The Yearbook of Agriculture

84TH CONGRESS, IST SESSION, HOUSE DOCUMENT NO. 32

1955

^^5

THE

YEARBOOK

AGRICULTURE

1955 WAT€R

THE

UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT

AGRICULTURE FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS,

WASHINGTON 25, D. G.

PRICE :tt)2.oo

THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE Foreword Ezra Taft Benson^ Secretary of Agriculture

I have little need to remind you that water has become one of our major national concerns. Nearly everyone in this country in the past few years has experienced some problem caused by too much water when we do not want it or too little water when we do want it. Farmers have had to haul water for stock in trucks from cities. Some cities have had to haul water from farm ponds. New Yorkers for a time were asked to cut down the number of their baths, so low was the water in the reservoirs that serve the metropolis. Homeowners in many places had to give up watering their lawns in order to husband municipal supplies. Some city councils have had warnings that the growth of their cities would be hmited by the availability of water. An ample amount of clean water has become a factor in the location of new factories. The intrusion of salt water into overused wells is making unusable the water in some underground reservoirs. Farmers know only too well the difficulties that attend getting enough water for irrigation, the need for supplemental irrigation, the hazards of pollution, and the deficiencies of good water for house, stock, gardens, and crops. They have known the worries of dry wells, failing springs, and erratic surface supplies. They have suffered the fury of floods and the worries of erosion. Losses in life, security, productivity, and money have been great. Those problems and many more like them you know. What have we done about them? What more can we do to solve them? We have to know where water comes from and what happens to it. We have to know how much can be used and when, and how our land practices influence its behavior. We have to stop wasting water. We have to use it more efficiently in industry, in towns and cities, in general farming, and in irrigation, which is destined to be adopted in all parts of the Nation. We have to learn more about the control of floods at their sources as well as in the big rivers. That will take county, regional, and national planning—much more planning for the future than we have ever done. We have to look to the fields, the forests, and the hills that make up our watersheds, for the way we manage them affects the abundance and purity of the water farmers and city people need in increasing quantities. We need to explore all possibilities that the sciences now offer—"cloud seeding," forecasting water supplies, converting sahne waters, treating waste water, reducing erosion and floods, cutting down evaporation, finding out more about how plants use water, and many more. We need an increased awareness among all Americans of the oneness of our physical resources. Just as many lives make up our one national life, so our agriculture has many parts of a single whole. Water, land, and people are inseparable components of one thing, our welfare. The subject of water can be viewed from the various aspects of soil conservation, agronomy, forestry, irrigation, wildlife, recreation, business, industry, law, and so on—but never alone. We are making encouraging progress toward the fulfillment of those nçcds. The 83d Congress enacted the Watershed Protection and Flood Pre- vention Act, which established permanent legislative machinery under which the Federal Government can cooperate with local organizations, including the States, in planning and carrying out works of improvement for flood prevention and the agricultural phases of the conservation, development, utilization, and disposal of water on small watersheds. The Congress also amended the Water Facilities Act so that long-term loans can be made in all of the States for water and soil conservation practices, irrigation, drainage, the establishment of improved pastures, and reforestation. Other legislation promotes the adoption or improvement of sound conservation practices on crops, pasture, range, and forest lands. In other places and by other persons the problems are being tackled practically and forthrightly—by industry, suburban communities, municipalities, research workers in State and Federal agencies and universi- ties, and farmers. The new watershed protection program clearly should not be looked upon as some miracle coming out of the Federal Treasury. If it is successful, it will be because local people, working through their local organizations with the help of their State Governments, are determined to as- sume and maintain the principal initiative and bear a major share of the cost of the job, seeking from the Federal Government only that additional assistance which is beyond their technical and financial capabilities. We cannot separate people and program in this important v/ork.

VI Preface Alfred Stefferud, Editor

There's a lot to be known about water. We see and feel rain, snow, dew, fog. We use water for drinking and washing. We irrigate our lawns and fields. We talk about the weather, complain that it is too wet or too dry, and misquote Mark Twain about it. Most of us are conscious nearly all the time of the importance of water in our lives, but actually our knowledge of it is pretty skimpy. We know the symbol of water but little about its properties, which can make us comfortable or uncomfortable, rich or poor, secure or insecure. We cannot live without water; we could live better if we knew more about it. One purpose of this Yearbook is to supply as much information as we can about water in a practical, useful way for farmers and others who use water. But not only that. Another aim is to emphasize that more information, more wisdom are needed. That need is mentioned again and again in the book; a whole chapter, in fact, is devoted to it. The realization of ignorance is the beginning of wisdom. The statement of a problem is the first step in its solution. It is a duty to discover facts in a true scientific, unbiased, unselfish spirit—a duty for us who prepared the book and, I submit, for those who read it. The committee that planned the scope of the book set forth this aim at the start for the guidance of the men who wrote the chapters : "Our primary aim is to explain the nature, behavior, and conservation of water in agriculture. We address ourselves to farm people and to all those interested in rural living. As our population increases, more demands are being made on our water resources; the effective use and conservation of water on farms will become increasingly important, and conflicts over water use will have to be resolved. Some of the broad problems are forecast, but our main emphasis is on the facts and basic principles that will help people in reaching the best decisions. Hydroelectric vii power, navigation, industrial use, pollution, and other aspects are touched on, but this book is concerned almost entirely with water in agriculture." The members of the Yearbook Committee for 1955 are: Agricultural Research Service: Carleton P. Barnes, Elco L. Green- shields, Omer J. Kelley. Forest Service : Bernard Frank, Warren T. Murphy, Dana Parkinson. Soil Conservation Service: Carl B. Brown, Charles E. Kellogg, George R. Phillips, Gladwin E. Young. Office of Information: Alfred Steflferud, Our hope is that you will read the book again 5 years from now, 10 years from now, 25 years from now. The information it contains is not just for today. All things, including weather and rainfall, change fast, and our memories are short. When it rains, we forget about the dust bowl; when it is dry, we forget about floods.

vui Contents

Our Need for Water I The Story of Water as the Story of Man, Bernard Frank 9 Necessary, Convenient, Commonplace, Sterling B. Hendricks 14 Animals and Fowl and Water, Joseph F. Sykes 18 The Needs and Uses of Water by Plants, Leon Bernstein 25 Water and the Micro-organisms, Paul R. Miller and Francis E. Clark 35 Trends in the Utilization of Water, Karl 0. Köhler, Jr,

Where We Get Our Water 41 From Ocean to Sky to Land to Ocean, William C. Ackermann^ E. A. Colman, and Harold 0, Ogrosky 52 The Water in the Rivers and Creeks, W. B, Langbein and J. V. B. Wells 62 Underground Sources of Our Water, Harold E. Thomas 78 How We Measure the Variations in Precipitation, William E. Hiatt and Robert W. Schloemer 84 Is Weather Subject to Cycles? Ivan R. Tannehill 91 Hauling Down More Water From the Sky, Chas. Gardner, Jr. 95 Measuring Snow To Forecast Water SuppHes, R. A. Work 103 Fog, Mist, Dew, and Other Sources of Water, F. W, Went 109 Conversion of Saline Waters, David S, Jenkins, R. J. McNiesh^ and Sidney Gottley 118 The Age-Old Debate About a Forked Stick, Arthur M. Sowder

Water and Our Soil 121 How Water Shaped the Face of the Land, Guy D. Smith and Robert V. Ruhe 126 How Rainfall and Runoff Erode Soil, Ben Osborn 135 Valleys and Hills, Erosion and Sedimentation, L. C. Gottschalk and Victor H. Jones 144 Retention and Transmission of Water in Soil, L. A. Richards 151 How Much of the Rain Enters the Soil? G. W. Musgrave ix Caring for Our Watersheds

i6i Conservation Begins on the Watersheds, Carl B. Brown and Warren T. Murphy 165 A Law That Puts Responsibility at Home, Harry A. Steele and Kirk M. Sandals 171 Floods—and a Program To Alleviate Them, Erwin C. Ford, Woody L. Cowan, and H. M. Holtan 176 The Possibilities of Land Treatment in Flood Prevention, Howard 0. Maison, William L. Heard, George E. Lamp, and David M, Ilch 179 Frozen Soil and Spring and Winter Floods, Herbert C. Storey 185 Fire on the Watersheds of the Nation, C. Allan Friedrich 191 The Management of Public Watersheds, G. R. Salmond and A, R. Crofl 199 The Yazoo-Little Tallahatchie Flood Prevention Project, William L, Heard and Victor B, MacNaughton 205 A New Song on the Muddy Chattahoochee, Frank A. Albert and Albert H. Spector 210 The Story of Sandstone Creek Watershed, Harold M. Kautz

Water and Our Forests

219 Trees Also Need Water at the Right Time and Place, G. L. Hayes and Jesse H. Buell 228 How To Get More Snow Water From Forest Lands, B. C. Goodell and H G, Wilm 235 Managing Forests To Control Soil Erosion, E. G, Dunford and Sidney Weitzman 242 Soil Surveys on Forest and Range Lands, J. L. Retzer and E, A, Colman

Water for Irrigation

247 The Expansion of Irrigation in the West, Elco L. Greenshields 252 Supplemental Irrigation in Humid Regions, Max M. Tharp and C. W. Crickman 258 Surface Irrigation Methods, John T. Phelan and Wayne D. Criddle 267 The Use of Sprinklers for Irrigation, Tyler H. Quackenbush and Dell G. Shockley 273 Applying Water Under the Surface of the Ground, George M. Renfro, Jr. 279 Preparing Land for Efficient Irrigation, J. G, Bamesberger 285 Wells and Pumps for Irrigated Lands, Carl Rohwer 294 Pumping Ground Water So As To Avoid Overdraft, Dean C. Muckel 302 Replenishing Ground Water by Spreading, Dean C. Muckel and Leonard Schiff 311 Ways To Control Losses From Seepage, C. W, Laiiritzen 321 Irrigation Water and Saline and Alkali Soils, Milton Fireman and H. E, Hayward 328 Planning a Large Irrigation Project, John R. Riter and Charles LeMoyne, Jr. 333 Water Is Where the Irrigator Finds It, William P. Law^ Jr.^ and George M. Renfro, Jr.

Water and Our Crops

341 Climate As An Index of Irrigation Needs, Harry F. Blaney 346 The Water Budget and Its Use in Irrigation, C. W. Thornthwaite and J. R. Mather 358 Soil Moisture in Relation to Plant Growth, Cecil H. Wadleigh 362 How To Measure the Moisture in the Soil, Howard R. Haise 372 When To Irrigate and How Much Water To Apply, Sterling A. Taylor and C. S. Slater 376 Irrigation of Tobacco, Peanuts, and Soybeans, D. M. Whitt and C. H. M. van Bavel 381 Irrigating Cotton To Insure Higher Yields, Bert A. Krantz, Morris P. Swanson, Karl R. Stockinger, and John R. Carreker 389 The Irrigation and Culture of Rice, C. Roy Adair and Kyle Engler 394 Growing loo-Bushel Corn With Irrigation, H. F. Rhoades and L. B. Nelson 400 The Irrigation of Sugar Beets, Jay L. Haddock

Our Ranges and Pastures 407 Farming Where Rainfall Is 8-20 Inches a Year, F. L. Duley and J. J. Coyle 415 Management of Water on Western Rangelands, F. G, Renner and L, D. Love 423 Phreatophytes—a Serious Problem in the West, Herbert C. Fletcher and Flarold B. ElmendorJ 430 Irrigation Practices for Pastures and Forage Crops, John R. Carreker and James H. Lillard 435 Irrigation Practices for the Production of Alfalfa, C. 0. Stanberry 444 Development and Improvement of Coastal Marsh Ranges, Robert E. Williams xi Gardens, Turf, and Orchards

451 The Proper Use of Water in the Home Garden, Victor R. Boswell and Marlowe D. Thome 456 Irrigating Orchards in Dry Regions, F. J. Veihmeyer and A, H, Hendrickson 462 Watering Lawns and Turf and Otherwise Caring for Them, Robert M. Hagan

Drainage of Fields

478 The History of Our Drainage Enterprises, Hugh H. Wooten and Lewis A. Jones 491 Technical Problems and Principles of Drainage, T. W. Edminster and J. van Schilfgaarde 499 Systems for Draining the Surface, K. V. Stewart, Jr., and /. L, Save son 508 Tile Drainage—Its Installadon and Upkeep, Keith H. Beauchamp 521 Outlet Ditches, Slopes, Banks, Dikes, and Levees, John G. Sutton 528 The Use of Pumps for Drainage, John G. Sutton 539 Drainage of Peat and Muck Lands, John C. Stephens 557 The Disposal of Seepage and Waste W^atcr, William W. Donnan and George B. Bradshaw 564 Drainage in Forestry Management in the South, E. A. Schlaudt 569 Drainage in the Red River Valley of the North, Walter W. Augustadt

Water and Our Wildlife

577 Planning for the Recreational Use of Water: A Plea, John H. Sieker 579 Managing Watersheds To Provide Better Fishing, Herman F. Olson, 0. H, Clark, and D. John 0'DonneII 583 Making New Trout Streams in the Sierra Nevada, Fred P. Cronemiller 586 The Need of Wildlife for Drinking Water, Lloyd W. Swift 589 More Wildlife From Our Marshes and Wetlands, Philip F. Allan and Wallace L, Anderson 596 Waterfowl and the Potholes of the North Central States, Thomas A. Schrader 604 Wetlands and the Management of Waterfowl, Samuel P. Shaw and Walter F. Crissey xii Pure Water for Farms and Cities 615 The Encroachment of Sah Water Into Fresh, Garald G. Parker 636 Pollution—A Growing Problem of a Growing Nation, Carl E, Schwol 644 Treating Waste Water for Cities and Industries, Ralph E, Fuhrman 649 The Problems That Face Our Cities, Harry E. Jordan 653 The Increasing Use of Water by Industry, Harry E. Jordan 655 Water Supplies for Homes in the Country, Harry L. Gar ver 663 Safe Sewage Disposal for Rural Homes, Harry L. Garver

A Look to the Future 666 Regulation and Economic Expansion, C. E. Busby 677 Sharing the Financial Responsibility, Roy E, Huffman 681 Teaching and Learning About Conservation, Charles W. Maitison 685 What Research Is Doing on Problems of Water in Agriculture, Carleton P, Barnes 694 Research, a Key to the Future, Robert M, Salter and Omer J. Kelley 701 Appendix and Index

xui

Preparing Land for Efficient Irrigation 279 Preparing Land side slope (type 3), level transversely with a variable irrigation grade (type for Efficient 4), and with a uniform grade (type 5), Irïï'igatiotê and finally to exactly level in all directions (type 6). The first three types permit side slope. The others require J, G. Bamesberger that the land be exactly level at right angles to the direction of irrigation. On many farms three-fourths of the The classification has proved to be irrigation water is wasted. A good way useful, and something like it would be to prevent such waste is to prepare of value in all irrigated areas. fields properly before they arc irrigated. If we acknowledge that there are dif- The preparation of land for irriga- ferent types or degrees o[ efficiency in tion—or land leveling, as it is com- land preparation, we recognize that monly called—is the reshaping of the the farmer or land operator must make land surface to facilitate or improve a choice of type when he undertakes the uniformity of application of the land leveling. We say generally that water. It includes grading or shaping the highest type of land levchng suit- the surface to any desired slope as well able to a field should be adopted, but as the formation of an actual horizon- there are situations in which some- tal plane. thing less will be satisfactory and more Generally the reshaping is done to practical. provide uniform grades or to reduce grade in the direction of irrigation or THE LAND SLOPES, kind and depth of at right angles to it. Sometimes the the soils, climate, crops to be grown, grade of a field is increased or grading water supply for each field, economic was done so the direction of planting considerations, and the farmer's pref- could be changed. Land preparation erences all have to be evaluated in in humid areas is needed to provide designing any job of land preparation. surface drainage and to achieve more If the land is very rolling, steep, and even penetration of irrigation water irregular and the soils arc shallow, it and rain. may not be possible to shape the sur- Bcxausc of dilTerences in soils, slopes, face to uniform slopes on good irriga- or the farmer's wishes, not all fields are tion grades. Successful irrigation farm- given smooth surfaces. Land prepara- ing can be practiced on land of stec]) tion may consist only of removing a and nonuniform slopes, but that land part of the high spots and filKng a part should be kept in pasture as much of of the low places. It may bring only a the time as possible in order to prevent minor improvement in the land surface severe soil erosion. and slight improvement in irrigation The development of a uniform grade efficiency. Or it may be possible to only in the direction of irrigation often reshape a field to the extent that bene- may be the highest practical type of ficial use can be made of all the irriga- land leveling. That is especially true tion water and much of the rainfall. of fields that have little cross slope, Many irrigation workers in the where the crops will always be irri- Southwestern States have used a classi- gated by the furrows or corrugations. fication of types of land preparation. In orchards especially, this type of It is based on the efí'ectiveness of differ- leveling is satisfactory. ent forms of land surfaces in improving Some extremely irregular fields or the uniform application of water. irregular fields with shallow soils will Six types arc classified, starting with not permit use of a higher order of land rough grading (type i), then variable preparation. Only a study of the cuts grades in all directions (type 2), up that will be required for better leveling through uniform irrigation grade with can determine this, but often they will 280 Yearbook of Agriculture 1955 be so great that too much earth will leveling, especially if there is a con- have to be moved or the fertile soil will siderable difference in elevation be- not be deep enough to allow the cuts tween adjacent strips. Such benches to be made without exposing too much may be rectangular or they may have infertile subsoil. On the other hand, a curved boundaries. high type of leveling often can be done The width of the benches will be in- on fields with rather shallow soil if the fluenced by the farming equipment to slope is gentle and the surface already be used, the available irrigation stream, nearly smooth. and the amount of earth work involved. Grading the land to a uniform slope The amount of earth work, in turn, is in the direction of irrigation and re- governed by the original slope at right moving all slope at right angles to it angles to the direction of irrigation. should be the result of most leveling Depth and character of soil will natu- jobs, particularly when irrigation is to rally limit the depth of cut and conse- be by flooding. A good irrigation quently the width of the bench. grade, designed in accord with the in- Leveling jobs cannot be changed filtration rates of the soil, the size of easily once they have been completed, irrigation streams available, the crops so every precaution should be taken to to be grow^n, and the erosion hazard insure that irrigation grades, runs, and from rainfall, permits uniform dis- streams are so adjusted that the field tribution of water and is particularly can be uniformly irrigated. The only important in this type of leveling. way to avoid guessing is to get the Land graded to an exact level—no information from actual field tests. slope in any direction—permits the Measuring the rate of moisture pene- most efficient irrigation. Only the ac- tration, soil movement, and uniform- tual amount of w^ater needed can be ity of rate of water flow will furnish the put on the land so there is no waste information needed to select a proper through runoff, but it is not practical grade and length of run for a particu- for all fields. Its cost is high and its lar soil. The importance of making use is limited to sites where the avail- those determinations in the field, as a able streams of water are large enough basis for the design of the layout, can- to force the water the entire length of not be overemphasized. the irrigation run before much mois- The selection of the type of leveling ture soaks in at the inlet end. Nor is and the layout of various fields should it suitable for humid areas, where at always take into consideration the times excessive rainfall must be drained crops to be grown throughout the on the fields. complete rotation. Widths of borders Types of land preparation that per- and benches should be adjusted for the mit a cross slope at right angles to the use of standard farm implements. A direction of irrigation are more adapt- bench on which grain is to be grown, able to an entire field than are the for example, should be some multiple types in which all cross slope must be of the width of the grain drill. When removed. Usually excessive cuts are possible, benches should be made uni- necessary to eliminate the cross slope. form in width, as too much variation That may be too costly or require cuts means uneven irrigation. Some farm- that expose large areas of infertile sub- ers select the minimum acceptable soil. Therefore, if these more advanced width so that the difference in eleva- types of reshaping, which eliminate tion between benches will be kept the side slope, are desired on sloping small and less earth will have to be ground, the field often is divided into moved. Many others prefer to make parts and the leveling is done in the benches as wide as possible, so as strips—or "lands"—at different eleva- to interfere less with farming operations, separated by low ridges or bor- tions. ders. It is commonly called bench The relation of benefits to costs of Preparing Land for Efficient Irrigation 281 land preparation influences the selec- be provided to remove all excess water. tion of type. If at all possible, the most Furrows are used to distribute water efficient type suitable to a particular over fields and can do so efí'ectively in field should be selected and planned a well-designed and well-managed at the start and built with as little layout. Furrows should have a uniform delay as possible. That usually is less grade throughout their length to be costly in the long run than doing the most effective or they may be level, work in successive steps and taking but some cross slope in the field is not several years to finish the job. detrimental. If furrow irrigation alone A direct relationship exists between is to be used, the highest types of land the methods of irrigation and the in- preparation seldom should be selected. creased efficiency in the use of irriga- Crop rotations used on most fields in- tion water that land preparation can clude both row crops and close-growl- bring. Some methods of irrigation may ing crops, however. So, since border be inefíicient and because good land irrigation is the best way for irrigating preparation can improve them only close-growing crops such as alfalfa, slightly, expensive land preparation border irrigation criteria will usually cannot be justified. So, besides the govern the selection of a type of land restrictions imposed by physical limi- preparation even though furrow irri- tations, the choice of a type of land gation would be the method under preparation should be governed some- immediate consideration. what by the method of irrigation that Irrigation by corrugations, which will be used. are small and closely spaced furrows, is Basin irrigation floods a more or less generally a good deal less efficient than square area rapidly with the desired furrow, border, basin, or sprinkler amount of water. It can be efí"ective in irrigation. That is largely because of getting a uniform application if prop- the difficulty of equalizing the flow in erly designed. Consequently a high, many small channels and keeping the rather costly type of land preparation corrugations free of obstructions to can be justified. Basins are usually prevent them from breaking over into exactly level, or at least level in one adjacent corrugations. Also, corruga- direction with a very little cross slope. tions are so shallow that there must be It is not, however, a satisfactory a minimum of slope at right angles to method in areas of high rainfall unless their direction. Thus the irrigation is the excess can be drained off the fields directly down the steepest slope. Un- to prevent damaging ponding of water. less fields are practically uniform to Borders, which are long, narrow start with, a land preparation layout basins, also can be used effectively to of a high type, such as uniform grades accomplish uniform irrigation. Be- with no cross slope, adapted to irri- cause the water has to flow the length gating directly down slope, will result of the border, some grade is usually in cuts and fills of such size that the provided in the direction of irrigation. work will not be feasible. Further- The amount of slope that is provided more, the possibility of improving the depends mainly on the available irri- distribution of irrigation water to any gation stream, the soils, the climate, great degree is not sufficiently promis- and the crops. The best type of land ing to justify a high type of leveling if preparation for border irrigation is a it involves a significant increase in uniform slope in the direction of irri- cost. Grading to a fairly uniform slope gation with no cross slope. The highly is probably the best that should be efficient use of irrigation water possible undertaken if irrigation by corruga- with border irrigation justifies the cost tions is to be continued. of land preparation. Here again, ex- Wild flooding does not use dikes to cessive rainfall will be a problem in guide the flow of irrigation water. The humid areas and enough slope must water is distributed over the field by 282 Yearbook of Agriculture 1955 the irrigator as best he can. It is an should usually form the basis for prep- inefficient method, and land prepara- aration of a plan and layout. Besides tion will do little to help the irrigator showing the shape and size of a field, to do a better job. Rough grading and the map should show surface topogra- smoothing is about all the leveling that phy, proposed surface elevations and can be justified until a better method irrigation layout, and, where they replaces wild flooding. exist, the drainage facilities. How detailed the map should be will depend SURVEYS, MAPS, AND ENGINEERING upon the regularity of the surface and are needed to develop a good plan, the degree of refinement or type of and land preparation may not be of work proposed. The better the type of much value unless it is done according land preparation to be undertaken, to a good plan. Many fields appear the more refined should be the studies smooth to the eye but are too uneven and the work of layout and supervision. to apply irrigation water uniformly. The type of many leveling jobs can A soil survey should be made before be selected as soon as the field or farm leveling is done. The map the soil sur- has been looked over and some pre- veyor prepares will show the nature of liminary observations made. But more the soil, the subsoil, and the materials detailed surveys and investigations of- under the subsoil. It will show the ten are necessary before final choice is depth to sand, gravel, caliche, rock, or made. other materials that might limit the In planning a field to be leveled, it depth of the cut, as well as the extent is helpful to square up the layout with of such areas. Alkali spots will be out- permanent ditch locations, fence lines, lined and the depth to water table or property boundaries as much as shown. That information will help the possible. Sometimes it is necessary to engineer to plan the best layout for lay out borders and irrigation runs leveling. In some instances, cuts into diagonally across a field. That compli- the subsoil will not be harmful because cates the location of field ditches, organic matter and fertilizer can be makes irrigation more difficult because added to build up its productivity of varying lengths of runs, often in- quickly. In other instances, the engi- creases farming problems, and also neer learns that if he removes the sur- results in some loss of land at the ends face soil, he will expose inert material, of borders or crop rows. By relocating which will not grow crops. Soil surveys ditches and field fences, however, it is also furnish information relative to often possible to have a better and infiltration rates and permeability. If more economical plan for land leveling the subsoil and substratum arc sand or and irrigation in which the field bound- sandy loam, and the infiltration rates aries are square with the irrigation are high, the irrigation runs must be layout. shorter than if there is clay loam or clay After the design is complete, esti- underlying the surface. For best results mates can be made of the earthwork the engineer must team up with crop and its costs. It is important that the specialists and soil scientists. They farmer have a record of the estimates must all see the problem the way a made by the engineer. Everyone con- farmer does. cerned should know exactly what the Land leveling is a technical proce- plan of work is and how it is to be per- dure. Time and time again it has been formed. On larger jobs and particu- proved that the eye alone is not good larly on contract jobs, plans should be enough to do a first-class job of level- accompanied by written specifications, ing. Accurate leveling can be done however brief. Contract jobs also should only through the use of surveying in- be covered by at least an informal but struments in the hands of technicians. written agreement between the farmer A topographic survey and a map and the contractor. Preparing Land for Efficient Irrigation 283

CONSTRUCTION can be carried out can power it. It is much less efficient with various pieces of equipment. than a carryall for moving large Leveling must be finished to the given quantities of earth or for moving grades. Obtaining an economical and earth long distances. The commonly workmanlike job depends not only on used wooden float or drag is found in the right kind of equipment, but also many variations as to detail of design. on the skill of the operator. It is usually shorter than the other two Land leveling is done most effec- types of levelers and therefore does not tively with tractor-drawn or motor- do so good a job of finishing. propelled equipment. The carryall is Regardless of the type of equipment used widely. It is an efficient machine. used, the work should be checked dur- It cuts to grade, spreads the dirt ing construction. A final check should evenly, and hauls economically for always be made after the job appears fairly long distances. Carryalls have to be finished—but before the equip- capacities of 3 to 30 cubic yards. They ment is moved on the field. almost always require more power For farm ditches, border ridges, and than is available from farm tractors. various improvements associated with Smaller wheeled scrapers, which can land preparation and irrigation lay- be used with farm tractors, are in com- out, other equipment is needed. Sev- mon use for leveling land. They will eral types of ditchers will do a good move the earth just as cheaply as large job of building head ditches cheaply. equipment, but they take more time Borders are made with road graders, to get the job finished. Under most plow, V-ditchers, disk ridgers, slip conditions, the carryalls and wheeled scrapers, fresno scrapers, A-floats, and scrapers can be used to cut without other farm implements. Most of them first plowing the ground. But some- leave a furrow or gutter along the times it is necessary to loosen tight or border ridge, which should be floated hard soil by ripping before using land- out or filled up before the field can be levcHng machinery. considered finished unless the furrow Bulldozers are used for rough grad- is required for drainage on flat areas. ing but are not efficient for fine Efficient equipment for constructing grading or for moving earth beyond and maintaining the head ditches and 200 feet. Graders, terracers, or main- border ridges should be available on tainers are frequently used to move an irrigated ñirm because it is good earth short distances sideways, but the practice to plow up the ditches and cost per yard is fairly high, even for border ridges each time a field is short moves. plowed in order to kill weeds. Tem- Leveling jobs are finished with porary field ditches often must be re- levclers, floats, or land planes rather placed during the irrigation season. than with heavy earth-moving equipment. The land plane has four wheels THE COST OF LAND LEVELING varies and an adjustable blade located at through such a wide range that a about the center of the frame. It is at general statement about it has little least 60 feet long, and this great length value. On some lands a price of 10 makes it possible to finish a field to a dollars an acre would be too much. uniform smooth surface. Large trac- On other lands, which are steep but tors are needed to pull it. capable of producing high-valued The two-wheeled automatic-type crops, a cost of 300 dollars an acre leveler ordinarily is used for fine level- might be justified. It all depends on ing. It has a movable blade placed at the value of the increased crop yields about the center and so constructed that can be expected from the im- that it will drag a considerable volume proved irrigation. of dirt. It is usually less than 35 feet For any who must have an average long, and medium-sized farm tractors figure, a cost of approximately 50 dol- 284 Yearbook of Agriculture 1955 lars an acre has been derived from low spots are to be avoided. In the records covering more than one-half lower types of leveling, regular tillage milHon acres of land preparation in and maintenance operations provide the Southwest. The records show that an opportunity for a farmer to improve small, light equipment powered with progressively the leveling work on his farm tractors could do the leveling at fields until he has reached the greatest no higher cost than big, heavy equip- practical refinement. ment but took a much longer time to Maintenance is also needed on fields complete the work. The cost of land that are irrigated with silty water. Silt preparation done by contract or the accumulations tend in time to build up cost when it w^as done with the the upper ends of the borders or rows. farmer's own equipment were nearly The silt is never deposited evenly, and the same. the ground surface must be properly releveled before it becomes so uneven MAINTENANCE OF LEVELED LAND is as to interfere with efficient irrigation. required in order to keep it leveled. An overall plan covering ditch lo- Perennial crops, such as alfalfa, should cations and capacities, water control not be planted immediately after level- structures, cropping practices, and a ing. Since fills will settle and leave the tentative irrigation schedule based on ground surface uneven when water is best available information on infiltra- applied, it is better to plant an annual tion rates and water-holding capacity crop the first year. When the crop has of the soil should be developed in addi- been removed, the low spots should be tion to the land leveling plan. Land filled in by floating and the entire field preparation is only one factor in the put into final shape before a crop that efficient use of irrigation water. Other wdll occupy the field for several years factors must be considered and the is planted. land-leveling plan fitted into the plan If the leveling operations have ex- for the others if the greatest effective- posed infertile subsoils, it is a good ness is to be attained. plan to plant a green manure crop the first year. This should be plowed BENEFITS from a well-planned, well- under to add organic matter to the constructed, and well-operated land soil. As a rule, it will be necessary to preparation job are many. Leveling add some commercial fertilizer since makes possible a more even distribu- the areas from which the topsoil has tion of the irrigation water through its been removed will be much less fertile better control and management. The than the original topsoil. A heavy result is water saved, labor saved, more application of barnyard manure may uniform stands, and increased crop be used in place of a cover crop. yields of better quality. It is usually beneficial to plant a row A rough or uneven field w41l be crop after the green manure crop or watered too little on the high spots and during the first year. Cultivation tends too much in the low spots. When too to mix the disturbed soil, loosen the little w^ater is applied, a crop may areas that have been compacted by ripen prematurely, if it survives at all. leveling machinery, allow air to enter Too much water tends to make a crop more readily, and make conditions ripen late. Also, low spots remain wet more favorable for soil bacteria. for a longer time than the rest of the Back furrows and dead furrows field, so sometimes a farmer has to should be eliminated in plowing. Plow- cultivate around them. Sometimes he ing should not be done in a way that may cultivate them when they are too will continuously move the soil in one wet, and then puddling results. Alkali direction. Every time a field is plowed and harmful salts usually accumulate it wdll have to be refinished with a in low areas. Such spots can sometimes float or similar implement if high and be eliminated by land leveling. Irriga- Wells and Pumps for Irri gated Lands 285 tion year after year to depths below must be fertile. The topography must the root zone is certain to result in the be suitable for irrigation. loss of valuable soil elements and a A supply of adequate and suitable drop in fertility. Too heavy irrigation ground water usually is harder to find on many types of land likewise hastens than land that is suitable for farming. the day when the land has to be Water exists beneath the surface of the drained. In a properly leveled field, ground in most arid and semiarid soil losses caused by application of ir- regions, but conditions often are not rigation water can be held to a mini- favorable for utilizing it to irrigate mum. And aside from the more tan- crops. Sometimes it is so far down that gible benefits of land leveling, the the cost of pumping is too great. Or the general appearance of a farm is en- formation in which the water occurs is hanced if a good job of leveling has so tight that it does not yield water been followed up with other improve- readily or is so limited in extent that ments in the layout of irrigation. the supply would soon be exhausted. Or the rate of recharge of the ground J. G. BAMESBERGER heads the Engi- water reservoir is too small to justify neering and Watershed Planning Unit, Soil extensive development of the area. Or Conservation Service, in Albuquerque, N. the supply may contain too much salt. M ex. He was a regional engineer jor the Alluvial deposits containing thick Soil Conservation Service Jor /j years and layers of water-bearing sand and has had 2^ years of experience with farm gravel are most favorable for obtaining irrigation engineering in the Western States. a good water supply. Broad alluvial valleys, traversed by rivers or irrigated by a network of canals, are ideal sites. The seepage from the rivers and canals Wells and Pumps and the deep percolation loss from irrigation nearly always assure ade- for Irrigated quate recharge of the ground-water Lands reservoir. In such valleys the water table usually is quite close to the surface, an important aspect from the Carl Roliwer standpoint of pumping costs. No hard-and-fast rules can be laid In much of the arid and semiarid down as to the depth to water beyond regions of the United States, the water which pumping is no longer feasible from streams is completely utilized for for irrigation. It depends primarily on irrigation or, if surplus water is still the value of the crops produced. In available, the cost of bringing it to the California and Texas, where fruits, land is too high. In those places, there- cotton, and winter vegetables are fore, pumping from the great reservoir grown, lifts of 400 to 500 feet and more of water in the ground is the only are common, but in other areas where source of additional water for irrigation. general farm crops are grown, 100 feet Factors to be considered in develop- is probably the maximum, except ing successful irrigation enterprises by under special conditions. If sprinklers pumping from wells are the supply of are used, the total pumping lifts can ground water, the land, the well, the be higher because the amount of water pump and accessories, the crops, and required usually is less. the markets. The water need not be potable, but First is the water supply. If it is in- it must not contain high concentra- adequate or if the quality is unsatisfac- tions of salts injurious to plants or soil. tory there is no need to consider the Water of doubtful quality should be other factors. tested to determine which alkalies are Next in importance is the land. It present and the percentage of each. Appendix

High Wat er Lhie- -

\ Plan of Suction Bay and Foundations SUCTION BAY

Elevation to Lift Under "^^ Zero^ Vacuum -^ Maximum High Water Average Low \ \ Wate7~ DISCHARGE BAT

Maximum Lift with No Vacuum on Discharge Pipe SUC/ffo YBA T \. ^^^if^' L^^^^^'^' -^(ixiîuum. Flood Conditioti Elevation of Well-designed Pumping Plant

(See pages 528-^38.) 701 702 Yearbook of Agriculture 1955

Centrifugal Pump Mixed Flow Propeller Double Suction Pump Pump Sketch showing action of pump impellers used for drainage. {See pages j28-^j8.)

Corrugaled-iron Pump House - !^5H P Single-Phase Motor

^Higk Water—^0-Year Frequency 8" Propellor Pump Controlled (^ by Automatic Switch l/ ¿- Original Ground Level Mill Creek

- Muck

Automatic Drainage Gate -Sand and Clay -Coarse Sand Low Water to Pea-size Excavate Sump Gravel

Elevation of well-designed farm pumping plant; Central Lapeer Soil Conservation District, Michigan, {See pages 528-338.)

rCrab

Flap Valve'

Elevation of well-designed pumping plant; reinforced suction and discharge bays {piling not shown; in- clined suction pipe; discharge pipe over top of levee with long radius bends; crab for lifting flap gate. {See pages 328-538.) ^cllx 703

18 22 26 30 34 38 42 discharge {thousand gallons per minute) Characteristic curves oj centrifugal pump; field tests of ^6-inch pump; Adams County, III {See pages §28-338.) total head (Jeet)

34 38 42 46 discharge {thousand gallons per minute) Characterislic curve for propeller type ''screw''' pump. {See pages 328-f)2Ô,) 704 Yearbook of Agriculture 195B

total head (feet) 26

54 58 62 66 discharge {thousand gallons per minute) Characteristic curves of mixed-flow pump; field tests 48-inck pump; Green County, III. (See pages ^28-^^38.)

Laminated'^ Bakelite

Gypsum.

Air Vent Tile junction using Y and T connections. {See pages 308-520.) Gravimetric sorption unit. {See pages 362-^^1.) Appendix 705

Cover top with heavy wire 'Mica Disk mesh screen or some type of perforated cap^

Ground Line ^1

'et Screw

Sewer PipiHpe^l Fill joints with cement mortar. ^ rO

>i Motch out bottom of tile trench to fit bell end of T-branch Asbestos% orous Ceramic Disc Breather or air vent. Can be used as a relief well by increasing size of the riser pipe. {See pages ^08- Brass TubingiO 520.) Sorption block soil moisture meter, {Seepages 362-371.)

60 . 720 rñlrogen added in pounds per acre

Result oj an experiment showing how the value of additional nitrogen fertilizer was increased by sup- plying the plants with additional water. {See page G91.) Soil-rnoisiiire tensiomeier. {See pages sGs-jyi,) ;i2r>8()2°--5r) 46 706 Yearbook of Agriculture 1955 Subsidence of Organic Soils de})th of orqamc soil 12 subsidence Line Below South Bay Locks Near / Mile Post on North in feet New River Canal, Sec. 13 TWP. 44 S. Rar^e 36 E. 0

The subsidence rate of a drained organic soil over a period of nearly 40 years. The normal pattern of fast sinking of the surface with initial drainage, a leveling off as gravity drainage decreased, an increase in rate with better drainage due to pumping, and the steady loss of surf ace elevation thereafter are illustrated. Soil is Okeelanta peaty muck near South Bay, Florida. (See pages jjg-jfjy.)

Comparative Subsidence Rates in Organic Soils of the Northern and Southern United States

average depth to water table in inches j^

24 —

annual subsidence rate in inches

This shows that the subsidence rate for organic soils depends on the depth to the water table. The lower the water table, the greater the soil loss. Data from Indiana based on drainage depth during crop year, May to September only. For Florida, drainage depth was held the whole year. (See pages ^^g-jjy.) Appendix 707

Random Ditch System of Surface Drainage

ilemove minor depressions by land • smoothing with land plane or leveler Smooth area so land wilt drain to the large depressions 0 random ditches

Lateral Outlet Ditch

Outlet ditch should be Main Outlet Ditch OS to V deeper than the random field ditches. This will provide complete drainage Jor random ditches so they can be crossed with Jarm machinery. On soils subject to severe erosion the overfall should be ■ graded back on a nonerosive Grade back small overfalls on a grade. nonerosive grade. Where this isn't possible use a chute, drop spillway or pipe.

Cross Section of Random Ditch Cross-sectional area should be designed for not less than applicable drainage runoff and never less than 5 sq.ft.

Min, side slope of 4: V where Move spoil to depressions. farming operations are If this is not possible use a parallel to ditch and 8:7 or double ditch with spoil placed flatter where the farming between ditches. operations cross the ditch.

Min. depth 9"

{See pages 4()g-rjo';.) 708 Yearbook of Agriculture 1955 The Bedding System of Surface Drainage

Typical Bedding System

I Unplowed Plowed bed Deadjurrow •* Deadjurrow Cross Section of Bed Showing Construction Method

{See page J02.)

Field Drains ^>)'^^:::>^ '^ Pipe Overfall Laterals Structures

Drains

Field Drains

Main Ditch Individual Farm Drainage System

{See pages 4gg-rjOy.) Appendix 709

Field Ditch System for Water Table Control and Surface Water Removal Maximum spacing of parallel field ditches Crof) rorvs, dead furrows and plow Jurroivs should he inter ce¡Hed bv shallow dilches and directed into the field ditches through protected overfalls.

Outlet Ditch Depressions too large to fill should be drained to the field ditch hy a shallow surface ditch.

Spread spoil from ditches in depressions or uniformly over the field. Remove all humps and back furrows hy land smoothing or grading so that surface water flows to ditch unobstructed.

fltraÎtoTaîfhi Typüd Minmum Ditch Cross Sections for decomposed peat and muck. , M in. slope of 1Y¿:I 2.5' min. depth

V mm. Organic Soils Mineral Soils 4' min. (Peat and Muck) Except Sands Sands

{See pages 4C)g-ßoy.) 710 Yearbook of Agriculture 1955 Individual Rice Farm Irrigation and Drainage System Main ditch

Irrigation canal

Contour Irrigation canal

Quarter drains. Space to limit drainage distance to 600-800 Jeet after field is leveled; 300-400JeetiJ not leveled. Depth 4-6 inches. Lateral ditches. Located to intercept outside drainage, drainage Jrom quarter drains, andjrom short- levees where quarter drains are not used. Design side slopes to meet planned Use 18" minimum depth. maintenance methods. Ditches along roads Place spoil on field side tojorm outside levee Ot should have side slopes 4:1 or flatter so thev cart te crossed with rice field equipment. çn road where rueded. {See page 503.)

X3 11—o--"- Spring Summer Spring Summer Undrained Land Tile Drained Land Root development of crops grown on tile drained and undrained land. {Redrawn from Manson and Rost: Agricultural Engineering 32: 6, 1951). {See pages 491-498.) Appendix 711

Maintain area around inlet Beehive or truncate of in sod—5' minimum radius cone grate to fit bell for sod areaJ of riser size

Sewer Pipe kHz

Drain Tile Below .Drain Tile Above This Section 1 his Section .

■/rri direction7~~^n oj Jtow— Tw

t T . Sewer Pipe _^ T-branch Seiver Pipe ^

A small surjace inlet made of sewer pipe Jor use on laterat tile lines. {See pages ^08-^20.)

Tile Bottom oJ Tile Trench. Elevation

Ground Surface -± Porous top soil for cultivated fields. Pea gravely small stone or coarse sand may be used in other locations.

Cobblestone, old brick, and Batter side tile bats graded upward 2"pirjt. of depth from coarse to fine

Top\toJ Tile Broken tile, coarse , gravel or crushed rock Cross Section

Sketch showing method of constructing blind surface inlet. (See pages jo8 jso.) 712 Yearbook of Agriculture 1935

Use solid cover of iron or precast concrete.

Discharge Construct walls of concrete, brick, block, curved segment, concrete or sewer tile.

Motor Typical sediment trap, {See pages r^o8-^20,) u \} t; tj tj n n » <:

Plant of suction hay and foundation; two pumps set over suction bay; middle pump of different type set to rear of suction bay. {See pages ^28-^38.)

Setüer Pipe With Cemented Joints

A drawing showing the placement of a breather near the beginning of a steep grade and a relief well at the end. {See pages jo8-j20.) Appendix 713

^ I I t t~-l--^^ A t_l «4—Í

! rill Ditches Spaced 0.5-/.O Mile- PLAN

kFireplow Drain ^gí^ spoil- Roadway

SECTION AT A^A

Apian and section of a drainage system in very flat ^ wet woodland. {See pages §64-^68.)

Adaptation and Limitations for Common Irrigation Methods Furrow Light, medium- and finc-tex- Slopes up to 3 percent in direction tured soils; row crops; small of irrigation; row crops; 10 per- stream. cent cross slope. Corrugation Light, medium, and finc-tex- Slopes up to 12 percent with semi- turcd soils; close growing permanent crops; 8 percent with field crops; small stream annual crops; 5 percent cross flows. slope; rough for equipment.

Border All soils; close growing field Slopes up to 3 percent for annual crops; large streams. crops; slopes to 8 percent for sodded pastures; good leveling required; 0.3 percent cross slope; uniform grade; problem of starting crops in soils which puddle readily. Sprinklers All slopes; soils; crops; and High initial equipment cost; low- stream size, ered efficiency in windy and hot climate. Check (or ponding). . Light, medium, and heavy Deep soils; high cost of land prepa- soils; large streams. ration; slopes less than 2 percent.

Subirrigation Free lateral movement of Special soil and annual precipitation water in soils, rapid capil- conditions; usually causes drain- lary rise, underlain by low age problems elsewhere, permeability layer; all crops; large quantities of water. {Prepared by Max Jemen and Claude H, Pair) 714 Yearbook of Agriculture 1955

Factors Useful in Preliminary Planning of Smaller Pumping Plants Horsepower required J or 10 feet Velocity total head. Pump Pump or Pipe veloc- head, Friction in and transmission pipe size, Gallons Acres, inches ity, jeet J_ r^^^ feet per TOO efficiency = yo per- in. per minute per 24 hours per second 2g feet of pipe cent

6 400 21.2 4.54 0.32 2.21 1.4 6 600 31.8 6.72 0.70 4.7 2.2 6 800 42.4 9.08 1.28 8.0 2.9 6 1,000 53.0 11.32 1.99 12.0 3.6

8 900 47. 7 5. 75 o. 52 2.46 3.2 8 1,100 58.3 7.03 .77 3.51 4.0 8 1,300 68.9 8.32 1.07 4.72 4.7 8 1,500 79.5 9.60 1.43 6.27 5.4

10 1,200 63.6 4.91 .38 1.46 4.3 10 1,600 84.8 6.56 .67 2.35 5.8 10 2,000 106.1 8.10 1.02 3.65 7.2 10 2,400 127.3 9-73 1-5 5-04 8.7

12 2,000 106. I 5.60 .48 1.43 7.2 12 2,500 132.6 7.00 .77 2.28 9.0 12 3,000 159-I S. 4.0 I. 10 3.15 10.8 12 3,500 185.6 9-80 1.49 4.10 12.6

14 2,000 106. I 4.20 .27 0.66 7.2 14 3,000 159-I 6.30 .61 1.47 10.8 14 4,000 212. I 8.40 1.09 2.47 14.4 14 5,000 265.2 10.50 I. 71 3-92 18.0

16 3,600 190.9 5.74 .51 I. 10 13.0 16 4,400 233.3 7.01 .76 1.58 15.9 16 5,200 275.8 8.29 1.06 2.16 18.8 16 6,000 318.2 9-50 1.42 2.60 21.6

18 4,500 238.6 5« 70 .50 0.93 16.2 18 5,500 291.7 6.96 .75 1.32 19.8 18 6,500 344. 7 8.22 I. 05 1.82 23.4 18 8,000 424.2 10.02 1.56 2.65 28.9

20 5,000 265.2 5-13 -41 0.68 18.0 20 6,500 344-7 6.66 .69 1.06 23.4 20 8,000 424.2 8.17 1.03 1.63 28.9 20 10,000 530.3 10.40 1.68 2.53 36.1

24 8,000 424. 2 5-68 .50 o. 66 28.9 24 10, 000 530. 3 7.07 . 78 o. 98 36. I 24 12,000 636.4 8.50 I. 12 1.40 43-3 24 14,000 742.4 9.95 1.54 1.87 50.5

30 12,000 636.4 5.44 0.46 0.47 43.3 30 16,000 848.5 7.36 .84 0.83 57.7 30 20,000 1061,0 9.09 r.29 1.22 72.2 30 24,000 1273.0 10.90 1.86 1.71 86.6 Appendix 715

-pounds the acre 3000

2000

1000

M3 WET

moisture nitrogen (pounds)

The effect of moisture and nitrogen on the yield of seed cotton, Turna, Ariz-, 1952. {See pages ^81-^88.) Wet—Irrigated when the root zone soil moisture tension reached 0.2 atmospheres. Medium—Irrigated when the root zone soil moisture tension reached 0.6 atmospheres. Dry—Irrigated when the root zone soil moisture tension reached g atmospheres. Farmers' Prices -1 percentage of 1910—14 as 300'

■s

7970 7920 7930 7940 7950 "" Monthly data ^Includes interest, taxes, and wage rates. Annual average data, 1910-23; by quarters, 1924-36; by months, 1937 to date.

This drawing shows farmers^ prices received and paid in the years jgio-ig^¿i.. of manufactured goods. The weakening demand following each war was reflected in Prices received by farmers for farm products have varied much more than prices rather sharp declines in prices of agricultural products, with little or no reduction paid for things used in farm production. In agricidture, prices received have had a in output, but with considerable decreases in farm incomes. With the drop in incomes, wider range with less change in production than in industry. During and imme- less was available for land improvement. (See pages 479—491.) diately after both World Wars, farm product prices rose more than wholesale prices Group-Enterprise Plans in Soil Conservation Districts, United States Totals, Fiscal Year 1954, and Cumulative to June 30, ig^4 ' a I Group drainage Group irrigation Other types ^ Total ^ Item 1954 Cumulative ^954 Cumulative ^954 Cumulative ^954 Cumulative Group job plans number.. 1^343 ii.-554 34^ 2,463 23 248 1,707 145265 Farms to be benefited.... number. . 7,023 78,127 8,490 48,365 212 2,680 15,725 129,172 Areas to be benefited acres. . 649, 405 7, 793, 910 533, 917 2, 646, 320 17, 236 508, 609 i, 200, 558 10, 948, 839 Estimated cost dollars. . 4, 203, 621 40, 685, 603 2, 059, 413 13, 456, 105 89, 313 2, 473, 897 6, 352, 347 56, 615, 605 Groupjobscompleted... .number. . i, m 9, 113 304 1,899 ^4 ^^^ ij 429 IIJI93 Farms benefited number. . 5, 77^ 52,449 8,409 38, 226 84 i, 832 14, 264 92, 507 Area benefited. o acres.. 469,974 4,871,275 359,231 1,847,751 5,009 277,176 834,214 6,996,202 Some principal practices installed: Ditch and canal excavation miles.. 1,134 10,999 ^7^ ^ 7^3 M- ^07 1,324 12,819 Do cubic yards.. 10,441,200 98,957,3^4 795.318 5^977.296 103,752 3,533,299 11,340,270 108,467,959 Spoil-bank leveling cubic yards.. 4,914,318 48,456,802 41,582 407,587 10,692 1,020,985 4,966,592 49,885,376 Levees and dikes miles.. 14 266 4 53 5 52 23 371 Do cubic yards.. 197.411 3.37^,754 132,677 883,642 79.945 972,7^0 410,033 5.233.176 Channel stabilization.. .miles. . 10 235 2 60 i 35 13 330 Drainage and irrigation pipe lin. feet. . 901, 069 3, 733,064 64, 012 338,872 10 3,504 965, 091 4, 075,440 Reservoirs number. . 3 9 14 142 3 19 20 170 Do acre-feet. . 498 i, 044 9,506 70,828 44 593 10, 048 72,465 Structures number.. 1,062 9.505 1,011 8,002 3 157 2,076 17,724

1 A group-enterprise plan is defined as any job involving two or more landowners or operators who agree to work together to carry on the construction operations, and maintenance specified in the plan. 2 Other types include special erosion control, water control, water spreading, and other such group-enterprise jobs.

size of fruit in cubic centimeters

Peaches that show the effect of the lack of readily available Tnoistiire early in August, {See pages 4^6-461.) General Relationships Between Soil Moisture and the Feel and Appearance oj the Soil f«s a. Feel or appearance Moisture between wilting point ^ ■ , , and field capacity Coarse soil Light soil Medium soil Heavy and very heavy soil o Dry, loose, single-grained. Dry, loose, flows through Dry, sometimes slightly crust- Hard, baked, cracked, some- flows through fingers fingers ed but easily breaks down times has loose crumbs on to powdery condition surface

50 percent or less Appears dry, will not form Appears dry, will not form Somewhat crumbly, holds Somewhat pliable, balls ball with pressure ball 1 together from pressure. under pressure

50 to 75 percent Same as coarse under 50 Tends to ball under pressure Forms ball, somewhat plas- Forms ball, ribbons out be- percent or less but seldom holds together tic, will som.etimes slick twecn thumb and forefinger slightly with pressure

75 percent to field capacity Tends to stick together, Forms weak ball, breaks Forms ball, very pliable. Easily ribbons out between sometimes forms very weak easily, will not slick slicks readily if high in fingers, has slick feeling ball under pressure clay

At field capacity Wet outline of ball is left on Same as coarse Same as coarse Same as coarse hand upon squeezing

Above field capacity Free water appears when Free water released with Can squeeze out free water Puddles and free water forms soil is bounced in hand kneading on surface

1 Ball is formed by squeezing a handful of soil very firmly.

(Prepared by Max Jensen and Claude H, Pair) 720 Yearbook of Agriculture 1955

Runoff for National Forest and Non-National Forest Areas in Certain Western Drainage Basins

Average annual water production Area NF Outside j\F Out-^ ' Per-^ ' Per-^ side cent of cent of JVF, jYF, Whole total total per- per- area, vol- vol- Drainage basin or area cent cent inches Inches iime Inches ume Columbia (in U. S.) 37 63 10.4 16. 7 59 6. 7 41 Colorado (in U. S.) 19 81 2.5 7. 2 56 1.3 44 Rio Grande above El Paso. ... 25 75 i. 7 3. 8 58 o. 9 42 Central Valley (California only) 32 68 11. 8 23.5 6r^ 6.4 37 Rogue-Umpqua Area 40 60 35- 5 37- o 42 34-2 58 Northwest Washington (State less Columbia) 32 68 39.3 51.4 41 33.7 59 Southern California Coast (Los Angeles watershed to Mexi- can border) 25 75 3. 7 6. 3 43 2. 8 57 North Platte and South Platte. . 11 89 1.7 6.2 41 1.2 59 Missouri above Fort Randall Dam 1 9 91 1.7 6.9 37 1.2 63 Arkansas above Dodge City 2. . 9 91 i. 2 4. 7 38 o. 7 62

1 Ft. Randall Dam is in South Dakota and close to the Nebraska line. 2 Dodge City, Kans., is close to the looth Meridian.

Precipitation and Runoff for National Forest and Non-National Forest Areas in the II Western States

Area Average annual precipitation Average water production NF Outside NF NF Outside NF Out- Fer- Fer- Per- Per-^ side ce7ît oj cent of cent of cent of NF, NF, Whole total total Whole total total per- per- State, vol- vol- State, vol- vol- State cent cent inches ine he s ume ine hes ume inches Inches ume Inches ume Ariz.... . 16 18.4 10.7 84 12. 0 25 75 ÎÎ-7 1-5 37 0-5 Ö3 Calif. . . ■ 25 75 21 34 ^i 17 59 8.6 19. 2 57 5- 0 43 Colo. . . • 23 77 16 20 28 15 72 4.4 II.4 61 2. 2 39 Idaho.. . 40 60 18 24 53 H 47 15 70 4 30 Mont., . . 21 79 15 18 25 H 75 4.4 12. 2 5« 2.4 42 Nev. . . . 8 92 8. I 9. 7 9 8.0 0.5 I. I 16 0. 5 H N. Mex. • 13 Ö7 14.4 16.6 J5 14. 0 «5 0.6 1.7 3Ö 0.5 64 Oreg... ■ 29 71 28 39 39 24 61 14 22 44 II 56 Utah. .. ■ 17 ¿^3 10.8 15-7 25 9-7 75 2. 0 ^•5-^ 57 1.0 43 Wash... . 26 74 39 59 38 32 b2 18 31 45 r3 55 Wyo. . . • 15 »5 14 18 ^9 13 81 4. I 14.7 54 2. 2 46

Mean. 79 26 32 15 68 5-5 14-0 53 3-3 47 Source of data: Annual Runoff in the United States, Walter B. Langbein and others, Geo- logical Survey Circ. 52, 1949. Prepared in the Division of Watershed Management Research, Forest Service, 1952. Appendix 721

Convenient Equivalents for Planning and Testing Pumping Plants

VOLUME

I U. S. gallon=23i cubic inches=0.13368 cubic foot. I cubic foot= 1,728 cubic inches^ 7.4805 U. S. gallons. I acre £001=325,851 U. S. gallons=43,560 cubic feet.

HYDRAULICS

I U. S. gallon of water weighs 8.34 pounds. I cubic foot of water weighs 62.4 pounds at 4° C. I cubic foot per second=448,83 gallons per minute= 646,317 U. S. gallons per day=o.99i7 acre inch per hour (usually taken as unity)= 1.9835 acre feet per 24-hour day (usually taken as 2). I million gallons per day= 1.5472 C.F.S. = 3.o7 acre-feet per day. I inch runoff per 24 hours= 26.889 cubic feet per second per sq. mi. = 0.0420 cubic feet per second per acre= 18.857 gallons per minute per acre. I inch per hour= i .0083 cubic feet per second per acre (usually taken as unity).

PRESSURE

I foot of water at 39.1° F. = 62.425 lbs. per sq. ft.=0.4335 lbs. per sq. inch= 0.8826 inch of mercury at 30^ F. I atmosphere at sea level= 33.90 feet of water. I pound on the sq. inch at 39.1° F. = 2.307 ft, of water. I inch of mercury at 32° F.= i.i33 feet of water=o.49i 19 lb. per sq. inch.

MISCELLANEOUS

I year=8,76o hours. I second-foot falling 8.81 feet= i horsepower. Acceleration of gravity g=32.i6 ft. per second per second. I horsepower=550 foot pounds per second=33,000 foot pounds per minute= 746 watts. I kilowatt =1,341 horsepower.

325862 °~55 47 722 Yearbook of Agriculture 1955 mation and Utilization in Relation to Underground Sotnc Water Pollution, State Water Pollution Control Additionnai Board Publication 6, 124 pages. 1953. Reierences Plireatophytes, A Serious Problem in the West (page 423) Replenishing Ground Water Wayne D. Griddle and James G. Moir, by Spreading (page 302) Consumptive Use of Water Studies in Idaho, Divi- L. E. Allison: Effect of Micro-organisms on Per- sion of Irrigation, Soil Conservation Service, meability of Soil Under Prolonged Submergence, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Boise, Ida- Soil Science, volume 63, pages 439-450. 1947. ho, 1945. G. E. Arnold, H. E, Hedger, and A. M. A. R. Croft, Water Loss by Stream Surface Rawn: Report upon the Reclamation of Water Evaporation and Transpiration by Riparian Vege- from Sewage and Industrial Wastes in Los Angeles tation, Transactions American Geophysical County, California, Los Angeles County Sani- Union, Volume 29, number 2, 1948. tation Districts, 159 pages. 1949. J. S. Gatewood, T. W. Robinson, B. R. E. S, Bliss, and G. E. Johnson: Some Factors Colby, J. D. Hem, and L. G. Halpenny, Use Involved in Ground-Water Replenishment, Trans- of Wafer by Bottom-Land Vegetation in Lower actions of the American Geophysical Union, Safford Valley, Arizona, Water-Supply Paper volume 33, pages 547-55?- 1952. II03, Geological Survey, U. S. Department Harold Gonkling: Utilization of Ground- of the Interior, Washington, D. G., 1950. Water Storage in Stream System Development, G. H. Lee, An Intensive Study of the Water Re- American Society of Givil Engineers Trans- sources of a Part of Owens Valley, California, actions, volume III, paper 2272, pages 275- Water-Supply Paper 294, Geological Survey, 305. 1946. U. S. Department of the Interior, Washing- Finley B. Laverty: Correlating Flood Control ton, D. G., 1912. and Water Supply, Los Angeles Coastal Plain, Oscar E. Meinzer, Plants as Indicators of With Discussion by A. L. Sonderegger, Ground Water, Water-Supply Paper 577, Geo- Warren N. Thaycr, George B. Gleason, and logical Survey, U. S. Department of the In- Finley B. Laverty, American Society of Givil terior, Washington, D. G., 1927. Engineers Transactions, volume III, paper D. G. Muckel and Harry F. Blaney, Utiliza- 2290, pages 1127-1157. 1946. tion of Waters of the San Luis Rey Valley, San T. M, McGalla: Influence of Biological Prod- Diego County, California, California Division of ucts on Soil Structure and Infdtration, Soil Science Irrigation of the Soil Conservation Service, Proceedings, volume 7, pages 209-214. 1942. 1945- A. T. Mitchelson: Spreading Water for Re- Symposium on Groundwater, Report Associa- charge, Soil Conservation, volume 15, pages tion of Western State Engineers, Reno, Nev., 66-70. 1949. ^953. ^ A. T. Mitchelson, and Dean G. Muckel: Symposium on Phreatophytes, Transactions Spreading Water for Storage Underground, U. S. American Geophysical Union, Volume 33, Department of Agriculture Technical Bulle- number i, 1952. tin 578, 80 pages. 1937. Arthur A. Young and Harry F. Blaney, Dean G. Muckel: Water Spreading for Use of Water by Native Vegetation, California Ground-Water Replenishment, Agricultural En- Division of Water Resources, Sacramento, gineering, volume 29, number 2. 1948. Calif., Bulletin number 50, 1942. Dean G. Muckel: Research in Water Spread- ing, Proceedings of the American Society of Givil Engineers, volume 77, separate iii, Irrigation Practices for Pastures II pages. 1951. and Forage Crops (page 430) Leonard Schiff: The Effect of Surf ace Head on Infiltration Rates Based on the Performance of Robert M. Hagan, and Maurice L. Petersen, Ring Infiltrometers and Ponds, Transactions Soil Moisture Extraction by Irrigated Pasture American Geophysical Union, volume 34, Mixtures as Influenced by Clipping Frequency, number 2, pages 257-266. 1953. Agronomy Journal, July 1953. T. Rüssel Simpson: Utilization of Ground J. G. Hamilton, Grover F. Brown, Harold Water in California, Proceedings of American E. Tovêr, and Wilkie Collins, Jr., Irrigated Society of Givil Engineers, volume 77, sepa- Pastures for Forage Production and Soil Conserva- rate 102, 8 pages. 1951. tiotij USD A Farmer's Bulletin 1973. Ralph Stone, and W. F. Garber: Sewage Wesley Keller, George Q. tía teman, and Reclamation by Spreading Basin Infiltration, Pro- Elmo J. Packer, Pasture Studies Indicate Possi- ceedings American Society of Givil Engineers, bilities of More Productive Grass ana Legume Mix- separate 87, 20 pages. 1951. tures for Irrigated Land, Utah Agricultural Ex- University of California Sanitary Engineer- periment Station Farm and Home Science, ing Research Project: Final Report of Field December 1945. Investigation and Research on Waste Water Recia- George E. McKibben, L. E. Gard, G. A. Appendix 723 Van Doren, and R. F. Fuclleman, Soil Mois- J. F. Poland, A. A. Garrett, and Allen ture Availability in Irrigated and Non-irrigated Sinnott: Geology, Hydrology, and Chemical Char- Pastures, Agronomy Journal, Volume 42, No- acter of the Ground Water in the Torrance-Santa vember 1950. Monica Area, Los Angeles County, California: Maurice L. Petersen, and Robert M. Hagan, U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper Production and Quality of Irrigated Pasture Mix- 1254 (in preparation). tures as Influenced by Cupping Frequency, Agron- A. N. Sayre and Penn Livingston: Ground- omy Journal, Volume 45, July 1953. water Resources of the El Paso Area, Texas: U.S. Maurice L. Petersen, and RobertM. Hagan, Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 919, Irrigation Principles and Practices For Pastures, 1945- Proceedings, Sixth International Grassland V. T. Stringfield: Artesian Water in the Florida Congress, Volume I, pages 397-403, 1952. Peninsula: U. S. Geological Survey Water- L. A. Richards, and C. H. Wadlcigh, Ameri- Supply Paper 773-C, 1936. can Society oj Agronomy Monographs, Vohxraç^ II, V. T. Stringfield and H. H. Cooper, Jr.: pages 74-251, 1952. Geologic and Hydrologie Factors Affecting Peren- R. R. Robinson, V. G. Sprague, and A. G. nial Yield of Aquifers: American Water Works Lueck, The Ejffect of Irrigation, Nitrogen Fertili- Association Journal, volume 49, number 10, zation, and Clipping Treatment on Persistence of pages 803-816, October, 1951. Clover and on Total and Seasonal Distribution of David G. Thompson: Ground-water Problems Yields in a Kentucky Bluegrass Sod, Agronomy on the Barrier Beaches of New Jersey: Geological Journal, Volume 44, May 1952. Society of America Bulletin, volume 37, pages R. R. Robinson, V. G. Sprague, Responses 463-474, 1926. of Orchard Grass-Ladino Clover to Irrigation and David G. Thompson: Salt Water in Seacoast' Nitrogen Fertilization, Agronomy Journal, and Island Wells: Civil Engineering, volume 3, Volume 44, May 1952. number 10, pages 579-580, October, 1933. Sir E. John Russell, and E. W. Russell, Soil S. F. Turner and M. D. Foster: A Study of Conditions and Plant Growth, Longmans, Green Salt-water Encroachment in the Gal veston Area, and Company, New York, 8th Edition, pages Texas: American Geophysical Union Trans- 365-371» February 1950. actions, June, 1934. D. W. Thorne, Management of Irrigated Pas- G. K. Wentvyôrth: Storage Consequences of the tures, Yearbook of Agriculture 1948 (Grass), Ghyben-Herzberg Theory: American Geophysi- pages 141-143. cal Union Transactions, pages 683-693, 1942. D. W. Thorne, and H. B. Petersen, Irrigated G. K. Wentworth: The Problem of Safe Yield Soils, Their Fertility and Management, The in Insular Ghyben-Herzberg Systems: American Blakiston Company, Philadelphia, Pa., 1949. Geophysical Union Transactions, volume 32, F. J. Veihmeyer, and A. H. Hendrickson, number 5, October, 1951. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, Volume I, W. N. White, N. A. Rose, and W. F. Guy- pages 285-304, 1950. ton: Ground-water Resources of the Houston Dis- trict, Texas: U. S. Geological Survey Water- Supply Paper 889-G, 1944. Allen G. Winslow and William W. Doyel: The Encroachment of Salt Water Salt Water and its Relation to Fresh Ground Water into Fresh (page 615) in Harris County, Texas: Texas Board of Water Garald G. Parker: Salt-water Encroachment in Engineers Bulletin 5409, 1954. Southern Florida: American Water Works As- sociation Journal, volume 37, number 6, pages 526-542, June, 1945. What Research is Doing on Problems Garald G. Parker : Geologic and Hydrologie Fac- of Water in Agricukure (page 685) tors in the Perennial Yield of the Biscayne Aquifer, Miami, Florida: American Water Works As- L. D. Love, Watershed Management in the sociation Journal, volume 43, number 10, Colorado Rockies, Journal of Soil and Water pages 817-835, October, 1951. Conservation, Volume 8, number 3, pages Garald G. Parker, G. E. Ferguson, S. K. 107-112, 1953. Love, and others : Water Resources of Southeast- H. P. Singleton, Soil, Water, and Crop Man- ern Florida, with Special Reference to the Geology agement Investigations in the Columbia Basin and Ground Water of the Miami Area: U. S. Project, Washington Agricultural Experiment Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1255. Stations, Bulletin number 520, 1950. A. M. Piper, A. A. Garrett, and others: State Water Pollution Control Board, Cali- Native and Contaminated Ground Waters in the fornia, Studies of Waste Water Reclamation and Long Beach-Santa Ana Area, California: U. S, Utilization, State Water Pollution Control Geological Survey Watcr-Supply Paper 1136, Board Publication, number 9, 1954. 1953- Lorenz G. Straub, Research and Facilities, St. J. F. Poland, A. M. Piper, and others: Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Uni- Geologic Features in the Coastal ône of the Long versity of Minnesota, Circular number 5,1950. Beach-Santa Ana Area, California: U. S. Geolog- United States Salinity Laboratory Stafif, ical Survey Water-Suppiy Paper 1109 (in Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali preparation). Soils, U. S. D. A. Handbook, number 60, 1954.

Algaecide. 476 Alkali, 37 and phreatophytes, 428 control, 259 Alkali soil(s), defined, 326 improvement of, 326 management, 493 Alkali spots, 282 Index Alkaline soil, microbial activity in, 33 ALLANJ PHILIP F.: More Wildlife From Our Marshes and Wet- lands, 589-596 Allen, William B., cited, 634 Alligator, 589 AUigatorweed, 445, 594 A Look to the Future, 666-700 Agricultural conservation program, Allowable draintile depths, 512 "A winter of the blue snow," 231 611 Alluvial fan deposits, causes, 140 Aasheim, T. S., cited, 443 Agricultural Conservation Program Almonds. 323 Acetone insolubles, of soybeans, Service, 164 Alta fescue, 432 380 Agricultural conservation stabiliza- Aluminum pipe, in irrigation, 267 Acidity, of peats, 542 tion program, 202, Aluminum sulfates, 326 AcKFRMANNj WiLi.iAM C. : From Agricultural Research Service, 170, Alyce-clover, 449 Ocean to Sky to Land to 251, 258, 294, 320, 327, 345, Amazon, l4l Ocean, 41-51 371, 376, 394, 400. 405, 427, Amemiya, M., cited, 443 Act 456, 491, 498, 507, 665, 693, Amendments, to reclaim alkali Clark-McNary, 201 700 soils, 326 Federal Water Pollution Con- Agriculture, 7 American Association for the Ad- trol, of 1948, 640, 641 and saline water, 109 vancement of Science, 161, 194 Federal Waterpower, of 1920, Air, water in, laws regarding, 667 American Forestry Association. 197 162 Air vent, illus., 705 American Forestry Congress, 161, Flood Control, of 1927, 162 Air vents, to tile lines, 516 194 Flood Control, of 1928, 38 Air-conditioning installations, 652 American River, 584 Flood Control, of 1936, 162, Aircraft, in snow surveys, 97 American Society of Agricultural 164, 166 Airp]ane(s) Engineers, 272 Flood Control, of 1944, 210, 485 against phreatophytes, 427 American Society of Agronomy, 151 Organic Administration, 161 cloud seeding, 92 American Society of Civil Engi- Reclamation, of 1902, 162 for applying herbicides, 419 neers, 611 Saline Water, of 1952, 117 for sowing rice, 392, 393 American Society for Testing Ma- Swamp Land, 479, 480 spraying, in marsh ranges, 449 terials, 512, 518, 548 Taylor Grazing, of 1934, 193 Alabama, 205, 257, 355, 378, 380, American Water Works Associa- Water Facilities, 38 383, 385, 387 tion, 653, 655 Watershed Protection and Flood Alabama Polytechnic Institute, 388, Ammonification, 34 434 Prevention, l63, 165, 166, 167 Amoebic, 644 Alaska, 223, 602 Watershed Protection and Flood Analog, defined, 85 Albedo, 348 Prevention, of 1954, 485 Ancient aqueducts. Old World, 1 Albert, A. R., cited, 550 Activated carbon, 648 Ancient reservoirs, Old World, 1 AT.BIIRTJ FRANK A.: A New Song ADAIR, C. ROY: The Irrigation and Ancient wells on the Muddy Chattahoochee, Culture of Rice, 389-394 Arabia, 1 205-210 Adams, Abigail, cited, 6 Old World, 1 Alberta, 61 Adams, Frank, cited, 386 Anderson, Clinton P., cited, 94, Adenostoma fasciculatum, 107 Aleutian, lows, 89 102 Adhesion, 11 Alfalfa, 281, 284, 358, 359. 374, ANDI-RSON, WALLACE L.: More Adirondack Mountains, l6l 401, 424, 428, 429, 432, 435 Wildlife From Our Marshes Adsorption, defined, 115 and microbial growth, 32 and Wetlands, 589-596 Advisory Committee on Weather coefficient for, 344 Andrews, H. J., Experimental For- Control, 92, 9^ consumptive use, 345 est, 238 irrigated acreage, 435 Aepli, D. C, cited, 443 Angstrom, Anders, cited, 348 irrigation methods, 435 Anhydrite, 6l6 Aeration, 359. 384, 436. 453, 492, planting, 435 638 root distribution, 441 Animals porosity limit, 33 root system, 436 intake of water, l6 zone of, 48, 49 seed inoculation, 436 sources of water, 16 Aerial photographs, 558 water needs, 435 water requirement, 16 Aerial surveying, 330 water requirement, 37 Anions, defined, 322 Aerobic, defined, 30 Alfalfa production, irrigation prac- Annuals, defined, 24 Aerobic fungi, 35 tices for, 435 Antarctic Circle, 223 Africa, 5, 108 Algae, 393. 477, 540 Antelope Valley, 37 Aggregation, 307 and nitrogen fertility, 33 Anthracnose, 30 725 Antibiotics, 26 Asphalt, 318 BEAUCHAMP, KE[TFí H.: Tile growth, 26 for lining canals, 315 Drainage—Its Installation and Antiquity, 2 Asphaltic membrane, for linings, Upkeep, 508-520 Appaliichian Mountains, 5, 236, 318 Beaver, 587 238, 242 Assyria, 1 Beckett, S. H., cited, 384 Appalachian Valley, 135 Astrophysicist, 89 Bed load, 137 Apple (s), 323, 374 Atkeson, F, W., cited, 15 Bedding system, drainage, 502 Apple powdery mildew, 30 Atlanta, Ga., 207 Bedding system of surface drain- Apple scab fungus, 26 Atlantic Coastal Plain, 226 age, illus., 708 Applied Science Laboratories, Inc., Atmosphere, motions, 85 Beech, 224, 227 114 Atmospheric circulation, 87 Beets, 275, 323, 452, 550, 553 Appropriative, rights, 671 Atmospheric condensation, 44 salt tolerance, 451 Aqueducts Atmospheric pressure, 296 Belcher, D. J.. 369 ancient. Old World, 1 Atomic Energy Commission, 110, Beltsville, 15 investment in, 7 112, 635 Bench border, irrigation, 259 Aquifer(s), 72, 147, 286, 287, 289, Atomic energy, demineralizing Bench leveling, in irrigation, 280 294, 299, 305, 336, 339, 616 water, 110 Benedict, Rüssel, cited, 385 defined, 69 Atoms, of water, 9 Beneficial use, principle, 672 Arctic, 87 Attica, 191 Benguela current, 108 Arctic Circle, 223, 224, 225 AuGUSTADT, WALTER W, : Drain- Benjamin Franklin, 76 Area of influence, defined, 299 age in the Red River Valley Bennett, R. R., cited, 618, 621 Arizona, 37, 38, 6l, 62, 63, 100, of the North, 569-576 Benson, Ezra Taft, cited, 371 224, 225, 23, 591, 5S>4 305 Clouds, 91 Cattle, 15, 17 Chlorine, 476 defined, 44 and phreatophytes, 428 and water spreading, 309 Clovers, 433, 449, 477 water and feed, 16 to purify water, 656 Clyde, George D., cited, 101 Cauliflower, 452, 550 Chlorophyll, 19 Coachella Valley, 321 Cavern, yield of water, 65 Chloroplast(s), 19, 20, 22 Coal, 219 Cedar River, 196 Cholera, 644 Coast Range (s), 61, 189 Cederstrom, J. D., cited, 635 Christiansen, Hans, cited, 649 Coastal fog(s), 106-107 Celery, 275, 452, 550, 552, 553, Christiansen, J. E., cited, 472 Coastal marsh belt, extent, 444 554, 694 Chukar partridge, 587 Coastal marsh ranges, 444 salt tolerance, 452 Church, J. E., cited, 232 Coastal Plains, 74, 199, 488, 692 Cell, 19 Cincinnati, University of, 165 Coefficient of permeability, 298 Cell wall, 20 Cities, 5, 52, 294, 615 Cohesion, 11, 12 Cells, in trees, 220 ground water, 63 Cold front, defined, 43 Cellulose(s), 12, 20, 35, 540 microbes in rain, 31 Cold resistance, of vegetables, 553 Census of Agriculture, 252, 311 Citrus, 323, 324 Cold Water Canyon, 426 "Centers of action," 87 coefficient for, 344 Coldwater River, 199 Central America, 389, 602 Citrus fruits, 252 Colletotrichum lindemuthtanum, Central Flyvvay, Mississippi, 602 irrigated, 250 30 Central Lowland, 59 irrigation of, 254 Colloid(s), 14, 137 Central States, supplemental irriga- Citrus groves, sprinklers in, 268 Colluvial deposits, origin, 139 tion, 253 City water, for farm use, 340 COLMAN, E. A., 366 Central Valley, 251, 407 Civil Aeronautics Administration, From Ocean to Sky to Land to Centrifugal pump(s), 290, 339, 534 369 Ocean, 41-51 characteristic curves, iUus., 703 Civilian Conservation Corps, 201, Soil Surveys on Forest and Range illus., 702 521, 572 Lands, 242-246 Cereal grains, 374 CLARK, FRANCIS E.: Water and the Colman fiberglass electrode units, Cereal root rots, 492 Micro-organisms, 25-35 99 Cereal smuts, 31 CLARK, O. H.: Managing Water- Color slides, 683 Cesspools, 636 sheds to Provide Better Fish- Colorado, 45, 4G, 59, 62, 100, 114, Chamise, 107 ing, 579-583 136, 158, 179. 194, 196, 228, Channel, river, properties, 53 Clark-McNary Act, 201 230, 231, 232, 233, 234. 236, Channel alinement, changes, 142 Clay, 12 241, 248, 274, 276, 321, 342, Channel erosion, 136 defined, 123 345, 358, 395, 401, 417, 422, Channel improvement, 200, 202, Clay pipe, for pump lines, 293 426, 557, 629, 679, 687 211 Clay soils, and turf, 463 University of, 35, 301 Channel stabilization, and floods, Claypans, defined, 123 Colorado Agricultural and Me- 175 Clays, 73, 137 chanical College, 294, 423 Channelized flow, 131 drainage from, 69 Colorado College, 234 Chaparral, 107, 108, 188, 224, 225, Clay tile, 478 Colorado River, 6, 59, 321 241, 418, 687 Clayton, B. S., cited, 532, 549 Colorado River Basin, 371 Chard, 553 Clemson Agricultural College, 386 Columbia Basin, 162, 642, 691 Chattahoochee National Forest, 207 Clcmson College, 340 1948 flood, 190 Chattahoochee River, 62, 205, 207, Clifton Hot Springs, 623 Columbia River, 96, 97, 102, 321 209 Climate, 121, 341 Columbia River Basin, 100, 251 Checks, in irrigation, 26l and forests, 232 flood, 1948, 172 Chemical amendments, 691 and landscape, ó Columbia University, 62 Chemical industries, use of water, and phreatophytes, 425 Comal County, 58 637 and trees, 221 Commerce, 3 Chemical properties of water, 13 and water use, 341 Commission of Fisheries, 194 Chemicals effect on hydraulic head, 150 Committee on Water Resources and weeds, 225 factor in sprinkler irrigation, 271 Policy, 251 to kill vegetation, 507 Climate and Man, 83 Commodity Stabilization Service, Chemistry, of salt-afFected soils, 691 Climatic Handbook for Washing- 249 Cheniers, 444 ton, D. C, 83 Cherry Creek, 584 Common black bread mold, 27 Climatological approach, and Common blue mold, 26 Chesapeake Bay, 631 drought, 349 Common law, on water, 667, 668 Chestnut, 224 Climatological summary, 83 system, 674 Chestnut blight fungus, 26, 27 Climax forest, 227 Common reed, 445, 446, 448, 594 Chicago, University of, 25, 77, 327 Climax vegetation, defined, 445 Community, and conservation, 168 Chickens, 17 Closure, defined, 196 Community forests, 193 China, 1, 2, 4 "Cloudburst," 171 Compaction, 306 Grand Canal in, 4 "Cloud-seeders," 92 drainage from, G^ Chinchbugs, in ricefields, 394 Cloud seeding, 696 Concentration of water, in tissues, Chippewa Creek, 628 airplanes, 92 14 728 Concrete, for lining canals, 315, Coos Bay, Oreg., 225 Cowpeas, 409 316 Copper, 553 Cows, 16 Concrete freezing, 181 Cordgrass, 594 production, 15 Concrete frost structure, 180 Cork cells, 22 CoYLH, J. J.: Farming Where Rain- Concrete linings, 317 Corn, 103, 200, 275, 359, 374, 379, fall Is 8-20 Inches a Year, Concrete Manual, 317 380, 408, 409, 411, 412, 521, 407-415 Concrete pipe, for pump lines, 293 550, 553, 554, 687, 691 Crabgrass, 477 Condemnation, rights, 671, 672 and infiltration, 154 Cranberries, 252, 550, 554 Conduction, 21 and microbial growth, 32 Cranberry bogs, 553 Cone(s) of depression, 300, 336 consumptive use, 345 Crawford, N. R., cited, 443 defined, 299 depth of moisture removal, 397 Creeping fescues, 467 illus., 68 frequency of irrigation, 397 Creeks, sources of water, 52 Confined waters, defined, 71 irrigation requirements, 395 Crested wheatgrass, 422 Congress, 94, 112, 117, 161, 194, moisture deficiency, effects, 397 CRICKMAN, C. W.: Supplemental 248, 479, 484, 556 planting rates, 398 Irrigation in Humid Regions, 82d, 166 returns from irrigation, 394 252-258 83d, 163 rotting, 33 CRIDDLE, WAYNE D., 343, 439, 443 Conidia, defined, 26 with irrigation, 394 Surface Irrigation Methods, 258- Conidiophores, 26 yields and drought, 253 266 Connate water(s), 73, 616 Corn Belt, 480, 483, 488 CRISSEY, WALTER F.: Wetlands and Connecticut, 89, 183, 377, 629 supplemental irrigation, 253 the Management of Waterfowl, Conover, Clyde S., cited, 632 Corn hybrids, plants to acre, 398 604-613 Conservation, 8, 35 Corn plant(s) CROFT, A. R., 426 in schools, 681 number per acre, 398 The Management of Public Wa- multiple-purpose, 162 transpiration by, 396 tersheds, 191-198 Conservation costs, 218 Cornell University, 25, 32, 151, CRONEMILLER, FRED P.: Making Conservation Department 198, 234, 376, 456, 553, 614, New Trout Streams in the Si- Michigan, 583 684 erra Nevada, 583-586 Wisconsin, 582, 594, 595 Corps of Engineers, 4, 39, 84, 139, Crop residues, 156 Conservation districts, 169 200, 203, 429, 483, 484, 485, Crop rotation(s), 209, 211, 281, Conservation of water, on lawns, 526, 640 526 468 Corrugation irrigation, 259, 281 and infiltration, 155 Consolidated water-bearing rocks, in orchards, 457 in dry-farming areas, 411 74 Corvallis watershed, 197 Cropland (s) Consumptive requirement, defined, Cost of water, 7 detachability values, 128 344 Costs of irrigation, 255 fire on, 188 Consumptive use, 295, 301 Cotton, 19, 125, 199, 200, 323, 381 irrigated, 247 alfalfa, 438, 439 and infiltration, 154 Cropping systems, m dry-farming by corn, 396 coefiicient for, 344 areas, 412 computation of rates, 345 development, root, 383 Crops, 3 defined, 341 effect of moisture and nitrogen, dry-farming, in areas, 409 formula for, 343 illus., 715 intertilled, and erosion, 136 monthly factor, 343 fertilization, 387 nutritive value, 3 of sugar beets, 401 irrigated, 250 water requirements, 335 unit values, 342 irrigation methods, 381 Crops and Water, 341-406 Contamination, 7 irrigation of, 257 Cross slope system, drainage, 502 of household water, 656 number of irrigations, 385 Crucibulum, 27 Content, animal body, 14 water requirement, 382 Crude oil, 219 Continental Divide, 161 yields, 387 Crustal warping, 622 Contour checks, in orchards, 457 Cotton anthracnose, 28, 29 Crystallization, separation process, Contour cultivation, 177, 178 Cotton Belt, 28, 381 114 Contour ditches, flooding, 259 Cotton gins, trash, and infiltration, Cuba, 94 Contour farming, 209 306 Cucamonga Canyon, 309 Contour furrow irrigation, methods, Cotton seedling diseases, 28 Cucumbers, 452, 550 259 Cotonwood(s), 226, 424, 507, 519 Cultivation, effect on weather, 87 Contour furrowing, rangelands, 419 County agent(s), 75, 164, 187 Culverts, and drains, 525 Contour irrigation, 259 County Agricultural Stabilization Cumberland River, 577 Contouring, 159 and Conservation Committees, Currant Creek, 211 Contour-tillage, floods, measures, 164 Current meter, design, 54 174 County commissioners, 169, 211, Curves, of pump performance, 535 Controlled burning, 187, 240 573 Cushman, Robert V., cited, 629 in marshes, 589 County-drain States, 529 Cutgrass, 591 Controlled drainage, 274 Cover crops, 201 Cuticle, 22 Convection, 348 COWAN, WOODY L.: Floods—And Cyathus, 27 Convectional, storm type, 42 a Program To Alleviate Them, Cycle of dry and wet years, illus., Conveyance, and seepage, 311 171-176 88 Coontail, 594, 596 Coweeta Experimental Forest, 178 Cycles, 85 Cooperative Snow Investigations, Coweeta Hydrologie Laboratory, weather, 84 S4 189 Cyclical pattern, illus., 88 729 CycliLíil vaiiaiiüiis, 83 Dew, 10, 2Ó, 41 Drainage—Conlinucd Cycione, causes, 43 formation, 103 costs, North Dakota, 574 Cyclonic, storm type, 42 measurement, 104 defined, 491 Cyclonic storms, 80 production, 104 experiments, 692 Dew gradient, 104 extent, 478 Dade County, Fla., 624 Dewpoint, 46, 347 Federal, 484 Dairy cows, 17 Diesel engines history of, 478 Dakota sandstone, 71 for pumps, 292 in pothole region, 596 Dakotas, 442, 596 for rice irrigation, 390 machines, 485 Dallis grass, 323, 432, 449 Diet, changes in, 37 reasons for, 491 Dam(s), 2, 52, 200, 202, 211, 33-^ Diffused waters, 667 Red River Valley, 569-576 and runofF, 134 Diffusion, 19 Drainage coefficients, 510, 521, 522, in Egypt, 1 Digestion, sewage treatment, 647 572-573 oldest known, 1 Dikes, 2, 521 Drainage districts, 202 Dandelion, 422 construction, 544 Drainage ditch (es) Daniel, W. H., cited, 431 in drainage, 526 capacity 505 Darcy's Law, 298, 494. 495, 497 in water spreading, 303 construction,503 Davis, Dan A., cited, 630 on rangelands, 420 Drainage enterprises Davis, W. E., cited, 363 peat, 544 extent, 480 Daytime hours, percentages, 344 Dimick, Niel A., cited, 380 1950, 483 Death Valley, 624 Discharge Drainage in forestry management. Deep snow measurements, iUus., 98 items of, 301 South, 564-568 Deep working soil, 413 stream, 54 Drainage laws, forms of organiza- Deep-well turbines, 290 Disease tion, 483 Deer, 588 and micro-organisms, 25 Drainage modulus, 546, 547 Delaware, 478, 629 in corn, 395 Drainage of Fields. 478-576 Delaware River, 625, 642 Diseases, waterborne, 6, 644 Drainage requirements, factors in, pollution, 638 Disinfecting household water, 656 492 Delivery rate, defined, 138 Disposal field, household sewage, Drainage systcm(s), 502 Delta region, California, 275 665 design, 523 Deltas, growth of, 141 Disposal of excess water, research, factors in laying out, 493 Demineralization, byproducts, 110 692 for subirrigation, 276 Denison University, 90 Distillation, 7, 113 in flat woodland, illus., 713 Dcnitrification, 492 Distilled water, 617, 656 in India, 1 Dennis, P. Eldon, cited, 628 Dismal Swamp, 478, 565 in Indus Valley, 1 Department of Agriculture, 75, 112, Dismal Swamp Canal Co., 478 planning, 499 164, 167, 175, 193, 203, 248, Ditch lining, extent, 249 rice farm, illus., 710 294, 301, 306, 345, 484, 602, Ditch system Draintile, 513 603. 611, 612, 663 of water spreading, 303 Draintile design chart, 511 Department of Commerce, 112 parts 500 Drawdown, 287, 288 Department of Defense, 75, 112 Ditches defined, 339 Department of Health, Education, open, in irrigation, 260 Dredging, salt-water encroachment, and Welfare, 75 permanent, in irrigation, 261 624 study, 39 temporary^ in irrigation, 260 Dregnc, H. E., cited, 443 Department of the Interior, 4o, 75, Divining rod, 118 Dreibelbis, F. R., cited, 105, 366 110, 112, 115, 193, 333, 597 Division boxes, in irrigation, 261 Drescher, William J., cited, 635 Desert(s), 10, 24, 122, 223 Dollar spot, 477 Drexel Institute of Technology, 357 flash floods in, 61 Domestic, and saline water, 109 Drillers' logs, 75 mammals, 15 Domestic use, amount, 37 Drilling, costs, 287 microbial decomposition, 35 Doñeen, L. V., cited, 443 wells, methods, 287 reservoirs, 71 DONNAN, WILLIAM W.; The Dis- Drinking water, 4, 586 Desert Range Station, 15 posal of Seepage and Waste Drought(s), 35, 78, 162, 349 Desiccation, 21 Water, 557-564 and alfalfa, 435 mechanism in plants, 24 Dormancy, 493 and deep tillage, 413 Design alfalfa, 437 defined, 356 Douglas-fir, 221, 224, 225, 227 drainage system, 523 in Great Plains, 697 Douglas-fir forests, 222 of land leveling, 282 in Midwest, 36, 597 Doves, 587 Design and Control of Concrete in Plains, 36 Mixes, 317 Downstream flood-control measures, in South, 36 Design standards, for pumps, 531 175 in West, 36 Designing irrigation wells, 288 Downy mildew, 26, 30 measurement, 357 Dowsing, 118 Missouri. 1951-54. 579 Desilting basins, 204 Drain solvents, 665 1913 and 1930, 222 Detention dams, 213 Drainage 1930's, 97 Detergents alfalfa, 436 1952-55, 97 and infiltration, 307, 308 and excess salts, 326 on grasslands, 418 and septic tanks, 665 and levee districts, 169 Red River Valley, 572 Developing the well, 287 and soil deterioration, 325 severity, 355 Devil's Garden, 554 bog deposit, 543 studies of, 356 730 Drought—Continued Eggplant, 452, 553 Evaporation, 12, 21, 47, 52, 69, Utah, 101 Egin Bench, 274 232, 295, 321, 341, 342, 348, "Drought control," 102 Egypt, 1, 323, 384 350 Drought periods, and irrigation, Eisenhower, Dwight D., cited, 405, amount, 41 333 443 and snow loss, 231 Dry air, efFect on trees, 220 Ejector pumps, 660 from fallow soil, 150 Dry ice, 91 Eldorado National Forest, 584 illus., 42 in well drilling, 288 Electric analog method, 495 in sprinkler irrigation, 267 Dry regions, irrigating orchards in, Electric charge, 12, 13 in trees, 220 456 Electric motors Evaporation records, 335 Dry spells, 84 for sprinkler systems, 269 Evapotranspiration, 48, 311, 346, Dry spore fungi, 27 for wells, 291 355, 496, 551, 685 Dry-farming regions Electric power for irrigating rice, and phreatophytes, 426 characteristics, 407 390 and precipitation, 52 extent, 407 Electrolysis, of saline solution, 116 defined, 341 Dryland areas, problems, 408 Electrolytic cell, 117 index for, 343 Dryland farming, 407-415 Electron (s), 9, 13 measurement, 350 equipment, 4l4 Elephant Butte Reservoir, 424, 429 reduction of, 47 Dry-pack permeability, 313 Ellis, Arthur J., cited, 118 Evapotranspirometers, 347 Duck marshes, 593 Elm, 519 Everglades, 274, 532, 539, 540, Ducks, 447, 592, 594, 596, 604, ELMENDORF, HAROLD B.: Phre- 544, 546. 550, 554, 555, 556, 605, 610, 612 atophytes—A Serious Problem 557, 624, 629 breeding habits, 600 in the West, 423-429 Ewes, 16 hunters, numbers, 604 El Paso, 38 Experiment stations, establishments, Duckpotato, 594, 596 Elymus, 428 408 Duckweeds, 596 Embryo, 2, 14 Extension foresters, 164 Duke University, 228 Encroachment of salt water, 615 DuLïïY, F. L.: Farming Where End orifice, for pumps, 288 Falcon Dam, 248 Rainfall Is 8-20 Inches a Year, Endothia parasítica, 26 Fallow, 554 407-415 Energy, 13 Fallowing, 413 DUNFORD, E. G., 231 sources, 347 Far West, 36 Managing Forests To Control Engelmann spruce, 224 Farm budget analysis, 331 Soil Erosion, 235-242 Engineering surveys, in irrigation Farm drainage system, individual, Dunshee, C. F., cited, 384 project, 330 illus., 708 Dust Engineers, 56 Farm foresters, 164 and rain, 91 Engines, for sprinkler systems, 269 Farm plan, 203 in atmosphere, 86 England, 4, 6, 666 Farm pond(s), 692 Dustborne microbes, 31 EKGLER, KYLE: The Irrigation and capacity, 335 Dutch West Indies, sea water, de- Culture of Rice, 389-394 for irrigation, 334 salting, 690 Environmental temperature, 18 storage costs, 336 Duvdevani, S, cited, 103, 105 Enzymes, and infiltration, 308 Farm prices, effect on irrigation, Dynamite, in ditching, 507 Equator, 41, 42, 222 253 Dysentery, 650 Equilibrium, 12 Farm pumping plant(s) Equipment, drainage, 504 capacity, 538 Earth, 10 Erie Canal, I6I elevation of, illus., 702 for lining canals, 315 Erie, Leonard J., cited, 380, 443 Farmers' Home Administration, ir- rotation, 86 Er'togonum jasciculatum, 104, 107 rigation, credit, 249 East, 310, 333 Erodibility, defined, 136 Farmers' prices, chart, 716 high flows, 61 Farmington Creek, 426 Erosion, 48, 186, 190, 192. 199, Eastern Gulf, 173 Farmlands, salinity in, 324 211, 243, 267, 279, 407, 408, Eastern States, 36, 87, S>2^ 221, Farms, 5, 615 485 417, A^^, 579, 695 after fire, 188 percentage irrigated, 247 use of water, 7 Fat, 16 use of water, industrial, 7 and wildfire, 185 causes, 45 Faulting, of earth's crust, 623 Eat-outs, 591 Federal Civil Defense Administra- in forest(s), 233, 235 Ecological balance, and silt, 38 tion, 112 in irrigation, 262 Economic factors, 202 Federal Government, 169 in natural landscape, 121 Economic research, 693 and rural lands, 193 protection from, 134 EDMINSTI^R, T. W.: Technical severity, AA Federal Water Pollution Control Problems and Principles of Act, 1948, 640, 641 Erosion and sedimentation, 135- Drainage, 491-498 Federal Waterpower Act of 1920, 143 Edwards, W. H., cited, 15 162 Erosion control, 717 Effective precipitation, defined, 222 Federation of Sewage and Indus- Effective rainfall, 335 Erosive agents, 134 trial Wastes Associations, 6A^ Er y sip he, 30 Efficiences Feed, water content of, 16 of irrigation, 37 Escalante Desert, 424 Feed grains, irrigated, 250 of pumps, 291, 535 Eucalypts, 225 Feeder roots, alfalfa, 442 of pumps, defined, 291 Europe, 125, 540 Fencing, in marsh ranges, 447 Egg production, 15 weather in, 87 Fcrnow Experimental Forest, 238 731 Ferris, John G., cited, 620, 631 Flood—Continued Floods—Continued "Fertility effect," 226 defined, 171 in Nebraska, 166 Fertilization, pastures, 434 in 1936, 180 in spring, 179 Fertilizer(s), 125, 267 Iowa, 1954, 521 in winter, 179 and alfalfa, 435 Kansas River, 166 measurement of, 54 and irrigation, 2 52 Ohio River, 1937, 526 methods of reducing damages, application, 373 on ranges, 422 166 for lawns, 476 research, 692 Missouri, 579 for pastures, 433 Red River Valley, 1948. 573 problems, 171 from sewage, 645 survey, 56 research, 688 from sludge, 639 Flood control, 328, 484 Sandstone Creek, 211 gardens, 454 and snow surveys, 102 severity, 44 in dry farming areas, 413 Federal appropriations, 175 Floodwater-retarding structures, nitrogen, value, chart, 705 on public lands, 192 174, 213, 216 on organic soils, 553 Red River Valley, 575 Sandstone Creek, 215 Fescue, 449 Flood Control Act of Flood waters, 213, 302 Fessenden, N. Dak., 38 1927, 162 damage to pastures, 134 Feth, John H., cited, 634 1928. 38 runaway, 7 Fibrous peat. 540 1936. 162. 164. 166 Florida. 61, 73, 173, 222, 252. 254, Field capacity, 47, 342, 350, 355, 1944, 210, 485 274, 336, 349, 376, 377, 430, 358, 359, 360, 372, 462 Flood-control agencies, 95 483, 529, 531. 532, 538, 540, defined, 362 Flood-control structures, 102 541, 547, 553, 554, 556, 557, Field ditch system, drainage, 502 Flood crests, 102 568, 618, 624, 625, 629. 630 Field ditch system for water table Flood damage(s) sprinklers, 254 control, illus., 709 and reservoirs, 102 subsidence of organic soils, illus., Field drain, defined, 500 problems, 173 706 Field measurements, 341 Red River Valley. 571 University of, 541 Field saturation, and fungi, 33 Flood flows, 329 Florida Coastal Plain, 274, 277 Films, for teaching, 682 Flood irrigation Florida Everglades. 34. 35 Fine, L. O., cited, 443 defined, 258 Floridan aquifer, 629 Fir, 221, 225 of pastures. 430 Floridan aquiclude. 619 Fire(s) Flood-plain scour, 137 Flow, minimum for irrigation, 334 and erosion, 238 Flood plains, 7, 171 Flow velocity. 150 and frost, 183 and agriculture, 171 Flow-maintenance dams. 583 and tree growth, 228 and sediment, l40 Flowers, irrigation of, 254 and watersheds, 186 Flood prevention Fluoride, 323 control, 201, 205, 240 objectives, 175 Fog(s), 26, 44, 106 damages, 186 project, 199 defined, 107 in marshes, 589 Flood-prevention plan, 204 Fog deserts, 108 in organic soil, 568 Flood-prevention program, 214 Food requirement, increases in, 37 on grasslands, 418 Flood protection Forage, irrigated, 250 on marshes, 592 benefits. 213, 218 Forage crops Fire protection, 580 costs. 213 and pastures, 430 farm homes, 663 Flood storage reservoirs. 526 botanical composition, 433 in Georgia, 208 Flooding FORD, ERWIN C: Floods—and a Fire wardens, 187 and cover, 210 Program To Alleviate Them, FIREMAN, MILTON: Irrigation in marsh ranges, 444 171-176 Water and Saline and Alkali irrigation. 259 Forecast Curve, chart, 96 Soils, 321-327 marshes, 593 Forecasting Fish, 3, 63, 587, 589 Mississippi Valley, 529 "cause-and-effect," 86 in polluted water, 637 to spread water, 304 long-term, 85 Fish and Wildlife Service, 193, Floods, 78, 678, 695 runoff. 83 597. 598, 599, 602, 604, 605, and detached materials, 128 Forecasts, accuracy. 100 607, 612, 614 and forest fires, 186 Forecasts of water supplies, 99 Fishel, V. C, cited, 631 and forests, 178 Foreign Operations Administration, Fisheries, 95 and general storms, 176 112 Fishing, 8, 205, 579 and land treatment, 174 Forest, and fire, 185 Fishing waters, fertility, 579 and snow courses, 99 Forest and rangelands, 242 Flamethrowers, 507 and watershed programs, 163 Forest canopy, 230 Flash evaporation. 111 and wîldfire, 185 Forest Commission, 194 Flash runoff, 421 annual damage, 172 Forest cover Flatwoods, 274. 278 caused by fire, 187 and soil freezing, 181 Flax, 323, 435 damage, 171 effect on melt, 46 FLETCHF.R, HERBERT C: Phreato- damage to agriculture, 173 Forest firc(s) phytes—A Serious Problem in damages, 7 and total runoff, 189 the West, 423-429 Dismal Swamp, 478 lightning prevention, 94 Floating rice, 389 1850-1900, 480 recovery, 190 Flood, 162 Federal responsibility, 174 Forestland treatments, 201 causes, 171 in Mississippi, 199 Forestlands, acreage mapped, 245 732 Forest management, 199, 245 Furrow irrigation, 252, 281 Germicides, and infiltration, 308 Forest manager, 245 for corn, 395 Germination, of spores, 28 Forest reserves, 161 for cotton, 382 Geysers, 616 Forest roads, 239 for soybeans, 380 Ghyben, W. Badon, cited, 620 Forest Service, 162, 164, 179, 184, for sugar beets, 402 Ghyben-Herzberg, 620 185, 187. 191, 193. 197, 198, of corn, 398 Ghyben-Herzberg equilibrium, 633 200, 203, 204, 207, 210, 228, in gardens, 454 Ghyben-Herzberg lens, 625 239, 240, 242, 246, 423, 578, in orchards, 457 Ghyben-Herzberg principle, 630 580, 581, 583, 585, 586, 588, method, 259 Giant cutgrass, 445, 446, 448, 592, 684 Furrow irrigation relationships, 265 594 snow surveys, 97 Furrow method, of water spread- Gila River, 424, 427, 429, 623, Forestry management, drainage in. ing, 303 627, 628 South, 564-568 Furrows Gila River Basin, 424 Forests irrigation, spacing, 263 Gilias, 104 and snow storage, 229 on rangelands, 420 Glacial period, 56S> and soils, 245 Fusarium root rots, 492 Glacial till, 140 and water supply, 221 Glaciation, 598 distribution, 222 Gadwalls, 602 Glaciers, 11 effect of thinning, 221 Gage-height record, and stream and sea level, 622 managing, 235 gaging, 53 microbes in, 31 Piedmont, 206 Gages Glaze, defined, 81 soil-water relationships, 124 reading of, 53 Glomereîla goss y pit, 28 Formosa, 94 sites, 79 Glucose, 13, 219 Fort Wayne, 479 use, 78 GoDELL, B. C: How To Get More Fortier, Samuel, cited, 524 Gaging stations Snow Water from Forest Fowells, H. A., 103 number of, illus., 337 Lands, 228-234 Fowl, water and feed, 16 of Geological Survey, 52 GoTTLEY, SIDNEY: Conversion of Foxes, 589 Gambel quail, 587, 588 Saline Waters, 109-117 France, 4 Game and Fish Division, Minne- GOTTSCHALK, L. C: Valleys and rainmaking, 9^ sota, 603 Hills, Erosion and Sedimen- FHANK, BERNARD: The Story of Garden(s), 451 tation, 135-143 Water as the Story of Man, irrigation methods, 454 Grade, in tile drainage, 513 1-8 irrigation needs, 451 Graders, for land leveling, 283 Free ground water, 296 Turf, and Orchards, 451-477 Grading, in orchards. 457 Freeboard, defined, 526 GARDNER, CHAS., JR.: Hauling Graham, V. E., cited, 15 Free water, 16, 362 Down More Water From the Grains, 433 Freezing level, 91 Sky, 91-95 Grand Canal, 4 Freezing pointj of water, 10 GARVIîR, HARRY L.: Safe Sewage Grand Canyon, 136 Freezing rain, 84 Disposal for Rural Homes, Grand Chenier, 448 French West Africa, 114 655-665 Granular frost structure, 180 Frequency period, of storms, 546 Water Supplies for Homes in the Granular materials, average veloci- Fresh water Country, 665-663 ties, 298 demand, 36 Gas engines, in irrigation, 248 Grapes, 323, 359, 459 use, 36 Gasoline engines, for pumps, 292 Grass(es), 25, 200, 209, 233, 408, Friction head, 293 Gates, for tile drainage system, 517 416, 417, 419, 428, 433, 554 Friction loss, in pipelines, 473 Geese, 592, 596, 604, 605 albedos, 348 FRII-DRICH, C, ALLAN: Fire on the General Electric Co., 91 and infiltration, 154 Watersheds of the Nation, Generalized soil erosion, map, 406 dry-farming areas, 4l4 185-191 Genes, 19 fungus on, 26 Frogs, 587 Genesis, cited, 681 m dry lands, 221 Frost Geologic erosion, 136 on streambanks, 207 and runoff, 236 formation, 69 root depth, 463 depth, 180 Geological Survey, 36, 52, 54, 75, use of water, 688 Frost damage, 552 76, 96, 214, 334. 424, 426, Grass hay Frost-free period, 342 429, 581, 617, 618, 622, 623, coefficients for, 344 Frost stmcture, and infiltration, 625, 626, 627. 628, 635, 688, consumptive use, 345 180 689 Grassland farming, 201 Frozen soil, 179 Geologist, State, 336 characteristics, 180 Geology Grasslands, 188, 223, 245 overgrazing, 199 Fructose, 13 and runoff, 57 Fruiting body, 27 defined, 69 Gravel FuHRMAN, RALPH E.: Treating Georgetown University, 429, 676 surface area, 67 water bearing, 296 Waste Water for Cities and Georgia, 7, 73, 143, 205, 209. 225, water-bearing material. 297 Industries, 644-649 256, 257, 377, 378, 383, 395, Fungal growth, 33 478, 529, 539, 565, 568 Gravel envelopes, in wells, 289 Fungi, 26 University of, 385, 432, 433, Gravel pack, 286 Fungus, 26 434, 498 Gravimetric method, measurement Fungus diseases, in lawns, 475 Geothermal energy, 110 of soil water, 362 Fur bearers, 589 Germ tubes, of spores, 28 Gravimetric sorption blocks, 363 733 Gravimctnc Sorption unit, illus., Ground-water velocities, measure- HAYWARD, H. E.: Irrigation Water 704 ment of, 71 and Saline and Alkali Soils, Gravitational water, 350 Ground-water zones and belts, 321-327 and algae, 33 illus., 47 Hazcn, A J., cited, 443 Gravity, 12, 48, 49, 121. Gross, Henry, cited, 119 Head, 305 and waterflow, 145 Group-enterprise jobs, 717 and trees, 224 effect on water, 67 Grouse, 587 required for pipes, 293 Gravity system, in homes, 659 Growing season, 342 Head loss, in wêlls, 289, 290 Grazing, 235 Guard cells, 22 Health, 3, 7 and erosion in forests, 238 Guayule, 323 Health conditions, and drainage, and frost, 183 Gulf Coast, 173 566 effect on soil, 417 Gulf States, 61, 81, 252 Health department, and pollution, management, 195 Gulf of Mexico, 4, 176, 632 6^1 marshes, 593 Gullies, 121 HEARD, WILLIAM L.: The Possibili- principles, in forests, 240-241 Sandstone Creek, 211 ties of Land Treatment in Greasewood, 424, 425, 428 Gully, 201 Flood Prevention, 176-179 Great American Desert, 407 Gully erosion, 130 The Yazoo-Little Tallahatchie Great Basin, 407 Gully plugs, 204 Flood Prevention Project, 199- Great Lakes, 62, 82, 538 Gullying, 122 205 Great Lakes States, 274, 539, 547, Gums, 25 Heat 554 Guzzler, 588 conduction of, 24 Great Plains. 36, 59. 61, 74, 176. Gypsum, 326, 474, 6l6 reradiation of, 24 185, 407, 408, 413, 415, 686 and infiltration, 307, 308 storage in soil, 348 drought in, 697 Heat budget method, 348 precipitation characteristics and Hackberry, 226 Heat exchange, 105 trends, chart, 486 HADDOCK, JAY L.: The Irrigation of Heat of condensation, 105 runoff, 56 Sugar Beets, 400-405 Heat of vaporization, 10 Great Salt Lake, 616 HAGAN, ROBERT M., 430, 443 Heat supply, and consumptive use, Greaves, J. E., cited, 34 Watering Lawns and Turf and 343 Greece, 1 Otherwise Caring for Them, Heath, Ralph C, cited, 630 Greeks, 1 462-477 Hedke, C. R., cited, 342 Green beans, salt tolerance, 452 Hail(s), 41, 80, 84, 94 Heifers, 17 Green manure, 414 defined, 81 Helicopters, 553 Green manure crop, 284 formation, 44 Helminthosporium, 477 GRI-FNSHIELDS, ELCO L.: The Ex- microbes in, 31 HelmifUhosportum oryzae, 30 pansion of Irrigation in the preventing, 94 Hem, John D., cited, 623, 627 West, 247-251 Hail-prevention projects, 94 Hemi-celluloses, 35 Hemlock, 225 Gregory, F. G., cited, 384 Hailstones, composition, 44 Hairypod cow^pea, 445 Hemp, 19 Griffin, A. A., cited, 232 HAISE, HOWARD R.: How To Meas- Henderson, H, B., cited, 432 Grissom, P., cited, 380, 381 ure the Moisture in the Soil, HENDRICKS, STERLING B.: Neces- Ground water, 49, 333 362-371 sary, Convenient, Common- concepts of yield, 294 Halophytes, 322 place, 9-14 conservation, 294 Halpenny, L. C, cited, 628 HENDRICKSON, A. H., 359 controversial features, 64 Hamilton, J., cited, 384. 387 Irrigating Orchards in Dry Re- defined, 64^ 144 Hammurabi gions, 45Ó-461 depletion, 63 and irrigation canals, 1 Hendrix, T. M., cited, 366 for irrigation, 336 Babylonia's King, 1 Henry, Patrick, cited, 681 overdrafts, 294 Hanson, E. C, cited, 443 Herbicides, 594, 688 overcxpansion, 251 Hard, Herbert A., cited, 571 and phreatophytes, 426 piracy, 58 Hard water, 656. 657 on range lands, 4l9 public interest, 62, 63 Hardness, measurement, 658 Herzberg, Baurat, 620 quality, and phreatophytes, 425 Hardpan(s), 122, 306 HIATT, WILLIAM E.: HOW We rate of movement, 298 Harmer, P. M., cited, 550 Measure the Variations in rights, 67, 673 Harris, F. S., cited, 401 Precipitation, 78-84 selection as source, 63 Harris, K., cited, 383, 386, 439 Hickman, K. C. D., cited, 113 sources of data, 75 Harrold, L. L., cited, 105 Hickories, 224 supplies, 36, 159 Hartwig, E. E., cited, 380 Hidden water, 27 withdrawals, 63 Harvard University Forestry School, High index, defined, 89 Ground-water areas 234 High Plains, 59, 251 illus., 66 Hassler, Gerald L., cited, 115 High-lead, 240 types, 73 Hawaii, 630 Highway departments, l69 Ground-water law, 675 Hawkins. R. S,, cited, 386 Highways, and drainage systems, Ground-water replenishing, 302 Hay, 440, 449, 499, 550, 589, 687 525 Ground-water reservoir(s), 302 irrigated, 250 Hill lands, 7 and surface reservoir, 295 HAYES, G. L.: Trees Also Need Hippocrates, 1 defined, 69 Water at the Right Time and Hoarfrost, 107 hydrologie capabilities, 72 Place, 219-228 Hoff, G. B., cited, 443 illus., 70 Hayfields, and infiltration, 151 Hogs, 17 734 Holland, 4 Hydrogen bond, 9, 10 Infiltration—Continued Holle, C. G., cited, 139 Hydrogen bonding, 9, 13 and viscosity, 158 Holly oak, 108 Hydrogen nuclei, 369 estimating for soils, 155 HoLTAN, H. N.: Floods—and a Hydrogen sulfide, 34, 492 guide for estimating, 153 Program to Alleviate Them, Hydrology, 72 illus., 50 171-176 Hydrostatic head. 111 in frozen soils, 179 Holtie, Ralph H., cited, 40 Hydrostatic pressure, 27, 296, 361, increase, 156 Holzman, Benjamin, cited, 105 561 measurement, 151 Home garden, 451 Hydrostatics, 144 variations, 151 Honeycomb, frost structure, 180 Hydroxyl, 13 Infiltration curve, 306 Hoover Dam, 39, 71 Hypha, 28 Infiltration rate(s), 282, 310 Horizon, defined, 123 Hyphae, defined, 28 alfalfa, 440 Horizontal wells, 338 defined, 306 Horse flies, 479 Ice, 10, 11, 44, 53, 121 factors in, 45 Horses ice crystal theory, 91 Infiltrometer(s), 152, 310 sweat, 18 Icelandic, lows, 89 Inland transportation, 4, 478 water and feed, 16 Idaho, 59, 96, 100, 102, 179, 185, Inlet Hot springs, 6l6 188, 224, 274, 401, 409, 426, blind, 514 House Agriculture Committee, l65 529, 558, 691 open, 514 Houston, 63 University of, 119, 228, 449 surface, 514 Houston, C. E., cited, 443 Ii.CH, DAVID M.: The Possibilities Insect(s), 587 Howe, Everett D., cited, 114 of Land Treatment in Flood and erosion, 237 Howe, O. W., cited, 443 Prevention, 176-179 damage to cotton, 385 Hoy, Nevin D., cited, 629 Illinois, 141, 155, 172, 179, 196, in corn, 396 Hubert, M. King, cited, 620 221, 246, 254, 317, 379, 478, in lawns, 477 Huberty, M, R., cited, 443 488, 522, 529, 530, 538, 539, losses from, 311 Hudson, l6l 652, 675 Insect control, in cotton, 387 Hudson Bay, 570 tile, early use, 478 Insecticides, for turf, 477 Hudson River, 577 University of, 126, 432, 433, 520, Intake HUFFMAN, ROY E.: Sharing the 583 factors of, 152 Financial Responsibility, 677- Illinois River, 526, 530 major factors, 159 681 Imbibition, defined, 20 measurement, 152 Human wastes, 636 Imhoff tank, 646 Intercepting system, tile drainage, Humboldt current, 108 Imperial Valley, 402, 439, 452 509 Humboldt River, 323 Impermeable material, 70 Interception loss, 45 Humid area, extent, 252 Impermeable zone, 70 Interference, in wells, 300 Humid regions, 252 Impervious stratum, illus., 50 Intermediate belt, illus,, 47 Humidity, 23, 121 Impoundment, for wildlife, 593 Intermittent flooding, and water and evaporation, 342 Incentive payments, 202 spreading, 310 Humidity factor, and consumptive Index cycle, defined, 89 Internal-combustion engines, for use, 343 Index of irrigation needs, 341 pumps, 292 Humus, and frost, 182 India, 1, 5 Hunting, 205 Indian River, 630 Internal Revenue Code, 164 Hurricane(s), cause, 87 Indian Service, 193 Interstate Commission on the occurrence, 81, 87 Indian summer, 87 Delaware River Basin, 645 Hutchings, S. S,, cited, 15 Indiana, 40, 57, 179, 274, 379, 478, Potomac River Basin, 645 Hybrid corn, plants per acre, 398 479, 488, 522, 523, 529, 539, Interstate Sanitation Commission, Hybrid poplars, 226 541, 546, 630 645 Hydraulic boundary, 145 subsidence of organic soils, illus., Interstate streams, 329 Hydraulic conductivity, 147, 494, 706 Intertilled crops, and infiltration, 495 tile, early use, 478 154 Hydraulic gradient(s), 147, 296, Industrial expansion, 35 Iodine, to purify water, 656 298, 313, 315, 504 results, 36 Ion, 13 Hydraulic head, 496 Industrial Revolution, 636 Ion effects, 33 defined, 145 Industrial wastes, 7, 631, 647 Ion exchange, 115 Hydraulic head loss, 313 composition, 636 Ion-exchange principle, in water Hydraulics of water wells, 288 salt-water encroachment, 627 softening. 111 Hydraulics of wells, illus., 336 treatment, 638 Ionics, Inc., 113, 116 Hydroelectric, equipment, 138 Industry(ies), 5, 7, 52, 73, 205, Ions, defined, 322 Hydroelectric power, 52, 63, 162, 294 Iowa, 159, 222, 355, 358, 379, 478, 328 and saline water, 109 488, 521, 522, 524, 529, 530, Hydrologie cycle, 48, 82, 64, 74 and weather, 87 538, 597, 630, 692 and rainmaking, 93 requirements, 63 State University of, 126, 143 circulation, 73 use of ground water, 63 Iowa Geological Survey, 126 defined, 41 Indus Valley, 1 Iowa State College, 35, 126, 151, ground water phase, 63, 73 Infiltration, 121 179, 218, 381, 388, 400, 405, illus., 42 and sealing of surface, 128 456, 498, 564 Hydrologie equation, 300 and soil characteristics, 154 Iron Hydrogen, 24 and temperature, 158 in household water, 659 735 Iron—Continued Irrigation project Kentucky bluegrass, 422, 423, 467 in irrigation water, 322 costs, 332 Kern County Land Company, 306 Iron oxides, 124 planning, 328 Killing frost, 342 Ironstone, 125 Irrigation requirement, defined, 341 Kincaid, C. M., cited, 432 Irrigable lands, defined, 329 Irrigation schedule, 350, 352 Kinetic energy, 127, 130 Irrigated acreage, Eastern States, and pastures, 431 King, Forrest V., cited, 571 iUus., 246 for lawns, 468 Kissimmee River, 62 Irrigated farms Irrigation water, 321 Kittredgc, Joseph, cited, 231 in Arkansas, 252 demands for, 333 Koch, cited, 639 in Florida, 252 distribution system, 260 Koehler, F. E., cited, 443 in Louisiana, 252 salts, 617 KoHLER, KARL O., Jr.: Trends in in Massachusetts. 252 supplies, 97 the Utilization of Water, 35- in Michigan, 252 Irrigation wells, drilling, cost, 287 40 in New Jersey, 252 rigs, 286 Kootenai River, 102 in New York, 252 Israel, 1, 103, 104, 106 KRANTZ, BERT A., 384 in 28 States, 252 Italy, 191 Irrigating Cotton To Insure increases in, 36 Higher Yields, 381-388 Irrigated land Jack pine, 226 Kudzu. 201, 203, 207 extent in East, 252 Jacob's Well. 1 Labor requirements of irrigation, value of crops, 247 James River, 564 255 Irrigating orchards, 456 January thaw, 87 Laboratory of Climatology, 347 Irrigation, 2, 5, 37, 48, 73, 106, Jensen, Max, 713, 719 La Cresccnta, flood, 187 194, 205, 328 Japanese current, 225 Ladino clover, 431, 432 alfalfa, amount, 440 JENKINS, DAVID S. : Conversion of Ladino-orchardgrass mixture, 433 ancient, 2 Saline Waters, 109 Lake Agassiz, 569 and available range, 150 Johns Hopkins University, 234, 357 Lake Erie, 82 and drainage problems, 562 Johnson, Arthur F., cited, 342 Lake Issaqueena, 143 and stream flow, 50 Johnson, John, cited, 478 Lake Mead, 71 and sugar beet quality, 404 Johnson, Lloyd, cited, 385 Lake Newman, 143 and water budget, 346 Jones, D. L., cited, 383 Lake Okeechobee, 553, 554, 555, and weight gains, 432 Jones, J. Nick, Jr., cited, 432 556, 629 brackish wMter in, 113 Jones, L. A., cited, 532 Lake Okecchobee-Everglades, 531 costs, 255 JONES, LEWIS A.: The History of Lake Ontario, 82 costs on farms, 2 54 Our Drainage Enterprises, Lake States. 193, 226, 229, 236, economic feasibility, 352 478-491 245, 480, 483, 488 efifect on West, 249 JONES, VICTOR H.: Valleys and Lake Tahoe, 577 expansion, 247, 250 Hills, Erosion and Sedimenta- Lake Traverse, 569, 570 frequency, 373 tion, 135-143 Lake Waco, 143 frequency of, in corn, 397 Jongedyk, H. A., cited, 546 Lake Winnipeg, 569 fresh water, 36 JORDAN, HARRY E.: The Increasing Lakes, 333 general methods, 258 Use of Water by Industry, and irrigation, 336 humid section, 255 653-655 life, 140 labor requirements, 255 The Problems That Face Our Laminar flow, 130 maximum efficiency, 440 Cities, 649-653 LAMP, GEORGE E.; The Possibili- of corn, 394 Jordan Valley, 104 ties of Land Treatment in of corn, timing, 398 Journal of the American Water Flood Prevention, 176-179 of sugar beets, 400-405 Works Association, 40 Land classification, in irrigation of turf,-462 Juniper, 226, 4l8 project, 329 polluted water, 637 Juniper woodland, 224 Land grading, for drainage, 505 problems, 262 Jupiter, 10 Land leveler, 505 purpose, 346 Juvenile water, 73, 6l6 Land leveling quality of water, 321 Kaiser Steel Corporation, 654 cost, 283 replenishment of water, 305 Kale, 553 defined, 279 use, industrial, 7 salt tolerance, 452 equipment, 283 vegetables, 451 Kansas, 157, 179, 248, 274, 355, pastures, 434 wastes, 262 408, 413, 631, 637, 651 Land planes, for land leveling, 283 water pumped in 1949, illus., Kansas flood, 1951, 174 Land preparation 120 Kansas River and use of water, 284 Irrigation canal(s) flood, 1951, 172 choice of type, 281 Babylonia, 1 pollution, 637 factors of, 279 and Hammurabi, 1 Kansas State College, 35 for irrigation, 279 Irrigation date, alfalfa, 439 KAüTZ, HAROLD M.: The Story of Land treatment Irrigation districts, 169 Sandstone Creek Watershed, in flood control, 175 Irrigation efficiency, defined, 344 210-218 purpose, 200 Irrigation farming, 329 Keating, W. H., cited, 479 Land-use adjustment, 200, 203 Irrigation methods, adaptation and Keech, Charles F., cited, 632 Land-use capability map, 203 limitations, illus., 713 KELLEY, OMER J.: Research, a Key Land-use pattern map, 203 Irrigation needs, 341 to the Future, 694-700 Land-use regulations, 170 Irrigation practices, 430-434 Kentucky, 253, 254, 522, 656 Land forms, 244 736 Landowners, and conservation, 169 LEMOYNE, CHARLES, Jr.: Plan- Louisiana, rice growing, 389, 390 Lang, Joe W., cited, 632 ning a Large Irrigation Proj- Louisiana Delta, 589 Lang, Sol M., cited, 622, 632 ect, 328-333 LOVE, L. D.: Management of Wa- LANGÍ3F.IN, W. B.: The Water in Lenticels, 22 ter on Western Rangelands, the Rivers and Creeks, 52-62 Lenticules, 560 415-423 Laplace equation, 494 Lespedeza, 201, 449 Love, S. K., cited, 617 Larch, 224 Lettuce, 30, 359, 452, 550 Low index, defined, 89 Large farms, pumps for, 290 fungus disease, 31 Lower California, 224 Large irrigation project, 328 Levees, 521 Lowry, Robert L., cited, 342 Larson, C. A., cited, 443 construction, 526 Luebcke, Henry N., cited, 525. Larson, W. E., 443 in drainage, 526 Lumber, industry, 205 Latent heat, 347 Level ditching, 596 Lyerly, P. J., cited, 387, 443 Lateral ditches, 500, 521 in marshes, 594 Lynd, J. Q., cited, 443 Lateral drainage, 567 Leveled land, maintenance, 284 Lysimeters, illus., 686 Lateral tile lines, illus., 711 Lichens, 108 Laterals Liddell, W. J., cited, 432 Macara, T. J. R., cited, 32 aluminum, 269 Lifts, of pumps, 285 MacEwan, V. W. G., cited, 15 spacing, 268 Lignin, defined, 35 Machinery, for rangelands, 419 Latitude, and water use, 342 LiLLARD, JAMES H.: Irrigation Prac- MACNAUGHTON, VICTOR B.: The Laundry wastes, in sewage, 648 tices for Pastures and Forage Yazoo - Little Tallahatchie LAURITZEN, C. W.: Ways To Con- Crops, 430-434 Flood Prevention Project, 199^ trol Losses from Seepage, 311- Lima beans, 553 205 320 Lime, 474, 542 Madagascar, 5 LAW, W. P., Jr.. 386-387 Limestone, 13, 74, 122, 326, 656 Magma, 6l6 Water Is Where the Irrigator yields, 73 Magnesium, 323, 325, 615, 616, Finds It, 333-340 Limestone aquifer, 563 617 Law(s) Limesulfur, 326 in forests, 124 against waste, 301 Lining(s), functions, 315 in irrigation water, 322 and interstate streams, 329 irrigation ditch, 260 Magnus effect, 115 and lining canals, 320 of canals and reservoirs, 315 Maine, 223, 539, 540, 554 drainage, North Dakota, 573 requirements, 315 University of, 205 early, drainage, 478 Lister, cited, 639 Maintenance for irrigation districts, 333 Lithium, 323 of drainage ditches, 507 on emergency tillage methods, Little Tallahatchie flood prevention tile system, 520 411 project, 199 Maintenance methods, drainage, pumping, 286 Livestock 504 State, drainage, 480 and irrigation, 249 Maintainers, for land leveling, 283 State, pollution, 641 water needs, 18 Malaria, 478 to control resources, 40 Livestock industry, and irrigation, Mallards, 602 Law of conservation of matter, 494 249 Mammoth Cave, 656 Law of prescription, 671 Livestock system, in dryland areas, Management, of irrigation system, Lawn, planting, 474 408 262 Lawns, irrigation schedules, 468 Loans, for conservation, 164 Management of waterflow, 174, 604 Lawson, Win, cited, 386 Loblolly, 245 Manganese, 553 Laying hens, 17 Loblolly pine, 201 Leaf burn, 323 Local district, powers, 168 Mangels, 550 Leaf burning, of corn, 399 Lodgepole pine, 224, 230, 231, 233 Manning formula, 557 Leaf cell, 19 Loess, 236 defined, 56 illus., 20 defined, 123 Manson, P. W., cited, 548 Leaf diseases, in gardens, 455 Löf, George O. G., cited, 114 Manti, flood, 194 Leaf structure, 21 Logging, 208, 228, 235, 565, 687 Manti Forest, 194 Leaf surface, and transpiration, 341 and erosion, 237 Mmîuaî on Conservatior? of Soil Leaching, 257. 283, 324, and frost. 183 and Watev, 507 Leaching effect on watersheds, 178 Manufacturing Chemists Associa- of alkali soils, 326 erosion control, 239 tion, 641 Leaking wells, 301 in irrigation, 262 Manure, 284, 398 Learner, R. W., cited, 443 on watersheds, 196 in dry-farming areas, 413 Leaves, absorption of light energy, London, University of, 95 21 Long's expedition, 478 Maple(s), 223, 224, 227, 519 Legislation, 666 Longtom, 445, 446, 449 Mapping, landscape features, in and resource programs, 163 Loose water-bearing materials, 74 soil survey, 244 for ground waters, 666 Lord, Russell, cited, 578 Maps, 282 for surface streams, 666 Los Angeles, 6, 38, 79, 106 Marl, 544 on flood control, 170 Los Angeles County, 79 Marsh, A. W., cited, 443 rainmaking, 92 Lost rivers, 61 Marsh, George P., cited, 191 soil conservation, 666 Louisiana, 252, 254, 391, 418, 444, Marsh range forage plants, analy- Legislatures, and watersheds, 170 447, 448, 449, 484, 488, 499, sis, 446 Legumes, 200, 398, 409, 434 503, 507, 527. 528, 529, 531, Marsh ranges, airplane spraying in, Leighton, Fred, cited, 584 538, 589, 592, 631, 634, 692 449 3258G2°- 55 48 737 Marshes, 589, 605 Meyers, V. I., cited, 443 Missouri, 18, 58, 159, 179, 256. soil-water relationship, 125 Miami, Fla., water table, 624 379, 380, 383, 386, 478. 488, values, 589 Miami Canal, 619 522, 523, 524, 529. 530, 538, Marshhay cordgrass, 445, 446, 59v'^ Miami Conservancy District, 546, 579 Maryland, 4, 352, 377, 478, 618, 547 University of, 126, 381. 400, 631, 654, 681 Michigan, 8, 124, 194, 254, 255, 429, 4^6 University of, 357, 456 274, 365, 478, 529, 539, 581, Missouri Basin, 162, 165, 166, 251 Mass conservation law, 497 620, 631 Missouri Basin Survey Commission, Massachusetts, 113, 151, 181, 194, irrigated farms, 253 166 256, 478, 539, 554 University of, 583, 596 Missouri National Forest, 580 University of, 234, 498, 614 Michigan Department of Conserva- Missouri River, 11, 172, 524, 526, Massachusetts Institute of Tech- tion. 581, 583 577, 639 nology, 84 Michigan State College, 388, 431, Missouri River Basin, 139, 371 Massachusetts State College, 405 550 flood, 1952, 172 Massachusetts State Health Depart- Micro-arsenal, of fungus, 27 Missouri River System, 642 ment, 639 Micro-elements, 540 Mists, 106 MATHER, J. B.: The Water Budget Micro-organisms, 121, 305, 306, Mixed-flow pump and Its Use in Irrigation, 346- 539 illus., 702 358 alfalfa, 437 characteristic cundes, illus., 704 Matlock, Ralph S., cited, 378 defined, 25 Modulus, drainage, 546 MATSON, HOWARD O.: The Possi- Middletown, 4 Mohammed, 2 bilities of Land Treatment in Midwest, 36, 310, 692 Mohan-Jo-Daro, 1 Flood Prevention, 176-179 Migration of rainfall, 90 Mohawk River, 4 MATTISON, CHARLES W.: Teach- Milk wastes, in sewage, 648 Moisture, cflêct on peaches, chart, ing and Learning About Con- Miller, D. G.. cited, 548 718 servation, 681-684 MILLER, PAUL R.: Water and the Moisture meters, as guide to irriga- Maule, W. L., cited, 231 Micro-organisms, 25-35 tion, 368 McGiil University, 95 Millet(s), 433. 593, 694 Moisture province, 222 McGraw-Hill Book Co., 37 Millimhos, defined, 436 Moisture-release curves, 375 McKibben, G. E., cited, 432, 433 Mink, 447, 589, 594 Moisture stress, 373 McLaughlin, Thad G., cited, 629 Min River, 2 Moisture supply, effect on corn, 396 McMillan Reservoir, 424, 427, 429 Mineral(s), 18 Moisture tension, 360 McNiESH, R. J.: Conversion of and trees, 219 Moisture units, calibration, 370 Saline Waters, 109 in water, 659 Mole drains, 547, 548 McNulty, J. B., cited, 15 soil, 3. 539 Molecular attraction, 48, 65, 67, McSweeney-McNary Forest Re- Minnesota, 7, 252, 274, 379, 488, 297 search Act of 1927, 162 523, 529, 539, 548, 550, 569, Molecular structure, changes in, Meadows, 605 579, 596, 597, 598, 602, 605, 115 Mean annual rainfall, 80 606, 609, 632 Molecule (s), 9 Measurements potholes, 599 array of, 13 of consumptive use, 342 University of, 51, 143, 527, 596, of water, 9 sediment-load, 138 604, 689. 693 Moling, 547 tree-ring, 85 Minnesota Game and Fish Divi- Mongols, 626 Measuring seepage, 311 sion, 603 Mono Lake, 6 Meat, and mold growth, 32 Minnesota River, 478 Montana, 100, 179, 188, 191, 221, Mech, S. J., cited, 438, 443 Mint, 550 388, 401, 409, 426, 602, 609, Mechanization, in dry-farming re- 679, 680 Mississippi, 151, 179, 199, 205, gions, 407 Montana State College, 388, 681 241, 253, 255, 380, 381, 383, Medicine, 7 Moody, J. E., cited, 432 387, 488, 530, 531, 564, 632 Mediterranean, 108 Moon, influence on weather, 85 Central Flyway, 602 Meinzer, O. E., cited, 118 Morin, Karl V., cited, 343 rice growing, 390 Melons, 553 Moses, 118 University of, 205 Melt rate, 46 Mosquitoes, 479 Mississippi Basin, 139 Melting point, 11 in rice fields, 394 Membrane linings, 319 Mississippi Delta, 199, 480 Moss (es), 35, 108, 477 Memphis, 63 Mississippi Forestry Commission, Moss peats, 542 Merion bluegrass, 464, 467, 468 201 Mountain muhly, 417 Mesquite, 418, 419, 424, 425 Mississippi-Missouri Valley States, Mountain, storm type, 42 Metabolic water, 16, 587 flood losses in, 173 Mountains, water storage, 99 Metabolism, 3, 13 Mississippi River, 56, 124, 139, Mourning doves, 587 Metal, for lining canals, 315 141, 172, 236, 381, 526, 530, Mucilages, 25 Meteorologist, 89 577 Muck lands, drainage of, 539-557 methods, 87 Mississippi River Basin, 172 Muck soil(s), 502, 510 Methane, 10 Mississippi River Delta, 444 characteristics, 539 in sewage, 647 Mississippi River Valley, 38 MucKEL, DEAN C. : Mexico, 222, 223, 597 Mississippi State College, 386 Pumping Ground Water So as To Meyer, R. R., cited, 618, 621 Mississippi Valley, 185, 478, 479, Avoid Overdraft, 294-301 Meyer, W. R., cited, 443 483, 485, 488, 529, 530, 531, Replenishing Ground Water by Meyer zoyzia, 468 538 Spreading, 302-310 738 Mud scow, 286 Netherlands, 528 North Dakota, 70, 151, 221, 250, Mudflow, 134 Neutron method, to measure soil 426, 523, 569, 597, 598. 602, Mulch (es), 47 moisture, 369 606, 609, 691 and infiltration, 154 Nevada, 100, 232, 323, 425, 426, potholes, 599 function, 156 429, 439 streams, annual discharge, iUus., Mule deer, 587 New England, 124, 181, 229, 236 576 Multiple land use, 195 and frost, 182 University of, 575 Multiple-effect evaporation, 111 New Hampshire, ,231, 632 North Dakota Agricultural Col- Multiple-use principle, 195 University of, 596 lege, 423 Municipal forests, 193 New Jersey, 179, 196, 224, 353. North Dakota Flood Control Com- Municipal use, 73 478, 539, 547, 554, 622, 632 mission, 571 Municipal wastes, discharge, 648 New lawns, irrigation, 475 North Dakota State Water Con- Municipal watershed, 196 New Mexico, 59, 61, 63, 73. 100, servation Commission, 571 Municipalities, 95 161, 196, 221, 224, 225. 248, North Kern Water Storage Dis- wells and springs, 63 250, 321, 378. 381, 401, 409, trict, 306 Munns, E. N., cited, 226 424, 425, 426, 632, 656, 675 North Platte River, 59 Murphy, George W., cited, 110 drought in, 97 North Pole, 42 MURPHY, WARREN T.: Conserva- New Orleans, 41 North Temperature Zone, kinds of tion Begins on the Watersheds, New River, 630 trees in, 223 161-165 New York, 4, 124, 155, 156, 161, Northeast, 63 Muscle action, 13 180, 181, 184, J94, 229, 256, winter in, 182 MusGRAVE, G. W.: How Much of 433. 478, 539, 546, 554, 596, Northeastern States, 87 the Rain Enters the Soil?, 151 633, 650, 675 Northern Côlorado Water Conserv- Musk grass, 596 irrigated farms, 253 ancy District, 679 Muskingum River, 54, 627 University of, 198 Northern Hemisphere, 41 Muskingum Water Conservancy New York City, 179, 642 Northern Plains, 415 District, 678 New York College, 234 Northern States, precipitation char- Muskmelon(s), 452 New York State College of For- acteristics and trends, chart, Muskrat(s), 445, 447, 590, 592, estry, 614 487 594, 595 Newark Bay, 632 Nozzle size of sprinklers, 268 Mustard, 553 Newcomb, R. C, cited, 633 Nuclear Development Associates, Mutual Security Agency (Belgian Niagara Falls, 577 Inc., 113 Congo), 126 Niagara River, 6.40, 641 Nuclear fission, separation of salt Nicholson, Alexander, Jr., cited, water, 110 Naiads, 540, 594 625 Nucleus, 19, 20 National Association of Manufac- Niederhof, C. H., cited, 231 Nursery, 227 turers, 654 Nile, 3, 141 Nursery stock, irrigation of, 254 National Forest(s), 164 Nile River, 323 Nut trees, 252 Holly Springs, 199 Nitrate (s) Nutrias, 589, 591 v/ater yield, 193 and trees, 219 Nylon, 12 National Park Service, 193 in irrigation water, 322 National Research Council, 126 Nitrification, 34 Oaks, 223, 224, 418 National Resources Planning Nitrogen, 10, 373, 385, 387, 432, Oat smut, 31 Board, 343. 424 476, 540 Oats, 449. 550 National Science Foundation, 112, and alfalfa, 435 Oberlin College, 84 696 and micro-organisms, 34 Observation wells, 561 Natural capture, 668 and sugar beet quality. 404 Ocean heat, 87 Natural-flow forecasts, 83 effect on cotton, iUus., 715 Oceans, 109 Natural-flow theory, 670 for corn, 398 extent, 41 Natural succession, and moisture, Nitrogen balance, for tobacco, 378 227 Nitrogen-deficiency symptoms, 373 Ocmulgee River, 209 Natural vegetation, consumptive Nitrogen fertilizers, types for corn, Oconee River, 209 use, 345 399 O'DoNNELL, D. JOHN: Managing Natural waterways, 3 Nitrogen fixation, 34 Watersheds to Provide Better Navigation, 63, 162, 328 Normal, variations from, 78 Fishing, 579-583 Nebraska, 58, 247, 248, 250, 274, Normal rainfall, 78 Ogden River, 95 347, 348, 379, 388, 395, 396, Norris, Stanley E., cited, 628, 633 OGROSKY, HAROLD O.: From 401, 402, 409, 426, 529, 557, North, 569 Ocean to Sky to Land to 569, 632, 691 North Canadian River, 633 Ocean, 41-51 University of, 179, 266, 400, North Carolina, 143, 178, 189, Ohio, 54, 79, 105, 114, 156, 179, 415, 676 252. 377, 378, 478, 498, 539, 274, 310, 351, 355, 379, 478, Needlegrass rush, 445 568, 687 479, 488, 522, 523, 627, 633, Negev, 104 University of, 165, 491 678, 685 NELSON, L. B.: Growing 100- North Carolina State College, 381, tile, early use, 478 Bushel Corn with Irrigation, 491, 566 Ohio Basin, 645 394-400 North Central Stales. 478, 596 Ohio River, 4, 11, 124, 172, 526, Net consumptive requirement, 345 pothole region, illus., 601 577, 627, 635, 639, 642 Net radiation, 347 sugar beets in, 400 Ohio River Basin, 172 Net safe yield, of wells, 300 wetlands, 611 pollution, 637 739 Ohio River Water Sanitation Com- Overdraft Peat—Continued mission, 645 and pollution, 38 types, 540 Ohio Society of Engineers and Sur- defined, 294 uses, 539 veyors, 478 different opinions as to, 295 Peat bogs, 125 Ohio State University, 84, 367, of ground water, 294 Peat lands, 531 371, 652 Overflow lands, 605 drainage of, 539-557 Ohio Turnpike, 525 Overirrigation, alfalfa, 437 Peat profile, composition, 275 Ohio Valley, 40, 478 Owens River, 6 Peat soils, 502, 510 Ohm's law, 495 Oxalis, 477 characteristics, 539 Oilfield brines, 626 Oxidation of soil, 568 Peatland, in California, 274 Oklahoma, 28, 30, 88, 176, 210, Oxygen, 10, 14, 34, 125, 492, 545 Pecans, 323 212, 248, 250. 340, 378. 381, Oxygen deficiency, alfalfa, 437 Pechanec, Joseph F,, cited, 185 633, 675, 686 Oxygen starvation, of tissues, 14 Pecos River, 59, 321, 424, 626, University of, 357, 429 Oyster production, 141 632 Oklahoma Agricultural and Me- Pecos River Compact Commission, chanical College, 135, 251 Pacific coast fog belt, 221 429 Okra, 553 Pacific Fly way, 610 Pedestals, soil, 126 Olney bulrush, 445, 589, 590 Pacific Northwest, 36, 73, 225, Pediment, defined, 122 OLSON, HERMAN F.: Managing 236, 407 Pedimentation Watersheds to Provide Better Pack-aquifer ratio, in wells, 290 defined, 122 Fishing, 579-583 Paddy rice, 389 evidence of, 123 Olympic Mountains, 56 Paille fine, 445, 446, 589, 592 Pedimented landscape, evolution, One-way diskplow, 414 Pair, C. H„ cited, 443 illus., 141 Onion(s), 275, 452, 550, 553. 554 Pair, Claude H., 713, 719 Penicillin, 26 Oran, 108 Paleozoic era, 135 Pefj'îàliium, 26, 21 Orange-peel bucket, 286 Panic grass, 592 Penman, H. L., cited, 343 Orchardgrass, 323, 432 Paraffin, 12 Pennick, J. M. K., cited, 620 Orchards, 252, 259, 271, 374, 451 Parallel ditch system of surface Pennsylvania, 4, 179, 256, 479, and infiltration, 155 drainage, illus., 506 641, 678 consumptive use, 345 Parallel lines, tile system, 508 pollution, 637 in dry regions, irrigating, 456 Parallel system, drainage, 502 University of, 479 irrigation methods, 457 Parameters, 80, 83 Pennsylvania State College, 210 land leveling, 279 Paratyphoid fevers, 644 Pennsylvania State University, 210, Orchids, 109 Parity, percentage of, chart, 716 431 Oregon, 59, 61, 96, 97, 99, 101, Park, 3 Pcperomias, 108 172, 179, 185, 188, 196, 197, PARKER, GARALD G.: The En- Pepper(s), 452. 550, 553 222, 224, 225, 228, 236, 238, croachment of Salt Water Into Perched ground water, illus., 297 250, 426, 529, 554, 633, 638 Fresh, 615-635 Perched water, defined, 296 Oregon State College, 423, 586 Parshall ilume(s) Perched water table(s), 51, 297, Organic acids, 12 for pumps, 288 558 Organic Administration Act, 161 in irrigation, 261 Percolation, 34, 285, 302, 313, Organic matter, 453 Parsnips, 553 341, 374 and frost, 182 Partial cutting, 227 and soil freezing, 180 decay of, 34 Partial reduction, defined, 34 illus., 50 determined by water, 121 Passaic River, 632 Percolation rate, 310 Organic soils, 512, 568 Pasteur, 639 defined, 306 subsidence, illus., 706 Pasteur, Louis, cited, 6 Perennial overdraft, of reservoirs, Orinoco, l4l Pasture(s), 409, 499, 503, 687 illus., 70 Orographie and forage crops, 430 Perennial rycgrass, 432 occurrence, 43 and frost, 183 Perennial yield, limit, 71 storm type, 42 border strip irrigation, 258 Perforators, 474 OsDORN, BEN: HOW Rainfall and extent, 249 Periodicities, daily and annual, 85 Runoff Erode Soil, 126-135 irrigation of, 254 Periodicity, 87 Oscillations, 86 irrigation, results, 433 Permanent frost, 222 Osmosis Pasture grasses, 553 Permanent wilting percentage, 358, and demineralization, 115 Pastures and Ranges, Our, 407-450 360, 362 Peaches, 323, 374, 459, 718 defined, 20 Permeability, 282, 313 Osmotic movement, 20 Peanuts factor in subterranean water, and infiltration, 154 Osmotic pressure, 33, 115, 322, 73 360, 361 importance, 378 of rocks, 69 irrigated acreage, 379 Ottcr(s), 447, 589 of soil, 312 irrigation of, 376 Permeability data, conversion, 315 Otton, E. C, cited, 631 Pearl River, 151, 564 Our Need for Water, 1 Permeameter(s), 312, 494, 560 Pearson, G. A., cited, 224 Permissive use, 671 Our Ranges and Pastures, 407-450 Peas, 452, 553, 554 Persian proverb, cited, 6l4 Outflow, defined, 295 fungus disease, 31 Peru, 3, 84, 108 Outlet(s), drainage, 503, 509 Peat, 589 Peterson, Maurice L., cited, 430 Outlet ditches, 521 dikes, 544 PHELAN, JOHN T.: Surface Irri- early, 478 formation, 34 gation Methods, 258-266 740 Philippines, 389 Planting, alfalfa, 435 Potassium—Continued Pliloem, defined, 24 Planting practices, for saline con- in forests, 124 Phosphate, 438, 442 ditions, 325 in irrigation water, 322 Phosphate compounds, 13 Plants Potato late blight fungus, 30 Phosphorus, 373, 399, 413, 436, and dew, 103 Potatoes, 275, 278, 359, 373, 401, 442 factors in water use, 341 412, 452, 550, 553, 554 and sugar beets, 405 in saline soils, 325 and infiltration, 154 Photographs, aerial, 204, 329 kinds and water, 121 coefficient for, 344 aerial, in soil survey, 244 water loss, 358 irrigation of, 257 Photosynthesis, 21, 22, 24, 433, Plasmodiophora hrassicae, 31 Potential évapotranspiration, 348, 638 Plastic film, for linings, 319 349, 355 defined, 13, 219 Plastic pipes, for pump lines, 293 Pothole (s), 596, 605 in trees, 220 Plato, cited, 191 importance, 599 Phreatic, defined, 58 Playas, 624 Pothole region. North Central Phreatic surface, 65 Pleistocene epoch, 136 States, illus., 601 Phreatophytes Plow, moldboard, early use, 125 Potomac River, 4, 577, 639, 642 defined, 423 Plowsolc, and infiltration, 45 Powdery mildew, 30 extent, 423 Plumbing fixtures, in house, 663 Powell, Sheppard, cited, 654 removal, 426 Plumbing in farm homes, 661 Power, for irrigation, 255 Phymalofrichum omnivorum, 30 Poa annua, 477 Power units, for drainage pumps, Pbyiophthora, 30, 31 Podosphaera leucotricha, 30 530 Phytophthora cinnamomi, 30 Point rainfall, 83. 171 Powerplants, use of fresh water, Phytophthora injestans, 30 Poland, J. F., cited, 628 37 Phytophlhora parasítica var. nico- Polar air, 42 Powers, R. B., cited, 443 tianae, 30 Polar character, 12 Prairie, soil-moisture relations, 123 Piedmont Plateau, 143, 206 Polar interaction, 13 Prairie pothole region Piezometer(s), 147, 315, 560 Poole, B. A., cited, 40 extent, 598 Piezometric surface, 296, 298 Pollution, 2, 35, 577, 580, 605 North Central States, illus., 601 illus., 301 and overdraft, 38 Prairie States Forestry Project, 226 of water, illus., 50 and recreation, 637 Prairies, 222 Pigs, 17 bills, 39 Precipitation water and feed, 16 control, 637 and fire, 186 Pima, 627 impact on public health, 643 and trees, 221 Pinchot, Gifïord, cited, 195, 578 of wells, 636 average annual, 36 Pine, 224 principal forms, 636 cause, 92 albedos, 348 responsibility, 641 distribution, 79 for stocking, 201 river, 7 fluctuations, 97 on eroding land, 203 sources, 640 illus., 42 Pine forests, conservation manage- State agencies, 39 in inches, chart, 96 ment, 565 Polyvinyl chloride film, for linings, measurement, 78, 350 drainage, 564 319 United States, 36 Pink patch, 477 Pond, M. A., cited, 651 winter, and trees, 222 Pintails, 602, 610 Ponderosa pine, 221, 224, 225, 227, Precipitation characteristics and Pinto beans, 409 228 trends, chart, 486-87 Pinyon pine, 224 Ponding, and micro-organisms, 34 Predators, 596 Pipe, for households, 661 Ponding measurements, 312 of ducks, 600 Pipelines Ponds. 201, 209, 211, 216, 253. Prescriptive, rights, 671 in irrigation, 261, 319 333, 687 President Eisenhower, cited, 38, for pumps, 292 impounding-type, 338 166 Pipe size selection chart, 662 in marsh ranges, 447 President's Materials Policy Com- Pipe sizes, 473 sites, 336 mission, 652 Piper, A. M., cited, 62 Pondweeds, 540, 594, 596 Pressure, and water flow, 145 Piscataqua River, 632 Pontotoc Ridge, 199 Pressure curve, 339 Piston pumps, 290 Population, increases, 35 Pressure force, 145 Pitot tube, for pumps, 288 Pore space, 149 Pressure head, 145 Pitting, 420 Pores, yield of water, 65 defined, 144 Plains, rainfall in, 226 Porosity, 297 Prices, farm, chart, 716 Planned burning, 187 and water-holding capacity, 297 Primordial life, 18 Plant cells, 20 defined, 296 Prior appropriation, 672, 675 Plant disease, and spores, 27 of rocks, 65 Production and Marketing Admin- Plant diseases, spread, 28 Porous hose, for gardens, 455 istration, 175, 599 Plant cover Porous stratum, illus., 50 Production Economics Research and moisture retention, 417 Port-Orford-cedar, 225 Branch, 251 and scouring action, 133 Portland Cement Association, 317 Promycelium, defined, 28 and splash, 128 Post, A. H., cited, 443 Pronghorn antelope, 588 effect on hydraulic head, 150 Post-retards, 203 Propeller pump, illus., 702 Plant growth, 358 Potable water, 656 Propeller pumps, 290 and turgor, 23 Potassium, 399, 436, 615, 616, 617 Propeller type, characteristic curves, Plant roots, 321 and sugar beets, 405 ilkis., 703 741 Properties of water, 9 Purifying water, 7 Rains—Continued Protective cover, 217 seasonal variations in, 84 Protein(s), 3, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20 QuACKENBusH, TYLER H. : The Rainwater, and spores, 27 Protein content, 16 Use of Sprinklers for Irriga- Raisin, 459 Protoplasm, 19, 20 tion, 267-273 Ramie, 553 Protoplast, 19, 20, 21 Quail, 587, 588 Ramig, R. E., cited, 443 *'Providence" rice, 389 Quality of water, 285, 334 Random ditch, cross section, Prunes, 459 and irrigation needs, 342 illus., 707 Public drainage projects, 483 for irrigation, 321 Random motion, 19 Public Health, 7, 328 for vegetables, 451 Random system Public Health Service, 37, 39, 75, Quality concept, of water yield, drainage, 502 639, 640, 643, 645, 650, 665 294 tile drainage, 509 Public Law, 163, 166, 566, 591, Quebec, 61 Raney, W. A., cited, 380 597 Quicksand, 519 Range, sheep, 15 Public water supplies, 651 Range condition, in marsh ranges, Public watersheds, management of, Rabbitbrush, 428 445 191-198 Raccoons, 589, 592, 594, 596 Range lands, 242 Public works program, 484 Radar, use in tracking storms, 79 Range nozzle, 268 Publicly owned lands, 192 Radiation, 7, 89 Range pitting in arid regions, 420 Puddling, 128 sun, 86 Rangeland, extent, 249 Pufïballs, 26 Radioactive carbon, 124 Rangelands, acreage mapped, 24-5 Pullets, 15, 16 Radioactive materials, 7 Ranges and Pastures, Our, 407-450 Pulp, industry, 205 and pollution, 643 Rasmussen, William C, cited, 629 Pulpwood, 565 in waste water, 648 Rate concept, of water yield, 294 Pumice, and infiltration, 308 Radish, salt tolerance, 452 Rattlebox, 445 Pumping from wells, illus., 68 Radishes, 550 Rayon industry, 138 Pumpkins, 553 Rain, 41, 80 Reactor plants, 110 Pump and plant diseases, 30 Reading, 4 capacity, 290 formation, 91 Reasonable use, 669 capacity test needed, 288 increasing, 91 Reasonable use rule, 674 capacities, 530 microbes in, 31 Recharge, 285, 301 centrifugal, double suction, il- size of drops, 127 defined, 295 lus., 702 Rain forest(s), 223, 225 items of, 301 choice of power unit, 291 Rain gages, 79 of reservoirs, 74 drainage benefits, 529 Raindrops, 28 Recharge localities, 74 efficiency, 339 action, 126 Reclaimed water, 655 factors in use, 290 defined, 91 Reclamation, 478 mixed flow, illus., 702 effect on spores, 27 peat lands, 544 power required, 291 energy, 127 Reclamation Act of 1902, 162 propeller, illus., 702 erosive capacity, 127 Reconstruction Finance Corpora- Pump efficiency, illus., 703 impact, 121 tion, 484, 529 Pump irrigation, and overdraft, 294 Rainfall, 80, 121, 302 Recording gages, construction, 53 Pumping, costs, 293 and infiltration, 151 Recreation, 3, 8, 63, 328 Pumping ground water, 294 and irrigation in West, 250 Recreational use of water, 577-578 Pumping plant(s) and runoff, 235 Red fescue, 431 design, 292 and upper air, 86 Red River, 151, 173, 248, 526 elevation of, illus., 701, 702 dispersal, 121 Red River Soil Conser\'ation Dis- location, 536 economic importance, 85 trict, 214 mistakes, 529 in Oklahoma, 88 Red River Valley, 597 planning, 714 long-term changes, 89 drainage, 569-576 Pumping tests, 339 longtime average, 80 Redwood(s), 106, 107, 221, 225 Pumps, 285 low period, 95 Redwood tree, 219 capacity, 530 migrations of, 89 Reed canarygrass, 603 domestic, 659 rhythms, 85 Reedgrass, 428 efficiency, 291, 535 short-duration, 83 Reeds, 35, 540 ejector, 660 soil movement in, 129 Refining sea water. 111 for drainage, 528 variations, 79 Regular system, drainage, 502 for rice irrigation, 390 Rainfall data, 83 Regulatory powers for sprinkler systems, 269 "Rainfall excess," 153 Federal, 666 in peat lands, 552 Rainfall-runoff, relations, 83 States, 666 price, 291 Rainfall-runoff relationships, 214 Relative humidity, 12, 23, 342 types, 290 Rainmakers, 91 and microbes, 32 types for drainage, 533 position, 92 and water conservation, 108 types for households, 661 Rainmaking Relaxation method, 496 Purdue University, 84, 388, 546, defined, 91 Relief well, illus.. 712 550 extent, 92 Relief wells, in drainage, 516 Pure water, 615 legislation, 92 RENFRO, JR., GEORGE M.: Pure Water for Farms and Cities, Rains Applying Water Under the Sur- 615-665 daily variations in, 84 face of the Ground, 273-278 742 RüNFiio—Continued Rice, 252, 492 Roh wer, Carl, cited, 300 Water Is Where the Irrigator and diseases, 30 ROH WER, CARL: Wells and Pumps Finds It. 333-340 coefficient, for, 344 for Irrigated Lands, 285-294 RENNER, F. G.: Management oí diseases, 394 Roman Empire, 6, 192 Water on Western Range- irrigated, 250 Rome. 1 lands, 415-425 production, in West, 249 Roosevelt, Franklin D., cited, 84, Repayment analysis, on irrigation seedbed preparation, 392 405, 681 project, 332 seeding, 392 Root depths, in forests, 234 Replenishing ground water, 302 temperature of irrigation water, Root development Reptiles, 589 391 of crops, illus., 710 Research, 677, 678, 690 water requirement, 390 of orchard trees, 458 drainage, 484 water-seeding, 393 Root distribution, alfalfa, 441 economics, 693 Rice basins, contour levees, 266 Root rot fungus, 30 ground water, 689 Rice drainage system, 503 Root zone, 263, 285, 302, 347. in permeability, 298 Rice farm irrigation, illus., 710 372, 374, 431. 493 irrigation, 690 Rice water-weevil, 393 alfalfa, 440 on basic policies, 675 Riddick, Thomas M., cited, 119 in irrigation, 262 on consumptive use, 341 Rifle River, 8, 581 of corn, 398 on grasses, 464 Rights to defined wâters, 669 soil, 144 on irrigation, 688 Rill erosion, 130 Roots on pollution, 643 Rime, 107 depth, 67 on snow-water, 234 Rio Grande Compact, 424 effect on hydrauic head, 150 on underground water, 251 Rio Grande Joint Investigation, length, 21 on watersheds, 687 424 Rorabaugh, M. I., cited, 631 polluted water, 690 Rio Grande River, 100, 276, 321, Ross, E. P., cited, 443 runoff disposal, 692 429 Ross, P. E., cited. 383 salt and alkali, 691 Rio Grande Valley. 248, 342 Rotary rigs, 286 soil fertility, 690 Riparian doctrine, 334 Rotary sprinkler, 471 types, 694 Riparian law, 668 Rotation, 200, 201 Rcsceding, on ranges, 422 Riparian rights, 333, 669 Rotational grazing, 432 Reservoir sedimentation surveys, Riparian system, 672 Rotational system of spreading, 310 139 contracting, 669 Rotations, 207 Reservoirs, 52, 72, 333, 334 weaknesses, 670 Row crops, 259, 499, 503 alternatives, 254 Riparian uses, 670 Rubber sheeting, for linings, 319 ancient, Old World, 1 RiTER, JOHN R.: Planning a Large Ruffed grouse, 587 and fishing, 580 Irrigation Project, 328-333 RuHE, ROBERT V.: How Water and silt, 38 River basins, l62 Shaped the Face of the Land, capacity, 1955, 52 Rivers, I6I, 302 121-126 for irrigation, 334 in West, 95 Rules, legislative, use of diffused ground water, 294 sources of water, 52-62 waters, 668 investment in, 7 velocities, 54 Ruminants, 18 lining, 311 Riverside Salinity Laboratory, 25 Runaway floodwatcrs, 7 operation, 83 Road construction, 237 Runoff, 4, 6, 47, 52, 186, 188, perched, 70 Roadbuilding, 235 190, 192, 216, 243, 301, 353, purpose, 140 Roads, and erosion, 237 362, 411, 417, 440, 530. 686 storage costs, 336 Roads, erosion, control, 238 amount in U. S., 56 underground, 62 Roadside erosion, 204 and erosion, 238 Residual sodium carbonate, 323 Roadside stabilization, 209 and frost structure, 180 Resistance units, illus., 366 Roaring Fork, 62 and infiltration, 151 Resonance, in atmosphere, 86 Roberts, Claude M., cited, 630 and snow cover, 99 Ri-TZER, J, L.: Soil Surveys on Roberts, Kenneth, cited, 119 average annual, illus., 55 Robertson, D, W., cited, 443 Forest and Range Lands, 242- comparison with rainfall, 52 Robinson, R. R., cited, 431 246 computation of, 58 Reuse of water, in factories, 654 Robinson, T. W., cited, 426 control, 205 Revegetation, 201 Rock formations, and water, 29ó estimates, 153 detachment by abrading, 132 Reverse rotary method, of drilling, Rock fracture, 48 detachment by lifting, 132 287 Rock material, permeability, 69 detachment by rolling. 132 Rhine, l4l Rocket research, 89 forecast, 99 RHOADES, H. F.: Growing 100- Rockets, and hail, 94 forecast types, 100 Bushel Corn With Irrigation, Rocks how determined, 121 394-400 capacity, 65 microbes in, 32 water bearing, 296 Rhode Island, 634 micro-organisms in, 31 Rocky Mountain(s), 45, 46, 59, Rhodesgrass, 449 1931-1952, illus., 207 179, 189, 223, 225, 240 Rhythm, 87 normal distribution by months, Rhythms in weather, 84, 85, 87 Rodents, losses from, 311 illus., 60 RiCHAKDS, L. A., 363, 365 Roe, H. B., cited, 550 occurrence, 49 Retention and Transmission of Rogue River, 99 percentage, 95 Water in Soil, 144-151 Rohm & Haas, 116 reduction, 200 743 Runoff—Continued Salt tolerance Schmidt, W., cited, 348 scouring action, 132 of plants, 325 Schneider, Robert, cited, 632 utilization in West, 251 of rice, 391 Schoff, Stuart L., cited, 633 velocity, 127 of sugar beets, 404 Schofield, R. K., cited, 343 Runoff requirements, organic soils, Salt Wahoo Watershed Associa- Scholz, Harold F., 226 545 tion, 166 SCHRADER, THOMAS A., 588 Rupel, I. W., cited, 15 Salt water Waterfowl and the Potholes of Rural electrification, 5 encroachment into fresh, 615- the North Central States, Rural homes, sources of water, 635 596-604 655 intrusion in marsh range, 448 Schubert, H. J., cited, 32 Rural use, 63 Saltation, surface flow, 132 Schurz, Carl, cited, 194 Rushes, 425, 589, 594 Saltcedar, 424 Schuylkill River, 4 Russell, E. J., cited, 433 Salted soils, 372 pollution, 637 Russian-olive, 226, 428 SALTER, ROBERT M.: Research, a ScHWOB, CARL E.: Pollution—A Russian steppes, 221 Key to the Future, 694-700 Growing Problem of a Grow- Russian wildryegrass, 422 Saltgrass, 424, 428, 594 ing Nation, 636-643 Rutgers University, 541 Saltmarsh bulrush, 589, 592 "Scientific rainmaking," 91 Rye, 550 Salt-tolerant plants, 448 Scioto River, 639 production, in West, 249 Salt-water encroachment Sclerotia, 31 Ryegrass, 432, 449 Dade County, Fla., map, 624 Sclerotmia sclerotiorum, 31 defined, 615 Scobey, Fred C, cited, 524 Sacramento River, 274 results, 615 Scofield, Carl S., cited, 321 Sacramento River Basin, 61 San Antonio, 63 Scour erosion, 132 Sacramento-San Joaquín Valley, San Diego, 108 Scouring, effects, 130 274 San Francisco Bay, 629 Scrapers, for land leveling, 283 Sacramento Valley, 460 San Gabriel Mountains, 238 Screens in wells, 289 Safe water, 656 San Joaquín drainage, 584 Seabrook, N. J., 353 Safford Valley, 424 San Joaquín River, 39, 274, 526, évapotranspiration and precipita- Sagebrush, 418 532 tion, illus., 354-355 Sahara, 106 San Joaquin Valley, 39, 69, 383 Sea level, 660 Salinas River, 629 San Luis Valley, 276 changes in, 622 Salinas Valley, 38 San Pedro Valley, 424 Sealing, 128 Saline and alkali soils, 321 Sanctuary, ior wildlife, 610 Searles Lake, 6l6 Saline-alkali soils, management, Sand cherry, 428 Sears, Paul B., cited, 5, 676 327 SANDALS, KIRK M.: A Law That Seashore paspalum, 445 Saline soils, characteristics, 325 Puts Responsibility at Home, Seashore saltgrass, 445 Saline water, 563, 615 165-170 Seasonal flow defined, 109 Sandhills, 409 illus., 95 Saline Water Act of 1952, 117 Sandstone, 74 in West, 95 Saline Water Conversion Commit- Sandstone Creek, 176 Seasons of tee, 117 Sandstone Creek Watershed, 210 highest flows, illus,, 58 Saline water conversion program, illus., 212 lowest flows, illus., 59 112, 115 Maintenance Association, 214 Sea water, cost of separating, 110 Salinity, 37, 440, 617 Sanitary sewage, composition, 636 Second World War, increases, 35 and alfalfa, 436, 437 Santa Clara Valley, 629 Secretary of Agriculture, 166, 168, of irrigation water, 321 Santa Cruz Valley, 37 586 Salinity control, 328 Saskatchewan, 61, 221, 609 Sedges, 35, 425, 540 Salinity hazard, 324 Saturated soil, defined, 146 Sediment, in drainage system, 509 Salinity Laboratory, 148, 151, 324, Saturation, zone of, 48, 49, 296 Sediment damage, 211 327, 363, 451 Saturation deficit, 108 stock ponds, 217 Salinity Laboratory, measurement Saturn, 10 Sediment trap of hydraulic head, l48 Sausage dam, 303 illus., 712 Salinity laboratory seepage meter, Savannah River, 209 in drainage, 516 illus., 314 Savannas, 223 Sediment yield(s) Salinization of soil, 322 SAVESON, I. L.: Systems for Drain- defined, 138 Salmon, in polluted water, 637 ing the Surface, 499-507 measurement, 138 SALMOND, G. R.: The Manage- Sawgrass, 591 Sedimentary peats, 540, 541 ment of Public Watersheds, Sayre, A. Nelson, cited, 626 Sedimentation, 192, 200, 336 191-198 Schaefer, Vincent J,, cited, 91 bays, l4l Salt(s), 360, 553 Scalding, 475 defined, 137 and phreatophytes, 425 SCHIFF, LEONARD: Replenishing erosion, 135-143 in irrigation water, 321 Ground Water by Spreading, estuaries, l4l in lawn soils, 476 302-310 harbors, l4l of water, 285 SCHLAUDT, E. A,: Drainage in sewage, 646 Salt accumulation, 627 Forestry Management in the to reduce seepage, 316 Salt balance, 322, 627 South, 564-568 Sediment-load measurements, 138 Salt Lake Valley, 634 SCHLOEMER, ROBERT W. : HoW Seedbed, of sugar beets, 404 Salt River, 628 We Measure the Variation in Seedbed preparation Salt solutions, 113 Precipitation, 78-84 alfalfa, 435 744 Seedbed preparation—Continued SiEKER, JOHN H.: Planning for the Smithsonian Institution, 112 for sugar beets, 403 Recreational Use of Water: A Smooth bromegrass, 422 pastures, 434 Plea, 577-578 Smooth cordgrass, 445, 446, 448 Seeding rice by airplane, 392 Sierra Ancha Experimental Water- Smuts, 31 Seeds, 15 sheds, 426 Snow. 41, 42, 80 Seep areas, 65 Sierra Madre, 6 and forests, 228 Seep lands, 295 Sierra National Forest, 584, 586 and frost penetration, 183 Seepage, 302, 335 Sierra Nevada(s), 6, 46, 107, 176, change in, 45 and waste water, 557 189, 223, 224, 225, 236, 240, evaporative loss, 46 illus., 49 583. 584, 585 formation, 44 loss from, 311 and trout streams, 583 measuring of, 95 types, 562 Silica, in irrigation water, 322 microbes in, 31 Seepage meters, 312, 313 Sillcox, L. K., cited, 6 water storage, 99 Seepage rate, formula, 312 Silt(s), 7, 137 Snow courses, 98 Seeped land, consumptive use, 345 and phreatophytes, 428 Snow cover, importance of, 81 Seeps, 69 canals, 5 Snow evaporation, measurement, Selenium, 323 composition, 636 232 Self-purification, of water, 638 Silt trap, 516 Snow fences, effects of, 46 Senate Committee on Agriculture Siltation Snow loads, 84 and Forestry, 165 and floods, 171 Snow survey Septic tank, 664, 665 losses from, 38 bulletins, 100 Sericea, on streambanks, 207 Silty waters, treatment, 38 methods, 97 Sevier River, 321, 323 Silver iodide, 91, 93 purpose, 95 Sewage in rainmaking, 91-92 Snowfall, and floods, 172 domestic composition, 644 Simons, P. T., cited, 571 Snowmelt, 52, 100, 180, 183, 187, domestic, discharge, 645 Singularities, defined, 87 188, 190, 232, 302 spreading, 302 Sinnott, Allen, cited, 634 and erosion, 134 Sewage disposal, and streamflow, Sioux City, 4 and flood(s), 95, 172 50 Siphon tubes, in irrigation, 261 delivery to soil, 45 Sewage disposal system, in house, Siplc, George E., cited, 634 factors in, 229 663 Site class, 566 floods, 95 Sewage treatment, 638 Sitka spruce, 225 Snow-water accumulation, 98 Sewage treatment processes, 645 Ski areas, and erosion, 238 Snow-water supplies, studies of, 233 Sewer systems, municipal, 640 Skid roads, 237 Sod, and infiltration, 156 Sewer tile, 293 Skidding, 237 Sodium, 323, 325, 326, 615, 617, Sewers, use, 636 Skyline yarding, 240 691 Shadscale. 424 SLATER, C. S., 363 in irrigation water, 322 Shallow drain, 567 When To Irrigate and How Sodium chloride, 13, 628 Shallow rooting, 372 Much Water To Apply, 372- Sodium hazard, 324 Shallow wells, 286 376 Soft water, 658 Shantz, H. L., cited, 357 Sleet, 41, 80 and zeolite, 658 Shapley, Harlow, cited, 5 defined, 81 Soil Shaw, B. T., cited, 367 formation, 44 amount detached by rain, 127 SHAW, SAMUEL P.: Wetlands and "Slick spots," 326 and infiltration, 151 the Management of Water- Sliding, 122 and irrigation, 253 fowl, 604-613. Slope and Water, 121-160 Sheep, 15, 17 and runoff, 121 and water storage, 150 water and feed, 16 in irrigation, 281 frozen, 179 Sheet erosion Slope-area method, 56 porosity, 149 causes, 136 Slopes, 521 properties, 144 control, 142 Sloughs, 605 relation to water supply, 67 Sheet flow, 136 Slow neutrons, 369 water content, 149, 150 effects, 130 Sludge. 639, 647 water-holding capacity, 342 Sheet runoff, measurements, 130 Sluiceways, 530 water transmitting properties, 315 Sheetwash, 122 Slumping, 122 Soil aeration, 492 Shellfish, 645 Small-capacity wells, 289 Soil amendments, for lawns, 474 and polluted water, 645 Small farms Soil auger, 559 irrigation, 267 Shelly sand, 542 Soil capacity, 375 Sheltcrbelts, 226, 409, 410 pumps for, 290 Soil cement, for linings, 318 SHOCICLEY, DELL G.: The Use of Small fruits, 252 Sprinklers for Irrigation, 267- Small grain(s), 374 Soil classification, 243, 693 273 consumptive use, 345 Soil conditioner, from sewage, 647 Shocklcy, D. R., cited, 441 Small-watershed approach, 162 Soil conditioning chemicals, and Shortages, ground-water, 72 Smartweeds, 445, 593, 594, 596 infiltration, 307 Shortleaf pines, 245 SMITH, GUY D.: HOW Water Soil Conservation Act of 1935, 175 Shotcrete, 318 Shaped the Face of the Land, Soil conservation district(s), 168, Showers, value, 341 121-126 170, 211, 444, 581. 717 Shrubs, 25 Smith, G. E. P., cited, 424 in Georgia, 207 Siberian elm, 226 Smith, O. F., cited, 443 organization, 164 745 Soil conservation districts—Con. Solar changes, influence on Sphagnum peats, 540 purpose, 164 weather, 86 Spikesedges. 594 Red River Valley, 572 Solar energy, 219, 347, 433, 551 Spiles, 395 Soil Conservation Service, 82, 102, for evaporation, 114 for sugar beets, 403 126, 135, 139, 143, 159, 164, Solar radiation, 347 in irrigation, 261 165, 170, 173, 176, 179, 187, effect on leaves, 23 Spillway, 335 200, 203, 204, 205, 210, 214, Solar variations, 86 Spinach, 359, 550. 553 218, 249, 266, 273, 278, 285, Soluble salts, of rivers, 321 salt tolerance, 452 340, 357, 415, 423, 429, 449, Solvent properties, 12 Splash erosion, defined, 126 503, 507, 520, 528, 538, 568, Somerhalder, B. R.. cited, 443 Spoil bank(s). 504, 517, 523, 527 572, 574, 575, 581, 582, 596, Sorghum(s), 409, 410, 412 Sporangium, defined, 27 676, 700 Sorption block soil moisture meter, Spore dispersal, 27 establishment, 162 illus., 705 Spore masses, transfer of, 27 snow surveys, 97 Sources, underground, 62 Spores Soil-cover complexes, 153 South, 226 defined, 26 Soil erosion, 235, 409 South Africa, 15, 108 descent of, 27 general, 406 rainmaking, 94 germination of, 26 Soil fertility, for corn, 398 South America, 4, 5, 389, 602 liberation, 26 Soil freezing, 189 South Atlantic, 173 Spraguc, V. G., cited, 431 Soil moisture, 358, 719 South Carolina, 7, 143, 236, 242, Spreader nozzle, 268 and tree seedlings, 225 340, 376, 386, 478, 565, 634 methods, 302 measurement, units, iilus., 366 research on pasture irrigation, time, 302 values, 351 430 Spreading sites, 305 Soil-moisture content, 348 rice growing, 389 Spring (s), 6, 69, 159 Soil moisture level, and pastures, South Dakota, 15, 58, 70, 323, 380, sources, 563 431 394, 426, 569, 597, 598. 602, Spring Creek, 580 Soil moisture reservoir, 358 609, 634 Sprinkler(s). 285. 333 Soil moisture stress, total, 360 potholes. 599 expansion in humid States, 254 for cotton, 382 Soil-moisture tensiometer, illus., University of, 170 South Dakota Natural Resources for lawns, 464, 470 705 Commission, 95 for peanuts, 378 Soil pipe, in house, 664 South Dakota State College, 170 for soybeans, 380 Soil profile(s), 277 Southeast, 488 for tobacco, 377 in Sacramento-San Joaquín Del- Southeastern States, 389 in nursery, 225 ta, 274 Southern corn rootworm, in rice in 28 States, 254 Soil properties, and irrigation, 453 fields, 394 use in East, 252 Soil series, 243 Southern grass worm, in rice fields, Sprinkler-head systems, 267 Soil structure 394 Sprinkler heads, kinds, 268 alfalfa, 437 Southern Great Plains, 408 Sprinkler irrigation and saturation, 493 Southern High Plains, 71 advantages, 267 how improved, 327 Southern pines, 226 defined, 258 Soil surveyis), 242, 559 Southern Plains, 412, 415 extent, 267 need in land leveling, 282 Southern States, 36, 87, 92 for corn, 395 Soil surveying, techniques, 244 precipitation characteristics and for pastures, 430 for sugar beets, 402 Soil temperature, 492 trends, chart, 487 Southwest, 30, 87, 92, 228, 284 gardens, 454 Soil texture, and moisture range, drought, 97 in Mississippi, 255 47 Sow, 16 limitations, 267 Soil trampling, 178 SowDER, ARTHUR M.: The Age- Sprinkler Irrigation Association, Soil transportation, 129 Old Debate about a Forked 272 Soil treatments, and infiltration, Stick, 118-119 Sprinkler systems 306 Soybeans, 395 factors in layout, 270 Soil water, 220 and acetone insolubles, 380 for lawns, 463 factors in measuring, 362 and infiltration, 154 maintenance, 273 Soil water content, and microbial and microbial growth, 32 parts, 269 activity, 33 effect of drought, 379 types, 267 Soil zone, 67 irrigated acreage, 381 Sprinkling, in orchards, 457 Soils irrigation of, 376 Spruce, 221, 225, 233 production, 379 and alfalfa, 435 Spruce bogs, 227 and turf, 462 Specific capacity, defined, 299 Spruce-fir, 224 and water use, 341 Specific gravity, of water, 617 Spudding equipment. 286 dispersal by raindrops, 127 Specific retention, of materials. 297 Squash, 103, 452, 550, 553 infiltration rate, 157 Specific yield, of materials, 297 Squaw Creek, 100 permeability, 305 Specifications for Drainage Tile, Stage discharge relation, and stream rates of erosion, 136 518 gaging, 53 texture in irrigation, 271 SECTOR, ALBERT H.: A New Song Stalactite frost structure, 180 water-holding characteristics, il- on the Muddy Chattahoochee, STANBERRY, C. O., 384, 387 lus., 120 205-210 Irrigation Practices for the Pro- Solar activity, and weather, 89 Sphagnum mosses, 539 duction of Alfalfa, 435-443 746 Standard rotary method of drilling, Stream(s), 333 Suction head, 144, 145 287 annual discharge. North Dakota, Suction lifts, 339, 660 Stanford University, 184 illus., 576 Suction pipe, in wells, 289 Stanislaus National Forest, 584 minimum flow, 63 Sudan. 5, 410 Starch, 16 ownership of water, 669 Sudan grass, 409, 433 State conservationist, 165 Stream gaging, operations, 53 Sugar(s). 19, 22. 24 State Department of Conservation, Stream sanitation, 647 formation, 14 Michigan, 581 Stream size, in irrigation, 262 Sugar beets, 373, 374, 380. 492, State forests, 193 Stream stabilization, 200 554 State legislatures, 194 Streambank stabilization, 204 field preparation, 403 State parks, 193 Stream-channel improvements, 174 frequency of irrigation, 401 State water law, origins, 666 Streamflow, 99, 686 irrigated, 250 Static equilibrium, defined, 14? defined, 52 irrigation program, 405 Static zone, 149 illus., 54 rooting habits, 402 Statutory Jaw, on water, 667 measurement, 334 Sugarcane, 531, 532, 550 Statutory systems, 671, 674 rates, 52 Sugarcane beetles, in rice fields. 394 Steel industry, use of water, 637 record, 83 Sugarcane system, drainage, 503 STIíRLE, HARRY A.: A Law That Streamflow gaging stations, number Sugar pine, 225 Puts Responsibility at Home, of, illus., 337 "Suitcase" farmer, 412 165-170 Streamflow in basins, illus., 57 Sulfatc(s), 34, 323. 6l7 Stem root rot, of peanuts, 379 Stream-gaging stations. Sandstone in irrigation water, 322 Stem rot, of riœ, 394 Creek. 214 Sulfides, 34 Stephanomeria, 104 Streams, 159. 253 Sulfur, 34, 326 STFPHIíNS, JOHN C: Drainage of Stripcropping, 409 Sulfuric acid, 326 Peat and Muck Lands, 539- floods, measures, 174 Sump weed, 594 557 Strip crops, 410 Sun Steppes, 223 ' Strip mining, 238 and photosynthesis, 219 Stewart, George, cited, 185 Stroma, defined, 26 heat radiated by, 104 Stewart, John T., cited, 571, 572 Stromatal tissue, 26 source of energy, 347 STEWART, K. V., Jr.: Systems for Structural spillway, 335 Sunflower, 103 Draining the Surface, 499-507 Stubble, 157 Sunlight, 13, 14 Stubble mulch, 411 SrocKrNGiili, KARL R., 384 and pollution, 638 Irrigating Cotton To Insure Stubble-mulch method, 410 source of energy, 110 Higher Yields. 381-388 Stubble mulching, 177 Sunspot cycle, length, 86 Stoeckcler, Joseph H., cited, 226 Sturkie. D. G., cited, 387 Sunspot minimum. 88 Stomata, 28, 220, 433 Subirrigation Sunspot numbers, 90 functions, 220 costs, 276 Supervisors, county, 204 Stomates, defined, 22, 220 defined, 2 58, 273 Supplemental feeding, on marsh Stone, E. C, cited, 103. 108 for pastures, 430 ranges, 448 Stone line, 122 in Florida, 277 Supplemental irrigation. 252, 2 56 limitations, 274 Stones, as mulch, 156 for cotton. 381 losses, 277 purpose, 252 Storage problems, 277 Surface creep, surface flow, 132 amount in ground-water reser- requirements, 273 Surface ditches, 252 voir, 71 Sublimation, 232 Surface drainage for household use, 663 defined, 46 bedding system, illus., 708 losses, 311 in converting water, 114 purpose, 491 of streamflow, 52 of snow, 230, 231 random ditch system, illus., 707 underground, 62 Submerged junction box, illus., 517 Surface farm-drainage ditches, 500 Storage gages, 78 Subsidence Surface flooding, 551 Storage ponds, for irrigation, 334 causes, 275 Surface flow Storage reservoirs, 428 of peat and muck lands, 541 saltation, 132 STORHY, HERBERT C: Frozen Soil of peat lands, 275 surface creep, 132 and Spring and Winter Floods, Substrate, defined, 25 suspension, 132 179-184 Subsurface drainage, defined, 491 Surface head, defined, 310 Storm(s) Subsurface facilities, 62 Surface inlet, illus., 711 and floods, 171 Subsurface lake, 310 Surface inlets, of tile systems, 514 and streamflows, 57 Subsurface soil treatments, and in- Surface irrigation, defined, 258 damage. Sandstone Creek, 216 filtration, 308 Surface reservoir, and ground-water distribution, 79 Subsurface water reservoir, 295 frequency, 213 defined, 48 Surface tension, 12, 144 intensity in summer, 206 occurrence, 296 Surface water(s), 7, 52, 62 mechanics, 80 Subterranean water, occurrence, 65 defined, 52 Subtiller, 414 in irrigation, 37 seasonal characteristics, 81 Subwatcrsheds, 204 microbes in, 31 Storm types, compared, 43, 44 Suction bay, 536 supplies, 36 Straighthead, of rice, 394 illus., 712 Surge block, 288 Strawberries, 5 50 Suction bay and foundations, plan Surgeon General, 642 irrigation of, 254 of, illus., 701 Surveys, 282 747 Suspended-load sampler, illus., 138 Tensiometer—Continued Tile system(s) Suspension, surface floTv, 132 use, 364 maintenance, 520 Susquehanna River, 4 vacuum gage, illus., 370 types, 508 SuTTON, JOHN G.: Outlet Ditches, Tension limit, 365 Tileston, F, M., cited, 445 Slopes, Banks, Dikes, and Lev- Terracers, for land leveling, 283 Tillandsias, 108 ees, 521-528 Terraces, 200, 211, 411 Tilth, for corn, 399 The Use of Pumps for Drainage, and runoflf, 134 Timber 528-538 Terracing, 159 and water, 228 Swamp(s), 479, 605 floods, measures, 174 effect on snow accumulation, 45 and flow, 51 Terrain, eiîect on runofï, 56 removal, 45 and timber, 228 Test holes, for wells, 286 site quality, 245 soil-water relationship, 12 5 Tetrahedral arrangement, 9 Timber production, 234 Swamp Land Acts, 480 Texas, 28, 30, 38, 4l, 58, 59, 63, Timberline, 107 Federal drainage, 479 71, 73, 90, 127, 143, 159, 177, Timing SwANSON, NoRRis P., 383. 443 224. 245, 248, 250, 285, 310, of corn irrigation, 398 Irrigating Cotton To Insure 321, 349, 378, 381, 383, 387, of irrigation, in orchards, 459 Higher Yields, 381-388 409, 416, 419, 426, 427, 444, Timothy, 422, 423 Swarmspores, 28 449, 483, 488, 507, 529, 531, Tipburn, 323 Sweden, 94 539, 589, 592, 626, 634, 640, Tippecanoe River, illus., 57 Sweet corn, 373, 452, 550, 553 654, 675 Tobacco, 125, 359, 374 irrigation of, 254 rice growing, 390 chemical composition and irri- Sweetflag, 594 rice, water-seeding, 393 gation, 377 Sweetpotatoes, 452 University of, 568 irrigated acreage, 378 Sweetsage, 422 Texas Agricultural and Mechanical irrigation of, 254, 376 SWIFT, LLOYD W.: The Need of College, 115 Tobacco black shank, 30 Wildlife for Drinking Water, Texas Co., The, 655 Tobacco fields, moisture loss, 376 586-588 THARP, MAX M.: Supplemental Tolman, C. F., cited, 298 Swimming spores, 28 Irrigation in Humid Regions, Tomato, 323, 359, 452, 550, 553 Swiss chard, 550 252-258 fungus disease, 31 Switzerland, 240 Thatching, 474 Topography SYKES, JOSEPH F.: Animals and Thaw, in forests, 231 and cultivation, 244 Fowl and Water, 14-18 Thaxton, E. L., cited, 383 and erosion, 235 Synthetic soil conditioners, 474 Theory of flow of water, 288 and water use, 341 Syracuse University, 242 Thermal difference, 110 Torrey pine, 108 Thermal unit, to measure soil mois- Total head, defined, 291 Taiga, 223, 225 ture, 369 Towns, 5, 52 and trees, 223 Thermistors, 369 ground water, 65 defined, 223 Thermographs, 582 Toynbee, Arnold, cited, 626 Tall wheatgrass, 603 THOMAS, HAROLD E., 37 Tracheid, 21 Tallahatchie River, 199 Underground Sources of Our Trade winds, 41 Tallahatchie Watershed, 202 Water, 62-78 Transeau, Edgar N., cited, 221 TANNEHILL, IVAN R.: IS Weather Thompson, H. C, cited, 553 Transpiration, 22, 23, 24, 47, 69, Subject to Cycles? 84-90 THORNE, MARLOWE D.: The 341 Taste, of water, 657 Proper Use of Water in the and atmosphere, 220 Tax-forfeited lands, 193 Home Garden, 451-456 and precipitation 52 Taylor Grazing Act, 1934, 193 THORNTHWAITE, C. W., 105, 333, defined, 21 TAYLOR, STERLING A,, 367, 369 343 effects, 24 When To Irrigate and How The Water Budget and Its Use factors in, 25 Much Water To Apply, 372- in Irrigation, 3^*6-358 in trees, 220 376 Thunderstorm reduction of losses, 40 Taylor, Zachary, 6 occurrence, 43, 81 Transpiration ratio, of sugar beets, Temperate regions, 14 storm type, 42 401 Temperate Zone, 42 Tibet, 2 Transpiration stream, 26 Transportation, 50 Temperate zones, 223 Tidal streams, 6l8 for irrigation, 334 soil measurement, 129 Temperature Tide gates, 334 Trapped waters, 71 and évapotranspiration, 56 Tigris-Euphrates Valley, 626 and plant growth, 24 Tree(s), 424 Tile and rain, 86 and drought, 222 laying, 519 and spores, 28 and fogs, 107 recommended size, 510 and water use, 341 and infiltration, 154 variations, 85 Tile drainage, 478, 508 coefficient for, 344 installation, 508 effect of height, 220 Temperature province, 222 of seepage areas, illus., 515 for eroded lands, 201 Tennessee, 127, 129, 256, 433 upkeep, 508 interception of snow, 250 Tennessee Valley Authority, 645 Tile drainage systems, types of, life processes, 220 establishment, 162 illus.. 489 on berm, 525 Tensiometer Tile drains, in subirrigation, 274 on wornout land, 207 explained, 363 Tile junction, illus., 704 water requirement, 221 soil-moisture, illus., 705 Tile outlet(s), 490, 509 water transpired, 219 748 Tree (s) —Continued Upper Missouri Basin, 100 Velocity weight, 219 Upper Washita Soil Conservation of flow, in drainage ditch, 524 Tree planting program, 201 District, 210 of movement formula, 147 Tree-ring measurements, 85 Upson, Joseph E., cited, 633 of raindrops, 127 Tree roots, in tile lines, 519 Upstream, flood damage, 173 Vent pipe, 664 Trefoil, 433 U. S. Salinity Laboratory, see Venturid ¡naequalts, 26 Trends in weather, 84-90 Salinity Laboratory Vermilion River, 391, 631 Trichocereus, 108 Uses of water, 3 Vetches, 433 Tropics, 3, 35, 222, 223. 579, 583. in United States, 651 Vibratory motion, 115 584, 585 Ustilago avenae, 31 Vicksburg, 56 trees in, 221 Utilization, trends, 35 Vienna, 85 Trout streams in Sierra Nevada, Utah, 15, 34, 46, 95, 100, 179, 192, Vineyards, 252, 259, 271 583 194, 234, 236, 241, 247, 250, Vinzant, \V. J.. cited, 378 Truck crops, 259, 374 274, 313, 320, 321, 323, 367, Virginia, 105, 135, 136, 254, 256, irrigation of, 254 376, 401, 409, 426, 428, 554, 377, 378, 379, 432, 433, 434, Truckee River, 584 558, 616, 634, Ó75, 688 478, 539, 568, 634 Tukiangyien, 2 Utah Agricultural College, 429 irrigated farms, 253 Tules, 425 Utah State Agricultural College, research on pasture irrigation, Tundra, 223, 570 151, 198, 266, 456 430 Tuolumne drainage, 584 Utah State College, 564 Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 432, Turbidity Utah Water and Power Board (s), 434 in summer, 206 .101. 266 Viscous flow, 144 1931-1952, illus., 206 Vitamins, in waste water, 39 Turbine purap(s), 290, 534 Vacuole (s), 19, 20 Volcanic eruptions, 86 Turbines, 339 Vacuum gage tensiometers. illus., Volcanic terranes, 59 Turcan, A. N., Jr., cited, 631 370 Volcanoes, 616 Turf, 451, 462 Valley quail, 587 Vonnegut, Bernard, cited, 91 Turgid, defined, 20 VAN BAVEL, C. H. M.: Irrigation Turgidity, 20 of Tobacco, Peanuts, and Soy- WAD [.HIGH, C. H., 322 Turgor, 20, 22, 361 beans, 376-381 Soil Moisture in Relation to and plant growth, 23 Van Horn, A. G., cited, 433 Plant Growth, 358-361 defined, 220 VAN ScHiLFGAARDr, J.: Technical Wagon Wheel Gap, 232, 233 Turkeys, 17 Problems and Principles of Waite, Herbert A., cited, 634 Turnip(s), 550, 553 Drainage, 491-498 Waksman, S. A., cited, 541 Turnouts, in irrigation, 261 Vanlier, Kenneth E., cited, 634 Walker, Eugene H., cited, 630 Turtles, 589 Vapor, 91 Walkways Tuscarawas River, 628 measurement of, 346 in coastal marshes, 590 2,4-D, 427 Vapor-compression distillation. 111 in marsh ranges, 446, 447 weed killers, 528 Vapor pressure, A6 Walnut(s), 324, 459 2,4,5-T, 427 Vapor transfer, measurement of Walton-Mohawk, 38 weed killers, 528 évapotranspiration, ^46 Warren, T. R., cited, 15 Types of land, in land preparation, Vaporization, 10 Wasatch Front, 236 279 Vegetable(s), 252, 278 Wasatch Mountains, 192, 426 Types of tile drainage systems, il- albedos, 348 Wasatch Range, 71 lus., 489 amount of irrigation, 455 Wash load, 137 Typhoid, 644 and irrigation, 253 Washington, 43, 56, 99, 100, 124, Typhoid fever, 6 coefficient for, 344 136, 179, 185, 188, 196, 232, Type of farming, and sprinkler irri- cold resistance, 553 245, 250, 323, 401, 402, 438, gation, 271 irrigated, 250 440, 529. 539. 540, 554, 675, Typical water well, 300 salt tolerance, 452 691 water needs, 451 State College of, 40 "Umbrella for the land," 128 Vegetable crops, irrigation of, 254 University of, 242, 423 Unconfined ground water, 296 Vegetation, 47 Washington, George, 6, 478 Unconfined water, 6S> and évapotranspiration, 348 Washita Valley Flood Control As- defined, 71 and moisture province, 222 sociation, 210 Underdrainage, tile, 548 and reservoir losses, 311 Waste, remedy of, 301 Underground sources, 7 and runoff, 121, 235 Waste disposal, 63 Underground storage, 302 effect on frozen soil, 181 Waste watcr(s) Underground water storage, 251 effect on precipitation, 4A industrial, 648 Underground water, potential use, in soil protection, 128 reclaiming of, 39 251 on experimental plot, 192 volumes, 644 protective effect. 152 United States Geological Survey, Water and Our Crops, 341-406 118 Vegetative cover, 190 Water and Our Forests, 219-246 Unsaturated rocks, 72 and runoff, 51 Water and Our Soil, 121-160 Upland rice, production, 389 Vegetative treatments, and infiltra- Water and Our Wildlife, 577-614 Upper air, 86, 89 tion, 306 Water conservancy districts, 169 Upper belt, 48 VEIHMEYI;R, F, J., cited, 359 Water conservation program, Utah, Upper Columbia River Basin, 100 Irrigating Orchards in Dry Re- 101 Upper Mississippi Basin, 642 gion, 456-461 Water control, 531, 717 749 Water cycle, defined, 41 Watershed—Continued Weedkillers Water deficiency, 356 and infiltration, 151 2, 4-D. 427, 528 Water Dowsing, 118 and streamflow, 192 2,4. 5-T, 427, 528 Water erosion, in dryland area, 411 associations, 163, 165, 204 Weedy grasses, 392 Water Facilities Act, quoted, 38 closure on, 196 Weeks Law, 162, 195 Water for Irrigation, 247-340 conservation, 161 Weight, 3 Water law, origins, 666 defined, I6I Weir, for pumps, 288 Water level, 295 effect of slopes, 50 Weirs, in irrigation, 261 Water need, and rainfall, 357 evaluations, 153 WEITZMAN, SIDNEY: Managing Water Pollution Act, 1948, 39 experimental, 687 Forests .To Control Soil Ero- Water requirements, pastures, 433 management, 208 sion, 235-242 Water Resources Policy Committee, management methods, 197 Well 38 municipal forests, 193 depth, 657 Water spreading, 717 needs, 197 diameter, 288 costs, 304 public, 191-198 discharge, 298 defined, 302 rates of intake, 152 increasing capacity, 289 sites, 305 sediment yield, 139 location, 286 Water supplies, for sprinkler irriga- water storage, 99 yield, 657 tion, 271 work plan, 204 Well drillcr(s), 65. 655. 675 Water table, 49, 65, 125, 273, 277, Yazoo-Little Tallahatchie, 199 information from, 75 305. 311. 312, 441, 493, 503, Watershed area, I6I Well logs, 64 550 Watershed management, 7, 235 "Well plant," 423 and alfalfa, 437 Watershed manager, 235 Well screen(s), 286, 289 and phreatophytes, 425 Watershed plan, 211 Well test, 288 and sugar beet irrigation, 401 Watershed programs, development, Wells, 69, 72, 159, 253, 285, 305 changes in, 295 165 ancient, Arabia, 1 control, illus., 709 Watershed protection, 526 ancient. Old World, 1 defined, 145 Watershed Protection and Flood battery, 338 falling, 295 Prevention Act, 163, 165, 166, battery distance, 289 fluctuations, 69 167 bored, 338 illus.. 49. 301 Watershed Protection and Flood capacity, 299 in subirrigation, 274 Prevention Act of August 4, cost, 287, 336 problems of, 37 1954, 485 depth, 67 Water treatments, and infiltration, Watershed, use plans, 200 discharge, 289 308 Watershield, 594 distribution, 63 Water utilization efiiciency, 442 Water-spreading project, Califor- drilled, 338 "Water witching", 118 nia, 310 drilling, cost, 287 Water yield, 687 Water-spreading system, on ranges, driven, 338 Waterborne diseases, 6 421 for irrigation, 247 Watercourse problems, 77 Water-supply forecasts, 83 for rice irrigation, 390 Watercourses, 73 Water-table elevation, and out- for water spreading, 302 Watercress, 645 flow, 295 friction in pipes, 291 and polluted wâter, 645 Water-treatment plants, 650 hand-dug, 338 Water-facility loans, 249 Water-weevils, rice, 393 horizontal, 338 Waterfowl, 589, 592, 593, 595, Waterworks hydraulics of, illus., 336 596, 599 Atlanta, 206 in marsh ranges, 447 distribution, during breeding and in Georgia, 205 irrigation, differences, 286 wintering seasons, illus., 608 Watson, D. J., cited, 361 irrigation, requirements, 286 distribution of wetlands, illus., Waubay, S. Dak., potholes, 599 laws, 286 610 Weather net safe yield, 300 management, 607 and gardening, 453 on farms, 73 numbers, 596 and irrigation, 253 overdraft, 251 production, 609 local effects, 82 pumping from, 339 Waterfowl hunting, values, 589 research, 95 radial, 338 Waterhyacinth, 594 trends, 87 radius of influence, 339 Watering lawns, 462 Weather and Crop Bulletin, 83 salt concentration, 321 Watering lawns and turf, 462-477 Weather Bureau, 79, 82, 83, 84, types, 656 Waterlilies, 594 90, 96, 100, 335, 349, 357, 688 yield, 63 Waterlogging, 34, 458 Weather control, defined, 91 WFLI.S, J. V. B.: The Water in the causes, 557 Weather data, 696 Rivers and Creeks, 52-62 WENT, F. A. : Fog, Mist, Dew, and Watermelons, 452 Weather map, 85 illus., 88 Other Sources of Water, 103 Water-seeding of rice, 393 Wentworth, C, K., cited, 625 Watershed(s), 95, 136, 421, 577, Weather modification, 91 West, 72, 87, 92, 193, 247 579 Weaver, A. R., cited, 363 distribution of precipitation, 36 and fire, 186 Weed control, in irrigation, 260 runoff, 56 and fishing, 580 Weeds, 47, 128, 382, 544, 685, 688 seasonal high water, 6I and floods. 177 in lawns, 477 West Virginia, 4, 241, 635 and impermeable frost, 180 in orchards, 458 Western redcedar, 225 750 Western States, 35, 40, 83, 249, 321 Wildlife, 3, 8, 63, 95, 164, 328, Woodward, G. O., cited, 443 piccipitation characteristics and 566, 586, 589-596 Woodward, T. E., cited, 15 trends, chart, 486 and drainage, 597 WooTEN, HUGH H.: The History rivers, 95 and phrcatophytes, 428 of Our Drainage Enterprises, total of irrigated land, 247 in marsh ranges, 447 478-491 use of water, 6 Wildrice, 589 Wooten, W. M., cited, 384 Westfield River, 151 Willamette River, pollution, 638 Work Projects Administration, 678 Wet spells. 84 Willhitc. F. M., cited, 443 WORK, R. A.: Measuring Snow To Wetland area, extent, 605 Williams, D. A., cited, 102 Forecast Water Supplies, 95- WILLIAMS, ROBI;RT E.: Develop- 102 Wetlands, 589, 604 ment and Improvement of World climate, 86 distribution, iUus., 610 Coastal Marsh Ranges, 444- preservation, 612 Wyoming, 100, 1Ó1, 179, 224, 250, 450 program, 602 401, 409, 419. 426, 557 Willows, 424, 425, 427, 507, 519, Wyssen skyline crane, 240 public acquisition, 612 544 public purchase, 603 WiLM, H. G.: How To Get More Xerophytcs, 322 value by States, 606 Snow Water From Forest Xylem, 21, 23-24 Wetlands inventory, 607 Lands, 228-234 Wheat, 21, 157, 408, 409, 411, 413, Wilson, J. K., cited, 32 Yale University. 119, 165, 228, 242, 435, 492, 550 Wilson, James, cited, 195 651 irrigated, 250 Wilson, M. L., cited, 443 Yalobusha River, 199 production in West, 249 Wilson, W. O., cited, 15 Yankton College, 95 Wheatgrass, 422 Wilting, 23 Yarnell-Woodward formula, 511 Wheel scrapers, 505 Wilting percentage, 458 Yazoo-Little Tallahatchie Water- Where We Get Our Water, 41-90 and atmosphere percentage, 149 shed, 199 White, Walter N., cited, 424 Wilting point, 47, 372, 375 Yazoo Watershed, 199, 202 White House Conference of Gover- Wind, 121 Yellow pine, 103 Windbreaks, 542 nors on the Conservation of Yellow poplar, 224 and drifts, 46 Natural Resources in 1908, 162 Yellowstone National Park, 617 Windmills, 291, 528 Yields, and transpiration, 24 White pine, 181, 224, 245 Windpower, 110 Yocona River, 199 blister rust, 185 Winds Yonker, R. E., cited, 366 White River, 248, 323 and water use, 342 Young, A. A., cited. 425 Whitetailed deer, 587 effect on trees, 220 Young, C. L., cited, 108 Whitetop, 603 Winslow. Allan G., cited, 634 Yucaipa, flood, 187 Whitewater River, 579 Wintering density, waterfowl, Yuma Mesa, 442 Whitney, R. S., cited, 443 illus., 608 WHITT, D. M., 380, 386 Wisconsin, 7, 15, ll4, l6l. 194, Zeasman, O. R., cited, 550 Irrigation of Tobacco, Peanuts, 254, 256, 529, 539, 554, 579. Zeolite and Soybeans, 376-381 581, 582, 635, 675, 681 to remove iron, 659 to soften water, 658 Wick action, 12 University of, 51, 84, 143, 400, 415, 550, 554 Widgeon, 610 Zinc, 553 Wisconsin Conservation Depart- Zion Canyon, 136 Wigeongrass, 594 ment, 582, 594, 595 Zizyphus, 108 Wild buckwheat, 104, 107 Wisconsin University. See Wis- Zonal index Wild fires, and erosion, 238 consin, University of defined, 89 Wild flooding, 281, 557 Wisconsin watershed, activity loca- variations in, illus., 90 irrigation, 259 tion map, 613 Zone of aeration, 48-49, 65, 70 Wild millet. 596 Withdrawals of ground water, 63 Woody peat, 540 Zone of saturation, 48-49, 65, 70, Wild rose, 428 296 Wildcat Creek, illus., 57 Wordsworth, cited, 614 Wood, 19 Zoning ordinance, 170 Wildcelery, 594, 596 for lining canals, 315 Zoospores, defined, 28 Wildfire(s), 20J Woodland, albedos, 348 Zoysia, 467 and floods, 185 Woodlots, and soil moisture, 225 Zuider Zee, 528

751