Annex 4. Rice Terraces Systems in Subtropical China-- Youxi Lianhe

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Annex 4.

Rice Terraces Systems in Subtropical China -- Youxi Lianhe Terraces

Location: Youxi County, Fujian Province, China

The People’s Government of Youxi County, Fujian Province August, 2016 GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

SUMMARY INFORMATION

Name/Title of the Agricultural Heritage System (local Name and Translation, if necessary): Rice Terraces Systems in Subtropical China -- Youxi Lianhe Terraces

Recommending/applying organization: The People’s Government of Youxi County, Fujian Province, P. R. China

Country/location/Site: Youxi County, Sanming City, Fujian Province, China. Between east longitude 117°48'30" to 118°40' and north latitude 25°50'36" to26°26'30".

Accessibility of the Site to Capital City or Major Cities: 158 km away from the provincial capital Fuzhou City of Fujian Province, 208km away from Fuzhou Changle International Airport, connected with expressways; electrified high-speed rail like Xiangtang-Putian High-speed Rail passes through Youxi County; connected with other cities by expressways such as Fuzhou-Yinchuan Expressway, Xiamen-Shaxian Expressway and Putian-Yanling

I GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Expressway as well as 314 Provincial Road.

Approximate Surface Area: 3,425.3 km2, of which the key protection zone Lianhe Township covers 169.5 km2.

Agro-Ecological Zone: Terrace Farming Zone on Middle and Lower Hills in the South

Topographic Features: Featured with mountainous regions and hills which cover about 90% of the total land area.

Climate Type: Subtropical oceanic monsoon climate

Approximate Population: Registered population is 440,300 and permanent resident population is 35,300 (with the agricultural population of 210,000), in which the population in the key protection zone is 21,000.

Main Source of Livelihoods: The agricultural income of the whole county amounts to RMB 4,705 million, accounting for 27.2% of the GDP. That of the key protection zone Lianhe Township reaches RMB 276 million. More than 90% of Lianhe people’s food comes from the Lianhe Terrace System.

Ethnicity/Indigenous Population: The Han ethnic group occupies over 99% and the minority is mainly She ethnic group.

Summary Information of the Agricultural Heritage System: Youxi Lianhe Terraces of Fujian Province have a long history. It has been over 1,700 years since the Disaster of Yongjia (311 AD) in the Western Jin Dynasty when people fled from the Central Plain here and brought wasteland into cultivation, forming the rudiments of terraces. There are clear written records saying that habitation history of Youxi can be dated back to the Tang Dynasty of over 1,300 years ago. Youxi ancestors reclaimed wasteland into terraces on slopes and finally created a three-dimensional circular agricultural ecosystem, i.e. water conservation forest-bamboo forest-village-terrace-combination of terrace and village-river, with the efforts of several generations. This system provided various foods for local people, including grains like paddy rice, wheat, peanut and oilseed rape, aquatic

II GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China animals like loach and carp, meat like duck, chicken and pork as well as bamboo shoot and wild mushroom growing under the forest system. The terrace ecosystem had an abundant biodiversity including 672 species of plants, 166 varieties of animals and 27 kinds of microorganisms. In particular, Lianhe Terraces still reserves 72 varieties of traditional rice such as garnet, Youxi red and cold waterdrop, which can meet rice cultivation requirements in different altitudes and different seasons. The farming activities and plants’ aspect change on terraces make Lianhe Terraces present different landscapes in four seasons. The cultures corresponding to the agricultural production activities on Lianhe Terraces are also unique: The melodious Jinshan folk songs is an important way for ancient people to pass on farming knowledge to their descendants; food culture is also brilliant, such as white kuih, fresh bamboo shoot, Youxi fumigated duck, full of local flavor; festivals, customs, worship and taboos in Lianhe Terrace area also reflect the harmonious relationship between ancient people and the nature, having typical local features. Youxi Lianhe Terraces are relatively closed, long and narrow, which effectively withstands the influence of modern agricultural technology. So traditional family operation is the primary agricultural operation mode of Youxi. Therefore, traditional agricultural technology and culture are well preserved. However, due to low comparative profit of agriculture, desolated terraces and outflow of young workforce are very common here. In addition, the use of modern cultivation pattern such as pesticide and chemical fertilizer results in that traditional terrace production system can hardly maintain, and besides, modern informatized life style has penetrated in and affected the terrace system. All these factors cause the terrace culture system in danger of vanishing. To protect Lianhe terrace system, the local government and people have taken a series of measures: offering a certain subsidy to agricultural producers, encouraging local people to work on agricultural production and attract young adult labour force to come back; rewarding farmers that reclaim deserted terraces; signing Agreement on Cultivating Conventional Paddy Rice and Dry Field Crops between the

III

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China government and farmers; accelerating the construction of water conservancy facilities and irrigation facilities for farmland; carrying out ecological agricultural cultivation and developing ecological tourism to improve agricultural income.

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Contents

1 System Features ...... 1

1.1 Food and Livelihood Safety ...... 2

1.1.1 Providing Various Foods ...... 2

1.1.2 Other Products Provided ...... 4

1.1.3 Important Sources of Local Economic Income ...... 4

1.2 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function ...... 5

1.2.1 Biodiversity ...... 5

1.2.2 Ecosystem Service Function ...... 10

1.3 Knowledge Hierarchy and Adaptability Technology ...... 12

1.3.1 Traditional Farming Tool ...... 12

1.3.2 Compound Planting ...... 14

1.3.3 Crop Rotation ...... 15

1.3.4 Multiple Varieties Intercropping ...... 18

1.3.5 Disease, Insect Pest and Weed Prevention ...... 18

1.3.6 Soil Fertility Maintenance ...... 19

1.3.7 Knowledge of Airing and Storage ...... 20

1.3.8 Agricultural Arrangement and Agrometeorological Observation Experience ...... 20

1.3.9 Terrace Landscape Construction Experience ...... 21

1.4 Agricultural Culture, Value System and Social Organization ...... 21

1.4.1 Food Culture ...... 21

1.4.2 Folk Songs and Farming Proverbs ...... 23

1.4.3 Celebrities and Poems ...... 24

1.4.4 Main Festivals ...... 27

1.4.5 Customs ...... 33

1.4.6 Worship and Taboo ...... 34

1.4.7 Village Regulation and Agreement...... 35

1.4.8 Folk Handicrafts ...... 36

1.4.9 Social Organizations ...... 37

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

1.5 Management of Landscape and Land and Water Resources ...... 37

1.5.1 Composite Landscape ...... 37

1.5.2 Terrace Landscape ...... 39

1.5.3 Farmland Landscape ...... 39

2. Historical Significance ...... 41

2.1 Historical Origin and Development of Youxi Lianhe Terrace ...... 41

2.2 Historical Significance of Youxi Lianhe Terrace ...... 42

2.2.1 Important Elements Comprising the Traditional Chinese Farming Culture ...... 42

2.2.2 Valuable Experiences for China’s Construction of Ecological Agriculture ...... 43

3 Practical Significance ...... 44

3.1 To Guarantee the Food Safety of Local Residents ...... 44

3.2 To Provide Quality and Safe Agricultural Products and to Increase Resident Income ... 44

3.3 To Play an Important Role in Protecting and Inheriting the Local Variety of Crops ...... 45

3.4 To Be Beneficial to Ecological Civilization Construction of Local Agriculture ...... 45

4 Threats and Challenges ...... 47

4.1 Increasing Extreme Weather Results in Uneven Space-Time Distribution of Water

Resources ...... 47

4.2 Modern Agricultural Technology Brings Impact on the Traditional Farming Methods .. 47

4.3 Young Labor Force Loses Due to Diversities of Livelihoods ...... 49

4.4 Traditional Farming Culture Encounters with Inheritance Loss ...... 51

5 Protection and Development Measures ...... 53

5.1 Adopted Measures ...... 53

5.1.1 Provided Agricultural Subsidy ...... 53

5.1.2 Set up Mechanism Protecting Traditional Farming Methods ...... 53

5.1.3 Expanded the Market and Built Brand ...... 54

5.1.4 Developed Leisure Agriculture ...... 54

5.1.5 Carried out Promotion Campaigns ...... 55

5.2 Potential and Opportunity ...... 56

5.2.1 Lianhe Terrace System Containing Rich Biological Resources ...... 56

5.2.2 Traditional Farming Methods Ensuring the High Quality of Agricultural II

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Production ...... 56

5.2.3 High Potentiality of Tourist Resources...... 56

5.2.4 Influence of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems...... 57

5.3 Expected Social and Ecological Impacts ...... 58

5.3.1 Increasing Peasants’ Income and Employment to Enhance Their Happiness ...... 58

5.3.2 Conducive to the Inheritance of Traditional Terrace Farming Technique and

Culture ...... 59

5.3.3 Conducive to the Maintenance and Promotion of the Good Ecological

Environment of Youxi ...... 59

5.3.4 Maintain the Biodiversity and Ecological Functions of the System ...... 59

5.4 Initiative of the Local Government, the State and Other Stakeholders ...... 60

5.4.1 Youxi County Government ...... 60

5.4.2 Chinese Government ...... 60

6 Dynamic Conservation Plan for GIAHS Selected Site ...... 62

6.1 Conservation and Development Activities Have Been Done ...... 62

6.1.1 Establishing a Leading Group for Application for GIAHS ...... 62

6.1.2 Working on Documentary Videos of Lianhe Terraces with CCTV ...... 62

6.1.3 Carrying out “Three-Product” Certification and Strengthening Product Safety

Check ...... 62

6.1.4 Promoting Agricultural Informatization and Improving Farmers’ Heritage

Protection Awareness and Industrial Development Ability ...... 63

6.1.5 Formulating Government Subsidy System and Boosting the Traditional

Agricultural Production in Terraces ...... 63

6.1.6 Signing Agreements with Farmers and Propelling the Protection of Agricultural

Crop Varieties ...... 63

6.1.7 Boosting the Status Survey and Scientific Research for Lianhe Terrace Heritage64

6.1.8 Youxi County’s Developing the Lianhe Terrace as Its Tourism Brand ...... 64

6.2 Anticipatory Action ...... 64

6.2.1 Agro-Ecology Protection ...... 64

6.2.2 Agricultural Culture Protection ...... 67 III

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

6.2.3 Agricultural Landscape Protection ...... 69

6.2.4 Eco-Products Development ...... 72

6.2.5 Eco-Tourism Development ...... 75

6.3 Measures Against Threats and Expected Effects ...... 78

6.3.1 Diversity of Livelihood Makes Loss of Young Labor for Terraced Fields ...... 78

6.3.2 Impact of Modern Agricultural Technology on Traditional Farming Mode ...... 79

6.3.3 Traditional Agro-Farming Culture Faces Absence of Inheritance ...... 79

6.3.4 Threat of Extreme Climate to Terraced Field ...... 80

6.4. Fund Raising ...... 81

6.5. Mechanism of Guarantee ...... 82

6.5.1 Building of National Organization ...... 82

6.5.2 Building of County-Township-Village-Level Organization ...... 82

6.5.3 Building of Local Community Organization ...... 82

References ...... - 84 -

Appendixes ...... - 86 -

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

1 System Features

Abundant traditional paddy rice varieties. Lianhe Terraces are 900 meters in the highest peak and 100 meters in the lowest point, with a perpendicular throw of over 700 meters. Thus it provides favorable climatic conditions for cultivation and conservation of different varieties of paddy rice. In the meantime, as Lianhe Terraces are located at topographically enclosed region, it is seldom exposed to modern technology and still reserves 72 traditional rice varieties which enrich the global (national) rice germplasm repository. The typical growing rice varieties include Garnet red, Youxi red, cold waterdrop, Huzao, Dwarf white, Youxi grain and so on. Ecological resource utilization pattern. Lianhe terrace people utilize local natural conditions to create a circular and three-dimensional production system: water conservation forest-bamboo forest-village-terrace-combination of terrace and village-river. Besides, they also create composite cropping patterns, such as rice and potato rotation, rice and melon rotation, rice and vegetable rotation, rice and tobacco rotation, rice and grass rotation, raising fish in paddies and symbiotic rice and duck. These agricultural landscape structure and ecological growing patterns can provide reference for farmers of other regions and significantly promote the improvement of agricultural environment and food safety. Cultures that maintain the stability of terrace system. The cultures corresponding to the agricultural production activities on Lianhe Terraces are also unique: The melodious Jinshan folk songs also contain a plenty of farming knowledge; kuih, loach with silk noodles, spiced bamboo shoot and pressed salted duck which are made of agricultural products growing in the terrace system are full of local flavor; festivals, customs, worship and taboos in Lianhe terrace area maintain the harmonious relationship between ancient people and the nature, playing an enlightening role in helping contemporary people deal with the relationship between human and nature.

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

1.1 Food and Livelihood Safety

1.1.1 Providing Various Foods

Black rice Red rice Purple sweet potato

Figure 1 Grain Crops

Lianhe Terraces are a comprehensive food production system consisting of water conservation forest-bamboo forest-village-terrace-combination of terrace and village-river, providing various foods for people. The black rice, red rice, soybean, sweet potato, potato, corn, millet, cassava, taro and so on are the main rations of local people (Figure 1); peanut, oilseed rape, soybean and sasanqua are the main sources of local oil (Figure 2); asparagus lettuce, Chinese cabbage, sechium edule, melon and fruit growing in the terrace system provide food materials for local people (Figure 3). Animals symbiotic with crops in farmland such as livestock like pigs, cows, sheep and rabbits, poultry like shanma ducks and chickens and their eggs, fish like carps and loaches as well as shellfish like escargots are the primary sources of food proteins for local people (Figure 4).

Peanut Sasanqua Soybean

Figure 2 Oil Crops

Asparagus lettuce Chinese cabbage Sechium edule

Figure 3 Common Vegetables in Lianhe Terraces

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Carp Escargot Loach

Shanma Duck Egg Rabbit

Figure 4 Common Animals and Their Products in Lianhe Terraces

Local people also get food from forestry, tea garden, orchard and rivers around the terraces by the way of collecting or hunting. For example, the Lentinus sajor-caju Auricularia auricula-judae

Figure 5 Common Mushrooms

forest system above the terraces provides

lentinus sajor-caju, auricularia auricula-judae Figure 6 Bamboo Shoots and other mushrooms (Figure 5); the bamboo forest provides local people with bamboo shoots all the year round (Figure 6); artificial tea garden, orchard and vegetable garden provide tea, fruits and so on (Figure 7). These food materials are critical raw materials of local traditional food, constituting an integral part of local food.

Tea Cumquat Pteridium aquilinum

Figure 7 Food Produced by the Forest System

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

1.1.2 Other Products Provided In history, Lianhe terrace area was scarcely populated yet with many beasts, facing a severe beast infestation. Additionally, it was necessary to carry out water retention and storage for the agricultural production, so the tradition of closing hillsides to facilitate forestation was developed in the history, which guarantees the abundant plant resources of the forest ecosystem. There are more than 458 species of plants in the forests, among which trees are mainly phyllostachys edulis, gingko, taxus chinensis, styphnolobium japonicum, Figure 8 Basket Warmer cupressaceae, pinus taeda, larix gmelinii and so on. These timbers are common materials for local houses, handicrafts, bamboo wares like winnowing basket, vegetable basket, strainer, loach basket, hencoop, basket warmer (Figure 8), round-bottomed basket, grain dying tent, curtain and other daily supplies. Apart from providing food and other agricultural products, the farmland ecosystem also produces many crop straws. The straws of Lianhe terrace ecosystem mainly come from paddy rice, potato, bean, tobacco and vegetable, with an average amount of 20,000 t each year. Rice straws can be used to make fiber products and paper as well as used as the household fuel in remote areas. Figure 9 Ancient Pagoda of the Southern 1.1.3 Important Sources of Local Song Dynasty--Taming Tiger Cligg Economic Income Lianhe terrace system is the source of local people’s livelihood. In the agricultural times, Lianhe Township people depended on the three-dimensional terrace system to get their necessities of life. As of the modern commodity economy times, the agricultural production of the terrace system is still an important source of farmers’ income, though some go out as migrant workers or go into business. The primary products supplied by the terrace system are agricultural products, forest

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China products, aquatic products, animal husbandry products, and the like. Take Lianhe Township as an example. Considering the output and product value in 2014, the gross output value of the system’s agricultural products reaches RMB 276 million, with a year-on-year increase of 4.9%. Therein, the agricultural production value is 187.35 million, increased by 3.3%; the forestry output value is increased by 6.2% to 49.88 million; the animal husbandry output value is 31.59 million, with an increase of 12.6%; the fishery output value is 1.9 million, with an increase 3.7%; agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery service output value is 1.74 million, with an increase of 1.7%. Farmers of Lianhe Township enjoy a net per capita income of RMB 6,046 which plays an important role in improving farmers’ living conditions. Other than agriculture, Lianhe Township terraces are linked together, presenting a magnificent scenery, and there is a time-honored temple on Taming Tiger Cliff (Figure 9) as well as various kinds of special farming food. These are all superior tourism resources which attracted 62,000 tourists, 50% more than that of 2009. Personnel engaged in service industries such as tour guidance, hostel and restaurant account for 5% of the permanent population, with the per capita income reaching RMB 1,500. It solves the employment and bread-and-butter issues of local people to some extent. Moreover, weaved or carved handicrafts with bamboos and wood in the mountain also bring some profits to local farmers.

1.2 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function

1.2.1 Biodiversity (1) Agricultural biodiversity Crop germplasm resources. The traditional rice germplasm resources in Lianhe terrace area are abundant, and embody Youxi people’s wisdom in seed selection and breeding. So far, there are 72 varieties of traditional paddy rice reserved in Lianhe terrace area, which can meet the requirements on rice cultivation in different altitudes and seasons and ensure the year-round production of Lianhe terraces. These traditional rice varieties include: garnet, Youxi red, cold waterdrop,

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China huzao, dwarf white, Youxi grain, white jade grain, dark rounded grain and red husk grain (Figure 10). See Attachment 2-Table 1 for some other varieties.

Garnet Youxi Red Cold Waterdrop

Huzao Dwarf White Youxi Grain

White Jade Grain Dark Rounded Grain Red Dusk Grain

Figure 10 Traditional Paddy Rice Varieties

While preserving a lot of traditional rice varieties, Lianhe Township also developed 84 kinds of hybrid rice (Attachment 2-Table 2), greatly guaranteeing the local food safety. Lianhe Terraces are also rich in other crop germplasm resources. There are 123 varieties of other crops growing in terraces, among which 27 are food grains, 21 oil-bearing crops, 44 vegetables, 4 green manure crops, 7 commercial crops, 10 fruit trees, and 10 edible mushrooms (Attachment 2-Table 3). Breeds of raised animals. In the rice farming system, Lianhe Terraces still retain the rice-animal symbiotic cropping pattern, such as “shrimp farming in paddy”, “escargot farming in paddy”, “crab farming in paddy”, “fish farming in paddy” and “dark breeding in paddy”. In general, 12 kinds of animals keep symbiotic with rice, including 6 kinds of fish like loach, monopterus, grass carp and carp, 3 kinds of 6

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China shrimps like prawn and macrobrachium, 2 kinds of conches like cipangopaludina cahayensis and 1 kind of crab: See Attachment 2-Table 3. In Lianhe terrace ecosystem, there are 35 kinds of livestock and poultry raised by local people, mainly including 5 breeds of pigs such as Huai pig and Eastern Fujian spotted pig, 6 breeds of rabbits such as Chinchila rabbit and rex rabbit, 3 breeds of Daiyun goat, 1 breed of dairy cattle, 2 breeds of farm cattle, 3 breeds of dogs, 7 breeds of chickens like Youxi local chicken and gingko white chicken, 3 breeds of ducks like shanma duck, 3 breeds of geese like lion-head goose and 2 breeds of pigeons. (2) Relevant species diversity There are 166 breeds of animals (Attachment 2-Table 5), 672 species of plants (Attachment 2-Table 4) and 27 strains of common microorganisms (Attachment 2-Table 6) in the forest, village, terrace and rive compound system of Lianhe Terraces. Forest sub-ecosystem: There are 458 species of plants, among which 147 are trees, 72 bushes, 15 woody climbers, 184 herbaceous plants, 18 ferns and 6 bryophytes; 123 breeds of animals, including 49 invertebrates and 74vertebrates both of which are mainly carnivorous and rodent animals; and 27 strains of common microorganisms. Village sub-ecosystem: There are 285 species of plants, including 60 trees, 33 bushes, 149 herbaceous plants, 13 herbaceous climbers, 23 ferns and 7 bryophytes; 63 breeds of animals, including 29 invertebrates and 34 vertebrates; and 7 strains of common microorganisms. Stream sub-ecosystem: There are 208 species of plants, including 43 trees, 51 bushes, 8 woody climbers, 12 herbaceous climbers, 73 herbaceous plants, 14 ferns and 7 bryophytes; and 75 breeds of animals, including 37 vertebrates and 38 invertebrates.

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Taxus chinensis Cibotium barometz

Figure 11 Youxi First-Grade State Protection Plants

Lianhe Terraces are nursing plenty of rare species resources and possessing 2 first-grade state protection plants, i.e. cibotium barometz and taxus chinensis; 7 second-grade protection plants, i.e. phoebe zhennan, cinnamomum camphora, tsoongiodendron odorum, Fujian phoebe zhennan, gingko, keteleeria fortunei and Fujian cupressaceae (Figure 12); 3 third-grade protection plants, i.e. coptis chinensis, mangnolia hypoleuca and magnolia officinalis; 9 Fujian Province-level protection plants, i.e. Fujian cyclobalanopsis chungii, Fujian michelia, Fujian cerasus serrulata, keteleeria fortunei, cryptomeria fortunei, podocarpus macrophyllus, cephalotaxus sinensis, cinnamomum camphora and phyllostachys bambusoides.

Phoebe zhennan Cinnamomum camphora Fujian phoebe zhennan

Keteleeria fortunei Fujian cupressaceae Tsoongiodendron odorum

Figure 12 Second-Grade State Protection Plants

In the Lianhe Terraces’ forest sub-ecosystem, there are 5 first-grade state protection animals, i.e. eryx, boa, hairy-fronted muntjac, clouded leopard and deinagkistrodon; 12 second-grade state protection animal, i.e. jackal, hoplobatrachus

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

tigerinus, aquila fasciata, spilornis, Eurasian sparrowhawk, northern goshawk, black eagle, greater coucal, common kestrel, otter, macaque and pangolin; 28 third-grade state protection animals including hedgehog, fejervarya limnocharis, asiatic toad, sinonatrix annularis, rice paddy snake, trimeresurus, porcupine, wild boar, hedgehog, etc.; 7 Fujian Province-level protection animals, such as cormorant, Chinese hwamei, long-eared owl and oriental turtle dove.

Eryx Boa Hairy-fronted muntjac

Clouded leopard Deinagkistrodon Jackal

Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Otter Northern goshawk

Greater coucal Aquila fasciata Eurasian sparrowhawk

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Little egret Macaque Pangolin

Figure 13 State Protection Animals

1.2.2 Ecosystem Service Function (1) Water conservation function of woodland and forest Forest canopy and soil are able to conserve water powerfully and effectively regulate the spatial and temporal distribution of rainwater. On rainy days, the forest ecosystem on the top part of the mountain can retain part of the rainwater, which will decrease the surface runoff and weaken the flood peak of rivers. Meanwhile, in the dry season, the water conserved by the forest will infiltrate gradually into the terraces to meet the water demand of terrace crops. The soil of terraces can also conserve water to some extent and guarantee the water demand of varieties of plants in the ecosystem. The places where Lianhe terraces locate have an annual mean rainfall of about 1,600mm, the raining days of about 220d, the longest continuous raining days of 17- 19d, the non-raining days of 16-20d, and the annual mean evaporation of 1313.4mm. According to the calculation, the water conservation amount of Lianhe Terraces ecosystem is 439.49×108 m3 (Table 1), effectively guaranteeing the regular production of local terrace agriculture.

Table 1 Soil Conservation Amount and Water Conservation Amount of Lianhe Terraces

Ecosystem Area Soil conservation amount Water conservation amount Item （×104 ha）（×104 t）（×108 m3） Farmland 2.84 108.69 41.73 Garden 2.22 37.53 32.66 Forest 24.85 3,894.13 365.10 Total 29.91 4,040.35 439.49 (2) Water and soil conservation function

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

There are many mountain lands in Youxi County, of which the structure of water conservation forest－bamboo forest－village－terrace－river has function well in conserving soil and water. On rainy days, the forests on the top of the mountain and the aclinic terraces have the function of impounding water and slowing down the flow velocity of surface runoff, which reduces the erosion influence of rainfall on slope land and protects the soil and nutrients. According to the calculation, the soil conservation amount of Lianhe Terraces ecosystem is 4,040.35×104 t (table 1). (3) Climate regulation function The forest, terrace crops and varieties of herbaceous plants in Lianhe Terraces system have the function of regulating climate and purifying air. The forest sub-ecosystem of Lianhe Terraces, with flourishing forests, has strong function of fixing carbon, releasing oxygen and increasing the content of aero-anion. The crops mainly planted in the farmland sub-ecosystem such as grain, oil crops, sugarcane, tobacco, vegetables, melon and fruit, tea, orchard fruits and greenfeed also have the function of fixing carbon and releasing oxygen. According to the calculation, the fixed carbon amount of woods is 1,433.96t and the released oxygen amount 1,055.67t, and the fixed carbon amount of Lianhe farmland ecosystem is 80,050.87 t and the released oxygen amount 58,933.16t. As a result, the total amount of fixed carbon of Lianhe Terraces ecosystem is 81,484.83t and the total amount of released oxygen is 59,988.83t.

Table 2 Fixed Carbon Amount and Released Oxygen Amount of the Crops in Lianhe Terraces

Ecosystem Item Output (t) Fixed carbon amount (t) Released oxygen amount (t) Grain 8,656 12,541.58 9,233.07 Oil crops 295 480.85 354.00 Sugarcane 72 36.68 27.00 Tobacco 181 118.01 86.88 Vegetables 31,492 7,699.79 5,668.56 Melon and fruit 1,870 952.53 701.25 Tea 903 5,724.02 4,214.00 Orchard fruits 7,295 11,890.85 8,754.00 Greenfeed 21,798 40,606.56 29,894.40 Total 72,562 80,050.87 58,933.16

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Besides, Lianhe Terraces compound ecosystem also keeps the stability of local air temperature and air humidity, that is, it plays a role in lowering temperature in summer and keeping warm and humid in winter. The stable ecosystem keeps the stability of local micro-climate environment, which can decrease the occurrences of extreme whether like rainstorm, gale, drought and flood, and reduce the loss of life and property. (4) Control of diseases, pests and weeds The terrace compound ecosystem, which consists of forests, terraces and villages, has a complicated landscape structure and abundant biodiversity. As a result, the incidence of diseases, pests and weeds in forest and farmland is reduced due to mutual inhibition effect of creature and isolation effect of landscape. Furthermore, Lianhe Terraces have diverse cropping and breeding patterns such as raising fish in paddy field, raising ducks in paddy field, raising escargots in paddy field and raising loaches in paddy field, by which the foraging and action of animals in paddy field can reduce damage by insects. The compound production patterns also decrease the application amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and improve the health status of farmland ecosystem.

1.3 Knowledge Hierarchy and Adaptability Technology

1.3.1 Traditional Farming Tool Terrace rice farming tools is one of the most important indicators for rice farming skills and developmental level of rice agricultural production, and meanwhile rice farming tools continuously develop and evolve with constant improvement of rice farming skills and unceasing development of rice agricultural production. They are characterized in lightness, convenience, obtaining raw materials locally and suitability for multiple purposes. The types of main farming tools are shown in Figure 14.

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Curved-thill plough: a handy tool suitable for ploughing on terrace and flexible for operation,

which can economize on manpower and animal power.

Harrow: used for breaking up Rotary plough stumping Grass pressing machine: a

and smoothing out the surface machine: a farming tool used farming tool using manpower

of the soil after ploughing and for smoothing horse paddy to smooth paddy and press

before rice transplanting. and pressing grass. grass.

Qindao: a tool used to clear the Pizai: also called “double Yangtong: used to carry rice weed on the walls and the ridges edged Qindao”, used to clear seedlings.

of terrace. the weed on the ridges and

walls.

Hoe: a tool used to open up Pitchfork: a tool for weeding Straw cape: rain gear

wasteland or dig or loosen the rice field.

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

soil and do other works.

Grain hopper: a traditional Grain screen: used to wipe Chedui: also called

farming tool for rice threshing. out the debris arising from “duichong”, used for hulling

threshing. rice.

Tulong: also called “leizi”, used Mortar: a tool used to Drum windmill: also called

to obtain brown rice after processing white kuih or ciba. fan, used for removal of skin

hulling rice. and debris of rice and

blighted grain.

Stone mill: used for processing Sickle: used for harvesting

rice, wheat, beans and other grain crops or cutting

grains into flour or thick liquid. succulent forage. Figure 14 Types of Farming Tools for Lianhe Terrace

1.3.2 Compound Planting Rice-fish symbiotic technology: Rice-fish symbiotic technology is a successful mode among Lianhe terrace traditional agricultural production modes. Fish-farming

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China in ditches at the inner edge of ridges, melon planting on shelves above ditches and bean planting on ridges form a kind of stereoscopic agriculture, which has the advantages hard to be replaced by modern conventional agriculture. The direct economic income and comprehensive social benefit of mode of fish-farming in rice fields is higher than conventional agricultural production. For example, the value of ecosystem service provided by rice-fish symbiotic paddy ecosystem is higher than conventional rice mode. The area of fish-farming in rice fields has been changing with technology strength, soil fertility, chemical pesticide application and other factors, but this mode still remains alive today. In addition to carp, the rice-fish symbiotic animals can also be loaches, eels, crucian carps, river snails, clams, crabs and shrimps etc. (Figure 15).

Shrimp farming in rice field River snail farming in rice Crab farming in rice field

field

Fish-farming in rice field Loach farming in rice field Duck farming in rice field Figure 15 Rice-fish (duck, crab) symbiotic system

1.3.3 Crop Rotation Rice-potato rotation: There are mainly two modes for rice-potato rotation, early rice-autumn sweet potato and spring sweet potato-late rice. The early rice planted is the early, mid-maturing rice with the growth period of 115-125 d, which is sowed and seedling-raised at the end of mid-march, transplanted in mid- and late April, becomes mature and able to be harvested in mid- and late July; the soil

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China preparation and planting of autumn sweet potatoes is from late Jul to early August, and their harvest is early and mid-December; for the greenhouse seedling cultivation of spring sweet potatoes, the soil preparation and planting is from late March to early April, and their harvest is in late July; and the late rice planted is the early, mid-maturing rice with the growth period of 110-120 d, which is sowed in mid-July, transplanted in early August, becomes mature and able to be harvested in early November. Rice-melon rotation: Through explorations and practices the people in Lianhe Township summarize an efficient cultivation technique of watermelon-rice rotation, which not only effectively overcomes the successive cropping obstacle of watermelon but also properly controls the occurrence of rice stripe disease. It is a cultivation mode easy to operate with low investment and high profits. The seedling cultivation of watermelon starts from mid-January, transplanting is in late February, the first batch of picking starts from mid-April and ends in mid-May, and the second batch of picking is in mid- and late June and then, the orchard is cleared; rice is sowed and seedling-raised on 1-5 of June, rotary tillage on fields starts in late June, then transplanting is carried out by machine or hand, harvest after mature is in later October, and ploughing and curing is in November. Tobacco-rice rotation: Tobacco production is a basic link in the sustainable development of the whole industry. Its development prospect is directly related to the quantity guarantee of the sustainable development of the tobacco industry in China and the quality support of increased market competitiveness. Crop rotation is an important thing in cropping system and also one of the approaches to combine the usage and curing of arable land, increase crop yield and improve quality. As tobacco-rice rotation have the advantages of improving physical and chemical properties, improving soil fertility and fertilizer efficiency and controlling diseases and pests etc., it is currently considered as the best cropping system in rice growing area. Especially in the tobacco-growing area with serious diseases and pests problems, promotion of tobacco-rice rotation is an efficient measure to realize the constant and stable increase of tobacco production and ensure the quality of tobacco, and also an 16

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China important way to solve conflict between tobacco and grain lands, achieve the sustainable development of tobacco and guarantee the good harvest of both tobacco and grain. Rice-grass rotation: Mat grass is a kind of perennial root moor herbaceous plant, mainly including common rush, Chinese alpine rush, bulrush etc.. Rice-grass rotation is a bond of integration of farming with animal husbandry, which is beneficial for the construction of ternary structure of grain, economic plant and fodder in crop farming system. The addition of link “grass” in paddy cultivation system opens up an eco-agriculture system connecting soil, grass, grain and livestock, which is an enduring agricultural form. Rice-vegetable rotation: The implementation of rice-vegetable rotation has complementary of advantages for both irrigated land and dry land to increase profits. The mode of rice and vegetable rotation in Lianhe Township is rich, and there are mainly four kinds of rotated vegetables: (1) rice-tomato: after harvesting rice, the low temperature resistant, early-maturing, mature concentrated, high-quality variety of tomatoes is selected to be seedling-raised in early November and transplanted in the next mid-February. Generally, they appear on the market in late April and their harvest ends in early June. Rice is seedling-raised on May 1, transplanted in mid-June and harvested in early October. (2) rice-cross-winter celery: celery is seedling-raised in late July. The rice selected is the early-maturing variety, such as Taiwan white rice etc.. Soil preparation shall be carried out in time after harvest in late September, and then celery is transplanted into arched greenhouses. The planting spacing is generally 11 cm  11 cm, averagely 750,000 per hectare. After late October, grass carpets are successively added, celeries are picked in winter and spring, and harvest ends in mid April. (3) rice-cucumber-spring rape: after the harvest of rice, cucumbers are seedling-raised in mid-October and transplanted into arched greenhouses when each of them has four leaves and one stalk, and before and after spring, they appear on the market in batches. Uprooting spring rapes after their edible portions have been harvested in the next early May, then the soil is prepared and spring rapes are sowed for harvest in early June. (4) rice-spinach-potato: after the harvest of rice, spinaches 17

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China are sowed in early and mid-October, and appear on the market in batches from the New Year’s Day to around the Spring Festival. Ridges are formed and potatoes are sowed in later February and early March, and then film-mulched. 1500 kg of seeds are used per hectare, the ridges formed are 75 cm wide, the planting spacing is 30-35 cm  20 cm, and the harvest starts in late May and early June. 1.3.4 Multiple Varieties Intercropping Peasants in Lianhe terrace ecosystem advocate multiple varieties intercropping to take advantage of different biological characteristics of different varieties of crops and different resource utilization pattern and stress resistance characteristics, establish multiple varieties intercropping, rice-bean intercropping and other technologies, and improve the stress resistance of terrace ecosystem, which not only guarantees stable crop yield, but also greatly reduces the use of pesticide and improves the quality of agricultural products (Figure 16).

Figure 16 Multiple varieties intercropping

1.3.5 Disease, Insect Pest and Weed Prevention For the prevention of wheat diseases and pests, soaking seeds in whitewash for sterilization and wiping scattered and black ears out is commonly used; for the prevention of sweet potato diseases and pests, resistant improved varieties are mainly selected, and infected leaves are wiped out once discovered; the ways of preventing diseases and pests of fruit trees and tea trees are mainly to burn the infected branches, leaves and roots when clearing the orchard in winter, to properly trim and remove the egg masses, and also to manually catch and kill longicorn beetles and to protect the natural enemies of aleyrodid pests (ladybugs, grass bollworms, hoverflies, parasitic wasp etc.).

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Rice is generally manually weeded, such as harrowing weeds with pitchfork, throwing them onto the bank to dry them in the sun, and meanwhile remove the diseases and pests. In addition, the growth of diseases and pests is controlled by relay intercropping of animals eating pests and weeds, such as duck breeding, goose-raising, fish-farming in rice fields, and deinsectization is carried out by spreading lime, plant ash and China wood oil etc.. 1.3.6 Soil Fertility Maintenance Planting and breeding green manure: milk vetch is a leguminosae astragalus biennial herbaceous plant, commonly known as safflower seed with high nitrogen content and good fertility efficiency. In rice producing area, leguminosae green manure plant used for winter rice planting has high yield. It is not only a kind of high-quality fodder, but also a good honey fountain in florescence. Milk vetch also fertilizes the soil after turning over of green manure. Turning plough is generally in the full-blossom period in later March. Azolla is a kind of great green manure with high nitrogen fixation ability, high photosynthetic efficiency, extensive adaptability, rapid propagating and high yield. Currently, the area of rice fields with azolla to fertilize the soil is gradually increasing. Azolla planting is generally 30 to 40 d after transplanting rice seedlings, which is combined with “turning azolla” in the second time of weeding and sunning land during intertillage.

Milk vetch Azolla Figure 17 Green manure

Straw mulching: peasants in Lianhe terrace has been implementing straw mulching for long, which is still in use today. It mainly includes ground cutting piles for mulching the field without tillage, rapid decomposition and high stubble. High stubble is common for ratoon rice. Duck breeding in ratoon rice fields allows

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China providing grain fodder for ducks while duck feces are a kind of fertilizer source as well, and moreover, ducks treading on fields is also beneficial for straw decomposition and soil fertilization. Application of farmyard manure: peasants in Youxi County always mix the heaped up and thoroughly decomposed feces of human and livestock with plant ash and burned soil to use as base fertilizer and additional fertilizer of crops. This tradition of farmyard manure is also still in use today. 1.3.7 Knowledge of Airing and Storage Terrain in Youxi is rough. It’s hard to find out a large flat plot, so in every household, there is a flat ground of about 10 m2 in the yard specially built for airing the newly harvested rice. For airing rice, the weather with altocumulus translucidus is preferable. Rice is put on the bamboo curtains in furrow shape for airing, and the duration of airing rice is from sunrise to sunset. During rice airing, rice is turned over with shovels or pitchforks made of bamboo or wood every 2-3 h. Rice airing lasts for around 2-3 d. Then, rice is bit with teeth to judge if rice is dry enough according to the sound. Next, rice is stored in the bin. Due to the wet and rainy local climate, every household stores the grain in the loft to prevent moisture and moldiness. 1.3.8 Agricultural Arrangement and Agrometeorological Observation Experience On the Tomb-Sweeping Day, pods and taros are planted; on the Winter Solstice, ploughing is carried out, feces are spread in the fields, and cotton and wheat are planted; the twelfth lunar month, straw ash is collected for the preparation of ploughing next year. If it snows heavily in the first lunar month of the year, this year will have good harvest; if it often rains in the second lunar month, it is better to plant cotton, bean and wheat; if it’s sunny on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month, fruit trees will have good harvest; if there is northwest wind on the Xiazhi, melons, fruits and vegetables will be damaged by low temperature; if it doesn’t rain on the Liqiu, the yield of various crops will decrease; and if there is thunder in the ninth lunar month, the yield of vegetables will decrease. 20

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

1.3.9 Terrace Landscape Construction Experience Seen from the construction of landscape, it is an agricultural complex system of forest (water conservation forest-bamboo forest)-village-terrace from high altitude to low altitude, and such construction structure contains an abundant knowledge hierarchy. First, utilizing water resource relying on the natural altitudinal gradient can provide domestic water for peasant from water source in forest and discharge peasants’ domestic water into terrace to fertilize the soil; second, the forest distributed at the highest altitude can reduce landslides, debris flows and other natural disasters to protect the safety of villages and terraces; and third, such spatial distribution features is related to the demands for water and heat resources of human life and crop growth on the one hand, and on the other hand, it is convenient for peasants to go up the mountain for forest products and materials and go downhill for farming and picking vegetables.

1.4 Agricultural Culture, Value System and Social

Organization

1.4.1 Food Culture Youxi Lianhe Township is rich in rice. The main rice varieties are indica rice, japonica rice and glutinous rice, so local people feed mainly on rice. The foods processed with varieties of rice are of great local characteristics, such as white kuih processed with the flour of japonica rice (commonly known as dahe rice, kuih rice), and turnip kuih made from turnip strips and japonica rice flour; rice wine and red wine brewed with glutinous rice, ciba made from steamed and mashed glutinous rice, wormwood kuih made from wormwood and glutinous rice flour; rice vermicelli, nine-layer kuih, rice gelee and golden kuih made from mashed indica rice (Figure 18). In addition to the foods made from rice, there are also some foods processed with wheat and cereals produced on terrace, such as fried “mouse” (a kind of fried food looks like mouse) and chopsticks noodles processed with wheat (Figure 18), sweet potato vermicelli made from sweet potatoes and mashed taro processed with

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China betel nut taro (Figure 18). They are also unique Youxi foods. The ways of cooking these foods came into being after long-term attempt and summary of Youxi people of thousands of years.

White kuih Turnip kuih Rice wine Red wine

Ciba Wormwood kuih Rice vermicelli Nine-layer kuih

Rice gelee Golden kuih Mashed taro Chopsticks noodles

Figure 18 Special Youxi snacks

The cooking methods of foods are also dainty. In addition to various seasonal fresh vegetables, meat of livestock and poultry and eggs, another specialty in Youxi is the cured products by peasant families, such as sauced salty bamboo shoot cured with fresh bamboo shoot, Youxi dried salted duck and preserved duck sunned and cured with duck meat, smoked duck (Figure 19), smoked rabbit meat, loach rice vermicelli made from loach and rice vermicelli (Figure 19), and preserved vegetables and ginger in vinegar are also of great characteristics of Youxi. Seasonings are also unique, such as Youxi people’s favorite Chinese scallion and garlic in vinegar. Youxi people also pay much attention to dietary therapy and healthcare. They often stew meat with angelica, radix astragali, ginseng, dried radix rehmanniae and other traditional Chinese medicinal materials to ward off diseases and keep fit, which are typical nutritious soups, such as grass roots soup stewed with pork and various grass roots (Figure 19). 22

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Sauced salty bamboo Youxi preserved duck Youxi smoked duck Loach rice vermicelli

shoot

Preserved vegetables Ginger in vinegar Garlic in vinegar Grass roots soup

Figure 19 Special Youxi dishes

The raw materials of above special Youxi foods are all produced from Lianhe terrace system. The raw material of red loach rice vermicelli, red loaches only grow in a certain field in Lianhe Township, so you can only eat red loach rice vermicelli in Lianhe Township. 1.4.2 Folk Songs and Farming Proverbs Local folk song is considered to be an art form which is the most close to life and composed in the long-term production and life process of the local people. In the terraces region at the foot of Jinji Mountain in Lianhe Township, there’re numerous folk songs being passed down from generation to generation. The lyrics of those folk songs contain much information about the local farming activities. The Song of Farming Season particularly describes the farming activities of each month and main crops. In addition to the Song of Farming Season, the folk songs like Plowing Song, Figure out Figure 20 Collection of folk songs, Climate by Solar Terms, Song for Flower farming proverbs and poems

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Festivals of Twelve Months and Song of Cowherd spreading there also depict the local farming activities and growing seasons of animals and plants (See Attachment 4) (See Figure 20). Farming proverbs are the experience about agricultural production learned during the production process of local people. The farming proverbs are simple and rhyming and catchy. The farming proverbs spreading at Lianhe Township quite comprehensively describe the features of local agriculture. For example, “Home is home, be it ever so humble” and “The woodcutter knows everything happened in the mountain” reflect the mountain farming of Lianhe Township; “Cherish the lamp oil and treasure the farm cattle” indicates the importance of farm cattle to the local farming activities; “It’s time to sow before and after the Tomb-Sweeping Day” and “The wheat becomes ripe on the Tomb-Sweeping Day” reflect the farming activities in different seasons; “Rains is much terrible than the ghosts on the 15th of the seventh month in lunar calendar” particularly indicates the harms of rain to crops in the midmonth of the seventh month in lunar calendar at Youxi; and “Have radish in winter and ginger in summer will keep the doctor away” explains the healthcare functions of healthy balanced diet to people’s body in different seasons. 1.4.3 Celebrities and Poems Poem is an artistic way to describe the local natural landscapes and human activities and the content of it is true to the local affairs. Since the setup of county in Tang Dynasty, many poets went to Youxi and wrote down poems. For example, Han Wu, a poet of Tang Dynasty wrote in his poem In Youxi that “The water flows slowly and the sun is going down, I don’t hear the cluck or barking but singing crow”, which reflects the sparse population of Youxi. And Zhu Song, a poet of Song Dynasty also wrote in his poem Get Accommodation at Danxi on the 4th of the Seventh Month that “The dews reflect the sunlight after sun rising, and the leaves fly with cold breeze. The rice is becoming ripe and the fragrance of ritual wine is full of the whole village. The weed at the foot of cattle is wet and the people return the house at dusk. These simple things are fully of philosophy but I have no one to tell the chaos” describes the

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China desirable growth of rice and hard working of the people in the seventh month in lunar calendar at Youxi. Zhu Xi, the famous rationalist Neo-Confucian of the South Song Dynasty, was born at Youxi. Therefore, Youxi is called the “County of Zhu Xi’s Neo-Confucianism”. Zhu Xi was China’s famous rationalist, philosopher, educator and poet, and also Figure 21 Portrait of the representative figure of School of Fujian who Zhu Xi epitomized the thought of Confucianism, and the only one who is not the student of Confucius but enshrined in the Temple of Confucius with other eleven sages in the Dacheng Hall. His agronomic thought originated from Youxi and in return, Youxi’s farming culture was influenced by his thought. Zhu Xi wrote down many literary works at Youxi and many of which depicting the local farming activities. His poem Vegetable Garden wrote that “Unknowingly that my life is so idle. So I do the hoeing to even the soil. I have watered the soil and then check it while walking.” describes the hoeing at leisure times and the vigorous growth of vegetables. Zhu Xi also wrote in the poem Raggedly-versed Poem for Continuous Rain that “I have to complain the too much rains to the God. It just now stopped but soon pours down. Do you know the hazard of tiger and leopard? The rice has already died.” reflects that the rice suffered a continuous rain disaster there and the invasion of tiger and leopard happened frequently. While in his poem Welcome Rain after Drought, “The rain came at dusk lasted a whole night. I dreamt the cheers for bumper year. I get up and see the green field and decide to do farming today other than writing.” it describes the happiness for having a welcome rain after a long drought and the recovery of land. After Song Dynasty, there were scholars wrote down some works about farming culture. For example, a poet of Qing Dynasty, Jiao Changfa depicted the scene that rice seedlings flew with the wind in paddy and the farmers were ploughing driving the cattle in his poem Small Mountains – Sowing Observation. In his another poem See Rape Flower during the Walking in Mountain, it goes that 25

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

“The beautiful sceneries are often seen in the suburbs in spring and the rape flowers are blooming. A gust of light breeze brings the fragrance of wheat”, it indicates that the spring oilseed rape and wheat were the common crops of Youxi Terraces. In the poem Song of Pounding Clothes – Three Poems for Ploughing of Mao Qingshi, a poet of Qing Dynasty, he wrote that “When the wheat goes ripe, the rice seedlings are green. The farmers are busy with ploughing. Without the injunction of agricultural officers, the farmers get up early. The farmer brothers work in cooperation with a due division of labor and they will keep bending down the whole day. Soon, the paddy will become green and the falling flowers become withered.” which presents the cropping system of rotation of wheat the rice and field work of farmers at Youxi.

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

1.4.4 Main Festivals

正月初一春鼓迎春

阳历二月鞭牛迎春六日左右

正月初九天公送春

伏虎庙会二月廿七

阳历四月清明节六日左右

阳历五月立夏六日左右

四月初八耕牛节

天贶节六月六日

七月十五中元节

立秋后第秋社日五个戊日

阳历十一月立冬节七日左右

Figure 22 Main Festivals in Youxi 正月初一 New Year ’ s Day of the Chinese lunar calendar 春鼓迎春 Spring Drums Welcoming the Arrival of Spring 阳历二月六日左右 Around February 6 of the solar calendar 鞭牛迎春 Cattle-Whipping to Welcome Spring 正月初九 The ninth day of the first lunar month 天公送春 Spring Sent by the God 二月廿七 The 27th day of the second lunar month 伏虎庙会 Tiger Subduing Temple Fair 阳历四月六日左右 Around April 6 of the solar calendar

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

清明节 Tomb-Sweeping Day 阳历五月六日左右 Around May 6 of the solar calendar 立夏 Beginning of Summer 四月初八 The 8th day of the fourth lunar month 耕牛节 Farm Cattle Festival 六月六日 The 6th day of the sixth lunar month 天贶节 Heaven Gift Day 七月十五 The 15tht day of the seventh lunar month 中元节 Hungry Ghost Festival 立秋后第五个戊日 The fifth wu day after the Beginning of Autumn 秋社日 Gnome Worship Day in Autumn 阳历十一月七日左右 Around Nov. 15 of the solar calendar 立冬节 Beginning of Winter Day

Spring Drums Welcoming the Arrival of Spring: The Spring Drum, also known as “bell and drum”, is popular in Youxi. It can be seen in both large and small villages. It’s called Spring Drum for it’s played upon the arrival of Spring Festival, meaning the drum welcoming spring. In villages in Youxi, an ancestral house shall be equipped with one bass drum and two gongs. People consider the drum as the “heart of house” and the gong as “gallbladder”. From the first day and the fifth day of the first lunar month during Spring Festival, each house plays the “Spring Drum” to welcome the arrival of New Year and pray for peace for the whole year. In case of large worship ceremonies of each family, the drum is played as a musical instrument for ceremonies to create atmosphere. There are only three musical instruments for Spring Drum: one bass drum, one big gong and one small gong. Music of Spring Drum is simple and there are only three phrases with each having two phrases in antithesis (the previous one and the next one). Beats of gongs and drums are: ① Pang, Pang, Beat, Beat, De--, Beat, Beat, Pang, Pang, De--; ② Pang, Beat, Pang, Beat, De, Beat, Pang, Beat, Pang, De--; ③ Pang, Beat, De--, Beat, Pang, De--. Only two persons are needed to play them while walking. Hang the bass drum and small gongs on the front end of a shoulder pole or stick and hang a weight or brick on the

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China tail. One person carries the shoulder pole while, playing while walking, and the other one plays the bass drum to clear the way. Cattle-Whipping to Welcome Spring: Youxi has had the custom of whipping cattle on the Beginning of Spring since Tang and Song dynasties (Figure 23). The event is held by the authority and has fixed ceremonies. Mould soil cattle and Goumang God after the Beginning of Winter; receive soil cattle and Goumang God at the etiquette door Figure 23 Cattle-whipping to Welcome Spring of the yamen (government office in Ceremony feudal China) in the afternoon before the Beginning of Spring. The cattle-whiping ceremony officially begins in the morning of the Beginning of Spring. The county leader wears robes and holds a colorful rod. He reads a “Prayer” facing the soil cattle, walks around the cattle, and beats the cattle three times with the colorful rod. The group comes up to beat the cattle into soil with the rod. The children clap and sing a rhyme, “Whip the cattle’s head to bring good weather for this year. Whip the cattle’s body to bring wealth and good fortune. Whip the cattle’s tail to bring good health and a long life.” After the ceremony, the public take some soil home and scatter them in the field or flowers and trees in the yard, meaning that they welcome spring and get good fortune. Spring Sent by the God: The custom of worshiping the god on the ninth day of the first lunar month in Youxi has been in existence since ancient times without interruption. The god means the Jade Emperor. The ninth day of the first lunar month is the Jade Emperor’s birthday which is also called “Jade Emperor’s Birthday”, “Jade Emperor’s Day” or “God’s Day”. The Jade Emperor worship ceremony in folk usually begins early in the morning of the ninth day of the first lunar month and lasts till the sunrise. All family members must fast and take a bath on the ninth day eve 29

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

(the evening of the eighth day) to show solemnity and respect. In the morning, each household puts a square table in the courtyard before the hall and puts incense, candles, tea, alcohol and offerings. As people live in suites now, they put incense, candles and offerings in the balcony. Most offerings are vegetarian food. There are “five fruits” (orange, tangerine, apple, banana and sugarcane), “six vegetables” (day lily, agarics, mushroom, flowering cabbage, pea and Tofu), noodles, white cakes and a live carp. When the time’s right, all family members dress up neatly and offer incense by order of seniority. They burn gold ingots for the Jade Emperor, set off firecrackers and release the live carp in the pool or river. Tomb-Sweeping Day: The weather is fresh and warm during the Tomb-Sweeping Day. Grass and trees sprout; everything revives. On the Tomb-Sweeping Day, people go to the field to pick fresh flowers and put them in a vase in home. Some people hang willow twigs on the door, which is called “willow hanging” or “spring receiving”. Women go to the mountain to pick green tea and make a pot of “Qingming Tea”. It’s said that “Qingming Tea can improve eyesight”. Food for the Tomb-Sweeping Day is “mugwort cakes” or “salty mugwort”. Besides, People in Youxi will visit and worship the departed relatives’ graves on the Tomb-Sweeping Day. Beginning of Summer Day: The Beginning of Summer is the beginning of summer. It’s an important solar term when the temperature significantly rises, the hot summer comes, thunderstorms increase, and crops grow fast. On this day, peasants cook pork in wine sauce and eat it with rice. They eat glutinous rice and rice cakes stuffed with bamboo shoots, hoping they’ll have an abundant harvest. These foods give legs strength; it’s called “skeleton building” or “legs strength building”. People in some villages eat pounded rice cakes stuffed with bamboo shoots and vegetables which are called “summer cakes”. Farm Cattle Festival: The 8th day of the fourth lunar month is the Farm Cattle Festival. Some villages and towns call it Cattle Birthday (such as Lianhe Township) and some others say it’s the day when the cattle eat holy peaches (such as Xinyang County). On this day, peasants don’t let cattle work. They let cattle eat grass in the 30

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China field early in the morning, hoping cattle get healthy and strong. On this day, people eat guangbing (scones made from flour); married daughters send salty and sweet guangbings to her parents. The salty guangbing is crispy and the sweet one is soft; the latter is called “Zhengdong Scone”. It’s said that eating guangbings on this day can prevent tooth decay. There are also cases where relatives in neighboring cities exchange steamed stuffed buns or cakes. Heaven Gift Day: It falls on the 6th day of the sixth lunar month. There’s a saying in Youxi that “goblins dry medicine in the sun on the 6th day of the sixth lunar month”. The hot sun is high in the sky with a high temperature and dry air. This weather is suitable for basking clothes, quilts and books to remove moths and fish moths. It’s also good for health. The custom of drying clothes and quilts in the sun is popular in Youxi. Scholars dry books, scripts and paintings, hoping that they don’t get mildewed or be eaten by moths throughout the year. Therefore, it’s a custom for people in Youxi to dry clothes and quilts in the sun on this day, and scholars dry books, scripts and paintings, hoping that they don’t get mildewed or be eaten by moths throughout the year. By customs, graveclothes and bridal dresses stocked in home should be basked in the sun on this day, and they can’t be exposed to the sun on other days. In case a shower falls and wets goblins’ medicine, people will be safe and sound throughout the year. This day is also the “Fresh Delicacy Tasting Day” of villages. A saying goes that “Eat new grains on the 6th day of the sixth lunar month”. Early rice is just harvested. Mill rice and cook the meal to welcome a harvest year. Hungry Ghost Festival: People in Youxi call it “Mid-July Days”, i.e. the 15th day of the seventh lunar month. It’s also known as “Spirit Festival”. It’s originally a religious festival when people hold a memorial ceremony for souls of ancestors. People in Youxi pay much attention to “Mid-July Days”, taking the period between the 1th day and the 15th day of the seventh lunar month as “July Festival”. It’s said that people found shelters in mountains in turbulent days in ancient times. People of different family names met in adversity and treated each other like relatives. They celebrated festivals in turn. Therefore, nowadays the date when people celebrate “July Festival” is different in Youxi. Main events on this day are to worship ancestors 31

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China in the ancestral hall and to recall the departed. The date of ancestor worship varies among different villages and family names. The ancestor worship ceremony may be held on the 1st day, the 9th day, the 13th day, the 14th day or the 15th day of the seventh lunar month. It’s said the soul of the departed ancestors should return home once during the period, so an ancestor worship ceremony is necessary. People kill ducks, pound rice cakes and cook salty long-shaped rice cakes when preparing offerings for the ancestor worship ceremony. Gnome Worship Day in Autumn: The Gnome Worship Day in Autumn falls on the fifth wu (the fifth of the ten Heavenly Stems) day after the Beginning of Autumn. The autumn gnome worship is in relation to the spring gnome worship, among which the latter celebrates a harvest and the former pray for a harvest. On this day, peasants meet and worship the gnome to thank him for deigning a bumper year to the world. In the agricultural society where people “live at the mercy of the elements”, peasants worshiped the gnome before the spring ploughing and after the autumn harvest in order to pray for and thank “Heaven” and “Earth” for blessings. In case a relative passes away before the Gnome Worship Day in Autumn of that year, people should choose an auspicious day to worship the new tomb few days before the Day. Beginning of Winter: It marks the beginning of winter and the end of field work of the year. After the Beginning of Winter, peasants start to be engaged in water conservancy capital construction Figure 24 Worshiping the Chan master who subdues the tiger and other farm work. Eat “winter sticky rice balls” to celebrate the harvest and stew meat with herbs to “nourish body”.

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Tiger Subduing Temple Fair: The Tiger Subduing Temple Fair in Lianhe is held on the 27th day of the second lunar month every year. It has a history of over 800 years since the Song Dynasty. The temple fair formally begins on the 27th day of the second lunar month. In fact, relevant ceremonies begin on the1st day of the second lunar month, such as fast, getting incense from the Tiger Subduing Temple, and setting Taoist sites for service by Taoist priests. People pray for protection from tigers, good weather for crops, an abundant harvest of all crops, peaceful villages and harmonious towns (Figure 24). 1.4.5 Customs Youxi has many mountainous regions with small terraces scattering on slopes. Some fields mare so small that only three or five branches of rice seedlings can be planted in them. There’s a saying that “a bamboo hat can cover three fields”. Certain production customs gradually form among people in Youxi under the natural conditions. Ground breaking: Choose an auspicious day for ground breaking at the beginning of a new year, i.e. “breaking the ground” in one’s own field. Hoe the field, burn incense and offer several strips of white papers to thank the gnome and pray for a harvest. The first day of rice transplanting: The planter eats two eggs for breakfast and each of his families eats one egg as well as vermicelli, wine and dishes. The egg is called “Egg for Farming”. Autumn Insertion: The peasant fastens a slip of white paper to the tail of the bamboo pole and inserts the pole in the field. They also prepare cakes or rice balls and pork to worship the gnome to pray for a harvest. Birds and beasts expelling: Set up scarecrows in fields to frighten birds away. Put bamboo sounders in fields when rice and sweet potatoes are about to ripen to prevent them from being eaten by wild boars. The bamboo sounder makes rhythmic sounds by hydraulic power to frighten wild boars away. Tasting new rice: When eating the first meal of new rice every year, fill a bowl of new rice to worship the gnome as an expression of gratitude. 33

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Return Banquet: People in Youxi were not rich before, and it’s hard to raise pigs, so they seldom ate meat. When the pig is grown up and butchered, people cook “duck blood for worship” and send it to neighbors to have a taste. They also prepare a feast and invite relatives and friend to gather to improve their diets. Most dishes are made of pork and haslets. They also give some fresh pork to relatives. 1.4.6 Worship and Taboo (1)Worship People in Youxi think that the Jade Emperor is sovereign, so they hold ceremonies to worship the Jade Emperor in case of important happy events such as wedding, birth of babies, birthday parties and house moving (Figure 25). Figure 25 Worshiping the Jade Emperor

Worship the Chan master subduing the tiger (Figure 26). The Tiger Subduing Temple Fair has been in existence since the Southern Song Dynasty. The ceremony is very grand.

The main reason is that Youxi was

Figure 26 Tiger Subduing Temple Fair troubled by tigers in the Song Dynasty. The Chan master subduing the tiger is the god who subdues tigers in people’s mind. He solves troubles caused by tigers. (2) Taboo

“Spring Sent by the God” falls on the 9th day of the first lunar month. There are many taboos on this day. People rise up and wash the face. The face-washing water can’t b poured into the ditch and pitch for fear that it may stain the Jade Emperor’s face. On this day, people are not allowed to sweep outdoor places; rubbish in the house can’t be dumped outside. Kids are not allowed to urinate in outdoor places; 34

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China otherwise it’s an offense for the Jade Emperor. Women’s underpants can’t be aired in open air to avoid contradiction between yin and yang. Peasants are not allowed to carry night-soil buckets or wash buckets by the pool for fear that it may offend the Jade Emperor and gods. On the 1st day and 15th day of each lunar month and the 24th day of the fifth lunar month, people are not allowed to carry urine buckets. Particularly, on the eve of the 24th day of the fifth lunar month, the clan leader and the night watchman beat gongs to notify people, “tomorrow is the 24th day of the fifth lunar month. Don’t carry urine buckets lest blasphemy”. The 10th day of the first lunar month is the “birthday of ground”. On this day, people shouldn’t break or dig in ground. The 8th day of the fourth lunar month is the “Farm Cattle Festival”, and people shouldn’t let cattle work. Weeding is not allowed on the Beginning of Autumn Day. Mantis eradicating is not allowed on the Limit of Heat Day. It means there should be no delay in the farming season. Timberjacks should keep silence before lumbering on the mountain. The timberjack cuts a gap on the tree head and begins to fell its upper parts. 1.4.7 Village Regulation and Agreement Farm work in terraces in Youxi is based on manpower and animal power. Particularly, people carry rice in the field home during the autumn harvest; the road is public. Therefore, villages agree on a Road Repairing Day before the autumn harvest. They remove sundries on both sides of the road and fill grooves on the road so that the road becomes flat when people carry grains home. In spring and winter, villager teams organize villagers to voluntarily build and desilt channels and weed to ensure the availability of agricultural water. Villagers obey the plan and distribution of production water by the village head. They develop the spirit of mutual accommodation and prevent disputes on water such as fights. The team organizes villagers to clean the areas around their houses and main streets of the village on the 24th day of the fifth lunar month every year.

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

1.4.8 Folk Handicrafts People in terraces have long been living in a compound agroecological system comprising forest, field, village and river. They create many folk crafts using products produced in the compound system. Youxi abounds in bamboo. Many farmers in Lianhe terrace can plait handicrafts using bamboo (Figure 27). Fine products weaved by bamboo are baskets, dustpans, sieves, bamboo hats, baskets (for gift shoulder pole), summer sleeping mats, dish covers, etc. There are also daily living equipment like bamboo beds, bamboo chairs, bamboo tea tables, dish covers, tripod brushes, bamboo brooms and bamboo chopsticks, and ropes and torches weaved by bamboo skins. These products are marvelous and exquisite.

Figure 27 Handcrafts Made of Bamboo and Wood

Folk straw products include straw mats made of mat grass and the paillasse and straw sandals made of rice straws. The most famous straw mats are Xiayang (within present Xinyang County) straw mat, Sufeng (within present Zhongxian Village) “Sushe Mat”, Shanlin (within present Zhongxian Village) “Xiping Mat” and Meixian Ping Village Mat. Straws used to weave straw mats are the wild rock grass growing by streams or in cliffs or the mat grass artificially planted in ponds. The former is woven into mats after boiling, heating and drying, and the mat is smooth, non-absorbent and pollution-free; the latter is split and woven into mats and the mat is thick and durable. Rattan-weaved products in Youxi include rattan chairs, rattan cases and rattan beds. Rattan products, especially those from Guanqian, are durable. The folk kirigami in Youxi has a long history. There are generally two types of paper-cut: paper-cut pasted on panes and decoration papers for oblations and gifts.

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

The paper-cut pasted on panes has various patterns including twelve Chinese zodiac signs, dragon and phoenix, mandarin ducks and a pair of lovebirds, the magpie announcing good luck, Kylin bringing auspicious signs, plum blossoms welcoming spring, riches and honor, more children and happiness, auspicious flowers and grass, as-you-wish and double happiness, etc. Patterns on decoration papers for oblations and gifts are simple. These papers on inserted in the chicken’s mouth, covered on the chicken’s back (known as chicken coat in Meixian), wrapped around the chicken’s feet, or put on oblations like cakes and noodles. 1.4.9 Social Organizations Farm cattle sharing: There are few fields and large population in Youxi. The per capita cultivated land is less than 0.067 ha. The farm cattle will be in idle if every family raises a head of farm cattle. And raising cattle is expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, it’s usually the case in Lianhe terrace that several families raise a head of cattle together to reduce the cost and make the most use of resources. Mutual help with farm work: Terraces are small and steep and need intensive labor. It’s hard for the labor force in one family to finishing reaping within the best harvest time during harvest seasons. Besides, the tradition of mutual help forms due to different seedling transplanting and ripening times for crops in terraces of different altitudes. When it’s time for one family to transplant seedlings or reap, other families whose seedling transplanting and harvest times are not arrived yet will help the family with farm work. The mutual help tradition ensures the normal operation of farm work in terraces, harmonious relationships among people in terraces and the stability of the terrace system.

1.5 Management of Landscape and Land and Water Resources

1.5.1 Composite Landscape People in Lianhe terrace have been living in the natural environment with mountain lands for over a thousand years. With their wisdom and efforts of generations, they create a recyclable three-dimensional production system to ensure

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China people’s livelihood and a healthy and stable living environment. The Lianhe terrace system is reclaimed near the mountain. The forest for water resource conservation and bamboo forest are on the mountain top; villages and terraces are on the middle part of the mountain with villages scattering among terraces; rivers are on the lower part. A spatial framework of forest for water resource-bamboo forest-village-terrace-combination of terraces and villages - river conservation is thus formed from top to bottom (Figure 28). The system has great landscape values and diverse ecological functions.

Figure 28 Vertical Layout of Lianhe Terrace

In the vertical layout of Lianhe terrace, different landscapes are well-spaced with clear boundaries. The layout reflects the harmonious environment in which fields and forests are combined and terraces and villages are combined and shows a rich and diverse spatial layout for landscapes (Figure 29).

Figure 29 Villages in Terraces

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

1.5.2 Terrace Landscape Landscape in sequential variation: The composite landscape is diverse in spatial layout as well as in time (Figure 30). Lianhe terrace presents different views in four seasons due to the farming and production work and aspect changes of plants, presenting a beautiful view.

Figure 30 Time Diversity of Lianhe Terrace landscape

Plant landscape in vertical variation: The farming system of paddy fields in Lianhe terrace is mainly differentiated based on different altitudes. Areas below 400m: vegetable – rice - winter fallow (or green manure); areas between 400-600m: middle-season rice - oilseed rape rotation; or plant vegetables, watermelon, corn, peanut, soybean, green soy bean, pea, tobacco- paddy-vegetables, mushroom, green soy bean, pea, etc. areas above 600m: middle-season rice- vegetables (mushroom, potato, green soy bean, pea), middle-season rice - winter fallow (or green manure); late rice of single season- winter fallow (green manure). 1.5.3 Farmland Landscape Ecological farming pattern: Lianhe terrace is an artificial ecosystem form long ago. In winter, farmers irrigate the field to rot residual rice stalks and weeds and plant azollas and duckweeds to fertilize the field. They also breed sheldrakes. In the spring ploughing season, they turn over the field and transplant rice seedlings. They also plant soybeans in field ridges and scatter fries in some paddy fields. Ducks and fishes

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China can effectively reduce weeds in water and plant diseases and insect pests. The well developed root system of the soybeans in the ridge prevents the paddy field and the ridge from collapsing even in the rainy season. Nitrogen fixation specific to legume crops, faeces of ducks and fishes, and fertilizing plants planted in winter increase the fertility of the paddy field. This traditional agroecological system comprising diverse plants and animals ensures rice farming civilization lasting for thousands of years. According to investigation, types and patterns of Lianhe terrace crop rotation include: rice-potato rotation, rice-melon rotation, rice-vegetables rotation, rice- tobacco rotation, rice-grass rotation, rice-fish rotation, rice-duck rotation, etc (Figure 31).

Figure 31 Diverse Planting Patterns

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

2. Historical Significance

2.1 Historical Origin and Development of Youxi Lianhe Terrace

According to archaeological materials, three Neolithic settlement sites namely Meixian Site, Xinqiao Site and Xiyang Site were once discovered within Youxi County, which proves that humans have settled down in Youxi long before. According to Records of the Historian, some people of the Yue State went to Fujian to settle down (Minyue people) in the late of the Western Zhou Dynasty (475 B.C. – 221 A.C.), which promoted the local agricultural development. According to History of Nine Kingdoms and Jian’ou County Annals, wars broke out continuously in Central Plains after the “Yongjia Turmoil” (304 A.C). Many literati and officials sought asylum in Fujian with their families. Most of them went to the upstream of the Minjiang River and Youxi is one of the important destinations for migration. During the “Hou Jing’s Rebellion” (548 A.C.), people in Zhejiang migrated to Fujian to escape from war and brought advanced agricultural technologies in Central Plains and Zhejiang, accelerating the agricultural development in Youxi. According to Youxi County Annals, most people in Youxi lived along streams in mountains. There might be terraces with gentle slopes. The agriculture is in the stage of extensive operation as a whole. The population of Youxi continued to increase in the Tang Dynasty (618 A.C.). Youxi became a county in the 29th year under the reign of Emperor Xuanzong (741 A.C.). Since the An Lushan Rebellion (755 A.C.), wars broke out continuously in the north. Many families in the north marched to Fujian to escape from the war. The population of Youxi increased continuously. In the Tang Dynasty, the agriculture in Fujian turned to intensive operation from extensive operation, and the agriculture began to develop on the mountain. According to the Cao’s ancestral spectrum of Lianhe Township, Youxi, the Cao’s migrated to Ziran Village, the south end of the south village, Lianhe Township from Shaxian County in the Tang Dynasty. It means that the Youxi Lianhe terrace was reclaimed at that time, so it has a history of over 1300 years.

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

During the Jingkang Turmoil (1126 A.C.-1127 A.C.) of the late of the Northern Song to the Southern Song (1127A.C. – 1279 A.C.) and the Yuan Dynasty (1271 A.C. - 1368 A.C.), people fled to the south due to wars. The population of Fujian rose rapidly. “Fujian has a large population and few fields. It’s hard to make a living here.” It means areas in northern Fujian have a large population and few fields. “There are many mountains and silty fields. People start to farm on mountains. Plants on slopes and boundary paths of rice fields are everywhere to see in the mountain just like seal characters”. It shows that the terrace landscape was very popular in Fujian in the Song Dynasty. The Tiger Subduing Temple in Lianhe was built in the Southern Song due to troubles caused by tigers. At that time, terraces developed on the mountain in Lianhe were on a certain scale. People in Fujian began to move to other provinces and remote areas in the province due to the large population and few fields in the period of Ming and Qing Dynasty. According to the family name genealogy of Youxi Lianhe, people moved to Lianhe and the period is an important stage for the formation of scale of Lianhe terrace. In the 20th century, people in Fujian moved out in large scale twice. However, according to the family name genealogy of Youxi Lianhe terrace, few families have moved out from the 20th century to this day. The area of Lianhe terrace has little change and the scale of Lianhe terrace is stable.

2.2 Historical Significance of Youxi Lianhe Terrace

2.2.1 Important Elements Comprising the Traditional Chinese Farming Culture Most ancestors of people in Youxi are Han people who moved to here from Central Plains, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces to escape from the war during the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Tang and Song dynasties. They brought the culture and farming techniques of Central Plains, and many cultural customs are still in good conservation. Lianhe terrace is a type of terrace developed by Han people themselves as well as the ancient terrace which is preserved by now with the longest history in Chinese history. The local farming culture is the representative of the

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China excellent Chinese agricultural culture. The tradition farming culture is in good keep due to inconvenient traffic and less impact from the outside culture. The preservation of the culture helps to protect the integrity of traditional Chinese farming culture. Besides, a stable terrace ecosystem ensures human reproduction and the inheritance and development of culture. Locals still reserve a lot of traditional festivals, etiquette and customs due to daily terrace farm work, resistance to natural disasters, and the stability of living conditions in terrace areas and other living environments. These etiquette and customs play an important role in the inheritance of farming culture and have special historical and cultural values. 2.2.2 Valuable Experiences for China’s Construction of Ecological Agriculture The development of Lianhe terrace experiences over 1300 years, during which people developed the barren mountain into terraces that can bring up locals. With experience accumulated in many years, they develop and keep the traditional farming skill which is adapt to local conditions and environmental, including the paddy field cropping system suitable for terraces in different altitudes, cultivation techniques for single cropping rice and pollution-free rice, techniques to raise rice seedlings on upland fields, cultivation techniques for ridges and furrows, cultivation techniques for regeneration rice, etc. Meanwhile, there are many types of farming patterns for Lianhe terrace, such as rice-fish co-cropping, rice-duck co-cropping, rice-potato rotation and rice-grass rotation. The Lianhe terrace also inherits and develops ecological and environmental field fertilizing techniques, deinsectization techniques, and animal farming techniques. These farming patterns preserved and inherited fully reflect the ecological idea of harmony between man and nature and harmony between nature and nature in terms of conservation of water and soil, water conservation, climate regulation, disease, insect pest and weed control, nutrient cycling, etc. They also reflect the ecological value standard for the use of natural laws based on respect for nature. Therefore, the traditional farming technique of Lianhe terrace provides valuable experience for China’s construction of ecological agriculture.

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

3 Practical Significance

3.1 To Guarantee the Food Safety of Local Residents

Since Han and Jin Dynasties, Youxi County has been being under a relatively stable social environment, so the grain yield of terraces is also stable, many outsiders gradually move in, and the area of terraces is extending continuously. With the industrialization and urbanization of China, the cultivated area everywhere is decreasing gradually, and food safety problems are increasingly serious, but the grain yield of Lianhe Terrace still remains stable, showing its advantages against the impact of urbanization and industrialization. The good composite agricultural system structure and the scientific water source management experience of the Youxi Lianhe Terrace show its capacity to cope with natural disasters. Various plantation structures and crop varieties are significant to guarantee the food safety and trophic structure diversity of the local residents.

3.2 To Provide Quality and Safe Agricultural Products and to

Increase Resident Income

Many farming processes of Lianhe Terrace are finished by the traditional farming methods. Compared with modern farming methods mainly using pesticides and chemical fertilizers, it uses relatively less pesticides and chemical fertilizers. However, the naturally remained traditional composite ecological planting skill such as fish cultivation in rice field and duck breeding in rice field, and deinsectization ways such as spreading lime and plant ash ensure the food supply and variety for the local residents and their food health and safety, and play an exemplary role for the transformation of agriculture relying on pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Terrace agricultural system often applies the traditional and ecological planting pattern and has a good basis to develop organic and green agriculture. The beautiful landscape, featured delicious food, special cultural conventions and clean natural environment are important tourism resources. The economic income of farmers can

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China be greatly increased by developing green and organic agriculture and tourism industry.

3.3 To Play an Important Role in Protecting and Inheriting the

Local Variety of Crops

The terrace agro-ecological system includes forests, rice fields and dry lands, villages and rivers, and various ecological systems contain rich biological diversities, making sure the reproduction and evolutionary environment for various creatures and remaining plenty of biological gene resources. In recent decades, with the rapid popularization of hybrid rice, transgenic technology, etc., the traditional crop variety was impacted greatly. The traditional crop variety has been on the edge of imminent danger. Biological diversity, species diversity and crop variety diversity have been challenged. There are plenty of local rice varieties at the Youxi Lianhe Terrace, including 72 traditional rice varieties, and many other animals and plants varieties including shanma duck, Muscovy duck, semi-Muscovy duck, etc. of strong foraging capacity, as well as many local varieties of livestock breeds, green manure and locally manufactured pesticides, etc. and all of them are of significant historic cognitive value.

3.4 To Be Beneficial to Ecological Civilization Construction of

Local Agriculture

In the Report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, “Wild China” was firstly used as the magnificent target of future ecological civilization construction. The government work report of the Twelfth National People's Congress secondly focused on strengthening the ecological civilization construction and environmental protection and put efforts into promoting green, cyclic and low-carbon development. All these ideas are excellent opportunities to protect traditional farming culture and agricultural heritage. The traditional farming method of Youxi Lianhe Terrace conforms to the development idea of ecological civilization and green and environmental protection, so it can be used by the Youxi

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

County as the best entry point to carry out agricultural ecological civilization construction. In accordance with the National Ecological Civilization Construction Pilot Demonstration County and City Indexes (trial), relevant indexes of county ecological civilization agricultural construction mainly include that “the proportion of the planting area of the organic food, green food and nuisance free agricultural product to main agricultural products shall ≥60%”. In 2013, there were 18 enterprises producing 21 kinds of nuisance free agricultural products, 11 certified enterprises producing 21 kinds of green products, 2 enterprises producing 24 kinds of organic food. Totally, there were 31 enterprises producing 65 kinds of products, covering a total area of 37,282.2 hectares, with a total yield of 498,828 tons; and their planting area has reached 51.1%. Therefore, the traditional farming and planting pattern and planting skill are beneficial to build the agricultural ecological civilization and realize goals of Youxi County, and to promote the sustainable development of local agriculture.

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

4 Threats and Challenges

4.1 Increasing Extreme Weather Results in Uneven

Space-Time Distribution of Water Resources

Water resource is an important guarantee for the sustainable development of rice terraces. Recently, global climate changes and increasing extreme weather resulted in uneven space-time distribution of water resources. There was no river passing through the ancient terraces including such five terraces as Lianyun Terrace, Xiayun Terrace, Yuanshan Terrace, Lianxi Terrace and Dongbian Terrace among Lianhe Terraces. Their water supply mainly depends on the head-water forest water conservation above the terrace. There is concentrative precipitation in Youxi County where is in summer drought from July – August. In the context of global climate changes, there are more extreme weather events, so the water resource of the terrace during dry season becomes a great challenge for the development of terraced rice agriculture. Meanwhile, the water resource management capacity decreases due to the decreasing farm population and aging trend; and many spring water gaps are neglected, which has an impact on the water resource demands of terrace agriculture to some extent.

4.2 Modern Agricultural Technology Brings Impact on the

Traditional Farming Methods

With experience accumulated in many years, the traditional, green and environmental farming methods suited to local conditions are formed and reserved for Lianhe Terrace. These traditional farming methods significantly contribute to protecting the diversities of agricultural production technique and realizing the sustainable development of Lianhe Terrace. However, with the development of agricultural modern technology, local farmers begin to plant high-yield hybrid rice and to use chemical fertilizers and pesticides in order to guarantee the yield of food crop and accordingly improve economic profit.

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

At Lianhe Township where is the key protective heritage site, many farmers choose to plant hybrid rice instead of the traditional rice to increase income. At present, the main rice varieties planted at Lianhe Terrace are stable-yield hybrid rice varieties such as II Youshen 98, Leyou 94, eII You 315; and only a few of traditional rice varieties such as Aijiaobai, Baitoupeng, Shiliuhong, and Huhan planted here. It is easy for hybrid rice planted in large area to result in the loss of the traditional rice, threats to biological diversity and faster spreading of plant diseases and insect pests and accordingly to affect the stability of the local rice field ecosystem. In addition, the amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides used at Lianhe Township where is the key protective heritage site is on the increase (Figure 32 and Figure 33). The application of chemical fertilizers will boost crop production in a short term, but will weaken the soil fertility of the farming land in a long term and result in non-point source pollution of the farming land. Meanwhile, the overuse of pesticides will not only result in decreases in quality of food products but also have an impact on the stable ecosystem of the rice field.

As per physical quantity

As per reduced scalar

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Figure 32 Change trend of fertilizer amount applied by Lianhe Township

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Figure 33 Change trend of fertilizer amount applied by Lianhe Township

4.3 Young Labor Force Loses Due to Diversities of

Livelihoods

Influenced by modern civilization and a new way of life, the young of Youxi County is unwilling to work on rice farming work with great labor intensity and complex management. Planting rice by traditional methods requires plenty of labors to finish rice field preparation, seed sprouting, field treatment, levelling field, rice transplanting and levelling, weeding, releasing water, harvesting, drying rice and other manual works which are of great labor intensity and high labor cost. With the reduction of farm population year by year, the labor cost is increasingly higher, resulting in increasingly higher cost of planting rice by traditional methods. It is concluded and analyzed by the calculation of the planting cost of rice per hectare of the Dongbian Terrace at Lianhe Township that: the input for the rice per hectare in 2014 was 25,362 Yuan, including labor cost 21,450 Yuan which accounts for 84.58% of the total input, while the output only 22,500 Yuan, so the profit from planting rice is minus (Table 3).

Table 3 Cost accounting of rice per hectare of Dongbian Terrace at Lianhe Township

Item Category Quantity Unit Total (Yuan) Proportion (%)

Input 1.42 Seed 9 kg 360

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

84.58 Labor 214.5 d 21450

8.05 Fertilizer 2022 kg 2040.75

0.58 Film 10.5 kg 146.25

4.49 Disinsection 60 times 1140 Transportation 0.89 expense 750 kg 225

100.00 Total 25362

Output Harvesting 7500 kg 22500 / The input of using traditional methods to plant rice is higher than its output, resulting in the reduction of rice planting area. In 2013, the rice planting area of Youxi County accounted for 29.57% of the total planting area of crops, decreasing by 2.22% compared to the rice planting area in 2009 (Figure 34). Moreover, the local young is unwilling to work on rice farming work with great labor intensity, complex management and less profits. It is found according to the survey on the age structure of labors of Lianhe Township, Youxi County working on agricultural production that 60% of them are older than 50, and only 3% of them are younger than 30 (Figure 35). Therefore, those who grasps the traditional farming methods are often the aged. In addition, as the increase of planting cost, the traditional agricultural production is nearly unprofitable (Figure 36), so plenty of rural population gradually moves to cities and towns, and accordingly the population of young rural migrant worker is markedly increased. The loss of young rural labors results in difficulties in the inheritance and development of the traditional terraced-farming technology.

% 33

29 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Figure 34 Change of rice planting area proportion to the crop planting area of Youxi County

from 2009-2013

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Older than 50

30 - 50 years Younger than 30

Figure 35 Age structure percentage of labors of Lianhe Township, Youxi County working on

agricultural production

Migrant working

Agriculture

Stockbreeding

Figure 36 Agricultural income sources of Lianhe Township, Youxi County in 2014

4.4 Traditional Farming Culture Encounters with Inheritance

Loss

Lianhe Terrace possesses with farming culture and custom with regional features, including traditional stories, folk songs, farmer’s proverbs, traditional technique skills, traditional costume manufacturing skills, etc. As parts of traditional Chinese cultures, such intangible cultural heritages are of significant historical value. However, influenced by modern civilization and the new way of life, the younger generations

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China are unwilling to undertake the rice farming work with great labor intensity and complex management, so the traditional agricultural culture knowledge and its maintenance are under threat. The local government or non-governmental organization did not organize local primary and secondary school students to learn traditional farming culture nor conduct relevant practices. Therefore, the traditional culture and customs can only exude charisma of ancient culture on the aged, while cultural discontinuity appears on the younger generation. Such isolated physical form as terrace and farming skills will be dull without the intangible cultural heritages they bear. How to inherit and develop the agricultural culture for a long time, namely the inheritance of farming culture is a major problem at present.

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

5 Protection and Development Measures

5.1Adopted Measures

5.1.1 Provided Agricultural Subsidy To encourage local residents to carry out agricultural production and attract the young labor force to return to the hometown, Lianhe Township Government provided some subsidies to agricultural workers according to the standard of 22,500 Yuan per hectare since 2012. To encourage second ploughing of the deserted terrace, Lianhe Township Government provided a subsidy of 15,000 Yuan per hectare for the farms who secondly plough the deserted terrace in recent three years; and 30,000 Yuan per hectare for the farms who secondly plough the terrace which is deserted for a long time. The enthusiasm of farmers of Lianhe Township to plant food has increased under the encouragement of the government. From 2013 to 2014, there were 37.33 hectares of secondly ploughed deserted terrace; and 12 new food planting rich and influential families. To increase the planting area of traditional crops, the government provided a subsidy of 11,250 Yuan per hectare and 1 kg seeds for free for the farmers who plant traditional varieties. The purchase price of 50 kg traditional rice varieties is 100 – 200 Yuan higher than that given by local grain supply center. 5.1.2 Set up Mechanism Protecting Traditional Farming Methods To improve the planning area of traditional crop varieties, Lianhe Township Government signed the Agreement of Planting Conventional Rice and Field Crop in Rice Field through negotiation with the farmers of Dongbian Village of Lianhe Township, to require them to plant 16 conventional rice varieties and 5 field crops in the rice field of Dongbian Village (Lindou Area). In 2013, the government prepared the Scheme for Implementation of the Reclamation of Deserted Field at the Core Area of Lianhe Terrace (Y. L. Z. Z. [2013] No. 96). According to the Scheme, the government firstly confirmed and made registration for the terrace areas and their owners of the Lianxi Village, Dongbian Village, Lianyun Village and Yunshan Village, confirmed the site and area of the deserted fields and prepared subsidy standards for the reclamation of these deserted fields; secondly put forward a scheme for the

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China irrigation ditch of the Lianxi Village, Dongbian Village, Lianyun Village and Yunshan Village to repair 21 ditches with a total length of 7,700 meters, and put into a fund of 580,000 Yuan; and finally encouraged villagers to transfer land orderly, to develop such traditional ecological planting-breeding coupled mode as breeding winkles and loach in rice field. 5.1.3 Expanded the Market and Built Brand Lianhe Township Government started intensifying the agricultural investment innovation, introduced Fujian Shen Jia Organic Agricultural Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd. to Dongbian Cooperation to promote the planting of organic and green products; secondly, signed a cooperation intent with Shanghai Nongyi Information Technology Co., Ltd. to improve products’ price by the direct selling of agricultural products; thirdly, introduced two Taobao Shops of Alibaba to expand the distribution channel of local products; and fourthly, collected the tourism logo (Figure 37) of Lianhe Terrace throughout the nation and made logo registration to improve the popularity of local agricultural products.

Figure 37 Tourism logo of Lianhe Terrace

5.1.4 Developed Leisure Agriculture With the boosting of popularity of Lianhe Terrace, the government started to develop such leisure agricultures as photography, sight-seeing and rural tourism. At present, Youxi County is under the construction of cultural leisure industry, sets up the visiting spot of ancient relics, such as Fuhu Rock; photography locations of five terraces such as Dongbian, Yunshan and Lianyun Terrace; seven special rural home 54

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China inns distributed at Lianyun Village, Yunshan Village and Lianhe Town, etc. as well as the large-scale leisure areas covering an area of 20 hectares like Yunshan Village Leisure Agricultural Area. The development of the industry greatly expands the tourism market of Lianhe Terrace where receives obviously more and more tourists, bringing economic profits to local residents to some extent. During year 2009 to 2014, the number of tourists to Lianhe Terrace was on the rise year by year, and the tourist receipts increased to 62,000 persons in 2014 from 39,000 persons in 2009. As of 2014, the tourist quantity was increased over 50% (Table 4) compared with that of 2009. At present, there are 5% of total population of the Township working on agricultural industry (tourism), about 560 persons. With the development of leisure agriculture, some farmers of Lianhe Township become tourism workers to provide farming culture heritage tourism with corresponding services such as guide, accommodation, and catering, and their per capita income reaches 1500 Yuan.

Table 4 Tourist receipts of Lianhe Terrace over the years Years 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Tourist receipts (104 persons) 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.5 5.1 6.2 Growth rate (%) - 7.7 2.4 4.7 13.3 21.6 5.1.5 Carried out Promotion Campaigns To apply for globally important agricultural heritage systems and protect the traditional farming culture of Youxi Lianhe Terrace, Youxi Bureau of Culture Broadcasting positively promoted the knowledge of traditional farming culture to local residents by means of tablet inscription, scroll, propaganda, etc.; conducted external propagation by means of online promoting and collecting the ecological protection logo of Lianhe Terrace, and improving the popularity of Lianhe Terrace. To promote the important agricultural cultural heritage Lianhe Terrace, Lianhe Township specially created a website and weibo to promote their special agricultural products; built an exhibition room for the traditional appliances and tools for Lianhe Terrace and prepared a promotion pamphlets Five Charm Terraces of China – Lianhe Terrace.

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

5.2 Potential and Opportunity

5.2.1 Lianhe Terrace System Containing Rich Biological Resources There are very rich biological resources except for rice the main the main agricultural product in the water conservation forest-bamboo forest-rice field system of Lianhe Terrace; oil-producing tung seed, camellia seed, resin and couch grass in the forest system; bamboo shoots and bamboo in the bamboo forest system; and rice, duck, fish, winkle, balk soybean variety, etc. in the rice field system. Therefore, Lianhe Terrace system contains rich agricultural biological resources and has huge excavation and development potential. 5.2.2 Traditional Farming Methods Ensuring the High Quality of Agricultural Production Lianhe Terrace is remained the green environmental traditional farming skills suited to the actual condition. The soil fertility is enhanced by means of breeding duckweed, azolla and water lettuce; and the weeds are eliminated by breeding duck, fish and shrimp in the rice field. Such traditional farming methods not only protect the ecological environment of the Terrace but also guarantee the yield of the agricultural products, laying good foundation for further applying for organic and green products. In overseas and domestic markets, the demands of green ecological products which have no harm to environment and human health increasingly increase with the changes of the consumption and values of consumers. The price of ecological agricultural products are 20% - 30% higher than that of ordinary ones due to their high cost and low yield. The planting pattern of the traditional farming skills makes the products meet the requirements of ecological products, therefore the agricultural products of Lianhe Terrace are of a higher market potential. 5.2.3 High Potentiality of Tourist Resources Youxi County is rich in natural resources with a convenient geographic location and beautiful scenery. Major natural scenic spots in Youxi are: Provincial Nature Reserve Jiufu Mountain, Tianhu Scenic Spot, East Lake Scenic Area, Fujian Lake

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Scenic Spot, Mingshan Lake Resort, Longmenchang Ancient Ginkgo Population in Zhongxian, Lianhe Terrace, Pillow Mountain, Fuhu Rock, Inverted Rock, Mount Penglai, Baiyan Mountain, Xiufeng Mountain, etc.; major cultural scenic spots are: Zhuxi’s Former Residence (Shenlang Camphor Park), Guifeng Ancient Dwellings in Yangzhong, Lu Xingbang’s Former Residence in Shuangli, Houfeng Ancient Architecture in Xibin, Xihua Scholar Town in Zhongxian, Houshandu Dwellings in Xicheng, County Goldfish Well, White Crane Tower, Confucian Temple, Lucky Star Tower, Matsu Temple, Buddhist Temple, Cloud Pavilion, Double Pavilions, Lingyuan Temple, Fuming Palace, etc. Among the tourist resources of Youxi County, the regional culture and tourist resources of Lianhe Terrace are special and abundant, including 5 ancient terrace landscapes inlcuding Liannan terrace, Dongbian terrace, Lianyun terrace, Yunshan terrace and Xiayun terrace, and 5 scenic spots with natural scenery and cultural landscape as major including Jinji Mountain, Alter Rock, Longmenchang Ancient Ginkgo Population in Zhongxian, Jiufu Mountain and Pillow Mountain, also including ancient folk activities handed down originated form terrace cultivation such as “Cattle God Worship Ceremony” and “Crouching Tiger Monk Worship Ceremony”, and Healthy green food culture, such as kumquat, edible fungi and pearl dried bamboo shoots. Youxi County is surrounded by developed economy cities which provide adequate tourist sources from Sanming, Nanping, Putian and Xiamen to lay an economic foundation for Youxi County and Lianhe Terrace sight-seeing agriculture tourism. Moreover, the whole tourist areas in west coast of the Straits and other domestic tourist source markets with Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta as major are also the potential markets of Youxi County and Lianhe Terrace. On the premise of undamaging terrace natural landscape environment, the development of tourism can also bring some profits to local farmers. 5.2.4 Influence of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems The protection project of the globally important agricultural heritage systems (GIAHS) attracts more and more countries to join in, and the multi-function values 57

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China and GIAHS brand of the agricultural cultural heritage have been certified by the international society. The government of China paid more attention to and gave many supports for GIAHS. In 2013, the Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China set up the national important agricultural heritage system (NIAHS), drawing much attention to agricultural cultural heritage brand at home, promoting the market value of relevant products, expanding the international markets for relevant products of GIAHS and providing an important opportunity to attract internal investment. Youxi Lianhe Terraces in Fujian have entered the directory of the first batch of China important agricultural cultural heritage system, which will have a positive and long-term influence on the protection and inheritance of traditional farming skills for terrace as well as the development of relevant industries. The application of “Youxi Lianhe Terraces in Fujian” for globally important agricultural heritage systems will further promote its popularity. It can also present the public with detailed traditional farming patterns in Youxi Lianhe Terraces in a nature-harmonious way and the advantage of heritage systems to human. The government departments will pay more attention to the promotion of Lianhe Terrace, which will create huge opportunities for the protection and inheritance of traditional farming patterns in Youxi Lianhe Terraces and the development of relevant industries.

5.3 Expected Social and Ecological Impacts

5.3.1 Increasing Peasants’ Income and Employment to Enhance Their Happiness The success of the application for GIAHS will greatly enhance the popularity of Lianhe Terraces in Fujian, which will be of higher market value and attract more enterprises to invest in and develop the rich biological resources in the terrace system so as to greatly extend the industry chain of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, to create more employment positions and to solve the employment of considerable numbers of people. The comprehensive development and utilization of rich biological resources will greatly enhance the income of local peasants. Besides, the exploitation and development of tourism will bring high profits to local peasants.

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

The increase of income will enhance the living standard of local peasants, thereby improving their happiness. 5.3.2 Conducive to the Inheritance of Traditional Terrace Farming Technique and Culture During the application for GIHAS, through various forms of publicity and activities, the local people will significantly improve their cognition rate of traditional farming technique and culture of Lianhe Terraces. Through conducting general investigations and excavation on the traditional farming culture of Lianhe Terraces, the local people will have a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the traditional terrace farming technique and culture, as well as a sense of pride and belonging. In addition, the income increase after the success of the application for GIHAS will make more local young people feel proud of owning the traditional terrace farming technique and culture, enabling them to voluntarily work on agricultural production. In this way, the traditional farming technique and culture will be inherited. 5.3.3 Conducive to the Maintenance and Promotion of the Good Ecological Environment of Youxi After the success of application, based on continued popularization of the traditional farming technique, the construction of more green and organic bases will be applied, and green organic circular agriculture will be cultivated and developed so as to effectively reduce the use of fertilizer and pesticide, to enhance the cyclic utilization of agricultural waste, to make the production method of Lianhe Terraces further obey the natural laws, and to maintain and promote the good ecological environment of Youxi. 5.3.4 Maintain the Biodiversity and Ecological Functions of the System Lianhe Terraces in Fujian not only are the sources of important economic crops and livelihood for peasants, but also play a decisive role in protecting local natural environment and biodiversity and maintaining ecosystem balance. For instance, paddy fields play a role in preserving the soil and water of sloping fields in mountain areas, and form an ecosystem peculiar to paddy fields. Such an ecosystem provides a 59

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China habitat for various creatures. The forests and bamboo forests above the paddy fields play a significant role in maintaining ecological balance and protecting biodiversity.

5.4 Initiative of the Local Government, the State and Other

Stakeholders

5.4.1 Youxi County Government A leading group for the protection and development of GIAHS has been established in Youxi County, and the group has implemented a series of protective measures for the agricultural ecosystem protection of Lianhe Terraces. The Agricultural Bureau of Youxi County has developed a protection scheme for second plowing of terraces, traditional crop planting and farming methods, popularized planting and breeding techniques, guided the cultivation of planting and breeding cooperatives, expanded the agricultural products market and carried out the introduction of agricultural enterprises, the certification of green products, the trademark registration of agricultural products, etc. The Finance Bureau of Youxi County has given financial support for the second plowing of farmland and the planting and promotion of traditional crops. The Housing and Construction Bureau of Youxi County has guided the renovation of village appearance. The Administration of Culture, Radio, Film & TV of Youxi County is responsible for the construction of the agricultural museum and the excavation and integration of terrace culture. 5.4.2 Chinese Government China has a long history of agricultural civilization. In the process of long-term production practice, peasants have been seeking for the production modes applicable to different national conditions, thereby creating a brilliant agricultural heritage. Since the establishment of the New China in 1949, the CPC and the Chinese government always attach great importance to exploring and inheriting the agricultural heritage of our motherland. Supported by leaders of relevant departments, the Research Laboratory for Chinese Agricultural Heritages was established, and the earliest academic journals of the agricultural history subject, i.e., the Collection of Studies on Agricultural Heritages and the Collection of Studies on Agricultural

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

History were founded as well. The establishment of a specialized agency for agricultural heritages marks that our agricultural heritage studies have entered a new stage, and creates unprecedented advantages for China’s agricultural heritage studies. It plays a positive role in exchanging academic research results and propelling agricultural heritage studies. Starting from this point, under the strong support of relevant departments of the Chinese government, China has carried out a series of studies and protection practices on agricultural heritages. In recent years, the Chinese government and relevant departments have attached more importance to the protection and inheritance of agricultural heritages. The 18th National Congress of the CPC proposed that we should “construct an inheriting system for splendid traditional culture and carry forward Chinese excellent traditional culture”. At the Central Conference on Rural Work, Xi Jinping, President of the PRC said, “Farming culture is a precious treasure of Chinese agriculture, and an important part of Chinese culture. We not only shouldn’t abandon it, but also should continue to carry forward it.” In 2009, China National Tourism Administration (CNTA) started to propel the rural tourism-oriented poverty alleviation in the mountain areas of poverty-stricken counties of China. In 2012, the Ministry of Agriculture officially launched the excavation and protection of Chinese important agricultural heritages. In April 2014, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the PRC, the Ministry of Culture, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage and the Ministry of Finance put forward a plan of spending 3 years in providing basic protection, basic production & living conditions, a basic safety guarantee of disaster prevention and a basic protection & control mechanism for the cultural heritage of villages listed in Chinese Traditional Villages so as to gradually enhance the comprehensive capacity of protecting and developing traditional villages. The high attention paid by the Chinese government and relevant departments provides a good opportunity for the development of agricultural heritage work of the Lianhe Terraces in Youxi County.

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

6 Dynamic Conservation Plan for GIAHS Selected Site 6.1 Conservation and Development Activities Have Been Done

6.1.1 Establishing a Leading Group for Application for GIAHS The Party Committee and the government of Youxi County established a leading group for application for GIAHS, and set a specialized office. The Secretary of the Party Committee served as the group leader, responsible for the publicity, organization and promotion work in respect of the application and protection of Youxi Lianhe Terraces. In addition, the group leader also takes an active part in relevant agricultural heritage exchange activities and training classes, and vigorously promotes and popularizes Lianhe terraces by internet, radio and other media. 6.1.2 Working on Documentary Videos of Lianhe Terraces with CCTV In 2014 and 2015, Youxi invited CCTV-7 twice for field filming of the documentary video “Important Chinese Agricultural Heritage – Lianhe Terraces” and the promotion videos for application for GIAHS so as to further raise the popularity of terraces. 6.1.3 Carrying out “Three-Product” Certification and Strengthening Product Safety Check From 2010 to 2015, 32 enterprises including 121 products won the “Three-Product” Certification. Thereinto, 14 enterprises were certified with 19 pollution-free agricultural products, the certified area of 35,900 mu and output of 15,800 tons; 15 enterprises were certified with 25 green food products, the certified area of 10,300 mu and output of 13,400 tons; 3 enterprises were certified with 77 organic food products, the certified area of 380.2 ha and output of 286.8 ha. Spot check was irregularly conducted for supermarket, farmer’s market and vegetable fields. Some manufacturing enterprises, farmers’ professional cooperatives and main bases were equipped with rapid pesticide residue detector and self-disciplined detection was carried out for agricultural products.

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

6.1.4 Promoting Agricultural Informatization and Improving Farmers’ Heritage Protection Awareness and Industrial Development Ability The county established 12316 Three-Rural Comprehensive Information Service Platform, developed a modern information channel to serve the “Three-Rural” and established an internet website with dedicated IP (www.yxny155.net). There are 251 village jointly-running points and 152 rural information staffs, forming a “trinity” service mode of 12316 Agricultural Service Hotline. Farmers can get video consultation, agricultural training, information service, application service and expert guidance through free hotline, touch self-service terminal, PC self-service terminal and expert terminal and Mobile-phone Agriculture Service will offer. It’s aimed at improving farmers’ value consciousness for agricultural cultures, the awareness of carrying out organic production and the capability of industrial development in the way of agricultural informatization. 6.1.5 Formulating Government Subsidy System and Boosting the Traditional Agricultural Production in Terraces Since 2012, in order to encourage local residents to carry out agricultural production and attract young adults to come back the Lianhe Township Government has provided subsidies for agricultural producers, in accordance with the standard of 22,500 yuan for each hectare. To encourage the reclamation of deserted terraces, it has subsidized 15,000 yuan for each hectare of reclaimed deserted terraces in past 3 years, and 30,000 yuan for each hectare of reclaimed terraces that have been deserted for a long time. 6.1.6 Signing Agreements with Farmers and Propelling the Protection of Agricultural Crop Varieties By consulting with the farmer households of Dongbian Village of Lianhe Township, the township government signed the Agreement on Cultivating Conventional Paddy Rice and Dry Field Crops with them, requiring cultivating 16 varieties of rice in the paddies and 5 varieties of Dongbian Village (Lindou District).

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

6.1.7 Boosting the status survey and scientific research for Lianhe Terrace Heritage Experts of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University and Fujian Normal University carry out a long-term research and experiment of rice breeding, composite agricultural production and ratooning rice cultivation by taking the Lianhe Terrace of Youxi County, Fujian Province as their research base. Their work lays a significant scientific foundation for the protection of Lainhe Terrace Agricultural Culture Heritage and the industrial development, and improves the scientific supporting ability of the Lainhe Terrace Agricultural Culture Heritage. 6.1.8 Youxi County’s developing the Lianhe Terrace as its tourism brand Since 2010, the Youxi County Government has made a tourism development plan and an overall plan for tourism areas, and has planned the terrace of Lianhe Township as the major area. The plan covers the ancient terrace and ancient temples of five areas in Lianhe Township, laying an important foundation for developing tourism and protecting terrace.

6.2. Anticipatory Action

6.2.1 Agro-ecology Protection (1) Objectives Short-term objectives (2015-2017): The decrease trend of agricultural biodiversity is controlled; 72 varieties of traditional rice don’t decrease and the cropping area is expanded by 10%; the cropping types of symbiotic cropping pattern restore to some extent and the cropping area is increased by 20% in 2015; village sanitation and farmland environment quality are improved and forest ecosystem structure remains stable. Medium-term objectives (2018-2020): The agricultural biodiversity remains stable; the cropping area of 72 varieties of traditional rice is 40% more than that of 2015; the economy, village sanitation and farmland environment quality are improved and the forest ecosystem structure remains stable.

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Long-term objectives (2021-2025): The agricultural biodiversity maintains stability; the cropping area of 72 varieties of traditional rice is 80% more than that of 2015 and makes contributions to the cultivation of new varieties; the traditional composite operation mode becomes a major way for the increase of farmers’ income, and becomes an agricultural feature of Youxi County; villages within the key protection region are neat and clean, the farmland environment quality reaches the organic standard and the forest ecosystem structure is stable. (2) Protection content Traditional rice varieties, national protection animals and plants, traditional germplasm resources; structure and functions of complex ecosystem such as rice-fish, rice-duck and rice-escargot; rural ecological environment, resource utilization pattern and traditional agricultural production mode. (3) Action plan Media publicity. Expand the popularity of Lianhe Terrace Agricultural Culture Heritage and the importance to protect it. The key objects of publicity and education are leading cadres and peasant households in the protection zone. Responsible department: Publicity Department, Administration of Culture, Radio, Film & TV Implementation time: 2015-2025 General investigation. Environmental quality status of water source, soil, atmosphere, etc. of Lianhe Terrace System Heritage Site; crop variety; livestock breed; usage amount and proportion of farm manure and chemical fertilizer; usage and proportion of biological disinsection and pesticide; ecological environment of farmland and resource consumption, etc. A database shall be established for the general investigation results, and technical analysis and evaluation shall be conducted for relevant data. Responsible department: Agricultural Bureau, Environmental Protection Agency Implementation time: 2015-2017 Monitoring operation. Heritage project sites that have been included in the experiment scope shall be listed for protection; the responsible person, cultivated crop 65

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China variety, amount or output of aquatic product like duck and escargots as well as the use amount of farm manure or chemical fertilizer shall be determined. For this part of terraces, it’s required to conduct soil and water quality monitoring as well as total quantity control of chemical fertilizer and pesticide. Destructive operation and construction shall be prohibited around the protection zone and specific punitive measures shall be formulated. Responsible department: Agricultural Bureau, Leading Group of Agricultural Culture Heritage Protection Implementation time: 2015-2017 Environmental management. It’s required to conduct environment management for villages within the protection zone and encourage the development of courtyard economy. Household garbage shall be disposed intensively so as to reduce the pollution and visual impact of garbage dump. Besides, sewage treatment shall be attached importance. Responsible department: Village Committee, Environmental Protection Bureau, Agricultural Bureau Implementation time: 2015-2017 Creating water conservation forest. It’s required to delimit the scope of water conservation forest and protect peak, valley and mountain ridge of the heritage site; formulate conservation regulations and prohibit excavation of mountain and vegetation deterioration, etc. Responsible department: Forestry Bureau, Land and Resources Bureau Implementation time: 2018-2020 Restricting the exploitation of mineral resources. In the planning period, a certain restriction shall be imposed on the exploitation and utilization of resources mainly in core area of heritage site and periphery protection zone as well as major drinking water source protection zone. Mineral resource exploitation that may have unrecoverable impact on ecological environment shall be prohibited. Responsible department: Land and Resources Bureau, Bureau of Mines Implementation time: 2018-2020 66

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Developing sanitary production. It’s required to comprehensively popularize water-saving and excrement-removing technology for livestock breeding and combine organic fertilizer production and bio-gas treatment to realize waste recycling. Besides, it’s required to develop the agriculture-animal husbandry-forestry combined ecological agricultural mode, comprehensively prohibit straw and waste incineration and carry out domestic sewage treatment so as to achieve household garbage reclamation and reduction and lay a foundation for ecological environment protection. Responsible department: Agricultural Bureau, Light Industry Bureau, Bureau of Animal Husbandry Implementation time: 2018-2025 Traditional crop resource protection. It’s required to formulate specific subsidy standards for cultivating traditional crops. Global agricultural culture heritage brands shall be created to look for high-end customers for quality products (crop, aquatic product, chicken, duck and sheep, etc.) in these heritage sites in the way of website marketing and reservation. Thus local people will obtain high added value of products so that their enthusiasm will be aroused to protect traditional crop resources. Responsible department: Agricultural Bureau, Finance Bureau Implementation time: 2015-2025 Rare plant resource protection. Governments at all levels shall jointly guide the development and encourage farmers to cultivate rare plants through establishing germplasm repository, garden and wild plant introduction. In the meantime, they are supposed to develop flowering plant, ornamental plant, medicinal plant, food plant and other plants with high economic value, and conserve rare plant resources. Responsible department: Agricultural Bureau, Finance Bureau Implementation time: 2015-2025 6.2.2 Agricultural Culture Protection (1) Objectives Short-term objectives (2015-2017): 80% primary and secondary school students know important traditional festivals and their origins; folk songs, farmer’s 67

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China proverbs and ancient poetry are collected and compiled into books; there are definite inheritors for weaving, carving and paper cut arts and 80% primary and secondary school students know these arts. Medium-term objectives (2018-2020): Traditional festivals, folk songs, farmer’s proverbs and ancient poetry are introduced into the primary and secondary school classes of Youxi County; weaving, carving and paper cut arts become an integral part of the primary and secondary school art courses. Long-term objectives (2021-2025): Traditional festivals, folk songs, farmer’s proverbs and ancient poetry become a familiar knowledge of primary and secondary school students; weaving, carving and paper cut arts have stable inheritors and traditional artworks become residents’ daily consumer products. (2) Protection content Local characteristic food culture; local folk songs and farmer’s proverbs; traditional bamboo weaving and straw plaiting crafts; traditional carving art; traditional folk paper cut art; traditional festivals and customs; ancient literature related to agriculture in Youxi County. (3) Action plan Collecting and compiling folk songs, ballads and farmer’s proverbs. It’s suggested to solicit folk songs, farmer’s proverbs, ballads, fairy tales and legends with award in the county, and offer graded awards to providers based on the degree of authenticity and rareness of provided content. Responsible department: Administration of Culture, Radio, Film & TV Implementation time: 2015-2017 Agriculture-related archaeological survey. General survey, registration and grading shall be conducted for material cultures such as agriculture-related traditional architecture, antiques, and traditional farm implements within the entire county. Responsible department: Administration of Culture, Radio, Film & TV Implementation time: 2015-2017 Compiling traditional culture textbooks suitable for primary and secondary school students. It’s required to compile a set of traditional culture textbooks suitable 68

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China for senior high school, middle school and primary school students, which record fairy tales and legends, traditional festivals, folk songs, farmer’s proverbs, ballads, ancient poetry and handcrafts of Youxi County. Responsible department: Education Bureau, Administration of Culture, Radio, Film & TV Implementation time: 2015-2017 Offering traditional culture courses. The primary and secondary schools are required to offer Youxi traditional culture courses, one lesson each week and the course shall be included in the final examination. Responsible department: Education Bureau Implementation time: 2018-2015 Celebrating the Fuhu Festival and Plowing Festival. In the key protection zone Lianhe Township, the Fuhu Festival and Plowing Festival will be held once a year and will be publicized as an important tourism experience. Responsible department: Tourism Administration, Lianhe Township Implementation time: 2018-2025 Media publicity. Youxi traditional culture shall be publicized at least twice a year on province-level media or above. Traditional food, Zhu Xi Culture and Fuhu Culture shall be attached importance to. Responsible department: Tourism Administration Implementation time: 2018-2025 Determining heritors of traditional crafts. It’s required to hold county-level contests of traditional artworks and hire famous experts to select inheritors of traditional culture through appreciating the technological level and knowledge of artworks, and grant the inheritors certificates. Responsible department: Administration of Culture, Radio, Film & TV, Tourism Administration Implementation time: 2018-2020 6.2.3 Agricultural Landscape Protection (1) Objectives 69

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Short-term objectives (2015-2017): Terraced agricultural landscape, agricultural culture landscape and traditional village landscape with high aesthetic and ecological value are well reserved; a comprehensive agricultural landscape database is marked and established; about 5 demonstration plots for agricultural landscape protection are constructed; tourist facilities of the same or similar local styles are constructed while traditional architecture is well protected. Medium-term objectives (2018-2020): On the basis that traditional agriculture landscape is protected, the influence of agricultural landscape on tourism economy increase enhances obviously; peasant households and relevant enterprises develop an awareness of agricultural landscape originality, and take active part in agricultural landscape design; Youxi Terraced Agricultural Landscape becomes a demonstration base for China’s agricultural landscape protection and originality; a special sightseeing pedestrian street is constructed for visiting the terrace landscape. Long-term objectives (2021-2025): Tourism resources such as Mount Golden Cock, bamboo forest landscape of Mount Ox Horn, tourism town along Danxi River and Fuhu Cliff successfully apply for the National 4A Scenic Spot; Youxi Lianhe Terraces become famous creative terraced agricultural landscape in China; Youxi traditional architecture has become the main style of architectural complex in the protection zone. (2) Protection content Periphery ecological landscape around Lianhe Terraces including forest system, village system, road system, irrigation system, etc.; terrace landscape including traditional cultivation landscape, composite cultivation and breeding landscape, terraced three-dimensional landscape; traditional village landscape including village layout, traditional ancient architecture, ancient bridge, etc. (3) Action plan Strengthening supervision on land utilization. Farmland shall not be left deserted and the land use shall not be changed casually. Main responsible department: Land and Resources Bureau Implementation time: 2015-2025 70

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Designing farmland landscape. Peasant households cooperate with tourism companies to beautify terrace landscape on the basis of protecting the diversity of traditional crops, through planting green manure crops like azolla and duckweed or planting ornamental crops like rape flower and buckwheat. Main responsible department: Tourism Administration Implementation time: 2015-2025 Terrace surveying. A detailed surveying shall be conducted to the land use status of Lianhe terraces and large-scale landscape pattern drawing and planning map shall thus be made for future protection and restoration. Main responsible department: Land and Resources Bureau Implementation time: 2015-2017 Terrace monitoring. It’s required to conduct timely monitoring on the change of Lianhe terrace landscape and impose strict control on unharmonious landscape construction especially modern high-rise real estate, and tear down illegal buildings. Main responsible department: Township Government, Tourism Administration Implementation time: 2015-2025 Scenic spot monitoring. It’s required to carry out timely monitoring on the ecological environment of Mount Golden Cock, Fuhu Cliff and bamboo forest landscape of Mount Ox Horn around terraces, and to well conduct greening, beautifying and fire-prevention work. Main responsible department: Forestry Bureau, Tourism Adminstration Implementation time: 2015-2025 Tourist facility construction. Timely restoration shall be carried out in accordance with damage situation of traditional architecture. Tourist facilities of the same or similar style shall be constructed on the basis of reserving original landscape. The viewing deck shall be paved with rubbles, and primitive-color bamboo shall be used to make rails, bridges and signposts, thus ensuring the harmony of landscapes. Main responsible department: Tourism Administration, Housing and Construction Bureau Implementation time: 2015-2025 71

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Road pavement in scenic spot. The road pavement in scenic spot is centered on construction of turn-out belt. Road widening may be taken into consideration in the medium and long term. Main responsible department: Housing and Construction Bureau, Traffic Management Bureau Implementation time: 2015-2025 6.2.4 Eco-Products Development (1) Objectives Short-term objectives (2015-2017): Trademark patent of Lianhe terrace eco-products is applied, thus creating famous brands concerning rice, cereal, wild mushroom and bamboo wares, and then market promotion shall be carried out; the organic, green and pollution-free certification is conducted for the agricultural products produced by paddy symbiotic system; about 4 enterprises engaged in processing ecological agricultural products and over 6 highly processed agricultural products are introduced in; a traceable and regulatory platform for the quality safety of agricultural products is established and the complete coverage of quality safety traceability of agricultural products is achieved in the whole township. Medium-term objectives (2018-2020): Based on the short-term development of ecological agriculture, it’s required to continue developing the organic and green production bases of special agricultural products; assistance is constantly given to entrepreneurs engaged in processing grains and other local specialties, and the agricultural economic benefit is increased by 60% on the basis of that by the end of 2017 through expanding the industrial chain. Long-term objectives (2021-2025): Products related to the terrace system are radiated to other regions of the province and peripheral provinces such as Guangdong and Zhejiang. Eco-products is continuously promoted; innovative grain-bamboo ware and local specialty-agricultural and sideline product industrial chain is constantly developed, which brings remarkable economic benefit and forms a certain market influence. The product price reaches 3 times more than the present price via combing the tourism development to carry out linkage promotion and marketing of Lianhe 72

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China terrace eco-products. (2) Development content Youxi eco-product development covers: brand building, eco-products certification, processing, quality and safety traceability of agricultural products, industrial chain extension, market development, etc. Importance shall be attached to the development of products in paddy symbiotic system (raising escargots, ducks and fishes in paddy field), edible mushrooms, bamboo and wood products (bamboo carving and bamboo artworks) and the production and processing of local specialties. Farms’ production and enterprises’ large-scale processing are the main development pattern of Lianhe terrace eco-products. (3) Action plan Trademark registration：Register the “Lianhe Terraces” trademark for relevant paddy rice, aquatic products and local specialties. Main responsible department: Industrial and Commercial Administration, Agricultural Bureau Implementation term: 2015-2017 Product certification: Organic certification, green product certification and free-pollution agricultural certification shall be applied for the agricultural products produced from Lianhe terraces. The “Three-Product” certification reaches 100%, including 60% of organic and green paddy rice certification; the “Three-Product” certification of soybean and peanut reaches 100%, and that of livestock, poultry and fish products reaches 60%. Main responsible department: Environmental Protection Bureau, Agricultural Bureau Implementation term: 2015-2025 Industrial chain extension: It’s required to continue promoting edible mushrooms growing in straws, enrich the production types of edible mushrooms, and develop the bamboo handicraft products. The straws used in growing edible mushrooms reach 10% of the output of that year. Main responsible department: Agricultural Bureau, Forestry Bureau 73

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Implementation term: 2015-2025 Deep-processing and R&D of products: Emphasis shall be laid on the introduction of enterprises engaged in grain and oil processing, mushroom processing, poultry meat processing and bamboo shoot processing, and assistance shall be offered to these enterprises to be provincial and municipal leading enterprises. Besides, it’s also suggested to focus on developing the high-value-added products such as organic and green clean rice, rice bran oil and high-value-added functional rice noodles; and to develop products with high additional value, like edible mushrooms, snacks made of poultry meat, bamboo juice, peanut soil and soybean soil. Main responsible department: China Merchants Group, Development and Reform Bureau and relevant enterprises Implementation term: 2015-2025 Quality and safety traceability of agricultural products: It’s required to gradually set up the quality and safety traceability system for agricultural products and establish the “quality and safety traceability and regulatory platform of agricultural products”. The pilot demonstration of traceability is required to carry out in industries regarding grain, edible mushroom and livestock, as well as leading enterprises, cooperatives and family farms of Lianhe Township. The node’s information of production, transportation and processing of the agricultural products shall be interconnected through modern information technology like QR code so as to realize the quality control of crop products and animal products from production to the table. Main responsible department: Bureau of Quality Supervision Implementation term: 2015-2025 Market promotion: It’s required to conduct multi-level and multi-angle promotion for various products through mass media like television, radio, newspaper, magazine, and actively participate in exhibitions and promotional activities of different agricultural products; to develop the Lianhe terrace eco-products from various channels, continue to intensify the market promotion, and increase the additional value of eco-products in virtue of brand effect so as to meet the economic 74

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China demand of terraces farmers. Besides, cultural creative products shall be constantly launched thus to improve the market influence of Lianhe terrace eco-products by virtue of tourism industry. Main responsible department: Agricultural Bureau, Administration of Cultural, Radio, Film & TV and tourism sectors Implementation term: 2015-2025 6.2.5 Eco-Tourism Development (1) Objectives Short-term objectives (2015-2017): In accordance with the spatial distribution of the major scenic spots and resources in Youxi, it’s required to design the theme tourism route and spatial layout, and integrate the terrace tourism into the tourism plan of Youxi County; to improve the reception and commodity consciousness of local farmers through publicity and training; to clarify the maximum capacity of tourism reception, establish tourist number monitoring system and realize a substantial increase of tourists within the available capacity. Medium-term objectives (2018-2020): The tourism infrastructure and service system are gradually improved, and the elements like terrace, paddy rice and local specialty are gradually infused into the tourism; farmers’ positivity and initiative towards tourism development is constantly improved; informatization brings convenient services to tourists, and the sustainable growth of reception income within the available capacity is realized. Tourism participation rate of local farmers reaches over 15% and over 40% tourism income is guaranteed for farmers. Long-term objectives(2021-2025): The terrace-themed tourism products become more diversified and the Lianhe Terrace Brand is created; artistic products containing more traditional characteristics of Lianhe Township and personalized tourism products are developed and launched by combing cultural creative industry; chain operation is realized in tourist destinations; the tourism participation rate of local farmers reaches over 40%; tourism promotion is continuously popularized in the early warning and control range of tourism and the steady growth of tourism income is achieved. 75

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

(2) Development content The green ecological tourism development of Lianhe Terraces include tourism plan, number of tourist reception, design of tourism route, construction and retrofit of tourism reception facilities, design of tourism products, interpretation and instructions of tourism, community participation in tourism, income analysis, creative utilization of tourism resources, industry integration, etc. (3) Action plan Trademark registration：Register the “Lianhe Terraces” trademark for relevant paddy rice, aquatic products and local specialties. Main responsible department: Industrial and Commercial Administration, Agricultural Bureau Implementation term: 2015-2017 Tourism plan: Terrace tourism shall be incorporated into the overall tourism development plan in Youxi County, and included in the major tourist publicity materials, and the introduction to such programs as terrace tourism, leisure holiday, further study and photography shall be added; centering on the tourism theme of agricultural heritage of Lianhe Terraces, the spatial structure form with “One Axis, Six Areas” can be divided according to respective functions. “One Axis ” refers to the arterial road connecting several terrace areas, and “Six Areas” are respectively tourism comprehensive service area, Dongbian terrace tourism area, Lianyun terrace tourism area, Yunshan terrace tourism area, Xiayun terrace tourism area, Lianxi terrace tourism area (see Figure 5 in attachment). It’s required to clarify the daily reception number according to the routes and establish tourist number monitoring system. Main responsible department: Tourist Administration Implementation term: 2015-2020 Layout of scenic spots: A Terrace Culture Experience Center can be set up in Lianyun Village and a small Heritage Site Museum can be established on the basis of ancient residential buildings, and Agricultural Heritage Site Experience Center and Education Base shall be developed around the terraces. Surrounding houses shall be 76

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China repaired or rebuilt selectively, and a Tourist Service Center shall be established through informatization means and visualization technology to display and sell the terrace specialties and related crafts. A certain area in terrace tourism areas in Dongbian, Lianyun, Yunshan, Xiayun or Lianxi (see Figure 6 in attachment) can be selected to recover traditional cropping patterns such as traditional agricultural products, raising escargots, ducks and fish in paddy field , and meanwhile the environment shall be regulated thus making them become unique display areas of traditional terrace culture. Photography bases of terraced agricultural culture shall be constructed respectively in Bazaotou and Lianyun Village. Some observation decks shall be set up at the main routes around the terraces, which can bring convenience to photography lovers and tourists, including 3 observation decks in Dongbian Village, 3 in Yunshan Village, 2 in Xiayun Village and 3 in Lianyun Village. Main responsible department: Tourism Administration Implementation term: 2015-2020 Tourist routes: Route for one-day trip: Fuhu Cliff — Lianxi Terrace — Dongbian Terrace — Yunshan Terrace — Lianyun Terrace — Xiayun Terrace. Routes for two-day trips: (1) Lianhe Terrace on the first day; the birthplace of Zhu Xi—ancient ginkgo community on the second day; (2) Fuhu Cliff—Lian Herrace on the first day; Guifeng Village—Tangchuan Grand Canyon. The promotion of terrace tourism is combined with the foregoing scenic spots, helping tourists form an overall cognition. Main responsible department: Tourism Administration Implementation term: 2015-2017 Project application: Leisure agriculture demonstration site is applied to the State Ministry of Agriculture. A terrace tourism resort with the area of 2 hm2 is constructed at the previous dairy farm in Dongbian Village. Main responsible department: Agriculture Bureau, Housing and Construction Bureau Implementation term: 2018-2020 Facilities construction: A Tourism Information Center shall be set up on the 77

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China basis of the farm houses in Lianyun Village and the related buildings and roads shall be repaired. The tourist area and experience center of terrace culture shall be formed. Main responsible department: Tourism Administration, Housing and Construction Bureau Implementation term: 2015-2020 Tourism product development: Based on the agricultural products at the Lianhe Terraces, it’s required to continuously develop the tourism products like small package rice, grains, edible mushrooms, dried bamboo shoots, bamboo crafts and local specialty. Main responsible department: Tourism Administration, Agriculture Bureau Implementation term: 2015-2020 Tourist interpretation and training: It’s required to develop the tourist interpretation system with unique features of traditional villages and terraces. Commentator’s interpretation shall highlight the local characteristics. The crucial value of the agricultural heritage of Lianhe Terraces shall be highlighted in the interpretation contents thus improving tourists’ cognitive level. The interpretation training shall be conducted for local farmers, especially for the terrace famers. Main responsible department: Tourism Administration Implementation term: 2015-2020 Action Plan Schedule see Attachment 5.

6.3. Measures Against Threats and Expected Effects

6.3.1 Diversity of Livelihood Makes Loss of Young Labor for Terraced Fields Affected by modern civilization and new life style, the young people of Youxi County are reluctant to work on the job of paddy field cultivation, which is of high labor intensity and complex management. The yearly diminishing labor population and increasingly high labor expenses lead to the yearly increasing cost of cultivating paddy with traditional method. According to the accounting and analyzing on cost of rice planting per hectare of the terrace in the east of Lianhe Township, in 2014, the input for rice planting per hectare of the terrace in the east of Lianhe Township was

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

25,362 yuan, 21,450 of which was labor charge, accounting for 84.58% of the total input; while the output was 22,500 yuan only and the economic benefit of rice planting was negative. Countermeasures and expected effect: Carry out planting subsidy policy and reclamation subsidy to incentivize people to plant rice; change conventional production pattern to vigorously develop ecological agriculture and sightseeing agriculture and increase agricultural income; quicken development of single farmer’s production toward cooperative; strengthen the demonstration and pushing role of science-technology demonstration park, demonstration base and village. The said measures will diverse the income of farmers cultivating terraces in Youxi County and increase the comparative profit, so as to attract the backflow of labor force for diversified agricultural cultivation. 6.3.2 Impact of Modern Agricultural Technology on Traditional Farming Mode With the development of modern agricultural technologies, the local farmers, to guarantee the yield of food crop for the purpose of increasing economic benefit, start planting high-yield hybrid rice and using chemical fertilizers and pesticides. At Lianhe Township, which is located in the key heritage conservation area, many farmers choose to plant hybrid rice other than traditional rice for increasing income. Countermeasures and expected effect: Create “Three Grades” agriculture to increase the economic income of agricultural yield per unit and regulate and control market price and carry out of subsidy policies of the government over terraced field system to guarantee the successful transition of Lianhe Terraces toward green and organic and ecological production. It is expected that the said measures will promote and guarantee the development of ecological agriculture of terrace and make Youxi’s safe agricultural products the national well-known brand within 5 years. 6.3.3 Traditional Agro-Farming Culture Faces Absence of Inheritance Affected by modern civilization and new life style, the young generation is reluctant to work on the job of paddy field cultivation, which is of high labor intensity and complex management. Thus, the traditional agricultural culture knowledge and its maintenance system are on the hazard. The local government or non-governmental 79

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China organization has never organized the local primary and secondary school students to learn traditional agro-farming culture or conducted relevant practical activities. Therefore, the charm of traditional culture and customs can only be carried forward by the aged and in the young generation, the crisis of cultural fault occurs. Countermeasures and expected effect: Compile local cultural texts of Youxi, and hold Youxi folk art festival and Youxi folk custom festival, open agro-farming culture course and folk art course in primary and secondary school. It is expected that the primary and secondary school students could master the essence of Youxi agro-farming culture little by little and have the awareness and sense of pride of protecting their own agro-farming culture through five years’ effort. 6.3.4 Threat of Extreme Climate to Terraced Field In recent years, the global climate change and frequent occurrence of extreme climate lead to the spatial and temporal maldistribution of water resource. The precipitation in Youxi County is concentrative and the summer drought often happens in July and August. Under the condition of global climate change, the occurrence rate of extreme climate such as drought increases and the water source demanded by terrace in dry season becomes one of the challenges of agricultural development of terraced filed rice crop. Meanwhile, due to the reduction of farming population and trend of population aging, the water resource management ability goes down and many mountain spring mouths gradually fall into disuse and those may exert a certain influence on the demand of water source for terrace agriculture. Countermeasures and expected effect: Increase input to agricultural irrigation facility and construction of forest for water resource conservation over the terrace, assign conservation area of forest for water resource conservation and formulate rules and regulations of protection and management to punish the one for his act of damaging the forest for water resource conservation, open science popularization training class specific to farmers and strength ecological environment education to the primary and secondary school students. It is expected that the people’s awareness of ecological protection gets strengthened remarkably and the unintentional act of sabotage would disappear within 5 years and 10 years later, the ability of terrace to 80

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China adapt to the climate change would get enhanced.

6.4. Fund Raising

The protection given to agricultural heritage needs financial support. The government and people of the heritage site should set up multiple channels to raise fund, so as to guarantee the progress of the cultural heritage protection work. The main ways of financing are as follows: (1) International donation: Make use of the brand of heritage and extensive publicity to enhance the overseas compatriots’ affection to their hometown and investment willingness for raising offshore funds. (2) Corporate financing: Invite investment for the landscape and culture that have significant value of tourism development and traditional food and products that have economic value. (3) Special fund: Apply for special fund for protection to international monetary fund and national departments related to agriculture, tourism, national territory and housing and urban-rural development. (4) Apply for development according to the national strategic plan: Get the support of national funds by taking advantage of the strategic plan of “One Belt and One Road” and setting up agricultural-heritage-related projects. (5) Support from policies for old revolutionary base area: Youxi is an old revolutionary base area, which could get the financial support through the preferential support policies of the State for old revolutionary base areas. (6) Scientific research: Cooperate with research institutes to take the Lianhe Terraces of Youxi as research object to apply for national scientific research project and get financial support. (7) Combine with the project relating to construction of beautiful village: The State requires the governments at all levels to provide special funds for construction of beautiful village, so the agricultural heritage protection could make full use of such fund to reinforce the heritage protection whilst promoting rural construction.

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

6.5. Mechanism of Guarantee

6.5.1 Building of National Organization Bureau of Township Enterprises of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and the Department of International Cooperation have specially set up a division to take charge of the application and evaluation and supervision and administration of China’s significant agricultural heritage and globally important agricultural heritage and established a special fund to support the work of agricultural heritage protection. And they also set up two committees of experts consisting of 27 members in total as technical support. The Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Science and Technology also give full attention and support to the application for world heritage of Terraced Field at Lianhe Township, Youxi County. The State should also continue to strengthen the building of department for macro organization, control and management of agriculture heritage, guide and publicize agricultural heritage protection and make the work carried out smoothly. 6.5.2 Building of County-Township-Village-Level Organization Strengthen the building of county-township-village-level organization and work together to establish the committee of agricultural heritage protection, which mainly consists of the secretary and deputy secretary of county CPC committee and leadership from the agricultural bureau, tourist administration and the governments of all townships, to ensure the smooth implementation of program of agricultural heritage protection and take charge of the management and implementation of international and national projects. The proposed committee shall have the executive office, which takes charge of the execution of missions of the committee with full authority. The office should be seated in the county agricultural bureau for the convenience of implementation of work. The district and township government should establish corresponding divisions to cooperate with their work. 6.5.3 Building of Local Community Organization Establish village committee that is governed by the villagers in the community to increase the community residents’ understanding to protection work and their

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China participation enthusiasm and achieve community co-management, making the agricultural heritage protection carried out smoothly in the concrete process of implementation; establish farmer-enterprise cooperation council to provide a platform for communication and cooperation talk on cooperation between the farmers and enterprises and, promote their cooperation for the purpose of protecting agricultural heritage via development and utilization of resources.

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

References [1] Compilation Committee of Youxi County Annals (edit). Youxi County Annals [M]. Fuzhou: Fujian Provincial Map Publishing House. 1989. [2] Editorial Committee of Fauna of China. Fauna of China [M]. Beijing: Chinese Journal of Zoology. 2004. 6. [3] Editorial Committee of Flora of Fujian. Flora of Fujian [M]. Fujian: Fujian Science & Technology Publishing House. 1982.4. [4] Kumar BM, Nair PKR, The Enigma of Tropical. Homegardens: A time-Tasted Example of Sustainable Agroforestry. Springer. 2006. [5] Mendez VE, Lok R and Somarriba E. Interdisciplinary Analysis of Homegardens in Nicaragu: Micro-Zonation, Plant Use and Socio-Economic Importance, Agroforestry Systems. 2001, 51:85-96. [6] Costanza R, d’ Arge R, de Groot R, et al. The Value of the World’s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital. Nature, 1997, 387: 253-260. [7] MaryJane, D, Parviz, K. Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems: A Shared Vision of Agricultural, Ecological and Traditional Societal Sustainability [J]. Resources Science, 2009, 31(6): 905-913. [8] Min QW , Sun YH, Cheng SK, et al. Primary Study on the Features and Development of GIAHS’s Tourism Resources [J]. Economic Geography, 2007, 27(5):856-859. [9] Cao ZHI. The Evolution of Man – Tiger Relation in Fujian Area and Its Social Response [J]. Nankai Journal (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 2013(4): 98-109. [10] Wang L. On the Conflicts and Regulations between Population and Land of Fujian in the Song Dynasty [J]. Ancient and Modern Agriculture, 2011(1): 54-62. [11] Xu XW. On the Population Problem of Fujian in the Yuan Dynasty [J]. Fujian Tribune (Literature, History and Philosophy Edition), 1998(6): 73-77. [12] Wu SD. Study on the Population of Fujian in the Song Dynasty [J]. Journal of Chinese Historical Studies, 1995(2): 50-58. [13] Xu WB, Zhong XF. On Ecological Evolution and Tiger Disasters of Fujian in the Ming and Qing Dynasties [J]. Fujian Tribune (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), 2013(6): 104-110.

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[14] Lin TS. A Textual Research on Population Migration of Fujian Province [J]. The Journal of Chinese Social and Economic History, 2003(2): 7-20.

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Appendixes

1: Location of Lianhe Terrace in Youxi County Figure 1: Geographic position of Youxi County, Fujian, China

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Figure 2: Core area of Lianhe Terrace in Youxi County, Fujian province

Key protection

region of heritage site

General protection region of heritage site

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

2: List of agricultural biodiversity in Lianhe Terrace Table 1: List of Traditional Rice Varieties Planted in Lianhe Terrace Serial Serial Scientific Name Scientific Name number number 1 Oryza sativa ‘Huzao’ 37 Oryza sativa ‘Shangdongbai’ 2 Oryza sativa ‘Youmangdadong’ 38 Oryza sativa ‘Fenlongzao’ 3 Oryza sativa ‘Yezhuti’ 39 Oryza sativa ‘Huakebai’ 4 Oryza sativa ‘Hongzaonuo’ 40 Oryza sativa ‘Hongkoubai’ 5 Oryza sativa ‘Baikeshu’ 41 Oryza sativa ‘Hiyuezao’ 6 Oryza sativa ‘Huangzhishu’ 42 Oryza sativa ‘Jinhong’ 7 Oryza sativa ‘Nongken58’ 43 Oryza sativa ‘Zhuhong’ 8 Oryza sativa ‘Yaziai’ 44 Oryza sativa ‘Milaxuan’ 9 Oryza sativa ‘Aijiaotangzhu’ 45 Oryza sativa ‘Kuilixuan’ 10 Oryza sativa ‘Younong’ 46 Oryza sativa ‘Kuifu3hao’ 11 Oryza sativa ‘Youcao’ 47 Oryza sativa ‘Hongyun33 12 Oryza sativa ‘Zhaiyeqing’ 48 Oryza sativa ‘474’ 13 Oryza sativa ‘Keqing3hao’ 49 Oryza sativa ‘7944’ 14 Oryza sativa ‘Guangchangai’ 50 Oryza sativa ‘Shenghong16’ 15 Oryza sativa ‘Tieguai’ 51 Oryza sativa ‘77175’ 16 Oryza sativa ‘Guangjie No.9’ 52 Oryza sativa ‘78130’ 17 Oryza sativa ‘Erjiuai’ 53 Oryza sativa ‘Aijiaonantehao’ 18 Oryza sativa ‘Qingxiaojinzao’ 54 Oryza sativa ‘Nuogu’ 19 Oryza sativa ‘Zhenzhuai’ 55 Oryza sativa ‘Gutianbai’ 20 Oryza sativa ‘Decaihao’ 56 Oryza sativa ‘Huangzhu’ 21 Oryza sativa ‘Shajing’ 57 Oryza sativa ‘Red Dusk Grain’ 22 Oryza sativa ‘White Jade Grain’ 58 Oryza sativa ‘Gaojiaochi’ 23 Oryza sativa ‘Garnet red’ 59 Oryza sativa ‘Chimi’ 24 Oryza sativa ‘Baitoulian’ 60 Oryza sativa ‘Youxiyuhe’ 25 Oryza sativa ‘Cold waterdrop’ 61 Oryza sativa ‘Dikoushanhe’ 26 Oryza sativa ‘Lengshuinuo’ 62 Oryza sativa ‘Nanpinghongmizai’ 27 Oryza sativa ‘Youxi Grain’ 63 Oryza sativa ‘Taijiang No.1’ 28 Oryza sativa ‘Hongqushu’ 64 Oryza sativa ‘Minhan No.1’ 29 Oryza sativa ‘Heimi’ 65 Oryza sativa ‘Minhan No.11’ 30 Oryza sativa ‘Dwarf white’ 66 Oryza sativa ‘Minhan No.4’ Oryza sativa ‘Dark Rounded 31 67 Oryza sativa ‘Minhan No.2’ Grain’ 32 Oryza sativa ‘Yangbainuo’ 68 Oryza sativa ‘Hanzao No.3’ 33 Oryza sativa ‘Hongmizai’ 69 Oryza sativa ‘Tuoronghannuo’ 34 Oryza sativa ‘Youxi red’ 70 Oryza sativa ‘Bazza ludao’ 35 Oryza sativa ‘Yezhupao’ 71 Oryza sativa ‘Shaxianshu’ 36 Oryza sativa ‘Kegu’ 72 Oryza sativa ‘Guicao’

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Table 2: List of Hybrid Rice Varieties Planted in Lianhe Terrace Serial Serial Scientific Name Scientific Name number number 73 Oryza sativa ‘You I 66’ 115 Oryza sativa ‘T55yoou 627’ 74 Oryza sativa ‘Xinxiangyou80’ 116 Oryza sativa ‘Gangyou164’ 75 Oryza sativa ‘T you 537’ 117 Oryza sativa’ IIyou 3301’ 76 Oryza sativa ’ II you 129’ 118 Oryza sativa ‘neiyouhang 148’ 77 Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 009’ 119 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyou 673’ 78 Oryza sativa ‘Jinyou 07’ 120 Oryza sativa ‘E II you315’ 79 Oryza sativa ‘JinfuⅠyou150’ 121 Oryza sativa’ IIyou516’ 80 ‘Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 716’ 122 Oryza sativa ‘Tianyou 3301’ 81 Oryza sativa ‘Jinyou 1398’ 123 Oryza sativa’Ⅱyou 6019’ 82 Oryza sativa ‘YouⅠ028’ 124 Oryza sativa ‘Tianyou No.10’ 83 Oryza sativa ‘Zhongyou 2115’ 125 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyouming 118’ 84 Oryza sativa ‘Minfengyou 3301’ 126 Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 103’ 85 Oryza sativa ‘Xianyou 161’ 127 Oryza sativa ‘II youshun 98’ 86 Oryza sativa ‘Xinxiangyou 80’ 128 Oryza sativa ‘Liangyou 3773’ Oryza sativa ‘Liangyouhang 87 Oryza sativa ‘Jinliangyou No.4’ 129 No.2’ 88 Oryza sativa ‘Quanzhen No.10’ 130 Oryza sativa ‘Liangyou 1019’ 89 Oryza sativa ‘Jiafuzhan’ 131 Oryza sativa ‘Donglian No.5’ 90 Oryza sativa ‘Jiazao1hao’ 132 Oryza sativa ‘II you 356’ 91 Oryza sativa ‘Dongnan 201’ 133 Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 180’ 92 Oryza sativa ‘Zhangjiazao No.1’ 134 Oryza sativa ‘Guyou 5138’ 93 Oryza sativa ‘Dyouduoxi No.1’ 135 Oryza sativa ‘Tianyou 3229’ Oryza sativa ‘Guangyouming 94 Oryza sativa ‘Dyou 527’ 136 118’ 95 Oryza sativa ‘Teyouhang No.1’ 137 Oryza sativa ‘II you 039’ 96 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyoufu819’ 138 Oryza sativa ‘Guyou 3301’ 97 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyouhang No.1’ 139 Oryza sativa ‘Jinnong 2 you 3’ 98 Oryza sativa VⅡyou183’ 140 Oryza sativa ‘Qiuyou 125’ 99 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyou1273’ 141 Oryza sativa ‘Guyou 769’ 100 Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 671’ 142 Oryza sativa ‘Jiangyouming 62’ 101 Oryza sativa ‘Dqibaoyou 527’ 143 Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 923’ 102 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyouhang148’ 144 Oryza sativa ‘Dyou 68’ 103 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyou936’ 145 Oryza sativa ‘Guyou 527’ 104 Oryza sativa ‘Dou No.6’ 146 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyou 131’ 105 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyou 536’ 147 Oryza sativa ‘Yueyou 9113’ 106 Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 627’ 148 Oryza sativa ‘Leyou 94’ 107 Oryza sativa ‘Gangyou 527’ 149 Oryza sativa ‘Vyou No.6’ 108 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyou3229’ 150 Oryza sativa ‘V youhongtian’

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Oryza sativa 109 Oryza sativa ‘Luxiangyou 1256’ 151 ‘Siyouhongtiangu’ 110 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyou339’ 152 Oryza sativa ‘Siyou 30’ Oryza sativa ‘Siyou Indonesia 111 Oryza sativa ‘Dyou 368’ 153 aishu’ 112 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyouming118’ 154 Oryza sativa ‘Xianyou 63’ 113 Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 103’ 155 Oryza sativa ‘Siyou No.6 ' 114 Oryza sativa ‘Chuanyou No.12’ 156 Oryza sativa ‘Xianyou No.6’

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Table 3: List of Other Agricultural Living Species in Lianhe Terrace Serial number Scientific Name Classifiction 1 Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Invertebrates 2 Monopterus albus. Invertebrates 3 Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Invertebrates 4 Cyprinus carpio. Invertebrates 5 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Invertebrates 6 Aristichthys nobilis Richardson. Invertebrates 7 Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Invertebrates 8 Freshwater shrimps. Invertebrates 9 E.carinicauda. Invertebrates 10 Cipangopaludina cahayensis. Invertebrates 11 Rivalaria auriculata (Martens) Invertebrates 12 Freshwater crab. Invertebrates 13 Sus domesticus ‘Tai hu’ Vertebrate 14 Sus domesticus ‘Minbeihua’. Vertebrate 15 Sus domesticus ‘Huai’ . Vertebrate 16 Sus domesticus ‘Er yuan’. Vertebrate 17 Sus domesticus ‘Chang white’. Vertebrate 18 Leporidae sinensis. Vertebrate 19 Leporidae brachyurus. Vertebrate 20 Oryctolagus cuniculus. Vertebrate 21 Leporidae saxatilis. Vertebrate 22 Leporidae ‘Belgian’. Vertebrate 23 Leporidae ‘New Zealand white’. Vertebrate 24 Capra ‘Dai yun’. Vertebrate 25 Capra ‘Nanjiang yellow’. Vertebrate 26 Capra ‘Boer’. Vertebrate 27 Holstein cows. Vertebrate 28 Bubalus bubalus. Vertebrate 29 Canis lupus ‘Youxi’. Vertebrate 30 Canis lupus familiaris . Vertebrate 31 Wolfhound. Vertebrate 32 Gallus domestiaus ‘Youxi’. Vertebrate 33 Gallus domestiaus ‘Yinxing white’. Vertebrate 34 Gallus domestiaus ‘Fuzhou rong quan’. Vertebrate 35 Gallus domestiaus ‘Shanghaijinshan’. Vertebrate 36 Gallus domestiaus ‘Red pineapple’. Vertebrate 37 Gallus domestiaus ‘Isa brown’. Vertebrate 38 Gallus domestiaus ‘San huang’. Vertebrate 39 Tadorna ‘Shanma’. Vertebrate 40 Melanitta ‘Banfan’ . Vertebrate 41 Melanitta ‘Fan’. Vertebrate 42 Cygnus ‘Shitou’. Vertebrate - 91 -

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

43 Cygnus ‘Chinese’. Vertebrate 44 Cygnus ‘Changle’. Vertebrate 45 Columba ‘Wang’. Vertebrate 46 Columba ‘Xin’. Vertebrate 47 Dioscorea ‘Jinshan 57’. Food crops 48 Dioscorea ‘Fuzhu 75-55’. Food crops 49 Dioscorea ‘Tuodujinshan 57’. Food crops 50 Dioscorea ‘Yanshu5hao’. Food crops 51 Solanum ’Kexin No.1’. Food crops 52 Solanum ‘Kexin No.2’. Food crops 53 Solanum ‘Kexin No.3’. Food crops 54 Solanum ‘Kexin No.9’. Food crops 55 Solanum ‘Kexin No.11’ Food crops 56 Solanum ‘Zhongshu No. 3’ Food crops 57 Solanum ‘Qingshu No.4 ’ Food crops 58 Solanum ‘Zheng shu No.5’ Food crops 59 Solanum ‘Netherlands 14’. Food crops 60 Solanum ‘Zaodabai’. Food crops 61 Solanum ‘Canada red ya’. Food crops 62 Solanum ‘American red skin’. Food crops 63 Solanum ‘Virus-free’. Food crops 64 Zea mays ‘Danyu 13’ Food crops 65 Zea mays ‘Yedan No.1’ Food crops 66 Zea mays ‘Baiding No.1’ Food crops 67 Zea mays ‘Shuitian No.1’ Food crops 68 Zea mays ‘Aotianluno No.1’ Food crops 69 Zea mays ‘Shunuo No.1’ Food crops 70 Zea mays ‘Zhenuo No.1’ Food crops 71 Zea mays ‘Minzinuo78-1’. Food crops 72 Zea mays ‘Minnuo 98-1’. Food crops 73 Zea mays ‘Minzinuo No.1’ Food crops 74 Glycine max ‘Pudou 8008’ Oil crops 75 Glycine max ‘American yellow’. Oil crops 76 Glycine max ‘Zhechun No.2’ Oil crops 77 Glycine max ‘Zhechun No.3’ Oil crops 78 Glycine max ‘Gengqing 82’. Oil crops 79 Glycine max ‘Chi’. Oil crops 80 Glycine max ‘He’. Oil crops 81 Glycine max ‘Guanyingshui’. Oil crops 82 Helicteres angustifolia Linn. Oil crops 83 Helicteres viscida Blume. Oil crops 84 Arachis ‘Xiaoliuqiu’. Oil crops 85 Arachis ‘Baisha1016’. Oil crops 86 Arachis ‘Baisha 18792’ Oil crops

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

87 Arachis ‘Yueyou169’ Oil crops 88 Brassica ‘Fuyou No.4’. Oil crops 89 Manihot esculenta crantz. Oil crops 90 Brassica ‘Huanan8641’. Oil crops 91 Helianthus annuus ‘Xiangyang’ Oil crops 92 Helianthus annuus’ Huafenxian zi’ Oil crops 93 Camellia oleifera. Oil crops 94 C.meiocarpa. Oil crops 95 Camellia oleifera ‘Youxian’ Oil crops 96 Anneslea fragrans Wall. Oil crops 97 Tephrosia ionophlebia. Vegetable crops 98 Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. Vegetable crops 99 Lablab purpureus （Linn.） Sweet. Vegetable crops 100 Vicia faba L. Vegetable crops 101 Pisum sativum var. saccharatum. Vegetable crops 102 Vigna unguiculata. Vegetable crops 103 Lathyrusodoratus L. Vegetable crops 104 Phaseolus vulgaris ‘Qing dao’. Vegetable crops 105 Adenanthera pavonina Linn. var. microsperma. Vegetable crops 106 Zingiber officinale ‘Taiwan’. Vegetable crops 107 Capsicum annuum L. Vegetable crops 108 Capsicum annuum ‘Xiao mi’. Vegetable crops 109 Asparagus officinalis. Vegetable crops 110 Lactuca sativa L.var. angustanaIrish. Vegetable crops 111 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schoot. Vegetable crops 112 Sechium edule. Vegetable crops 113 Luffa cylindrical. Vegetable crops 114 Lagenaria siceraria（Molina） Standl. Vegetable crops 115 Cucumis sativus Linn. Vegetable crops 116 Cucurbita moschata (Duch. ex Lam.) Duch. ex Poiret. Vegetable crops 117 Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Vegetable crops 118 Balsam pear. Vegetable crops 119 Cleome gynandra ‘Qing nong qing’. Vegetable crops 120 Cleome gynandra ‘Lv xiu qing’. Vegetable crops 121 Solanum melongena. Vegetable crops 122 Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Vegetable crops 123 Allium fistulosum. Vegetable crops 124 Allium cepa. Vegetable crops 125 Allium sativum ‘Zipi’. Vegetable crops 126 A. tuberosum Rottl. ex Spreng. Vegetable crops 127 Spinacia oleracea L. Vegetable crops 128 Brassica oleracea var. capitata. Vegetable crops Brassica pekinensis 129 Vegetable crops ‘Aijiaonai’.

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

130 Brassica chinensis ‘Xing hua’. Vegetable crops 131 Amaranthus tricolor L. Vegetable crops 132 Capsella bursa-pastoris. Vegetable crops 133 Apium graveolens Linn. Vegetable crops 134 Raphanus sativus. Vegetable crops 135 Daucus carota. Vegetable crops 136 Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Stapf. Vegetable crops 137 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Vegetable crops 138 Sonchus brachyotus D C. Vegetable crops 139 Brassica oleracea L. Vegetable crops 140 Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Vegetable crops 141 Astragalus sinicus ‘minzi No.1’ Vegetable crops 142 Astragalus sinicus ‘minzi No.5’ Vegetable crops 143 Astragalus sinicus ‘minzi No.6’ Vegetable crops 144 Astragalus sinicus ‘minzi No.7’ Vegetable crops Saccharum officinarum 145 Economic crops ‘tang’. 146 Saccharum officinarum ‘Guo’. Economic crops 147 Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich. Economic crops 148 Corchorus capsularis L. Economic crops 149 Juncus effusus L. Economic crops 150 Camellia japonica L. Economic crops 151 Nicotiana tabacum. Economic crops 152 Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. cv. Shatian Yu. Fruit crops 153 Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck cv. Guanxi-miyou. Fruit crops 154 Citrus grandis ‘Candler’. Fruit crops 155 Citrus L .’Youxi’ . Fruit crops 156 Citrussinensis (L.) Osbeck. Fruit crops 157 Fortunella margarita (Lour. ) Swingle. Fruit crops 158 Kaempferia galanga. Fruit crops 159 Prunus salicina ‘furong’. Fruit crops 160 Vitis vinifera. Fruit crops 161 Eriobotry japonica. Fruit crops 162 Mushrooms. Edible fungus 163 Dictyophora indusiata. Edible fungus 164 Agaricus blazei murrill. Edible fungus 165 Agrocybe aegirit ‘Chaxin3hao’. Edible fungus 166 Ganoderma Lucidum ‘Chi No.6’ Edible fungus 167 Antrodia camphorata ‘yuan No. 8’ Edible fungus 168 Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer. Edible fungus 169 Lentinus edodes ‘L66’. Edible fungus 170 Lentinus edodes ‘L26’. Edible fungus

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

3: List of plant in Lianhe Terrace Table 4: List of Plant in Lianhe Terrace Serial numbe Family Genus Species Distribution area r Myriophyllum 1 Haloragidaceae Myriophyllum. Terraces/Stream verticillatum Rhodobryum Forest / Village 2 Bryaceae Rhodobryum roseum /Terraces/Stream Tortula sinensis (C. Forest/Village 3 Pottiaceae Tortula Hedw Muell.) Broth. /Terraces/Stream Funaria 4 Funariaceae Funaria Forest/Village /Stream hygrometrica Hypnum Forest/Village 5 Hypnaceae Hypnum plumaeforme /Terraces/Stream Sphagnum 6 Sphagnaceae Sphagnum Forest/Village /Stream cymbifolium. Marchantia Forest/Village 7 Marchantiaceae Marchantia polymorpha L. /Terraces/Stream Plagiomnium 8 Mniaceae Plagiomnium Forest/Village cuspidatum Lycopodiastrun Lycopodium 9 Lycopodiaceae Forest/Village Holub. casuarinoides. Hippochaete Forest/Terraces/Villag 10 Equisetaceae Equisetum hiemale L. e /Stream 11 Dicksoniaceae Cibotium Cibotium barometz Forest Pteris semipinnata 12 Pteridaceae Pteris L. Forest/Village /Stream L. Forest/Village 13 Pteridaceae Pteris L. Pteris multifida /Terraces/Stream Pteris ensiformis 14 Pteridaceae Pteris L. Forest/Village /Stream Burm. Nephrolepis Forest/Terraces/Villag 15 Davalliaceae Nephrolepis cordifolia L. e /Stream 16 Davalliaceae Humata Humata tyermannii Forest/Village /Stream Lygodium Forest/Terraces/Villag 17 Lygodiaceae Lygodium Sw. japonicum T. e /Stream Forest/Terraces/Villag 18 Drynariaceae Drynaria. Drynaria roosii. e /Stream Parathelypteris 19 Thelypteridaceae Parathelypteris Forest/Village /Stream glanduligera Angiopteris 20 Angiopteridaceae Angiopteris Forest fokiensis H.

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Cyrtomium 21 Dryopteridaceae Cyrtomium Presl. Forest balansae C. Microsorum 22 Polypodiaceae Microsorum Forest/Village /Stream fortunei T. 23 Polypodiaceae Pyrrosia Mirbel. Pyrrosia lingua T. Forest/Village /Stream 24 Polypodiaceae Colysis C. Presl. Colysis ellipiica T. Forest/Village Lepisorus (J. Sm.) Lepisorus 25 Polypodiaceae Forest/Village Ching. thunbergianus Asplenium 26 Aspleniaceae Asplenium Forest/Village trichomanes L. Adiantum 27 Adiantaceae Adiantum L. Forest/Village /Stream capillusveneris L. Blechnum orientale 28 Blechnaceae Blechnum L. Forest/Village L. 29 Gleicheniaceae Hicriopteris Hicriopteris glauca. Forest Diplopterygium 30 Gleicheniaceae Hicriopteris Forest chinense Dicranopteris Dicranopteris 31 Gleicheniaceae Forest/Village /Stream Bernh. dichotoma Selaginella 32 Selaginellaceae Selaginella Forest/Village moellendorffii Selaginella 33 Selaginellaceae Selaginella Forest/Village /Stream uncinata Selaginella 34 Selaginellaceae Selaginella Forest/Village kransiana Selaginella 35 Selaginellaceae Selaginella Forest/Village doederleinii Selaginella 36 Selaginellaceae Selaginella Forest/Village nipponica F. Cycas revoluta 37 Cycasaceae Cycas Linn. Village /Stream Thunb. Forest/Terraces/Villag 38 Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba L. e /Stream 39 Pinaceae Keteleeria Keteleeria fortunei Forest Kteleeria cyclolepis 40 Pinaceae Keteleeria Forest Flous. Pinus massoniana 41 Pinaceae Pinus Linn. Forest Lamb. Pinus taiwanensis 42 Pinaceae Pinus Linn. Forest Hayata. Pinus palustris 43 Pinaceae Pinus Linn. Forest Mill. 44 Pinaceae Pinus Linn. Pinus taeda L. Forest 45 Pinaceae Pinus Linn. Pinus elliottii. Forest

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

46 Pinaceae Pinus Linn. Pinus pinaster Ait. Forest C.fortunei 47 Taxodiaceae Cryptomeria Hooibrenk.ex Otto Forest/Village et Dietr. Taxodium 48 Taxodiaceae Taxodium Village /Stream ascendens. Cunninghamia 49 Taxodiaceae Cunninghamia Forest/Village lanceolata Cupressus funebris 50 Cupressaceae Cupressus Village Endl. 51 Cupressaceae Sabina Sabina chinensis Village Juniperus 52 Cupressaceae Juniperus Village formosana Hayata. 53 Cupressaceae Fokienia Fokienia hodginsii Village /Terraces Platycladus 54 Cupressaceae Platyladus Village orientalis Cephalotaxus 55 Cephalotaxaceae Cephalotaxus Forest/Village /Stream fortunei Hook. 56 Taxaceae Taxus Linn. Taxus chinensis Forest/Village 57 Taxaceae Torreya Arn. Torreya grandis Forest/Village 58 Taxaceae Taxus Linn. Taxus mairei S. Forest/Village Gnetaceae Lind Gnetum parvifolium 59 Gnetum L. Forest L. W. Magnolia officinalis 60 Magnoliaceae Magnolia Forest R. Magnolia 61 Magnoliaceae Magnolia Forest officinalis. Magnolia 62 Magnoliaceae Magnolia Village /Stream grandiflora L. Magnolia liliiflora 63 Magnoliaceae Magnolia Village Desr. Magnolia 64 Magnoliaceae Magnolia Stream soulangeana S. Tsoongiodendron 65 Magnoliaceae Michelia odora Forest Chun. 66 Magnoliaceae Michelia Linn. Michelia velutina Village /Stream 67 Magnoliaceae Michelia Linn. Michelia figo Forest/Village /Stream Michelia chapensis 68 Magnoliaceae Michelia Linn. Forest Dandy. 69 Magnoliaceae Michelia Linn. Michelia fujianensis Forest Michelia maudiae Forest/Terraces/Villag 70 Magnoliaceae Michelia Linn. Dunn. e /Stream 71 Magnoliaceae Michelia Linn. Manglietia fordiana Forest 72 Magnoliaceae Michelia Linn. M.foveolata Merr.et Forest

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Dandy. Codonopsis 73 Campanulaceae Codonopsis Wall. Forest pilosula Gentiana (Tourn.) 74 Gentianaceae Gentiana scabra B. Forest L. Gentiana (Tourn.) 75 Gentianaceae Gentiana davidii F. Forest L. Illicium verum 76 Magnoliaceae Illicium Linn. Forest/Village Hook.f. 77 Magnoliaceae Illicium Linn. Illicium henryi Forest Illicium 78 Magnoliaceae Illicium Linn. lanceolatum Forest A.C.Smith. Kadsura Schisandra 79 Schisandraceae longipedunculata Forest Michx. Finet. Fissistigma 80 Annonaceae Fissistigma Griff. Forest uonicum Fissistigma 81 Annonaceae Fissistigma Griff. Forest glaucescens Fissistigma 82 Annonaceae Fissistigma Griff. Forest oldhamii Cinnamomum 83 Lauraceae Cinnamomum Forest/Village /Stream camphora Cinnamomum 84 Lauraceae Cinnamomum Forest/Village /Stream burmanni Cinnamomum 85 Lauraceae Cinnamomum Forest/Village /Stream subavenium Miq Cinnamomum 86 Lauraceae Cinnamomum Forest/Village austrosinense Machilus thunbergii 87 Lauraceae Machilus Forest/Village Sieb.et Zucc. 88 Lauraceae Phoebe Nees. Phoebe bournei Forest 89 Lauraceae Neolitsea Merr. Neolitsea aurata Forest 90 Lauraceae Neolitsea Merr. Neolitsea aurata Forest 91 Lauraceae Litsea Litsea cubeba Forest Lisrea subcoriacea 92 Lauraceae Litsea Forest Yang. Litsea 93 Lauraceae Litsea Forest greenmaniana 94 Lauraceae Litsea Litsea elongata Forest Lindera megaphylla 95 Lauraceae Lindera Thunb. Forest Hemsl. 96 Lauraceae Lindera Thunb. Lindera glauca Forest

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Lindera 97 Lauraceae Lindera Thunb. Forest angustifolia Cheng. 98 Lauraceae Lindera Thunb. Lindera nacusua Forest Lindera communis 99 Lauraceae Lindera Thunb. Forest Hemsl. 100 Lauraceae Lindera Thunb. Lindera aggregata Forest Lindera megaphylla 101 Lauraceae Lindera Thunb. Forest Hemsl. Viola philippica 102 Violaceae Viola L. Terraces/Stream Car. Spiraea japonica L. 103 Rosaceae Spiraea Forest f. Spiraea prunifolia 104 Rosaceae Spiraea Forest Sieb. Rosa laevigata Forest/Terraces/Villag 105 Rosaceae Rosa L. Michx. e /Stream Rosa chinensis 106 Rosaceae Rosa L. Village /Stream Jacq. Rubus innominatus 107 Rosaceae Rubus L. Forest S．Moors. Rubus rosaefolius 108 Rosaceae Rubus L. Forest/Village Smith. Rubus coreanus 109 Rosaceae Rubus L. Terraces Miq. Rubus parvifolius 110 Rosaceae Rubus L. Terraces/Village L. Rubus columellaris 111 Rosaceae Rubus L. Forest/Village Tutcher. Rubus 112 Rosaceae Rubus L. Forest corchorifolius L. 113 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus swinhoei Forest Rubus chroosepalus 114 Rosaceae Rubus L. Forest Focke. Rubus hanceanus 115 Rosaceae Rubus L. Forest Ktze. 116 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus lambertianus Forest 117 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus irenaeus Forest Rubus buergeri 118 Rosaceae Rubus L. Forest Miq. 119 Rosaceae Cerasus Prunus phaeosticta. Forest Laurocerasus 120 Rosaceae Laurocerasus Forest/Village /Stream zippeliana 121 Rosaceae Cerasus Prunus spinulosa S. Forest 122 Rosaceae Cerasus Cerasus Forest

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

pogonostyla var. obovata Prunus 123 Rosaceae Cerasus Forest campanulata Prunus salicina 124 Rosaceae Prunus Village Lindl. Prunus Cerasifera 125 Rosaceae Prunus Village /Stream Ehrhar Rehd. 126 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus idaeus Forest/Stream 127 Rosaceae Armeniaca Armeniaca mume S. Village Photinia 128 Rosaceae Photinia Lindl. Forest davidsoniae Amygdalus persica 129 Rosaceae Amygdalus L. Village /Stream L. Photinia prunifolia 130 Rosaceae Photinia Lindl. Forest L. Photinia serrulata 131 Rosaceae Photinia Lindl. Village /Stream L. 132 Rosaceae Photinia Lindl. Photinia glabra. Forest Photinia parvifolia 133 Rosaceae Photinia Lindl. Forest/Village S. Eriobotrya japonica 134 Rosaceae Eriobotrya Lindl. Village /Stream L. Raphiolepis 135 Rosaceae Rhaphiolepis Forest ferruginea M. Rhaphiolepis indica 136 Rosaceae Rhaphiolepis Forest L. 137 Rosaceae Pygeum L. Pygeum topengii Forest 138 Rosaceae Pyrus Pyrus serotina Village 139 Rosaceae Pyrus Pyrus calleryana D. Village Malus hupehensis 140 Rosaceae Malus Village /Stream R. Chimonanthus 141 Rosaceae Chimonanthus Village /Stream praecox L. 142 Rosaceae Cydonia Cydonia oblonga Forest 143 Droseraceae Drosera L. Drosera. Forest 144 Droseraceae Drosera L. Drosera pelata Forest 145 Leguminosae Cassia Senna surattensis Forest/Stream 146 Leguminosae Cassia Cassia obtusifolia Forest/Stream Bauhinia 147 Leguminosae Bauhinia Forest/Village championii 148 Leguminosae Acacia Mill. Acacia confuse Forest Mimosa pudica 149 Leguminosae Mimosa Linn. Forest/Village Linn.

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

150 Leguminosae Albizia Durazz. Albizia kalkora Forest Crotalaria pallida Forest/Terraces/Villag 151 Leguminosae Crotalaria Linn. Ait. e /Stream Forest/Terraces/Villag 152 Leguminosae Mucuna Adans. Mucuna Evergreen. e /Stream Desmodium Forest/Terraces/Villag 153 Leguminosae Desmodium Desv. heterocarpon e /Stream Desmodium Forest/Terraces/Villag 154 Leguminosae Desmodium Desv. racemosum Thunb. e /Stream Lespedeza bicolor 155 Leguminosae Lespedeza Michx. Forest Turcz. 156 Leguminosae Lespedeza Michx. Lespedeza formosa Forest Dalbergia hupeana 157 Leguminosae Dalbergia Linn. Forest Hance. Terraces/Village 158 Leguminosae Vicia Vicia sepium Linn. /Stream 159 Leguminosae Pueraria Pueraria lobata Forest/Village 160 Leguminosae Derris Derris fordii Oliv. Forest Millettia dielsiana 161 Leguminosae Millettia Forest Harms. 162 Leguminosae Vigna Savi. Vigna unguiculata Terraces/Village 163 Leguminosae Pisum Pisum sativum L. Terraces/Village 164 Leguminosae Glycine Willd. Glycine max Terraces/Village 165 Leguminosae Vicia Vicia faba L. Terraces/Village 166 Leguminosae Lablab Lablab purpureus Terraces/Village 167 Leguminosae Pisum Pisum sativum Terraces/Village 168 Leguminosae Vigna Savi. Vigna radiata Terraces/Village Adenanthera 169 Leguminosae Adenanthera Terraces/Village pavonina Forest/Terraces/Villag 170 Leguminosae Arachis Arachis duranensis e /Stream Arachis hypogaea 171 Leguminosae Arachis Terraces/Village Linn. Phaseolus vulgaris 172 Leguminosae Phaseolus L. Terraces/Village L. Ormosia henryi Terraces/Village 173 Papilionoideae Ormosia G. Prain. /Stream Dalbergia hancei 174 Papilionoideae Dalbergia Linn. Forest Benth. Potamogetonacea Potamogeton Forest/Village 175 Potamogeton e franchetii /Terraces/Stream Hypericum 176 Guttiferae Hypericum Linn. Forest/Stream japonicum. 177 Guttiferae Garcinia Garcinia Forest

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

oblongifolia Champ. Hydrangea chungii 178 Saxifragaceae Hydrangea L. Forest/Village Rehd. Hydrangea 179 Saxifragaceae Hydrangea L. macrophylla Forest/Village (Thunb.) Ser. 180 Saxifragaceae Hydrangea L. H.lingii Hoo. Forest Hydrangea 181 Saxifragaceae Hydrangea L. Forest paniculata S. Itea chinensis 182 Saxifragaceae Itea Forest Hook. Styrax 183 Styracaceae Styrax Linn. odoratissimus Forest Champ. 184 Styracaceae Styrax Linn. Styrax confuses Forest Styrax dasyanthus 185 Styracaceae Styrax Linn. Forest Perk. 186 Styracaceae Styrax Linn. Styrax faberi Forest 187 Styracaceae Styrax Linn. Styrax tonkinensis Forest Styrax suberifolius 188 Styracaceae Styrax Linn. Forest Hook. Symplocos 189 Symplocaceae Symplocos Forest sumuntia Symplocos 190 Symplocaceae Symplocos Forest tetragona Chen. Symplocos 191 Symplocaceae Symplocos Forest setchuensis Brand. Symplocos 192 Symplocaceae Symplocos Forest chinensis Symplocos 193 Symplocaceae Symplocos paniculata（Thunb.） Forest Miq. Symplocos stellaris 194 Symplocaceae Symplocos Forest Brand. Symplocos 195 Symplocaceae Symplocos wikstroemiifolia Forest Hayata. Symplocos 196 Symplocaceae Symplocos Forest mollifolia Dunn. Symplocos 197 Symplocaceae Symplocos Forest lancifolia Sieb. Alangium 198 Alangiaceae Alangium Forest platanifolium Sieb.

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Alangium chinense Forest/Terraces/Strea 199 Alangiaceae Alangium. (Lour．)Harms m Alangium kurzii 200 Alangiaceae Alangium. Forest/Terraces Craib Emiliquidambar Forest/Terraces/Villag 201 Altingiaceae Lindl Semiliquidambar caudata Chang. e Liquidambar Forest/Terraces/Villag 202 Altingiaceae Lindl Semiliquidambar formosana Hance. e /Stream Aralia spinifolia 203 Araliaceae Aralia Linn. Forest Merr. Aralia decaisneana 204 Araliaceae Aralia Linn. Forest Hance. Aralia dasyphylla 205 Araliaceae Aralia Linn. Forest Miq. Schefflera 206 Araliaceae Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Forest Harms. Heteropanax Heteropanax 207 Araliaceae Forest/Village Seem. fragrans Lonicera japonica Forest/Village 208 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera Linn. Thunb. /Terraces/Stream Lonicera 209 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera Linn. Forest hypoglauca Miq. Lonicera 210 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera Linn. Forest rhytidophylla. Viburnum 211 Caprifoliaceae Viburnum Linn. Forest sempervirens K. Viburnum erosum 212 Caprifoliaceae Viburnum Linn. Forest Thunb. Viburnum 213 Caprifoliaceae Viburnum Linn. Forest luzonicum Rolfe. Viburnum fordiae 214 Caprifoliaceae Viburnum Linn. Forest Hance. Loropetalum 215 Hamamelidaceae Loropetalum chinensis (R. Br.) Forest/Village /Stream Oliv. Loropetalum 216 Hamamelidaceae Loropetalum Forest/Village /Stream chinense 217 Hamamelidaceae Altingia Altingia chinensis Forest Distylium 218 Hamamelidaceae Distylium Sieb. Forest myricoides Hemsl. Platanus acerifolia 219 Platanaceae Platanus Forest Willd. 220 Daphniphyllaceae Daphniphyllum . Daphniphyllum Forest

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

macropodum Miq. Trichosanthes Trichosanthes 221 Cucurbitaceae Terraces/Village Linn. kirilowii Maxim. Cucumis sativus 222 Cucurbitaceae Cucumis Terraces/Village Linn. 223 Cucurbitaceae Citrullus Citrullus lanatus Terraces/Village 224 Cucurbitaceae Cucumis Cucumis melo L. Terraces/Village 225 Cucurbitaceae Luffa Mill. Luffa cylindrical Terraces/Village Benincasa hispida 226 Cucurbitaceae Benincasa Terraces/Village Thunb. 227 Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita Linn. Cucurbita moschata Terraces/Village 228 Cucurbitaceae Lagenaria Ser. Lagenaria siceraria Terraces/Village 229 Cucurbitaceae Sechium Sechium edule Terraces/Village 230 Begoniaceae Begonia Cut/leaved Begonia Forest/Village Begonia 231 Begoniaceae Begonia fimbristipula Forest Hance. 232 Salicaceae Salix L. S.babylonica L. Village /Stream 233 Brassicaceae Brassica Brassica pekinensis Terraces/Village 234 Brassicaceae Brassica Brassica chinensis Terraces/Village Capsella 235 Brassicaceae Capsella Terraces/Village bursa/pastoris Brassica oleracea 236 Brassicaceae Brassica Terraces/Village L. Brassica oleracea 237 Brassicaceae Brassica Terraces/Village L. Brassica campestris 238 Brassicaceae Brassica Terraces/Village L. 239 Brassicaceae Raphanus Raphanus sativus L Terraces/Village Forest/Terraces/Villag 240 Brassicaceae Lepidium L. Lepidium apetalum e /Stream Forest/Terraces/Villag 241 Brassicaceae Rorippa Rorippa indica e /Stream Forest/Terraces/Villag 242 Brassicaceae Rorippa Rorippa indica e /Stream Myrica rubra 243 Myricaceae Myrica L. Forest/Village (Lour.) S. Betula luminifera 244 Betulaceae Betula. Forest H. Cyclobalanopsis Cyclobalanopsis 245 Fagaceae glauca(Thunb.) Forest Oerst. Oerst. Cyclobalanopsis Fagus 246 Fagaceae Forest Oerst. longipetiolata.

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Cyclobalanopsis Cyclobalanopsis 247 Fagaceae Forest Oerst. gracilis Rehd. Cyclobalanopsis Cyclobalanopsis 248 Fagaceae Forest Oerst. chungii Metc. Cyclobalanopsis Cyclobalanopsis 249 Fagaceae myrsinifolia Forest Oerst. (Blume) Oersted. Castanea 250 Fagaceae Castanea Forest mollissima Castanea henryi 251 Fagaceae Castanea Forest (Skam) Rehd. Castanopsis 252 Fagaceae Castanopsis carlesii(Hemsl.) Forest Hay. Castanopsis 253 Fagaceae Castanopsis sclerophylla(Lindl.) Forest Schott. Castanea seguinii 254 Fagaceae Castanea Forest Dode. Castanopsis faberi 255 Fagaceae Castanopsis Forest Hance. Castanopsis fordii 256 Fagaceae Castanopsis Forest Hanc. Castanopsis 257 Fagaceae Castanopsis Forest kawakamii Hay. Castanopsis eyrei 258 Fagaceae Castanopsis Forest (Champ.) Tutch. Castanopsis 259 Fagaceae Castanopsis Forest megaphylla Hu. Lithocarpus 260 Fagaceae Quercus uvarifolius (Hance) Forest Rehd. Lithocarpus 261 Fagaceae Quercus amygdalifolius Forest (Skan) Hayata. 榄叶石栎壳斗科栎属 262 Lithocarpus Forest Fagaceae Quercus oleaefolius A. Lithocarpus glaber 263 Fagaceae Quercus Forest (Thunb.) Nakai. Lithocarpus 264 Fagaceae Quercus Forest harlandii Rehd. Quercus acutissima 265 Fagaceae Quercus Forest Carruth.

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Quercus chenii 266 Fagaceae Quercus Forest Nakai. Quercus 267 Fagaceae Quercus phillyraeoides Forest A.Gary. Spinacia oleracea 268 Chenopodiaceae Spinacia L. Terraces/Village L. 269 Chenopodiaceae Kochia Kochia scoparia. Village /Stream Achyranthes 270 Amaranthaceae Achyranthes L. Forest/Village /Stream longifolia Achyranthes 271 Amaranthaceae Achyranthes L. Forest/Village /Stream bidentata Blume. Terraces/Village 272 Amaranthaceae Celosia L. Celosia argentea L. /Stream 273 Amaranthaceae Celosia L. Celosia cristata L. Village /Stream Portulaca oleracea Forest/Terraces/Strea 274 Amaranthaceae Portulaca L. L. m Amaranthus 275 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus Forest retroflexus. Amaranthus 276 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus Terraces tricolor L. Amaranthus 277 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus Terraces/Village spinosus Portulaca Terraces/Village 278 Amaranthaceae Portulaca L. grandiflora /Stream Alternanthera Alternanthera Terraces/Village 279 Amaranthaceae Philoxeroides Forsk. /Stream （Mart.）Griseb. Malachium Forest/Village 280 Caryophyllaceae Endarachne. aquaticum L． /Terraces/Stream Platycarya 281 Juglandaceae Platycarya Forest strobilacea Sieb. Casuarina glauca 282 Casuarinaceae Casuarina Forest Sieber. Ulmus parvifolia 283 Ulmaceae Ulmus L. Forest/Terraces Jacq. Trema angustifolia 284 Ulmaceae Trema Lour. Forest/Village (Planch.) Bl. Trema cannabina 285 Ulmaceae Trema Lour. Forest Lour. Trema cannabina Trema dielsiana 286 Ulmaceae Forest Lour. Hand. Celtis julianae 287 Ulmaceae Celtis L. Forest Schneid.

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Forest/Terraces/Villag 288 Moraceae Morus Linn. Morus alba L. e /Stream Morus australis Forest/Terraces/Villag 289 Moraceae Morus Linn. Poir. e /Stream Broussonetia Forest/Terraces/Villag 290 Moraceae Broussonetia L. papyrifera Linn. e /Stream Broussonetia 291 Moraceae Broussonetia L. Forest kaempferi Sieb. Artocarpus 292 Moraceae Artocarpus Forst . Forest hypargyreus Hance. Ficus concinna 293 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Forest/Village Miq. Ficus microcarpa 294 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Forest/Village /Stream Linn. 295 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Ficus erecta Thunb. Forest Ficus variolosa 296 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Forest Lindl. Ficus heteromorpha 297 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Forest Hemsl. 298 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Ficus hirta Vahl. Forest/Village /Stream 299 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Ficus pumila Linn. Forest/Village /Stream 300 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Ficus sarmentosa Forest Cudrania 301 Moraceae Cudrania Trec. Forest/Village tricuspidata Carr. Boehmeria Forest/Village 302 Urticaceae Boehmeria nivea(L.) Gaudich. /Terraces/Stream Boehmeria gracilis Forest/Village 303 Urticaceae Boehmeria C. /Terraces/Stream Oreocnide Forest/Village 304 Urticaceae Oreocnide frutescenssp /Terraces/Stream Elatostema Forest/Village 305 Urticaceae Elatostema umbellatum /Terraces/Stream Forest/Village 306 Urticaceae Pouzolzia Pouzolzia zeylanica /Terraces/Stream Forest/Village 307 Urticaceae Pilea Lindl. Pilea pumila. /Terraces/Stream Forest/Village 308 Urticaceae Pilea Lindl. Pilea sinofasciata /Terraces/Stream 309 Eucommiaceae Eucommia Oliv E. ulmoides Oliv. Forest 310 Capparaceae Capparis C.acutifolia Sweet. Forest 311 Polygalaceae Polygala L. P.fallax Hemsl. Forest Polygala fallax 312 Polygalaceae Polygala L. Forest Hemsl. 313 Tiliaceae Tilia L. T.tuan Szyszyl. Forest/Village

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Elaeocarpus 314 Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus Forest decipiens Hemsl. 315 Elaeocarpaceae Sloanea Linn. Sloanea sinensis Forest Pollia japonica 316 Commelinaceae Pollia Village Thunb. Pontederiaceae Eichhornia Terraces/Village 317 Eichhornia Kunth. crassipes. /Stream Pontederiaceae Monochoria Terraces/Village 318 Monochoria Kunth. korsakowii /Stream Reevesia pycnantha 319 Sterculiaceae Reevesia Forest Linn. Hibiscus syriacus 320 Malvaceae Hibiscus Zhu. Village /Stream Linn. Urena procumbens 321 Malvaceae Urena Linn. Forest Linn. 322 Malvaceae Urena Linn. Urena lobata Linn. Forest Glochidion 323 Euphorbiaceae Glochidion T. Forest/Village puberum L. Vernicia 324 Euphorbiaceae Vernicia Lour. fordii(Hemsl.) Airy Forest/Village Shaw. Mallotus lianus 325 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus Lour. Forest Croiz. B. japonicas(Thunb) 326 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia L. Forest Muell/Arg. var. floccosus Hwang. Terraces/Village 327 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia L. Euphorbia hirta /Stream Mallotus repandus 328 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus Lour. Forest (Willd.) Muell. Sapium sebiferum Forest/Village 329 Euphorbiaceae Sapium (L.) Roxb. /Terraces/Stream Sapium Forest/Village 330 Euphorbiaceae Sapium atrobadiomaculatu /Terraces/Stream m Metc. Mallotus 331 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus Lour. Forest philippensis 332 Euphorbiaceae Bischofia Bischofia polycarpa Forest 333 Euphorbiaceae Breynia Breynia fruticosa Forest Euphorbia 334 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia L. Village /Stream pulcherrima Willd. Acalypha minima Terraces/Village 335 Euphorbiaceae Acalypha L. H. Keng. /Stream

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

336 Theaceae Camellia L. C.octopetala Hu. Forest

337 Theaceae Camellia L. Camlliagrijsii Forest Hamce. Camellia edithae 338 Theaceae Camellia L. Forest Hance. Camellia japonica Forest/Terraces/Villag 339 Theaceae Camellia L. L. e Tutcheria 340 Theaceae Tutcheria Forest symplocifolia Merr. Adinandra millettii 341 Theaceae Adinandra Forest Hook. Actinidia lanceolata 342 Actinidiaceae Actinidia Forest Dunn. Actinidia 343 Actinidiaceae Actinidia Forest hemsleyana. Rhododendron 344 Ericaceae Rhododendron L. Forest/Village /Stream championiae Hook. Rhododendron 345 Ericaceae Rhododendron L. Forest latoucheae Franch. Rhododendron 346 Ericaceae Rhododendron L. Forest/Village /Stream mariesii Hemsl. Rhododendron 347 Ericaceae Rhododendron L. Forest seniavinii Maxim. 348 Ericaceae Lyonia Nutt. Lyonia ovalifolia Forest/Terraces Lysimachia 349 Primulaceae Lysimachia Forest/Terraces christinae Hance. Lysimachia 350 Primulaceae Lysimachia Forest/Terraces fukienensis Vaccinium carlesii 351 Vacciniaceae Vaccinium Forest Dunn. Vaccinium 352 Vacciniaceae Vaccinium Forest trichocladum Merr. Melaleuca 353 Myrtaceae Melaleuca L. Village /Stream leucadendron L. Rhodomyrtus 354 Myrtaceae Rhodomyrtus Forest tomentosa Syzygium 355 Myrtaceae Syzygium Forest buxifolium Hook. Syzygium 356 Myrtaceae Syzygium austrosinense Forest Chang. Psidium guajava 357 Myrtaceae Psidium Linn. Forest Linn.

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

358 Trapaceae Trapa L. Trapa bicornis Stream Melastoma 359 Melastomataceae Melastoma L. Forest dodecandrum Lour. Melastoma 360 Melastomataceae Melastoma L. Forest intermedium Dunn. 361 Melastomataceae Bredia Bredia sinensis Forest Phyllagathis fordii 362 Melastomataceae Phyllagathis Bl. Forest Hance. Blastus apricus 363 Melastomataceae Blastus Lour. Forest/Village Hand. Blastus 364 Melastomataceae Blastus Lour. cochinchinensis Forest/Village Lour. 365 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Ilex chinensis Sims. Forest Ilex kwangtungensis 366 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Forest Merr. Ilex pedunculosa 367 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Forest Miq. 368 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Ilex formosana Forest 369 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Ilex elmerrilliana S. Forest 370 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Ilex ficoidea Hemsl. Forest 371 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Chinese holly Forest 372 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Ilex hylonoma Hu. Forest Euonymus 373 Celastraceae Euonymus Forest hederaceus Champ. Celastrus gemmatus 374 Celastraceae Celastrus L. Forest Loes. Celastrus 375 Celastraceae Celastrus L. oblanceifolius Forest Wang. Celastrus 376 Celastraceae Celastrus L. Forest paniculatus Willd. Rhamnus crenata Forest/Terraces/Villag 377 Rhamnaceae Rhamnus L. Sieb. e /Stream Rhamnus 378 Rhamnaceae Rhamnus L. Forest/Village napalensis Wall. Hovenia acerba 379 Rhamnaceae Hovenia Thunb. Forest Lindl. 380 Vitaceae Vitis L． Vitis chungii Metc. Forest/Village Vitis heyneana 381 Vitaceae Vitis L． Forest/Village Roem. Vitis angustifolia 382 Vitaceae Vitis L． Village Benth. 383 Vitaceae Vitis L． Vitis vinifera. Village

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Parthenocissus Parthenocissus 384 Vitaceae heterophylla (Bl.) Forest/Village /Stream Planch. Merr. Parthenocissus Parthenocissus 385 Vitaceae Village /Stream Planch. laetevirens Rehd. Ampelopsis Ampelopsis 386 Vitaceae brevipedunculata Forest Michx. （Maxim.）Trautv. Ampelopsis Ampelopsis 387 Vitaceae delavayana Forest Michx. (Franch.) Planch. Ardisia japonica 388 Myrsinaceae Ardisia Forest （Thunb）Blume. Ardisia 389 Myrsinaceae Ardisia Forest quinquegona Bl. 390 Myrsinaceae Maesa Forsk. Maesa montana A. Forest Diospyros 391 Ebenaceae Diospyros Linn. cathayensis Forest/Village Steward. Diospyros 392 Ebenaceae Diospyros Linn. Forest/Village rhombifolia Hemsl. Diospyros 393 Ebenaceae Diospyros Linn. Forest/Village morrisiana Hance. Diospyros 394 Ebenaceae Diospyros Linn. Forest/Village kakisilvestris 395 Rutaceae Citrus L. C.medicina L. Forest Clausena excavate 396 Rutaceae Randia Forest/Village Burm. Evodia lepta 397 Rutaceae Evodia J. Forest Spreng. Toddalia asiatica 398 Rutaceae Toddalia A. Juss. Forest (L.) Lam. Zanthoxylum 399 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum Forest armatum Zanthorulum 400 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum L. Forest nitidum Roxb. 401 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum L. Z.simulans Hance. Forest Citrus sinensis 402 Rutaceae Citrus L. Village /Terraces Osbeck. 403 Rutaceae Citrus L. Citrus reticulata Village /Terraces 404 Rutaceae Citrus L. Citrus maxima Village 405 Umbelliferae Daucus L. Daucus carota Terraces/Village Chaerophyllum Apium graveolens 406 Umbelliferae Terraces/Village L. Linn.

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Coriandrum 407 Umbelliferae Coriandrum L. Terraces/Village sativum L. Angelica pubescens 408 Umbelliferae Angelica L. Forest Maxim. Terraces/Village 409 Umbelliferae Torilis Adans. Torilis scabra /Stream 410 Burseraceae Canarium Canarium album Village /Stream Oxalis corniculata Terraces/Village 411 Oxalidaceae Oxalis L. /Stream Melia azedarach Forest/Terraces/Villag 412 Meliaceae Melia Linn. Linn. e /Stream 413 Sapindaceae Dimocarpus Helicia formosana Village Litchi chinensis 414 Sapindaceae Litchi Village Sonn. Meliosma rhoifolia 415 Sapindaceae Meliosma spp. Forest Maxim. 416 Sapindaceae Meliosma spp. Meliosma rigida Forest 417 Anacardiaceae Mangifera L. Mangifera indica L. Village /Stream Acer palmatum Forest/Terraces/Villag 418 Aceraceae Acer Linn. Thunb. e /Stream Acer confertifolium 419 Aceraceae Acer Linn. Forest Merr. 420 Aceraceae Acer Linn. Acer oliverianum Village 421 Aceraceae Acer Linn. Acer cordatum Pax. Forest Toxicodenddron 422 Aceraceae Toxicodendron Village sylvestre Sieb. Spondias lakonensis 423 Aceraceae Spondias L. Forest Pierre. 424 Staphyleaceae Euscaphis Sieb. Euscaphis japonica Forest Buddleja 425 Buddlejaceae Buddleja Linn. Forest/Stream lindleyana. 426 Oleaceae Laurus L. Laurus nobilis Village /Stream Jasminum 427 Oleaceae Jasminum Linn. Village /Stream yunnanense Jien. 428 Oleaceae Ligustrum Linn. Ligustrum lucidum Village /Stream Ligustrum sinense 429 Oleaceae Ligustrum Linn. Stream Lour. Jasminum sambac 430 Oleaceae Jasminum Linn. Forest/Village /Stream (L.) Ait. 431 Apocynaceae Ecdysanthera Ecdysanthera rosea Forest Trachelospermum Trachelospermum 432 Apocynaceae Forest/Village /Stream Lem. axillare Trachelospermum Trachelospermum 433 Apocynaceae Forest/Village /Stream Lem. jasminoides

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Trachelospermum Trachelospermum 434 Apocynaceae Forest/Village /Stream Lem. gracilipes Hook.f. 435 Apocynaceae Nerium Nerium indicum Forest/Village /Stream Cynanchum 436 Asclepiadaceae Cynanchum Linn. Forest glaucescens 437 Verbenaceae Vitex. Vitex negundo Linn. Forest Galium aparine 438 Rubiaceae Galium Linn. Terraces/Stream Linn. Terraces/Village 439 Rubiaceae Adina Salisb. Adina pilulifera /Stream 440 Rubiaceae Uncaria Schreber. Uncaria tomentosa Forest Mussaenda 441 Rubiaceae Mussaenda Linn. Forest esquirolli Levl. 442 Rubiaceae Psychotria Linn. Psychotria rubra Forest 443 Rubiaceae Lasianthus Lasianthus wallichii Forest 444 Rubiaceae Paederia Linn. Paederia scandens Forest/Village Hedyotis 445 Rubiaceae Hedyotis Linn. Forest chrysotricha 446 Verbenaceae Vitex. Vitex negundo Linn. Forest Lantana 447 Verbenaceae montevidensis Lantana camara L. Village /Stream Briq. Callicarpa 448 Verbenaceae Callicarpa L. Forest bodinieri Levl. Callicarpa Forest/Terraces/Villag 449 Verbenaceae Callicarpa L. longissima e /Stream Premna 450 Verbenaceae Premna Forest microphylla 451 Verbenaceae Vitex Vitex quinata Forest Clerodendrum 452 Verbenaceae Clerodendrum Forest canescens Clerodendrum 453 Verbenaceae Clerodendrum Forest bungei Clerodendrum 454 Verbenaceae Clerodendrum Forest cyrtophyllum Turcz. Clerodendrum 455 Verbenaceae Clerodendrum Forest japonicum 456 Ranunculaceae Clematis L. Clematis uncinata Terraces/Stream 457 Ranunculaceae Clematis L. Clematis armandii Terraces/Village Coptis chinensis 458 Ranunculaceae Coptis Salisb. Forest Franch. 459 Ranunculaceae Clematis L. Clematis chinensis Forest Ranunculus 460 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus L. Terraces/Stream japonicus Thunb.

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Ranunculus Terraces/Village 461 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus L. sceleratus L. /Stream 462 Ranunculaceae Paeonia P.suffruticosa Andr Terraces/Stream Nelumbo nucifera 463 Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo G. . Houttuynia Forest/Village 464 Saururaceae Houttuynia cordata. Thunb. /Terraces/Stream 465 Lardizabalaceae Akebia Decne. Akebia quinata Forest Akebia 466 Lardizabalaceae Akebia Decne. quinata (Houtt.) Forest Decne. Cocculus 467 Menispermaceae Cocculus Forest orbiculatus Stephania Terraces/Village 468 Menispermaceae Stephania cepharantha /Stream Terraces/Village 469 Menispermaceae Stephania Stephania tetrandra /Stream 470 Berberidaceae Mahonia Nuttall. Mahonia fortunei Forest Epimedium 471 Berberidaceae Epimedium Linn. Forest brevicornu Maxim. Polygonum 472 Polygonaceae Polygonum L. Terraces/Stream hydropiper Polygonum 473 Polygonaceae Polygonum L. Terraces/Stream maackianum Regel. Polygonum 474 Polygonaceae Polygonum L. Terraces/Stream chinensis Reynoutria Forest/Terraces/Villag 475 Polygonaceae Reynoutria Houtt. japonica Houtt. e 476 Polygonaceae Fallopia Adans. Fallopia multiflora Terraces/Stream Polygonum Terraces/Village 477 Polygonaceae Polygonum L. perfoliatum L. /Stream Lagerstroemia limii 478 Lythraceae Lagerstroemia L. Forest Merr. Lagerstroemia 479 Lythraceae Lagerstroemia L. Village /Stream speciosa Pers. Cuphea 480 Lythraceae Cuphea P. Forest hyssopifolia Lagerstroemia 481 Lythraceae Lagerstroemia L. Forest/Village /Stream indica L. Terraces/Village 482 Lythraceae Rotala Linn. Rotala indices /Stream Terraces/Village 483 Asteraceae Bidens Bidens pilosa L. /Stream

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Senecio scandens Forest/Terraces/Villag 484 Asteraceae Senecio L. Buch. e /Stream Forest/TerracesVillage 485 Asteraceae Artemisia Linn. Artemisia argyi H. /Stream 486 Asteraceae Xanthium L. Xanthium sibiricum Forest/Village /Stream 487 Asteraceae Lactuca L. Lactuca sativa Terraces/Village 488 Asteraceae Lactuca L. Lactuca sativa L. Terraces/Village 489 Asteraceae Sonchus Sonchus brachyotus Terraces/Village Zinnia elegans 490 Asteraceae Zinnia Village /Stream Jacq. 491 Asteraceae Heliant hus Helianthus annuus Village /Stream Forest/Terraces/Villag 492 Asteraceae Youngia Youngia japonica e /Stream Forest/Terraces/Villag 493 Asteraceae Emilia Cass. Emilia sonchifolia e /Stream Taraxacum Forest/Terraces/Villag 494 Asteraceae Taraxac um F. mongolicum Hand. e /Stream Crassocephalum Terraces/Village 495 Asteraceae Crassocephalum crepidioides /Stream Terraces/Village 496 Asteraceae Erigeron Erigeron annuus /Stream Terraces/Village 497 Asteraceae Conyza Conyza canadensis /Stream 498 Asteraceae Hemistepta Hemistepta lyrata Village /Stream Chromolaena Terraces/Village 499 Asteraceae Eupatorium odorata /Stream Gnaphalium affine Terraces/Village 500 Asteraceae Gnaphalium D. Don. /Stream 501 Solanaceae Solanum L. Solanum melongena Terraces/Village Forest/Terraces/Villag 502 Solanaceae Lycianthes Lycianthes biflora e /Stream Datura stramonium 503 Solanaceae Datura Linn. Forest/Village Linn. Capsicum annuum 504 Solanaceae Capsicum L. Village /Terraces L. 505 Solanaceae Solanum L. Solanum tuberosum Village /Terraces Capsicum 506 Solanaceae Capsicum L. Village /Terraces frutescens L. Lycopersicon 507 Solanaceae Solanum L. Village /Terraces esculentum Mill. Petunia hybrida Forest/Village 508 Solanaceae Petunia Juss. Vilm. /Terraces/Stream Forest/Village 509 Solanaceae Solanum L. Solanum nigrum L. /Terraces/Stream

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Solanum Forest/Village 510 Solanaceae Solanum L. americanum /Terraces/Stream Atropa belladonna 511 Solanaceae Atropa L. Forest L. 512 Convolvulaceae Cuscuta Cuscuta chinensis Forest Dioscorea 513 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea Linn. Village /Terraces esculenta Ipomoea aquatic 514 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea Linn. Village /Terraces Forsk. Pharbitis nil (L.) Forest/Village 515 Convolvulaceae Pharbitis Choisy. Choisy. /Terraces/Stream Calystegia 516 Convolvulaceae Calystegia Terraces/Village hederacea Convolvulus 517 Convolvulaceae Convolvulus Terraces arvensis L. 518 Convolvulaceae Calystegia Calystegia sepium Terraces Terraces/Village 519 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea Linn. Ipomoea quamoclit /Stream Ipomoea fistulosa 520 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea Linn. Forest/Village Mart. Clinopodium Terraces/Village 521 Lamiaceae Clinopodium chinense B. /Stream 522 Lamiaceae Prunella Prunella vulgaris L. Forest Mentha haplocalyx Terraces/Village 523 Lamiaceae Mentha Briq. /Stream Agastache rugosa Terraces/Village 524 Lamiaceae Agastache C. F. /Stream Leonurus artemisia Forest/Terraces/Villag 525 Lamiaceae Leonurus Linn. L. e /Stream Perilla frutescens Forest/Terraces/Villag 526 Lamiaceae Perilla L. L. e /Stream Forest/Terraces/Villag 527 Lamiaceae Ajuga Ajuga reptans e /Stream Lamium 528 Lamiaceae Lamium Terraces/Village amplexicaule L. Glechoma 529 Lamiaceae Glechoma Linn. Forest longituba Scutellaria indica Terraces/Village 530 Lamiaceae Scutellaria Linn. /Stream Terraces/Village 531 Lamiaceae Rabdosia Rabdosia serra /Stream 532 Lamiaceae Salvia Linn. Salvia splendens Village /Stream 533 Boraginaceae Cordia L. Cordia dichotoma Forest/Village 534 Boraginaceae Carmona Carmona Forest

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

microphylla Forest/Terraces/Villag 535 Plantaginaceae Plantago L. Plantago asiatica e /Stream Village 536 Scrophulariaceae Mazus miguelii. Mazus japonicus T. /Terraces/Stream 537 Scrophulariaceae Paulownia Sieb. Paulownia fortunei Village Paulownia 538 Scrophulariaceae Paulownia Sieb. Village kawakamii Paulownia 539 Scrophulariaceae Paulownia Sieb. Village kawakamii Peristrophe Forest/Village 540 Acanthaceae Peristrophe japonica Thunb. Terraces/Stream Grendarussa Forest/Village 541 Acanthaceae Gendarussa valgaris /Terraces/Stream Andrographis Forest/Village 542 Acanthaceae Andrographis paniculata Burm. /Terraces/Stream Peristrophe 543 Acanthaceae Peristrophe Terraces/Village baphica Musa balbisiana 544 Musaceae Musa Forest/Village Colla. 545 Musaceae Musa Musa nana Lour. Forest/Village 546 Cannaceae Canna L. Canna indica L. Village Alisma 547 Alismataceae Alisma Linn. Terraces/Stream plantago/aquatica Sagittaria 548 Alismataceae Sagittaria L. Terraces/Stream sagittifolia 549 Alismataceae Sagittaria L. Sagittaria trifolia Terraces/Stream 550 Alismataceae Heleocharis Eleocharis dulcis Terraces 551 Palmae Livistona R. Livistona chinensis Village /Stream 552 Palmae Rhapis Linn. Rhapis excelsa Village /Stream Washingtonia 553 Palmae Washingtonia Village /Stream filifera Amorphophallus 554 Araceae Amorphophallus Forest konjac Pinellia pedatisecta 555 Araceae Arisaema Mart. Forest Schott. Arisaema 556 Araceae Arisaema Mart. Forest erubescens W. Alocasia 557 Araceae Alocasia Stream macrorrhiza 558 Araceae Pinellia Ten. Pinellia ternate Forest Colocasia esculenta 559 Araceae Colocasia Village /Terraces L. 560 Lemnaceae Lemna L. Lemna minor L Terraces/Stream

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

561 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea Dioscorea opposite Forest Marsilea 562 Pink Marsilea L. Terraces/Stream quadrifolia L. Kyllinga 563 Cyperaceae Kyllinga Rottb. Terraces/Stream monocephala Rottb. Cyperus difformis Terraces/Village 564 Cyperaceae Cyperus Linn. L． /Stream Terraces/Village 565 Cyperaceae Cyperus Linn. Cyperus iria /Stream Terraces/Village 566 Cyperaceae Juncellus Griseb. Juncellus serotinus /Stream Kyllinga brevifolia Terraces/Village 567 Cyperaceae Kyllinga Rottb. Rottb. /Stream Pycreus Terraces/Village 568 Cyperaceae Pycreus polystachyus Rottb. /Stream Scirpus validus 569 Cyperaceae Scirpus Linn. Terraces/Stream Vahl. 570 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa lapidea Forest/Village 571 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa ventricosa Forest 572 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa rigida Forest 573 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa vulgaris Forest Bambusa 574 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Forest pervariabilis Bambusa 575 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Forest longispiculata 576 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa multiplex Forest/Village 577 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa multiplex Forest 578 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa multiplex Forest Bambusa 579 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Forest pachinensis. Bambusa 580 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Forest remotiflora 581 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa surrecta Forest Bambusa 582 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Forest cerosissima 583 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa chungii Forest 584 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa textilis Forest 585 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa textilis Forest Bambusa 586 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Forest guangxiensis 587 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa papillata Forest Thyrsostachys Thyrsostachys 588 Gramineae Forest Gamble. siamensis 589 Gramineae Dendrocalamopsis Dendrocalamopsis Forest/Village

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

. oldhami Dendrocalamopsis Dendrocalamopsis 590 Gramineae Forest . basihirsuta Dendrocalamopsis Dendrocalamopsis 591 Gramineae Forest . beecheyana Dendrocalamopsis Dendrocalamus 592 Gramineae Forest . latiflorus Dendrocalamopsis 593 Gramineae D.minor Forest . Indocalamus Indocalamus 594 Gramineae Forest Nakai. tessellatus Indocalamus Indocalamus 595 Gramineae Forest Nakai. decorus Indocalamus Indocalamus 596 Gramineae Forest Nakai. latifolius Indocalamus 597 Gramineae I.victorialis Forest/Stream Nakai. Phyllostachys 598 Gramineae Phyllostachys Forest/Village viridis Phyllostachys 599 Gramineae Phyllostachys Forest makinoi 600 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys aurea Forest Phyllostachys 601 Gramineae Phyllostachys Forest meyeri 602 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys nuda Forest Phyllostachys 603 Gramineae Phyllostachys Forest glauca Phyllostachys 604 Gramineae Phyllostachys Forest iridescens 605 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys vivax Forest Phyllostachys 606 Gramineae Phyllostachys Forest heterocycla Phyllostachys 607 Gramineae Phyllostachys Forest/Village /Stream heterocycla Phyllostachys 608 Gramineae Phyllostachys Forest/Village /Stream heterocycla Phyllostachys 609 Gramineae Phyllostachys Forest kwangsiensis Phyllostachys 610 Gramineae Phyllostachys Forest makinoi Phyllostachys 611 Gramineae Phyllostachys Forest incarnate Phyllostachys 612 Gramineae Phyllostachys Forest platyglossa

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Phyllostachys 613 Gramineae Phyllostachys Forest bambussoides Phyllostachys 614 Gramineae Phyllostachys Forest viridiglaucescens Phyllostachys 615 Gramineae Phyllostachys Forest aureosulcata Phyllostachys 616 Gramineae Phyllostachys Forest varioauriculata 617 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys nigra Forest Phyllostachy 618 Gramineae Phyllostachys Forest srubicunda Phyllostachys 619 Gramineae Phyllostachys Forest rivalis Gelidocalamus 620 Gramineae G.stellatus Forest Wen. Chimonobambusa Chimonobambusa 621 Gramineae Forest Makino. marmoreal 622 Gramineae Pleioblastus P.maculatus Forest Pleioblastus 623 Gramineae Pleioblastus Forest amarus Pleioblastus 624 Gramineae Pleioblastus Forest altiligulatus 625 Gramineae Pleioblastus P. maculosoides Forest 626 Gramineae Pleioblastus P.solidus Forest Pleioblastus 627 Gramineae Pleioblastus Forest sanmingensis 628 Gramineae Pseudosasa P.cantori Forest 629 Gramineae Pseudosasa P.orthotropa Forest 630 Gramineae Pseudosasa P.amabilis Forest Pseudosasa 631 Gramineae Pseudosasa Forest guanxianensis Sinobambusa Sinobambusa 632 Gramineae Forest Makino. seminude Sinobambusa Sinobambusa 633 Gramineae Forest Makino. tootsik Sinobambusa Sinobambusa 634 Gramineae Forest Makino. tootsik Sinobambusa Sinobambusa 635 Gramineae Forest Makino. intermedia 636 Gramineae Acidosasa C. Acidosasa edulis Forest Oligostachyum 637 Gramineae Oligostachyum. Forest scabriflorum Sinobambusa Sinobambusa 638 Gramineae Forest Makino. tootsik

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Alopecurus 639 Gramineae Alopecrus L. Terraces/Village aequalis Sobol. Forest/Terraces/Villag 640 Gramineae Cynodon Cynodon dactylon e /Stream Pennisetum Terraces/Village 641 Gramineae Pennisetum alopecuroides. /Stream Terraces/Village 642 Gramineae Eleusine E leusine indica. /Stream Terraces/Village 643 Gramineae Setaria Beauv. Setaria viridis. /Stream Terraces/Village 644 Gramineae Avena Avena fatua L. /Stream Digitaria 645 Gramineae Digitaria Terraces/Village sanguinalis. 646 Gramineae Arthraxon. Arthraxon hispidus. Terraces/Stream Miscanthus Forest/Terraces/Villag 647 Gramineae Miscanthus. floridulu. e /Stream Terraces/Village 648 Gramineae Lophatherum. Herba Loophatheri. /Stream Forest/Terraces/Villag 649 Gramineae Setaria Beauv. Setaria plicata. e /Stream Forest/Terraces/Villag 650 Gramineae Setaria Beauv. Setaria palmifolia. e /Stream Imperata Forest/Terraces/Villag 651 Gramineae Imperata Cyr. cylindrica. e /Stream Phragmites Phragmites 652 Gramineae australis (Cav.) Terraces Adans. Trin. ex Steud Terraces/Village 653 Gramineae Coix Linn. Coix lacrymajobi L. /Stream 654 Gramineae Zea Zea mays Terraces/Village 655 Gramineae Oryza Oryza sativa Terraces Paspalum 656 Gramineae Paspalum Terraces/Village scrobiculatum Linn. Forest/Terraces/Villag 657 Gramineae Panicum Panicum repens L. e /Stream Terraces/Village 658 Gramineae Poa Poa annua L. /Stream 659 Gramineae Zizania Zizania latifolia Terraces/Stream 660 Zingiberaceae Alpinia Alpinia zerumbet. Forest/Village /Stream Alpinia japonica 661 Zingiberaceae Alpinia Forest Thunb. 662 Liliaceae Smilax L. Smilax china L. Forest 663 Liliaceae Polygonatum Polygonatum Forest

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

sibiricum 664 Liliaceae Smilax L. S.glabra Roxb. Forest 665 Liliaceae Lilium L. Lilium brownii Forest 666 Liliaceae Paris Linn. Paris polyphylla Forest 667 Liliaceae Allium Allium fistulosum Terraces/Village 668 Liliaceae Allium Allium cepa Terraces/Village 669 Liliaceae Allium Allium sativum L. Terraces/Village 670 Liliaceae Allium Allium chrysanthum Terraces/Village 671 Stemonaceae Angiospermae Stemona sessilifolia Forest Terraces/Village 672 Amaryllidaceae Lycoris Herb. Shorttube Lycoris. /Stream

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Table 5: Animals Farmed in Lianhe Terrace Serial Protection Family Species Destribution number level 1 Palaemonidae. Freshwater shrimps. Terraces/Stream 2 Palaemonidae. E.carinicauda. Terraces/Stream 3 Penaeidae. Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Terraces/Stream 4 Unionidae. A. woodiana woodiana. Stream 5 Unionidae. Plicata. Stream Anodonta 6 Unionidae. Stream woodianawoodiana. Forest/Village 7 Limacidae. Agriolimax agrestis Linn. /Terraces/Stream 8 Viviparidae. Auriculata. Terraces/Stream Cipangopaludina 9 Viviparidae. Terraces/Stream cahayensis. 10 Aillpullaridae. Pomacea canaliculata. Terraces/Stream Oncomelania hupensis 11 Pomatiopsidae. Terraces/Stream Gredler. Forest/Village 12 Bradybaenidae. Bradybaena kiangsinensis. /Terraces/Stream 13 Achatinidae. Achatina fulica. Forest/Village /Stream Forest/Village 14 Lumbricidae. Lumbricus terrestris Linn. /Terraces/Stream Forest/Village 15 Haplotaxidae. Haplotaxis gordioides. /Terraces/Stream 16 Nipponica. Whitmania pigra Whitman. Terraces/Stream Forest/Village 17 Araneidae. Nephila clavata L. /Terraces/Stream Apis cerana cerana Forest/Village 18 Apidae. Fabricius. /Terraces/Stream Apis melliferaligustica Forest/Village 19 Apidae. Spinola. /Terraces/Stream 20 Apidae. Vespa. Forest/Village /Terraces 21 Vespidae. Paper wasp. Forest/Terraces Forest/Village 22 Papilionidae. Troides Helena. /Terraces/Stream Forest/Village 23 Papilionidae. Atrophaneura horishana. /Terraces/Stream Forest/Village 24 Papilionidae. Byasa alcinous. /Terraces/Stream 25 Papilionidae. Byasa Mencius. Forest/Village

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

/Terraces/Stream 26 Papilionidae. Graphium doson. Forest/Terraces/Stream 27 Papilionidae. Ehana elwesi. Forest Forest/Village 28 Papilionidae. Paranticopsis macareus. /Terraces/Stream Forest/Village 29 Pieridae. Catopsilia Pomona. /Terraces/Stream 30 Pieridae. Colias croceu. Forest/Village /Terraces 31 Psychodidae. Psychodidae. Forest/Village Forest/Village 32 Staphylinidae. Rove beetle. /Terraces/Stream 33 Chrysopidae. Sympetrum Croceolum. Forest/Terraces Chlorogomphus papilio Forest/Village 34 Cordulegasteridae. Ris. /Terraces/Stream Forest/Village 35 Cordulegasteridae. Anotogaster sieboldii. /Terraces/Stream 36 Aeshnoidea. Aeshna mixt. Forest/Village 37 Macromiidae. Epophthalmia elegans. Forest/Terraces 38 Coenagrionidae. Agriocnemis femina. Forest/Village /Terraces Forest/Village 39 Coenagrionidae. Cercion plagiosum. /Terraces/Stream 40 Cicadidae. Oncotumpana maculicollis. Forest/Village /Terraces Cryptotympana atrata 41 Cicadidae. Forest/Village /Terraces Fabricius. 42 Cicadidae. Platypleura kaempferi. Forest/Village Cryptotympana atrata 43 Cicadidae. Forest/Village Fabricius. 44 Gryllidae. Acheta domesticus. Village /Stream 45 Gryllidae. Gryllus chinensis. Forest/Village 46 Gryllidae. Loxoblemmus doenitzi. Forest/Village 47 Gryllidae. Gryllodes sigillatus. Forest/Village /Terraces Forest/Village 48 Acrididae. Locustamigratora. /Terraces/Stream 49 Acrididae. Epacromiusspp. Forest/Terraces/Stream 50 Acrididae. Oedaleusspp. Forest/Terraces Forest/Village 51 Acrididae. Omocestusspp. /Terraces/Stream Atractomorpha sinensis 52 Acrididae. Forest/Terraces/Stream Bol. 53 Lucanidae. Stag beetle. Forest/Terraces 54 Scolopendridae. Scolopendra subspinipes. Forest/Village /Terraces

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Kronopolites Forest/Village 55 Spirobolus bungii. Svenhedini. /Terraces/Stream Kronopolites 56 Spirobolus bungii Brandt. Forest/Village Svenhedini. 57 Paratenosera. Mantis. Forest/Village /Terraces Gongy10pus adyposus Forest/Village 58 Phasmatidae. Brunner. /Terraces/Stream 59 Cerambycidae. Cerambycidae. Forest 60 Tettigoniidae. Longhorned grasshoppers. Forest/Terraces 61 Coccinellidae. Rodolia rufopilosa Muls. Terraces/Stream 62 Coccinellidae. Coccinella septempunctata. Terraces 63 Pyrrhocoridae. Pantatomidae. Terraces 64 Curculionidae. Cyrtotracjelus longimanus. Terraces/Village 65 Siluridae. Silurus asotus. Terraces/Stream 66 Bagridae. Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Terraces/Stream 67 Channidae. Channa argus. Terraces/Stream 68 Cyprinidae. Carassius auratus. Terraces/Stream 69 Cyprinidae. Mylopharyngodonpiceus. Terraces 70 Cyprinidae. Ctenopharyngodonidellus. Terraces 71 Nemipteridae. Sinocyclocheilusgrahami. Terraces/Stream 72 Cobitidae. Misgurnusanguillicaudatus. Terraces/Stream 73 Clariidae. Clariasfuscus. Terraces 74 Anguilla japonica. Anguilla japonica. Terraces/Stream 75 Sciaenidae. Nibeaalbeflora Stream 76 Trichiuridae. Trichiurushaumela. Stream 77 Channidae. Channa asiatica. Stream 78 Cichlidae. Tilapia. Terraces/Stream 79 Ranidae. Rana catesbeiana. Forest/Terraces Forest/Village 80 Ranidae. Rana schmackeri. /Terraces/Stream 81 Ranidae. Quasipaa spinosa. Forest Class Ⅲ 82 Ranidae. Rana limnocharis Boie. Forest/Terraces National Forest/Village 83 Ranidae. Rana guentheri. /Terraces/Stream Class Ⅱ 84 Ranidae. Rana rugulosa. Forest/Village /Terraces National 85 Ranidae. Rana plancyi. Forest/Terraces Bufo Melanostictus Forest/Village 86 Bufonidae. Schneider. /Terraces/Stream 87 Bufonidae. Bufo gargarizans. Forest/Village Class Ⅲ

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

/Terraces/Stream National 88 Bufonidae. Toad. Forest/Village 89 Microhylidds. Microhyla onata. Forest/Village /Stream 90 Rhacophoridae. Dennysi. Forest 91 Hylidae. Hylachinensis. Forest/Stream Class Ⅲ 92 Viperidae. Gloydius brevicaudus. Forest National Class Ⅲ 93 Viperidae. Medoggreenpitviper. Forest National Class Ⅲ 94 Viperidae. Deinagkistrodon . Forest National Class I 95 Boidae. Python molurus. Forest National Class I 96 Boidae. Python molurus molurus. Forest National Class I 97 Boidae. Eryx. Forest National Class Ⅲ 98 Colubridae. Sinonatrix annularis. Terraces/Stream National Class Ⅲ 99 Colubridae. Enhydris plumbea. Terraces/Stream National 100 Colubridae. Red/backed rat/snake. Terraces/Stream Class Ⅲ 101 Colubridae. Elaphe carinata. Terraces/Stream National Class Ⅲ 102 Elapidae. Bungarus multicinctus. Forest National Class Ⅲ 103 Elapidae. Kelloggi. Forest National Class Ⅲ 104 Elapidae. Ophiophagus Hannah. Forest National Class Ⅲ 105 Elapidae. Naja atra. Forest National 106 Gekkonidae. Ko japonicus Dumeril. Forest/Terraces Forest/Village 107 Gekkonidae. Pogona vitticeps. /Terraces/Stream Class Ⅲ 108 Trionychidae. Trionyx sinensis. Stream National 109 Emydidae. Chinemys reevesii. Stream Forest/Village Class Ⅲ 110 Corvidae. Pica pica. /Terraces/Stream National 111 Corvidae. Corvus macrorhynchos. Forest/Village /Terraces 112 Muscicapidae. Leucodioptron canorus. Forest/Terraces Fujian

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Class Ⅲ 113 Sturnidae. Acridotheres cristatellus. Forest/Terraces National Forest/Village 114 Hirundinidae. Hirundo rustica. /Terraces/Stream 115 Oriolidea. Oriolus chinensis. Forest Forest/Village 116 Phasianidae. Francolinus pintadeanus. /Terraces/Stream Class Ⅲ 117 Phasianidae. Phasianus colchicus. Forest National 118 Columbidae. Oena capensis. Forest/Terraces 119 Columbidae. Columba. Forest/Village /Terraces Forest/Village 120 Columbidae. Streptopelia turtur. /Terraces/Stream 121 Columbidae. Streptopelia orientalis. Forest Fujian 122 Alcedinidae. Alcedo atthis. Forest/Village /Terraces Forest/Village 123 Picidae. Piculus. /Terraces/Stream 124 Anatidae. Anatinae. Village /Terraces/Stream 125 Anatidae. Anser cygnoides orientalis. Village /Terraces/Stream Class Ⅲ 126 Anatidae. Anser anser. Forest/Village /Terraces National Forest/Village 127 Strigidae. Bubo bubo. Fujian /Terraces/Stream 128 Strigidae. Glaucidium. Forest/Terraces Fujian 129 Strigidae. Asio flammeus. Forest 130 Strigidae. Asio otus. Forest Fujian Class Ⅱ 131 Accipitridae. Aquila fasciata. Forest/Terraces National Class Ⅱ 132 Accipitridae. Spilornis cheela. Forest National Class Ⅱ 133 Accipitridae. Accipiter nisus. Forest/Terraces National Class Ⅱ 134 Accipitridae. Accipiter. Forest/Terraces National Class Ⅱ 135 Accipitridae. Ictinaetus malayensis. Forest National Centropus sinensis Class Ⅱ 136 Centropdidae. Forest Stephens. National Class Ⅲ 137 Ardeidae. Ardea purpurea. Forest/Village /Terraces National Class Ⅲ 138 Ardeidae. Little Egret. Forest/Stream National

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Class Ⅲ 139 Ardeidae. Ardea cinerea. Forest/Terraces/Stream National Class Ⅱ 140 Falconidae. Falco tinnunculus. Forest National Class Ⅲ 141 Hystricidae. Hystrix hodgsoni. Forest/Terraces National Class Ⅲ 142 Suidae. Sus scrofa. Forest/Terraces National 143 Suidae. Sus scrofa domestica. Village Class Ⅲ 144 Mustelidae. Mustela sibirica. Forest National Class Ⅱ 145 Mustelidae. Lutra lutra. Stream National 146 Felidae. Felinae. Village Class I 147 Cervidae. Muntiacus crinifrons. Village National Class Ⅲ 148 Cervidae. Muntiacus reevesi. Forest National Class Ⅲ 149 Erinaceidae. Heterothermic. Forest National Class Ⅲ 150 Sciuridae. Callosciurus erythraeus. Forest National 151 Sciuridae. Dremomys perny. Forest 152 Circetidae. Nesokia. Village Class Ⅲ 153 Leporidae. L.sinensis. Forest/Terraces National Class Ⅱ 154 Cercopithecidae. Macaca mulatta. Forest National Rana Class Ⅲ 155 Ranidae. Forest/Terraces nigromaculataHallowell. National 156 Ranidae. Quasipaa spinosa. Forest/Terraces/Stream 157 Emydidae. Mauremys mutica. Stream Fujian 158 Viperidae. Green bamboo snake. Forest 159 Phalacrocoracidae. Phalacrocorax carbo. Forest/Terraces Fujian Class I 160 Felidae. Neofelis nebulosa. Forest National Class Ⅱ 161 Canidae. Cuon alpinus. Forest National 162 Canidae. Canis lupus familiaris. Village 163 Limacidae. Agriolimax agrestis. Forest/Village /Terraces Class Ⅱ 164 Manidae. Manis. Forest National

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

165 Phasianidae. Coturnix coturnix. Forest/Village /Terraces 166 Circetidae. Microtinae. Forest/Terraces/Village

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Table 6: List of Microorganism in Lianhe Terrace Serial Destribution Family Genus Species number area 1 Phallaceae. Dictyophora. Dictyophora indusiata. Forest/Terraces 2 Hericiaceae Hericium Hericium erinaceus. Forest 3 Tricholomataceae. Tricholoma. Tricholoma matsutake. Forest/Terraces

4 Auriculariales. Auricularia. Auricularia auricular. Forest/Village

5 Omphalotaceae. Lentinus. Lentinus edodes . Village /Terraces 6 Pluteaceae. Volvariella. Volvariella volvacea . Village /Terraces 7 Tremellaceae. Tremella. T remella. Forest/Village /Terraces 8 Russulaceae. Russula. Russula cyanoxantha . Forest

9 Russulaceae. Russula. Russula fotens Pedrs .Fr. Forest

10 Russulaceae. Russula. Russula vinosa Lin. Forest 11 Bolbitiaceae. Agrocybe. Agrocybe aegirit. Forest/Terraces 12 Russulaceae. Russula. Russula cyanoxantha . Forest 13 Russulaceae. Lactarius. Lactarius deliciosus. Forest/Village /Terraces 14 Agaricaceae. Agaricus. Agaricus campestris. Forest/Terraces 15 Marasmiaceae. Flammulina. Flammulina velutipes. Forest/Terraces 16 Marasmiaceae. Marasmius. Marasmius oreades. Forest/Village 17 Pleurotaceae. Agaricochaete. Pleurotus sajorcaju. Forest/Terraces 18 Tricholomataceae. Isoptericola. Termitornyces Forest albuminosus. 19 Boletaceae. Boletus Boletus. Chalciporus Forest 20 Pleurotaceae. Agaricochaete. Pleurotus ostreatus . Forest/Terraces

21 Auriculariaceae. Auricularia. Auricularia polytricha . Forest/Village

22 Tremellaceae. Tremella. T remella. Forest/Terraces 23 Polyporaceae. Ganoderma. Ganoderma Lucidum Forest/Terraces Karst. 24 Ganodermataceae. Ganoderma. Ganodermasinensis. Forest/Terraces 25 Geastraceae. Lycoperdon Pisolithus tinctorius . Forest polymorphum. 26 Tricholomataceae. Oudemansiella. Collybiaradìcata. Forest 27 Polyporaceae. Antrodia Antrodia camphorata. Forest

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

4: Folk Songs of Lianhe Terraces Song of Farming Seasons

The Beginning of Spring comes in the 1st lunar month, time to welcome gods and Buddhas and

remove silt.

Collect manure for production; and widen ditches in case rain comes.

Use hoes to ram the earth; and check various seeds.

Add more solid manure to wheat fields; weed out wheat straw and loosen soil.

The Waking of Insects comes in the 2nd lunar month, time to work on spring plowing and

production.

Seize the farming season; centers on turning the soil when deep plowing.

Sow the precocious coarse cereal seeds; don’t delay in soaking seeds of early season rice.

The Tomb-Sweeping Day comes in the 3rd lunar month, time to transplant seedlings of continuous

cropping early rice.

Ditches are preferably 1 inch higher; fields are preferably 80%~90% full of water.

Select high-quality wheat seeds; harvest oilseed rape on the Grain Rain.

Do farm work according to solar terms; never delay in sowing late rice.

The Beginning of Summer comes in the 4th lunar month, time to transplant seedlings of

mid-season rice.

Seize the time to harvest wheat; be careful in “4 Fine” and “4 Quick” assignments.

To be adequately fed, vigorously promote early sweet potatoes.

The transplanting of single cropping rice is on the Lesser Fullness; both people and livestock are

busy.

Grain in Ear comes in the 5th lunar month; never delay in rice transplanting.

Rice seedling lines straightly in big field, while shapes as heart-like flowers in small field.

Then plant late millet and maize; and work hard to plant late sweet potatoes.

The Summer Solstice comes after Grain in Ear, time to weed the mid-season rice fields.

Dog days come in the 6th lunar month, time to conduct thorough field management.

Do the weeding before the Slight Heat; do the weeding twice on the Great Heat.

Seize the time for summer harvesting and sowing; remember to select improved varieties.

Spread manure after harvesting early rice; never neglect drought control. - 131 -

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

The Beginning of Autumn comes in the 7th lunar month, time to harvest mi-season rice.

Rush to plant autumn soybeans; add manure to late rice and do the weeding again.

Pay attention to the days around the Limit of Heat; prevent mice from eating cereal.

Seize the time to repair field ridges, from edges to walls and do well weeding.

White Dew comes in the 8th lunar month when osmanthus flowers bloom, time for flowering of

rice.

Protect harvest while preventing disasters; split field edges and open a way.

Harvest crops after the Autumnal Equinox; prepare sacks and bamboo sieves.

Prepare check aprons and grain hoppers; bear everything in mind.

The Cold Dew comes in the 9th lunar month; massively harvest late rice.

Remember winter harvest; strive to harvest every grain.

Harvest gently while thrashing vigorously; pave double layers even on fields.

As the Frost's Descent passes, it’s time to harvest leaf mustard and turnips.

The Beginning of Winter comes in the 10th lunar month, time for the harvest climax of late rice.

Straw not only is good fertilizer, but also can be used as firewood.

Sow wheat as the Light Snow comes; ensure income increase in the next year.

It’s also important to repair water conservancy facilities in winter; carefully manage the rotten

paddy fields.

The Great Snow comes in the 11th lunar month; never leave rice roots to the next year.

Give priority to dig and destroy rice roots; put efforts to collect manure in winter.

The Winter Solstice comes after the Great Snow, time to cut weeds and burn logging residue.

Do winter plowing early for it may not be so cold; both people and farm cattle dare go to the field.

The end of the year comes in the 12th lunar month; find more sidelines to enjoy the Spring

Festival.

It becomes extreme cold as the Slight/Great Cold come; focus on wheat field management.

Second fertilizing and first manuring, better before the Beginning of Spring.

Don’t neglect backlogs of farm work; combine production with the Spring Festival.

Sung by: Yu Yajin

Collected by: Qiu Shanshi - 132 -

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Song of Plowing

Start plowing in the 1st lunar month; remove the autumn & winter silt before the 15th day.

Celebrate from day to night in the whole 15th day, plan to work from the 16th day.Start plowing in

the 2nd lunar month as the Waking of Insects comes; everyone shall hoe the fields.

Sow seeds while plowing; soak rice seeds and do the threshing.

Start plowing in the 3rd lunar month as the Tomb-sweeping Day comes; start sowing early to

obtain better harvest.

Pods and potatoes haven’t been planted yet; start planting vegetables in the guarden.

Start plowing in the 4th lunar month as the Beginning of Summer comes; pray plowing may bring

hope.

Hold the rammer with both hands in prayer position; hope God will bless us with a bumper

harvest.

Start plowing on the Grain in Ear of the 5th lunar month; weed grow wild under sunny day.

The fields haven’t been tilled after Grain in Ear; there’ll be no grain in case of further delay.

It’s hot to plow in the 6th lunar month; carry tea before going out.

A load of tea canisters, rice baskets and dung, it’s hard to carry for the way is too far.

Start plowing in the 7th lunar month and clean up the understory of bamboo forest; do the weeding

again in the field with sweeping weeds grow on the wall.

After all the field wall work is done for winter, one can play leisurely and leave worry behind.Starts plowing in the 8th lunar month as osmanthus flowers bloom; timely cut the weeds on

field ridges.

Dry the fields as early as possible, for the re-dried straw is easier to burn.

Start plowing in the 9th lunar month as the Double Ninth Festival comes; store rice in a barn after

harvesting and drying it in the sun.

Harvest a few more loads of rice on every field; more rice can be borrowed by friend tomorrow.

Some rice has been harvested in the 10th lunar month; it is the time to pay land rent.

One thing should be keep in mind ,worship the Earth God is the time.

Start plowing in the 11th lunar month as the Winter Solstice comes; it’s time to plant cotton and

wheat. - 133 -

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Lead oxen to till the field while collecting wheat and dung; it needs a large group.

It’s time for collecting straw ash when plowing in the 12th lunar month; store it in a shed of

manure.

The straw ash collected is so conspicuous, conducive to the plowing in the next year.

Prediction by the 24 Solar Terms

1st Lunar Month

The surroundings are preferably dark on the first morning of a year, for a heavy snow in

succession often heralds an abundant year.

Once the sun comes out on the Beginning of Spring, peasants may effortlessly plow fields.

2nd Lunar Month

There’ll be as much rice as mud once it thunders on the Waking of Insects; and there’ll be fewer

patients if it rains on the Spring Equinox.

Once continuous heavy rain appear in the mid-month, cotton, beans and wheat can be planted

everywhere.

3rd Lunar Month

If there’s both rain and strong wind on the 1st day, the whole village may be tortured by plague.

If the wind blows from the south on the Tomb-sweeping Day, it must herald a bumper harvest.

4th Lunar Month

If there’s an east wind on the Beginning of Summer, there’ll be fewer people getting ill.

If it thunders on the Jiazi / Gengchen day, there must be a plague of locusts.

5th Lunar Month

If it rains on the Dragon-Boat Festival, it heralds a bumper harvest year, so does it if it thunders on

the Grain in Ear.

If the wind blows from the northwest on the Summer Solstice, the output of fruits and vegetables

may reduce.

6th Lunar Month

If the dog days are extremely hot, the cereal field may not produce grain.

If no disaster occurs at the moment, it must indicate heavy snows of 3 winters.

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

7th Lunar Month

It’ll be worrisome if there’s no rain on the Beginning of Autumn, for the output of crops may

reduce by half.

If it rains heavily on the Limit of Heat, it’ll be hard to harvest crops even they are matured.

8th Lunar Month

If there’re many white dews on the Autumnal Equinox, songs for celebrating the harvest of late

rice may be heard everywhere.

There’s preferably no thunder or lightning, which may result in rising price of rice in winter.

9th Lunar Month

It’s harmful to peasants if the frost appears on the 1st day; the whole winter will be sunny if there’s

no rain on the Double Ninth Festival.

People are susceptible to illness if there’s red mist in the mid-month; the rice of vegetables may

rise if there’s thunder in autumn.

10th Lunar Month

There’s preferably no “Ren day” on the Beginning of Winter, or the efforts in the fields will be in

vain in the next year.

If the day is “Renzi”, civilians may suffer from disasters or diseases.

11th Lunar Month

There’ll be lots of thieves if the west wind blows on the 2nd day, and there may be a severe

disaster if a heavy snow comes as well.

If it’s a fine day on the Winter Solstice, there must be favorable weathers in the next year.

12th Lunar Month

Domestic animals may be dead if the east wind blows on the 1st day, and it may be a drought year

if a heavy snow falls.

If it’s a fine day, tell the peasants to rest assured.

Song for Flowers in Four Seasons

Peach blossom brings a good start in lunar January;

Aegiceras corniculatum blossoms and sprouts in lunar February.

Wild flowers grow all over the mountains and plains in lunar March; - 135 -

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Azalea makes the world fragrant in lunar April.

Pomegranate flower helps you decrease internal heat in lunar May;

Orchid is as beautiful as the bride in lunar June.

Chinese redbud is flourishing in lunar July;

Sweet osmanthus sends forth a delicate fragrance in lunar August.

Chrysanthemum smiles in lunar September;

Lotus pops its head above water in lunar October.

Camellia forebodes the frost and snow in lunar November;

Plum welcomes the coming of New Year in lunar December.

Song for Pasturing Cattle

At the beginning of lunar January, I’ve made the plan to nourish the bone of cattle.

I must go to pasture cattle no matter what weather is; I prefer to be a farmer next year.

In February, it’s cold and sleets, making my body icy cold.

I don’t care my cold body, but worry about my cattle on the cold mountain.

In March, the weather becomes warm, and I take both adult and young cattle to the mountain.

Even if when it rains, I would go to check whether my cattle are safe.

In April, I have to plough, and I always regret for getting up late.

Last year, I didn’t done enough, so I must work harder this year.

In May, Dragon Boat Festival comes. I can see cattle everywhere.

They come and go and provide us with milk.

In June, the weather gets hot. All cattle like playing around water.

They enjoy the cool there from dawn to night and I would call them to have food in the morning.

In July, the autumn comes. I take them to the harvest fields.

Though pasturing cattle is not an easy job, there is much interest in it.

In August, it’s the harvest season. But I’m sad seldom people like pasturing cattle.

Even pasturing cattle is a little laborious, but every trade has its master.

In September, it’s the beginning of winter. I go out to collect grass for cattle to spend the winter.

I’m told that cattle should eat full on mountain, because the winter is somewhat long.

In November, the winter solstice comes. I feel sad for pasturing cattle. - 136 -

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Since others could have a good sleep, but I have to get up in the early morning.

In December, the New Year is coming. But I have to continue taking care of my cattle.

Listening to the sound of firework, I’m still sitting in Jianguanlin to pasture cattle.

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

5: Plan for Tourism and Action Schedule Figure 3: Tourism Resource Distribution Map of Youxi County

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Figure 4: Overall Plan for Cultural Tourism of Agriculture

Agricultural heritage experience tourism

Zhu Xi Culture tourism

Experience tourism in traditional villages

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Figure 5: Scenic Spots Distribution of Lianhe Terraces

Lianyun Village Xiayun Village Yunshan Village

Dongbian Village Lianhe Village Lianxi Village

Liandong Village Liannan Village “Nine Areas”

Tourism Integrated Service Area

Xiayun Terraces Tourism Area

Lianyun Terraces Tourism Area

Yunshan Terraces Tourism Area

Dongbian Terraces Tourism Area

Lianhe Terraces Tourism Area

Lianxi Terraces Tourism Area

Liannan Terraces Tourism Area

Liandong Terraces Tourism Area

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Figure 6: Future Agricultural Layout of Lianhe Terraces

Traditional rural landscape of Lianyun Village

Conservation area for farming landscape of terraces

Jinji Mountain Landscape Reserve

Traditional rural landscape of Yunshan Village

Traditional rural landscape of Bazaotou Village

Traditional rural landscape of Dongbian Village

Conservation area for farming landscape of terraces

Fuhu Cliff Landscape Reserve

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Table 7: Schedule of Action Plan Responsible Duration of Category Plan of action department implementation Publicity Department and Media publicity, popularity of Lianhe Bureau of Culture Terraces and the importance of protecting 2015-2017 and Broadcasting, it Television, Press and Publication Agricultural General Survey on eco-environmental Bureau and 2015-2017 quality of the heritage site Environmental Protection Agency Agricultural Bureau and Supervise the plot of heritage program and Leading Group for 2015-2017 work out clear punitive measures Protection of Agricultural Heritage Village Committee, Governance to the environment of villages Environmental Agricultural 2015-2017 in the conservation area Protection Agency ecological and Agricultural protection Bureau Forestry Bureau Build and protect the forest for and Land and 2018-2020 conservation of water supply Resources Bureau Land and Restrict the exploitation of mineral Resources Bureau 2018-2020 resources around the heritage site and Bureau of Mines Agricultural Bureau, Bureau of Develop ecological agriculture and Light Industry and 2018-2025 enhance the level of clean production Bureau of Animal Husbandry Promote the increase of farmer’s income Agricultural via multiple ways to protect traditional Bureau and 2015-2025 crops resources Bureau of Finance Agricultural Protect rare plant resources Bureau and 2015-2025 Bureau of Finance

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Bureau of Culture Collect and compile local folk songs, and Broadcasting, 2015-2017 ballads and farming proverbs Television, Press and Publication Bureau of Culture General survey on cultural relics relating and Broadcasting, 2015-2017 to agriculture Television, Press and Publication Education Bureau and Bureau of Compile traditional culture books about Culture and Youxi for primary and secondary school 2015-2017 Broadcasting, students Television, Press and Publication Farming culture Open traditional culture course Education Bureau 2018-2025 protection Tourist Hold Fuhu Festival and Rice Administration 2018-2025 Transplanting Festival and Lianhe Township Tourist Media publicity 2018-2025 Administration Education Bureau and Bureau of Culture and Broadcasting, Affirm inheritor of traditional handicraft 2018-2020 Television, Press and Publication and Tourist Administration Strengthen supervision over land Land and 2015-2015 utilization Resources Bureau Tourist Design landscape of farmland 2015-2025 Administration Land and Terraces surveying and mapping 2015-2017 Agricultural Resources Bureau landscape Township protection Government and Supervision over terraces 2015-2025 Tourist Administration Forestry Bureau Supervision over scenic spots and Tourist 2015-2025 Administration

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Bureau of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of travelling facilities 2015-2025 Development and Department of Transportation Bureau of Housing and Urban-Rural Road pavement of scenic spot 2015-2025 Development and Department of Transportation Trademark registration of “Lianhe Agricultural 2015-2017 Terrace” Bureau Certification of “Three Grades”: All types of rice got certificated, and 60% of organic Environmental and green rice of which got certificated; all Protection Agency types of soybeans and peanuts got 2015-2025 and Agricultural certificated; 60% of domestic animals, Bureau poultry and fishery products got certificated. Production of edible mushrooms: Go on promoting the edible mushrooms produced Agricultural by straw; increase categories of edible Bureau 2015-2025 mushrooms and the consumption of straws reaches 10% of the yield of the year. Bamboo and wood products: develop the Development manufacturing of bamboo and wood Forestry Bureau 2015-2025 of ecological crafts. products Bring in enterprises: mainly bring in the Investment enterprises involving further processing of Promotion Bureau grain and oil, fungus processing, poultry and Development 2015-2025 meat processing and bamboo shoot and Reform processing. Bureau Product developing: mainly develop clean rice, rice bran oil and functional rice flour with high-added value deriving from the Development and organic and green rice; develop edible Reform Bureau 2015-2025 mushrooms, snacks made by poultry meat, and relevant bamboo shoot juices, peanuts and enterprises soybeans and other products with high-added value. Establishment of traceability system for Bureau of Quality 2015-2025 quality safety of agricultural products: Supervision

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

establish the “platform for quality safety traceability and supervision of agricultural products”. Forestry Bureau and Education Product publicity: Take an active part in Bureau and various agricultural products exhibition Bureau of Culture 2015-2025 and promotion activities via television, and Broadcasting, broadcasting, newspaper and magazines. Television, Press and Publication Tourism planning: Spatially divide Lianhe Terraces into the spatial structure of “one Tourist 2015-2020 shaft and six areas” according to the Administration themes of agricultural heritage tourism. Confirmation of number of tourist reception and establishment of monitoring system: Conform the daily number of Tourist tourist reception and establish a system for 2015-2020 Administration monitoring the number of tourist according to the setting of route and carrying capacity of terraces. Experience center of terrace culture: Tourist establish experience center of terrace 2015-2020 Administration culture at Lianyun Village. Small museum of heritage site: establish small museum of heritage site at Lianyun Tourist Ecological 2015-2020 Village in combination with the old folk Administration tourism houses. development Visitor center: Choose folk houses in every town and township of Lianhe Tourist Terrace to have them repaired or 2015-2020 Administration reconstructed for establishing the visitor center. Exhibition area for traditional terrace culture: recover the varieties of traditional agricultural products, and traditional Tourist planting ways like field snails, duck and 2015-2020 Administration fish feeding in rice paddy and make environment improvement at the same time. Photography base for terrace farming culture: establish photography base for Tourist 2015-2020 terrace farming culture at Bazaotou Administration Village and Lianyun Village separately.

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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Viewing deck: set up several viewing decks along the travelling route of terrace. 3 of which are located at Dongbian Tourist 2015-2020 Village; 3 are located at Yunshan Village, Administration 2 are located at Xiayun Village and 3 are located at Lianyun Village. Travelling route of terraces: Route for one-day tour: Fuhu Cliff – Lianxi Terraces – Dongbian Terraces – Yunshan Terraces – Lianyun Terraces – Xiayun Terraces. Route for two-day tour: (1) Lianhe Tourist Terraces on the first day and the birthplace 2015-2017 Administration of Zhu xi on the second day - ancient ginkgo community, etc. (2) Fuhu Cliff–Lianhe Terraces on the first day; Guifeng Village for Tangchuan Canyon on the second day. Project application: apply for Agricultural demonstration spot of leisure agriculture to 2018-2020 Bureau Ministry of Agriculture. Tourist Administration Terrace tourism resort: construct a 2km2 and Bureau of large terrace tourism resort at the dairy 2018-2020 Housing and farm at Dongbian Village. Urban-Rural Development Tourist Facilities construction: set up a tourist Administration information center on the foundation of and Bureau of 2015-2020 farm house at Lianyun Village and build Housing and up and repair relevant buildings and roads. Urban-Rural Development Development of tourism products: continue to develop fine and small Tourist packaged rice, cereal, edible mushrooms, Administration 2015-2020 dried bamboo shoots, bamboo crafts, local and Agricultural specialty in combination with the local Bureau agricultural products of Lianhe Terraces. Tourism interpretation: develop tourism Tourist interpretation system featured by 2015-2020 Administration traditional villages and terraces. Touring training: give interpretation Tourist training to local farmers, especially the 2015-2020 Administration farmers engaged in terraces cultivation.

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