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