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ISU Word Template Lifeline for the ISS and Future Tethers Final Report International Space University MSS Program 2018 © International Space University. All Rights Reserved. The MSS 2018 Program of the International Space University was held at the ISU Central Campus in Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France. The front page represents an artistic representation of the contents of the final report. On it there is a tether in perspective, where the structure of the cable is seen in the foreground. The tether then recedes into the background where its attachment to the International Space Station is shown. Background image courtesy of: Demonic Lucifer- https://demonic-lucifer.deviantart.com/ While all care has been taken in the preparation of this report, the International Space University (ISU) does not take any responsibility for the accuracy of its content. Electronic copies of the Final Report and Executive Summary can be downloaded from the ISU web site at www.isunet.edu. Printed copies of the Executive Summary may be requested, while supplies last, from: International Space University Strasbourg Central Campus Attention: Publications/Library Parc d’Innovation 1 rue Jean-Dominique Cassini 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden France Tel. +33 (0)3 88 65 54 32 Fax. +33 (0)3 88 65 54 47 e-mail. [email protected] International Space University, MSS 2018 ii Lifeline for the ISS and Future Tethers Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The LIFT team would like to express our gratitude to all ISU faculty members and staff for their help and their encouragement during the realization of the project this report will present. We would like to express special thanks to the following ISU faculty and staff members: Prof. Gongling Sun For being our Faculty Interface, and supporting and supervising our team throughout the project Prof. Chris Welch For sharing past experiences and providing guidance to assist us in accomplishing the TPR Research For providing encouragement and support and giving us helpful Associate Danijela advice Stupar Prof. Hugh Hill For contributing expertise and knowledge regarding the science involved Prof. Barnaby For providing support and advice regarding the engineering part Osborne Prof. Vazilis For answering our questions about politics, economics and law Zervos Prof. Volker For giving us helpful feedback about our project Damann Hameed Mohamed For being our project TA and providing us with helpful tips and advice in the crafting of this report Prof. Walter For sharing knowledge to assist us in the writing of this report Peeters Muriel Riester For providing endless support in using the library and its resources Steve Brody For his support with the interface to NASA Additionally, this report would not be complete without the support of the following external persons: Pierre Brunner For initiating the topic of this project and for providing general (ESA) support Les Johnson For answering our questions on technical issues and providing (NASA) literature relevant to our project Philippe Achilleas For providing advice regarding legal considerations Robert Hoyt For presenting information about the Hoyt tether and willingness to answer our interrogations Joe Carroll For providing support about materials that could be used for a tether We would like to express a special thanks to Prof Walter Peeters, President of ISU and Dr Buzz Aldrin, Chancellor of ISU for their commitment at ISU and this program. Finally, we would like to thank NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), and specifically its Science and Technology Office for sponsoring this project. International Space University, MSS 2018 iii Lifeline for the ISS and Future Tethers List of Authors AUTHORS Baberwal, Sonal Hu, Wenjing India People’s Republic of China BEng. In Electronics & Telecom MSc. In Information Engineering Communications and Technology Hurrell, James Bernard, Robert United Kingdom Canada MPhys In Astronomy, Space Science PEng. In Aerospace Engineering and Astrophysics, Koumi, Elissavet Brechenmacher, Nicolas Greece France BEng. In Electronics & Electrical MSc. In Aerospace Engineering Engineering Burkhardt, Zachary Lalonde, Josh United States of America Canada BSc. In Aerospace Engineering BSc. In Pure & Applied Mathematics Caiazzo, Antonio Noguez Ceron, Michelle Italy Australia MSc. In Aerospace Engineering BEHons Space Mechatronics Chan, Edward Qureshi, Anisa United States of America United Kingdom BSc. In Information, Science and BSc. Mathematics & Computer Technology Science Chen, Xi Rodriguez, Eduardo People’s Republic of China Colombia MSc. In Electrical Engineering MBBS, Psych. & Economics Delayat, Vincent Rojas Gómez, Armando France Spain MSc. In Mechatronics Engineering BEng. In Aerospace Engineering Djurdjevic, Stefan Aleksa Singh, Nisheet Serbia India BEng. In Architecture BTech. In Telecom. & Electronics Gu, Wenhua Singh, Rishank People’s Republic of China India BSc. In Mechanical & Automation Mechanical and Energy Engineering Engineering MBA Tang Baitao Higashio, Susan People’s Republic of China Canada MSc. In Guidance Navigation and B. of Commerce Control Engineering International Space University, MSS 2018 iv Lifeline for the ISS and Future Tethers Abstract ABSTRACT Over the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, the concept of space tether systems has evolved from a thought experiment to a feasible and tangible idea, with multiple missions having flown with tether lengths from a few meters to a few kilometers. Tether systems have many potential applications which could transform space activities in the long term. There are multiple justifications for space tether systems; culturally such systems could revolutionize access to space and open up new economic opportunities. Additionally, the scientific community could benefit from an extensive platform for scientific experiments and the concept represents an unprecedented and fascinating experiment in itself. Yet, despite the potential, tether systems with hundreds or thousands of kilometers in length have never been constructed. It is clear that there are significant challenges hindering the implementation of large tether systems. The currently unreliable nature of tether deployment, the harsh nature of the space environment, and the lack of support for tethers among both space industry experts and the public are some of the most significant inhibitors to tether projects. The best first step to solving these problems is to understand them. In order to do so a study has been conducted, outlining the main obstacles determined for the development of space tether systems and proposed recommendations to overcome them. One promising possibility is the re-use of the ISS as part of a 6500 km tether system from LEO to MEO. This presents an interesting synergy with questions of the ISS’s future and would serve as an ideal first demonstration of such a large space tether system. By virtue of broad public support, capacity for human occupation and with existing applications, the use of the ISS inherently relieves many of the general obstacles that face tether projects. While this concept does introduce new obstacles, primarily driven by the value of the ISS and its current deorbiting date sometime in the 2020s, these issues are resolvable and the potential benefits of such a project can justify the effort needed to do so. A well designed ISS tether system, incorporating several aspects examined for the use of tether systems, could aid in many problems, both for the development of tether systems and for the future of space activities. With this in mind, a suggested preliminary requirements list was defined for an ISS tether system; incorporating the recommendations developed for large tether systems. International Space University, MSS 2018 v Lifeline for the ISS and Future Tethers Faculty Preface FACULTY PREFACE The concept of space tethers was introduced as a means of space transportation over a century ago. Unlike rocket systems, the technical level of tether system development is still in a very early stage. To date government agencies and commercial entities have put limited focus on tether system development because of system complexity and some other non- technical concerns. Keeping this in mind, I have had the honor to share tether ideas and concepts with our international, intercultural and interdisciplinary team of 22 graduate students of ISU MSS 18 who have: critically analyzed the current major obstacles to tether system development for space transportation and possible ways to overcome them; identified cultural, political, scientific, legal and economic rationales for future tether system implementation; provided the conceptual idea for the reuse of the International Space Station after 2028, the schedule of ISS reuse tether system development schedule in line with the ISS retirement, and the cost analysis based on the 500 km tether system deployment in path with positive impact of the New Space era. This report outlines the case for the development of a LEO to MEO tether system that will reuse the International Space Station and the potential for such a system to evolve incrementally over time into something truly transformative. The report then outlines challenges that must be overcome for this concept to be realized and offer recommendations for how this might occur. On behalf of the all the ISU faculty members, I would like to express my gratitude and thanks to the team members for their sincere effort, commitment, hard work; and all my best wishes to the creative idea of ISS reutilization - further
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