AN EVALUATION OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF "SCARS

OF PARTURITION" IN TilE CHRIST CHURCH SPITALFIELDS SAMPLE.

Volume 2. Appendices and Bibliography.

MARGARET J. COX

Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

January 1989

Institute of Archaeology, University of London,

London.

BIEL LOt4DUt UNW

302 Appendix 1. Obstetric data concerning the adult females

from Christ Church.

Detailed information of each named female aged over 12 years in the Christ Church, Spitalfields sample. The

skeletal data was noted during the examination and measurement of each case, which took place in no particular order. The obstetric data was added after the

skeletal analysis was complete. The prefix "CAS 2" has not been used, only the last three digits of each woman's

identification number are listed. This is followed by her name as it appeared on her coffin plate, the year in which

she died and her age at death. Any obstetric data which has been retrieved is then described plus her husband's name and occupation if these data are known. Preauricular sulci are called "grooves of pregnancy" and "grooves of

ligament" after Houghton 1974 for types 1 and 2, see chapter 4. Type 3 sulci are called "indistincts" and the

type 4 sulci illusion created by an accentuated pyriformis tubercle and bone deposition a "male sulci". The abbreviation DISH is used to refer to the condition diffuse ideopathic skeletal hyperostosis.

32 MRS MARY BALL. died 1819 a g ed 48 year

Condition; the pubes are both missing (post mortem), and

there is abrasion to the iliac crests and to the lower

sac rum.

There is no scarring of the sacrum. Both innominates have

preauricular sulci. The left is a groove of pregnancy, with several distinct scoops. It is very short and wide,

lacking a clear lower margin. The right has been scored

303 as a groove of pregnancy but in certain wa y s resembles an

"indistinct". It is very wide and has a grainy floor with definite scoops (hence groove of pregnancy). It also lacks a clear lower margin.

There are no abnormalities to the lower limbs or vertebrae, though both are incomplete.

Married to Hezekiah, a weaver, they lived in Gre y Eagle

Street. Two infants were baptised, the 1st when Mary was

21, the second when she was 27.

642 MRS ELIZABETH BARDOLPH, died 1806 aged 47 years.

Condition; very good.

There are no pits along the dorsal aspect of the pubic symphysis. The right sacral facies pelvina has a sulcus, extending some l5mms. which is slightly "scooped". The

left preauricular sulcus is scooped but the margins are not clearly delineated, the sulcus is very shallow. The right preauricular sulcus has no distinct margins and comprises 2 scoops side by side, neither is very deep or clearly delineated. Both sciatic notches have an accentuated pyriformis tubercle, which makes the notch

look "U" shaped.

There is no pathology affecting either the vertebrae or

the lower limbs.

Married to James, an Orange Warehouse Owner/Merchant, they baptised 2 children. Elizabeth was 34 at the 1st and 40 at the second baptism.

407 MARY CADMAN, died 1824 aged 65 years.

Condition is good. The left pubis is eroded on its superior aspect.

304 There are no preauricular sulci or sacral scarring. There is pitting of the dorsal aspect of the pubic symphyses and

lipping.

There is very slight osteoarthritis affectin g the lumbar vertebrae, there is no evidence of any other disease or

trauma to the vertebrae or lower limbs.

Married to Charles Cadman, a weaver at the age of 22, Mary baptised 10 infants, the first on the same day as she married the last aged 44 years. Birth spacing was 1 year

1 month, 11 months 1 4 years 1 month, 2 years 1 month, 2 years 8 months, 2 years 1 month, 2 years 7 months, 2 years

10 months and 2 years 8 months.

752 MISS SARAH COLLINS, died 1806 aged 17 years.

In 1st class condition.

There is an "indistinct" sulcus on the right innominate, it

is very shallow with no inferior margin. The left preauricular sulcus is a slight groove of pregnancy. It has a rougher floor, with 2 slight scoops and clear margins.

The pubes and the sacrum are unscarred.

There is no pathology or degenerative change affecting either the lower limbs or the vertebrae.

Very little is known of Sarah's history. She did not marry and appears not to have had children.

918 MRS HANNAH DAVY, died 1747 aged 57 years.

Condition; the pubes and lower sacrum are eroded.

There is scarring along the sacral facies pelvina, the

left side being smooth and extending some llmms. , the

305 right is difficult to see clearly because of exostosis but appears to be smooth, though it is lipped. It extends some l6mms.

Both preauricular sulci are unusual as they extend right around the articular surface. The left is a groove of pregnancy with one distinct scoop, the rest of the floor has a grainy texture. A lower margin is just discernible.

The right su]cus may just be categorised as a groove of pregnancy because it has an uneven lower margin, it also has a grainy floor.

DISH disease is evident along the iliac crest, there is moderate upping of both knees and sli ght degenerative change affecting the lumbar vertebrae.

Hannah's life history is obscure, no record of a marriage or baptisms exist for her. As her surname is unusual, it is presumed that she is nulliparious.

744 MRS JANE DEARDS, date of death unknown, aged 52 years.

The sacrum and left innominate are in good condition, the right innominate has post mortem damage to the pubis and ramus, the superior pubic symphysis is damaged.

There are no preauricular sulci. Both sacroiliac joints have slight bony projections at the sciatic notch extremity. Around the left sulci the bone is slightly rough. The right pubic symphysis is damaged, the left is not pitted, though there is a sli ght bony projection at the lower margin.

The left pubic ramus has 2 healed fractures. The right has 1, which has not completely healed. See plate 10.

306 Limbs and vertebrae appear normal, although there is evidence of slight osteophytosis and porosity of the lumbar vertebrae.

Because Jane's date of death is unknown, it has been impossible to identify her with certainty in the historical records. Consequently her parity status is unknown.

751 MRS ANN DEARNS, died 1784 aged 71 years.

In 1st class condition. A "bone former", this might slightly distort the measurements. There are sacral facies pelvina, these are distinctly pitted, the right extends 18mm, and the left 25mm.

The right sulcus is deep but not scooped, the lower margin

is reasonably distinct and smooth. The floor is smooth yet very slightly grainy. The left sulcus is dee p , the lower margin is curved yet smooth, the floor is not grooved but slightly grainy.

Both pubic symphyses are lipped. The texture is porous.

Both have pitting, much of which has coalesced into a sulcus.

There is moderate lipping of both knees, and osteophytosis of the lumbar vertebrae.

Married to John Dearns, they baptised one child when Ann was 45 years old. They lived in Wheeler Street.

667 MRS PHOEBE ANN HILL, died 1829 aged 30 years.

Condition; generally very good, unfortunately the base of the sacrum is damaged.

There is no scarring of the sacrum. There are no clear preauricular sulci, although there is a slight indentation

307 along each sacroiliac joint and the texture of the area is grainy.

There is marked pitting and lipping of both pubes, see plate 5. There is no pathology or degenerative change affecting the vertebrae or lower limbs. A small and g racile pelvis.

Phoebe was married to F.Hill a master weaver of Princes street. There are no baptism records relating to them, she is presumed nulliparious.

438 MRS MARY HUMPHRIES, died 1825 aged 56.

Condition is slightly abraded, but good. The ischial spines are abraded, as is the left iliac crest. This skeleton is beginning to disintegrate. The sacrum is asymmetrical, twisting slightly to the right. A high assimilation gynecoid pelvis.

There are no sacral facies pelvina and no pitting of the pubic symphyses, see plate 19.

The left preauricular sulcus is a groove of ligament, but very wide, the floor is smooth but rather grainy, there is a clearly defined lower margin. See plate 2.

The right preauricular sulcus is a groove of pregnancy with well defined margins. See plate 1.

There is a fracture of the distal end of the right fibula and the medial maleolus of the right tibia. There

is degenerative change of both the talus and the calcaneus, presumably a consequence of this injury. See plate 23. Osteochondritis dessicans affects the distal end of the right tibia.

Little is known of Mary's history, her marital and parity

308 status are unknown.

Plate 23. Fracture of the distal end of the right fibula and the medial malleolus of the right tibia.

670 MRS ELIZABETH JACKSON, died 1809 aged 68.

Condition: The right sacroiliac joint is slightly abraded,

the rest is very good.

There is no pubic pitting, nor scarring of the sacrum.

The preauricular sulci are "male" (4) in character, that

is the y are not real sulci, but appear to be owing to the

presence of an accentuated pyriformis tubercle.

A high assimilation sacrum (6 sacral vertebrae) and an

android pelvis. This pelvis has male characteristics.

There is no evidence of trauma or disease of the lower

309 limbs or the vertebrae. The sacrum is asymmetrical, the

lower segments twisting slightly to the right.

Married to Samuel Jackson, a weaver, 5 infants were

baptised the first when Elizabeth was 29, the last at 36.

These births were spaced approx. 4 years, 1 year 1 1 year

and 1 year. The y lived in Brick Lane.

609 MRS JANE JULIEN. died 1791 a g ed 78 years.

Condition; both pubes are damaged and eroded, as is the

lower sacrum.

There are no scars on the sacrum. The preauricular sulci

are both grooves of pregnancy, but only just. The left

sulcus has only the very faintest of "scoops". The right

is more grainy than scooped but markedly so. There is

bony growth at the arcuate line.

There is slight osteoarthritis of the lumbar vertebrae but

no pathology affecting the lower limbs.

Born into a wealthy family, Jane married Abraham Julien at

the age of 38, he was a widower with a young family. They

had no children. A well documented family.

809 MRS MARY KNIGHT. died 1806 a g ed 41 years.

Condition is excellent.

There is no scarring of the pubic symphysis or of the

sacrum. There are preauricular sulci on both innominates.

The left is a very shallow groove of pregnancy. The right

a shallow groove of ligament.

A large pelvis.

The lower limbs and vertebrae are normal, there is no

evidence of degenerative disease.

310 Married to Samuel, a Victualler, they lived in Brick Lane.

Four infants were baptised, the first when Mary was 30, the last at 35 years. Birth spacing was 1 year 1 month, 2 years 1 month and 1 year 9 months.

787 MRS JANE MASON, died 1793 aged 77 years.

Condition; a very heavy skeleton. The pubes are badly eroded, as is the lower sacrum. There is no scarring of the sacrum. There are preauricular sulci on both innominates. The left is a groove of pregnancy with one unusually deep pit at the posterior extremity, plus two much shallower scoops, both margins are delineated.

The right is a groove of ligament, this is shallow with clear margins. There is very slight degenerative disease of the lumbar vertebrae, and DISH on the iliac crest.

Married to Edward Mason a wealthy weaver and factor, they baptised 10 infants. Jane was 19 at her first birth and

42 at her last. Birth spacing was 2 years 2 months, 3 years 6 months, 3 years 8 months, 2 years 6 months, 1 year

1 month, 1 year 4 months, 1 year 6 months, 2 years 3 months and 4 years 9 months. They lived in Steward

Street, the Old Artillery Ground.

956 MRS MARY MESMAN, died 1772 aged 45.

In good condition.

There is no scarring along the facies pelvina. The left pubic symphysis has a sulcus which may reflect the coalescence of a series of pits, but there are no clear margins. The right pubic symphysis has 2 pits.

Both preauricular sulci are "indistinct", see plate 17.

Neither have a lower margin and both have slightly bumpy

311 floors, the right having a slight scoop. An enormous pelvis! No relevant pathology.

The innominates are in good condition, thou gh the ischial spines are eroded. The lower sacrum is damaged.

Married to John Mesman, she both came from and married into a wealthy family. Mary baptised 3 infants, the 1st at the age of 40, the last at 44. She was 39 when she married for the only time, her husband was a widower with young children. Birth spacing was approx. 2 years and 1 year.

748 GRACE MOORE, died 1807 aged 60 years.

Condition; this skeleton has suffered considerable post mortem damage. The sacrum is fragmented and eroded, the left pubis is present but broken off, the right is absent.

Much general erosion has occurred.

The left pubis is pitted, and has exostosis affecting much of the dorsal margin.

Both preauricular sulci are grooves of ligaments, the left extending around the area of articulation in a very narrow form. The left and right sulci have grainy floors, and the left lacks a clear lower margin.

DISH is beginning to form along the iliac crest, and the left sacroiliac joint has fused posteriorly to the sacrum.

There is slight degenerative change affecting the lumbar vertebrae. There is a healed fracture of the distal end of the left fibula.

Married to William, a broker, they lived in Lamb Street.

Only one baptism is recorded, when Grace was 38.

312 681 MRS REBECCA RONDEAU, died 1793 aged 81 years.

Condition; largely very good although the left superior pubis is damaged. A very "light" pelvis, possibly osteoporotic.

There are slight sulci on both sacral facies pelvina, the right measures 10mm. and the left 16mm. The right is slightly scooped, the left is smooth.

Exostosis on both pubic symphysis possibly conceals pitting, especially on the left.

Both preauricular sulci are grooves of pregnancy, though both are more grainy in appearance than scooped. The left has a distinct lower margin, the right does not.

A very large pelvis, from a very large female skeleton.

There is slight to moderate degenerative change affecting both knees and moderate changes affecting the the lumbar vertebrae. Lumbar vertebra 3 shows signs of collapse.

No record of a Rebecca Rondeau exists in the International

Genealogical Index, consequently her marital and parity status are unknown.

467 MRS LOUISA THISTLETON, died 1834 aged 57 years.

Condition; fragmentary, the lower sacrum is absent, as are both pubes, the iliac crests are also both damaged (post mortem)

There is no scarring on the sacrum. Both preauricular sulci are grooves of ligament, lacking a defined lower margin they have smooth floors and upper margins.

There isnopathology or degenerative change to the lower limbs or the vertebrae.

Married to William a D y er, J.P. and Coroner, they were a

313 wealthy family who lived in Great Russell Street. Two children are recorded, Louisa's age at the 1st birth is unknown, she was 35 at the 2nd, she married aged 30.

(Birth data from Huguenot Research file.)

189 MISS MARY TUFNELL, died 1802 aged 55 years.

In 1st class condition.

The left sulcus is a very slight groove of ligament and the right sulcus is not really a groove at all. It comprises 2 "dents" in the bone, some l2mms. apart. The anterior dent is elongated, the other has a bumpy floor and no clear margins, scored as an "indistinct", it is not a true sulcus.

The left pubic symphysis is lipped and is affected by exostosis. [f there were any pits they are no longer visible because of the degenerative bony growth.

The right pubic symphysis is lipped, there is a sulcus present probably caused by the coalescence of a series of pits.

Scarring of the sacrum on the left anterior margin extends to the posterior where it has a pitted appearance. The right sulcus also extends backwards ending with a large pit. There is no evidence of disease or trauma to the lower limbs or vertebrae.

Mary was unmarried, and there are no recorded births.

Little is known of her life history.

843 MRS ANN WALKER, died 1788 aged 28.

In 1st class condition generally, apart from damage to the upper right pubic symphysis.

There is slight resorption along both anterior sacral

314 margins, maximum extent 30mm, both are fairly smooth in appearance.

There is no pitting or upping of either pubic symphysis.

The left preauricular margin has a long smooth floored

sulcus which extends around the anterior aspect of the

area of articulation. The inferior margin is irregular.

As the sulcus extends to the anterior it becomes very wide

approximately l6nims.

The right preauricular sulcus is "indistinct". Similar to

the left it extends to the anterior aspect. It has no

lower margin, and the floor is grainy with 2 shallow

"scoops.',

There is no evidence of any disease or trauma to the lower

limbs or vertebrae.

Married to a master silk weaver, her parity status is

uncertain because of the fact she has a very common

surname and it is therefore impossible to identify her

with certainty in the records.

647 SARAH SELVES, died 1811 aged 65 years.

Condition; good, some slight abrasion to the pubes.

There is no pitting of the pubes, nor the sacrum. The

preauricular sulci are grooves of ligament, although both

have slightly grainy floors and neither have distinct margins.

There is pathology affecting sacral vertebrae 4/5. The

right distal fibula has a healed fracture and a false

joint.

Married to Samuel, a shoemaker, they baptised 3 infants.

Sarah was 36 at the 1st and 43 at the 3rd baptism. Birth

315 spacing was 3 years 9 months and 2 years 10 months.

654 MRS MAGDALENE THOMAS, died 1782 aged 61 years.

Condition; very good, the lower sacrum is slightly eroded.

There is no pitting of the pubic symphyses but they are both lipped creating the impression of shallow grooves.

The anterior sacrum shows no sign of resorption along the auricular margin.

The left preauricular sulcus is shallow with a slight scoop. There is bony growth at the posterior extremity of the sciatic notch.

The right preauricular sulcus is a groove of ligament, which is very shallow, and lacks a clear lower margin. It also has extra bony growth (as the left). Starting at the arcuate line and spreading around the upper sacroiliac joint is a sulcus accentuated by extra bony growth. It has a rough floor, is max. 5mms. wide, and l9mms. long.

See plate 21. If it were situated in the "normal" place, it would be scored as a groove of pregnancy.

There is slight osteoarthritis of the lumbar vertebrae.

Nothing is known of Magdalene's marital or parity status.

957 MRS ANN LITTLER, died 1791 aged 39 years.

Condition; a very abraded pelvis. The pubes have been completely destroyed. The sacrum is incomplete.

Consequently only the sacroiliac joints survive to be scored. The left preauricular sulcus is a groove of ligament accentuated by bony growth at the posterior margin of the sciatic notch. The lower margin of the sacroiliac joint is of unusual shape, it recedes at the

316 arcuate line.

The right preauricular sulcus has two shallow scoops and a clear lower margin. There is some evidence of bone remodelling near the superior margin, the bone has a rough and grainy appearance.

There is no pathology of the lower limbs or vertebrae.

Ann's marital and parity status are unknown.

298 MRS MARY GEORGE, died 1799 aged 58 years.

Condition; very good, this pelvis retains dried tissue

(mainly periosteum and ligaments) which cannot be easily removed.

This is a very large pelvis which from a superior aspect is lop-sided. The pubic symphysis is to the left of the central sacrum, and the pelvis is generally twisted to the left (this is not the result of post - mortem pressure).

There is no pitting of either pubis, nor scarring of the sacrum. The left preauricular sulcus is classified as a groove of ligament but it lacks a lower margin and becomes wide and rough near the posterior aspect of the sciatic notch.

The right preauricular sulcus is similar but more characteristic of a true groove of ligament. However, there is a sulcus of a groove of pregnancy type along the superior edge of the sacroiliac joint. This is 22mms. long and 5mms. wide.

There is slight degenerative change affecting the lumbar vertebrae. The discal surfaces are also affected by pathology. The left fibula and tibia are both affected by spiky bony growth, particularly on the distal

317 extremities. There is a healed fracture of the distal end of the fibula.

Married to William, a Brewer's servant, they baptised 3 children. Mary married at 24, ba p tised her 1st child at

34, and her last at 37. Birth spacing approx. 1 year and 2 years.

309 MRS LOUISA PERRINA COURTAULD, died 1807 aged 77 years.

Condition; very good, onl y the ischial spines are abraded.

There is no resorption on the sacrum. There is one small pit on the dorsal aspect of the right pubic symphysis.

The left sacroiliac j oint has a groove of pregnancy, however, this is not very distinct in terms of its margins and is very shallow. The right preauricular sulcus is a groove of ligament, this is very shallow.

There is slight degenerative change affecting the lumbar vertebrae. The lower limbs appear normal.

Married to Samuel, a Goldsmith, at the age of 20, they lived at Cornhill. Louisa took over the Goldsmiths business after Samuel's death. They baptised 8 infants, the 1st when Louisa was 21, the last when she was 34.

Birth spacing was 2 years 2 months, 1 year 5 months, 2 years 11 months, 1 year 6 months, 1 year 8 months, 1 year

5 months and 1 year 9 months.

Louisa's portrait is illustated on plate 15.

470 MRS SARAH BROOKMAN, died 1833 aged 57 years.

Condition abraded. The pubes and the lower sacrum are badl y affected.

The right preauricular sulcus is shallow with an ill defined lower margin, the floor is rough with very shallow

318 scoops. The left sulcus is deeper with 2 deep and delineated scoops, the lower margin is irregular.

There are slight degenerative changes affecting the lumbar vertebrae, the knees and the sacroiliac joints. This is a large and robust skeleton.

Married to Benjamin, a "German Sausage Maker"/ Pork

Butcher, at the age of 26, they baptised 4 infants. Sarah was 27 when the first was baptised and 34 at the last.

Birth spacing was 2 years 10 months, 1 year 8 months and 1 year 7 months.

166 SUSANNAH THOMASSON. died 1750 a g ed 70 years.

Parts of this skeleton are disintegrating but the pelvis is sound, though both iliac crests are fragmenting.

There is no right preauricular sulcus and the left is a groove of ligament. This is shallow with a smooth floor and margins. Both pubic symphyses are pitted on the dorsal aspect, althou gh these are largely masked by exostosis, see plate 20. There is pitting along the interosseous groove of the left innominate.

There are slight to medium degenerative changes of the lumbar vertebrae, the right femur, fibula and tibia, particularly affecting the knee, the left leg is slightly affected.

Married to James, a Chandler who later became a Goldsmith, the y lived in the Cit y of London. They baptised 3 infants. Susannah was 24 when she married, 26 at the 1st baptism and 47 at the last. Birth spacing was 16 years 7 months and 3 years 7 months.

319 523 MRS MARTHA BALL, died 1821 aged 70 years.

A fragmented skeleton, which has little value to this project. A fragment of the left innominate survives which bears part of a preauricular sulcus, its type cannot be determined.

Martha's marital and parity status are unknown.

861 MRS SUSANNAH JOUENNE, died 1778 aged 76 years.

A fragmented and incomplete skeleton. Neither pubis survives, and the innominates are generally fragmentary. The sacrum is abraded along the upper right margin.

The left preauricular sulcus is damaged but appears to be a groove of ligament. The right sulcus is a groove of pregnancy. It is shallow and has 2 distinct scoops, its lower margin lacks clear definition. The sacrum is unscarred.

The lower limbs show no signs of pathology or degenerative disease. There is slight degenerative change of the lumbar vertebrae and 2 thoracic vertebrae are fused by what appears to be a reactive arthropathy.

Marital and parity status are unknown.

742 MRS JANE BALGUERIE, died 1747 aged 66 years.

A fragmented and incomplete skeleton. Nothing of the right innominate survives and only the sacroiliac joint area of the left. Unfortunately, the sulcus itself is abraded and it is impossible to be certain of its type.

The sacrum is also abraded.

Married to the Reverend John Balguerie, 2 baptisms relate to them, the 1st when Jane was 24 the 2nd, 26.

320 484 MRS CATHERINE MOODY, died 1820 aged 51 years.

An incomplete and fragmentary skeleton. The pelvic bones are all slightly abraded, the pubes are missing although part of the right symphysis survives.

The preauricular sulci are grooves of ligament, both are very slight and lack clear definition. The surviving symphysis has one large shallow p it this too lacks clear definition. This is a very small gracile pelvis.

The lower limbs lack pathology or signs of degenerative change. The vertebrae are healthy, lumbar vertebrae 1/2 have Schmorl's nodes.

Married to George, a silk dyer, they baptised 5 infants.

The 1st when Catherine was 20 the last, 31. They lived in

Brick Lane. Birth spacing was 3 years 1 month, 2 years 3 months, 3 years 8 months and 2 years 2 months.

465 MRS REBECCA SHERMAN, died 1823 aged 26 years.

An incomplete and fragmentary skeleton. The left innominate is absent, the right symphysis is eroded, and sacral vertebrae 4/5 are missing. A young adult, the sacrum was incompletely fused in its lower segments.

There is a slight sulcus along the right ventral edge of the sacrum, this extends for 2lmms., and is 2mms. wide.

The left preauricular sulcus is marked in its delineation, it is smooth floored with 2 shallow scoops.

The lower limbs and vertebrae are not affected by pathology or degenerative change. There are signs of inflamatory changes affecting the left sacroiliac joint.

Married to Daniel, a Bricklayer, they baptised 4 infants.

Rebecca was 19 at the 1st ba p tism and 26 at the last. Her

321 2nd confinement was for twins, she died a few days after her last birth. There is no apparent reason for this, her pelvis was obstetrically good. Birth spacing is uncertain.

498 MRS ANNE MECHAM, died 1839 aged 54 years.

Good condition throughout.

The preauricular sulci are both "indistinct" in their morphology. The left has a shallow scoop within its margins, the floor is grainy and the lower margin is defined and uneven, this sulcus almost falls into the groove of pregnancy category. The right sulcus has a grainy floor and lacks a defined lower margin. There are no other sulci or pits on this pelvis.

There is slight degenerative change of both knees but no other pathology, the vertebrae appear to be healthy. A large pelvis.

Married to Thomas, a Victualler, they baptised 3 infants.

Ann was 33 at the 1st and 38 at the last baptism. Birth spacing was 2 years 8 months and 2 years 1 month. Ann died of "Dropsy" as had her husband previously (death certificates). This leads to much speculation as Dropsy is an old term for Oedema, which, in their cases, might have been caused b y cirrhosis of the liver!

458 MRS ELIZABETH GRAY, died 1835 aged 51 years.

A fragmented and incomplete skeleton. The left pubis is missing and the right is damaged, the sacrum lacks its lower segments. Only the sacroiliac joints show any sign of "parity scars". The right preauricular sulcus is a groove of ligament which lacks a lower margin, the floor

322 is smooth. The left preauricular sulcus is more pronounced, it too lacks a lower margin but its floor is grainy.

There is no pathology or degenerative change to either the

lower limbs or the vertebrae.

Gray being a very common name in the area, it was

impossible to locate Elizabeth with certainty in the records. Her marital and parity status are unknown.

459 MRS MARIA CLARK, died 1827 aged 29 years.

Condition; some abrasion. The iliac crests and both pubes suffer from erosion, the pubic symphyses are missing.

Both preauricular sulci are "indistinct", both are wide with grainy floors, the lower margins are even and just discernible.

This individual has a small but fairly robust pelvis.

There is no pathology or degenerative change to either the vertebrae or lower limbs.

No marriage or baptism records relating definitely to

Maria have been established, Clark is a common name and

Maria is often Mary, her marital and parity status are unknown.

500 MRS ELIZABETH GILES, died 1831 aged 37 years.

This skeleton whilst suffering some erosion, is largely in good condition.

There is slight exostosis along the dorsal edge of the pubic symphyses, there is a shallow groove alon g the right symphysis with a similar but shorter groove along the left, there is no pitting. Both preauricular sulci are

323 wide, grainy, and lack a lower margin they fit neither of

Houghton's criteria and are classed as "indistinct".

This is a large roomy pelvis. There is no degenerative change or pathology to the lower limbs. Between sacral vertebra 1, and lumbar vertebra 5 there is what appears to be a reactive arthropothy. The profile of sacral vertebra

1 is heart shaped ventrally.

Married to Francis, a master Silk Weaver, they baptised 5 infants the 1st when Elizabeth was 29, the last when she was 35. Birth spacing was 1 year 6 months, 1 year 8 months, 1 year 6 months and 1 year 5 months.

507 MRS SUSANNAH VINE, died 1837 aged 49 years.

This skeleton is intact, but most bones have suffered abrasion. The pubes are badly affected and the sacrum lacks its lower segments.

There is no scarring of the sacrum or the pubes, although there is an impression of "denting" on both pubes. This appears to be the effect of "lipping". Both preauricular sulci are grooves of pregnancy, although they lack a defined lower margin. The depth of both sulci are accentuated by upping along the sacroiliac joint. There is no degenerative change or pathology affecting the vertebrae. Both femora have cribra and plaque.

Married to John, a Goldsmith, they baptised 2 infants.

Susannah was 26 at the 1st baptism and 38 at the last.

581 MRS ANN CUTTER, died 1819 aged 55 years.

Generally a very fra gmentar y and incomplete skeleton. The innominates lack pubes and ischium and are generally abraded.

324 The sacrum has almost completely disintegrated.

The right preauricular sulcus is "indistinct", it has only a partially defined lower margin and has extra bone deposited at the most posterior extremity, its floor is slightly grainy. Overall it lacks the smoothness of a groove of ligament. The left preauricular sulcus is very similar morphologically although it is much narrower and it has one scoop.

There is slight degenerative change of the lumbar vertebrae, but no other pathology of either the vertebrae or lower limbs.

Ann's marital and parity status are unknown.

710 MRS JANE LESCHALLAS, died 1836 aged 76 years.

An almost com p lete skeleton in very good condition.

The dorsal aspects of both pubic symphyses are affected by exostosis. Both have one distinct pit and a long shallow groove. There are no sulci on the sacral facies pelvina.

The right preauricular sulcus is shallow and uneven, it lacks definition and has a rough floor. The left sulcus is similar, its superior margin comprises 3 curves and it lacks an inferior margin, the floor is rough. Both sulci have a tubercie near the posterior margin.

There are marked degenerative changes of lumbar vertebrae

3/4 and 4/5 the posterior facets of both are severely affected and lumbar 5 appears to be affected by anklyosing spondylitis. Sacral vertebra 1 is also affected by degenerative changes. This sacrum has a marked curve on vertebra 3 and has been scored as a "Spitalfield's" sacrum, although it is not as severe as some examples. The

325 pubic s ymphy ses are porous. The femora are normal, the lower limbs are absent.

Married to John, a Glazier, they baptised 3 infants. Jane was 30 when she married, 31 at the 1st ba p tism and 39 at the last. Birth spacing was approximately 6 years and 1 year 5 months.

698 MISS JUDITH MESMAN, died 1776 aged 17 years.

A complete but slightly abraded skeleton. The left pubic symphysis is eroded as is the sacrum along the anterior margin of the right sacroiliac joint. Both iliac crests are abraded.

This is an immature female, the sacral vertebrae are fusing, the iliac crest appears unfused, tripartite fusion is complete. There is no scarring on the pubes or along the sacral facies pelvina. There is no left preauricular sulcus. The right sulcus, which is very slight, appears to comprise two scoops, these are not joined.

There is no pathology affecting either the lower limbs or the vertebrae.

An unmarried female, there is no indication that she bore children. Judith's family were very wealthy silk weavers.

565 MRS GRACE WOOLLEY, died 1815 aged 80 years.

A disintegrating skeleton. The lower sacrum is absent, as are the pubes. The sacroiliac joints are also badly damaged but can be assessed for changes. The left preauricular sulcus appears a slight groove of ligament but this is an illusion created by upping and is not a true sulcus. The right sulcus is very slight and of

326 "male" type i.e. created by an accentuated pyriformis tubercle.

There is pathology affecting the acetabulum, degenerative change is very severe and there is a great deal of remodelling. The surviving femoral head is also severely affected.

Married to John an Exciseman who later became a Cook,

Grace was 34 when she married. They baptised 3 infants, the 1st when she was 35, the last when she was 39. Birth spacing was 2 years and 2 years 3 months.

568 MRS ANN CURTIS, died 1814 aged 57 years.

A fragmented and incomplete skeleton. The lower sacrum is missing as are both pubes, the right being less complete than the left. There is no scarring of the sacrum and neither pubis survives well enough to be assessed.

The left preauricular sulcus can just be classified as a groove of pregnancy due to the scooped appearance it derives from the shape of the lower margin. It is shallow and the floor is rough. The right preauricular sulcus is classified as "indistinct". It lacks a defined lower margin is shallow and has a rough floor.

The lower limbs lack evidence of pathology, but they are incomplete lacking areas of articulation. The lumbar vertebrae are affected by slight to moderate osteophytic growth. Thoracic vertebrae 5-11 have moderate osteophytosis on the right side of the bodies, the whole margin is affected on 10/11. The sacroiliac joint's have slight osteoarthritis and there are osteophytes on the right side of lumbar vertebra 5 - sacral vertebra 1.

327 Married to John a butcher, 3 baptisms are registered, the

1st when Ann was 32, the last when she was 35. Birth spacing was 2 years and 13 months.

571 MRS SARAH DAVIES. died 1836 a g ed 67 years.

A very badly eroded skeleton which is incomplete. Only the upper margin of sacral body 1 survives. Neither pubis survives and the sacroiliac joints are incomplete.

Both preauricular sulci are grooves of pregnancy according to Houghton's criteria. They are deep and clearly delineated with "scoops". Anterior to the ri g ht sulcus is a separate pit/foramen, this is an unusual feature.

There is no apparent pathology of the lower limbs, nor any sign of degenerative change. The vertebrae do not survive.

There is moderate osteoarthritis and slight osteophytosis affecting both sacroiliac joints.

Nothing is known of Sarah's marital or obstetric history, she could not be located with any degree of confidence in the International Geneological Index or the parochial registers.

930 MRS DEBORAH PECK, died 1739 aged 35 years.

A badly abraded skeleton which is incomplete. The left pubis is absent and the left sacroiliac joint is almost totally destroyed. The right sacroiliac joint is damaged, though less so. Both ischium are missing as is the lower half of the sacrum.

The anterior edge of the right preauricular sulcus survives, but is too incomplete to be assessed. There are no sulci on the sacrum. The right pubic symphysis is not pitted.

328 There is no sign of pathology or degenerative change to the vertebrae. Both femora have cribra and there is slight degenerative change affecting both knees.

Married to John, a very wealthy scarlet dyer, they lived in Red Lyon Street. Although no baptism record was found, a burial of the infant son of Deborah and John was registered in 1733, when Deborah was 29. Peck was an unusual name in this area in the early 18th century and I feel confident that this child was their son. No other infants are recorded. Among her descendant's Deborah is reputed to have died childless.

569 MRS JANE WILKINSON. died 1842 a g ed 79 years.

A very brittle and consequently badly damaged skeleton.

The sacrum does not survive. The innominates are fragmented although the pubes and sacroiliac joints survive.

The right preauricular sulcus is "indistinct". It lacks a lower margin and has a rough grainy floor. The left preauricular sulcus appears to be a groove of pregnancy, however on closer inspection the "scooped" appearance of this sulcus is caused by exostosis, which has affected the margin of the sacroiliac joint in this area. This has been classed as an "indistinct" sulcus because of the grainy floor.

There is slight exostosis and marked lipping along the dorsal as pects of the pubic symphyses, particularly on the right. The appearance of a pit on the right symphysis is believed to be the result of this condition but it is not possible to be sure. Both margins have the impression of a

329 long shallow groove, this is the result of the effects of

the degenerative changes in this area.

There is moderate osteoarthritis affecting both sacroiliac joints. There is no pathology or degenerative change apparent on what survives of the lower limbs. The thoracic vertebrae are slightly lipped.

Married to Richard, a dyer, they lived in Queen Street.

Six children were baptised by this couple, the 1st was born when Jane was 25, the last when she was 47. Birth spacing was approximately 5 years, 2 years 6 months, 3 years, 2 years 8 months and 6 years 5 months. None of these children were baptised as infants, so it is possible that births are under-represented.

Jane died of "Decay of Nature" according to her death certificate.

605 MISS LOUISE ANN LE TAILLEUR, died 1791 aged 19 years.

An immature female, the iliac crest is fusing as is the ischium, tripartite fusion is complete, sacral fusion is incomplete. An abraded skeleton but otherwise complete.

The left sacroiliac joint is damaged on both the sacrum and the innominate. The left pubis and ischium are also abraded.

There is no evidence of either preauricular sulci, see plate 16, or pubic pitting on this pelvis. There is no pathology or degenerative change on either the vertebrae or the lower limbs.

The daughter of a stationer, living in Brown's Lane, there is no evidence to suggest that Louise (Lucy) ever married or bore children.

330 666 GRACE WELLS, died 1811 aged 62 years.

In g ood condition, unfortunately, the left pubis has been broken off and is missing.

The left preauricular sulcus is a slight groove of pregnancy with very shallow scoops lacking clear margins which are not clearly differentiated. There is p itting at the anterior extremity which appears to be exostosis rather than birth pitting. The right preauricular sulcus is "indistinct", it lacks a lower margin and is grainy at both extremities.

The dorsal aspect of the right pubis is p itted and presents a long rugged groove, the symphyseal face is porous and lipped. The sacrum is unscarred.

The articular facets of lumbar vertebrae 4/5 and lumbar vertebra 5 - sacral vertebra 1 are eburnated, as are cervical 6/7 (left only) and thoracic 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5,

5/6 (left only) and 6/7 (left only). The thoracic bodies are generally porous and there are Schmorls nodes on thoracic vertebrae 10,9,8. Thoracic 7/8, 8/9, 11/12, 12- lumbar vertebra 1, and 1/2 all have osteophytic growth along the margins of the bodies. There is lipping along the margins of the articular facets of the left & right knee joints.

Married to Christopher, a painter later a pawnbroker, they baptised 11 infants. Married at 18, Grace bore her 1st child at 20 and her last at 41. Birth spacing was 2 years

11 months, 2 years 7 months, 2 years 3 months, 14 months,

2 years 8 months, 1 year, 2 years, 16 months, 2 years 10 months and 2 years.

331 596 MRS ELIZABETH SCHLEICHER, died 1795 aged 70 years.

Generally in very good condition, the pubes are slightly abraded. The only scarring on this very large "masculine" pelvis, which is android in shape, is an "indistinct", male type of sulcus on the left sacroiliac joint, this is very slight and is emphasised by the pyriformis tubercie.

The lower limbs show no degenerative change or pathology.

There is osteophytic growth on lumbar vertebrae 4/5 and lumbar vertebra 5 - sacral vertebra 1.

Elizabeth's skeleton is very large and robust for a female, she is in fact the tallest female among the Christ

Church crypt sample at 172 cms. using Trotter and Gleser's

1952 method.

Widowed, Elizabeth married John at the age of 50. There is no record of her earlier marriage to a Mr Borheroyd, nor any records of baptisms in London for that surname.

However, as Borheroyd is obviously not an English name,

Elizabeth may have been a recent immigrant. Her parity status is unknown.

579 MRS MARY BECK, died 1832 aged 79 years.

An incomplete and fragmented skeleton. The pubes and ischium are missing and the right iliac crest is broken.

The sacrum is incomplete, only sacral vertebra 1 survives.

Lumbar vertebra 5 - sacral vertebra 1 are fused and there is extra bone around the joint. The only areas of interest which survive are the sacroiliac joints. Both have very marked, classic grooves of pregnancy. These have scooped floors, clear margins and are deep, approximately 5mms. There is no evidence of pathology or

332 degenerative change to the (fragmentary) lower limbs. The vertebrae are affected by slight degenerative changes.

Married to Charles, a victualler later a "gentleman", they lived in Great Pearl Street. They baptised 3 infants the

1st when Mary was 14 the last when she was 20, she married at the age of 13. Birth spacing was 4 years 3 months and

? 2 years 2 months.

526 MRS ANN BEVERLY, died 1832 aged 64 years.

An incomplete and fragmented skeleton. The right pubis and both ischium are missing and only a fra gment of the sacrum survives. For the purpose of parity assessment onl y the sacroiliac joints survive intact. Neither have any type of sulcus, althou g h the appearance of sulci are created by upping along the margin of the sacroiliac joint.

This pelvis is masculine in its morphology, e.g. narrow sciatic notch and according to those of Phenice's criteria which can be determined on the surviving fragment of the left pubis.

There is slight to moderate osteoarthritis affecting both sacroiliac joints. Lumbar vertebrae 3/4/5 and sacral vertebra 1 have slight to moderate osteoarthritis, the cervical vertebrae are similarly affected.

Married to William at the age of 21, they baptised one infant when Ann was 26.

528 MRS ELIZABETH CROUCHLY, died 1820 aged 55 years.

An almost complete but abraded skeleton. The pelvis is in good condition, the superior part of the right pubis is damaged and the sacrum is disintegrating.

333 The sacrum is unscarred. The left sacroiliac joint has a groove of ligament which has a grainy floor and a clear and smooth lower margin. The right sulcus is

"indistinct", the only real difference between this and the left is that it lacks a defined lower margin.

The left pubis has a sulcus which appears to be created by several ill defined pits, it is approximately l4mms X

3mrns. The incomplete right pubis appears to be similar.

This is a lar g e roomy pelvis overall, although the anteroposterior diameters are comparatively restricted.

The sacrum is unusual, being "heart shaped" alon g its cranial margin. This effect is caused by the discrepancies in the width at each end of the sacroiliac joint, there is an acute lacro-sacral angle. The pubic angle is unusually wide.

There is porosity of both femoral heads but no other signs of degenerative change or pathology of the lower limbs.

There is severe lipping of lumbar vertebra 4 and 4/5, and slight degenerative change to the lumbar facets.

Nothing is known of Elizabeth's marital history or her parity status.

535 MRS ELIZABETH PHILLIPS, died 1814 aged 77 years.

A fragmentary, incomplete skeleton. Onl y fragments of the sacrum survive. Both inomminates are badly eroded lacking the superior part of the pubis, and the left pubis is broken from the rest (post mortem).

There is a pit on the left pubis, this is an effect caused by exostosis. The right sacroiliac joint has a short and narrow sulcus which also appears to be the

334 effect of exostosis, the left sacroiliac joint is damaged.

The remains of the vertebrae are affected by degenerative changes. In particular the lumbar vertebrae have severe osteoarthritis affecting the articular facets. Several thoracic vertebrae are fused as a result of DISH and other bones are affected including the iliac crests. On a general level most of what survives of this skeleton is affected b y some kind of degenerative change. No other pathology is evident.

Married to Thomas, a pewterer. when she was 25, no baptisms can be connected with certainty because there were many Thomas and Elizabeth Phillips in the

Christchurch area at this time (1760-70's). Consequently

Elizabeth's parity status is unknown.

544 MRS MARTHA SMITH, died 1844 aged 52 years.

Generally in good condition, although some damage has occurred. The pubes are eroded, the left more so than the right The right pubis is not pitted and the sacrum is unscarred. Both sacroiliac joints have preauricular sulci. The left is rather odd as slight exostosis creates the impression of parallel sulci. The sulcus is very slight, with the merest hint of 2 scoops, it lacks a clear lower margin and largely has a smooth floor. The right sulcus comprises 2 elongated scoops.

There is slight to moderate osteoarthritis of both knees, and slight degenerative change to the lumbar vertebrae mostly porosity. There are no other indications of pathology.

Married to Thomas, a plumber, the y baptised one infant

335 when Martha was 16.

The cause of Martha's death was a "paralytic seizure"

(death certificate).

551 MRS MARY ANN BOYD, died 1832 aged 65 years.

Generally, this skeleton is abraded and fragmentary. The pubes are missing and both iliac crests are damaged.

The left preauricular sulcus is a very slight groove of pregnancy. It lacks clearly defined margins and has one very slight scoop. The right preauricular sulcus is a groove of ligament, it has no clear lower margin and the floor is smooth.

There is spiky bony growth on both innominates, posterior to the sacroiliac joint's. The femora and tibiae are rachitic. Both femora]. heads are porous. In view of the condition of this skeleton, it is difficult to be sure if this is ante or post mortem. The facets on lumbar vertebrae 3/4, 4/5, and 5-sacral vertebra 1 are affected by severe degenerative changes. The bodies of thoracic vertebrae 9lO,11 and 12 are lipped with osteophytes.

Married to John. a master weaver 1 they baptised one infant when Mary Ann was 22.

557 MRS SARAH DANCE, died 1822 aged 56 years.

An incomplete and abraded skeleton. The pubes are missing as is the lower sacrum, the other pelvic bones are abraded.

There is slight lipping affecting the vertebrae, specifically cervical vertebrae 3/4/5 and thoracic vertebrae 5/6/7/8 are moderately affected as are 9/10 and

336 lumbar vertebrae 2/3/4/5. The facets affected by degenerative change are thoracic vertebrae 2/3, 3/4, 4/5,

5/6, 6/7, 11/12 and lumbar vertebrae 1/2, 2/3, 3/4. Both acetabulum and the sacroiliac joint's are lipped. There is slight osteoarthritis of both knees.

Both preauricular sulci are grooves of pregnancy, although both are unusually short in length. Osteophytic upping creates the impression of a longer sulcus, this must not be confused with the real thing. Both "scoops" are deep and clearly defined. The sacral facies pelvina both have sulci. The left is lOmms. long and pitted in appearance, it is 4mms. wide. The right is l9mms. long and 3mms.wide it is also pitted. Neither pubis survives to be assessed.

Sarah married Samuel, a butcher, in 1786 when she was 21.

There are no baptisms registered for this couple, so it is assumed that Sarah was childless.

721 MISS MARY BECK, died 1786 aged 13 years 4 months.

An immature female, the sacrum is unfused (1/2) and tripartite fusion is incomplete. Total pelvic measurements have not been taken as they would have involved glueing, which is not accurate when all epiphyses are not present.

A preauricular sulus is present on the right innominate.

This is a groove of liament with smooth walls and a smooth floor, its edges are just defined. Around the margins of both sacroiliac joint's are odd pits, their significance is unknown.

There is no pathology of either the vertebrae or the lower limbs, which are immature. The left talus and calcaneus

337 are fused.

There is no historical evidence to suggest that Mary, who was not married ever bore a child or children.

521 MRS SARAH HURLIN, died 1839 aged 74 years.

An incomplete and abraded skeleton. The pubes are missing and the surviving bones are abraded.

The pubes cannot be assessed for pitting and there are no sulci on the sacrum. The preauricular sulci are

"indistinct". The left has a grainy floor the lower margin is S shaped and accentuated posteriorly by the pyriformis tubercie. The right preauricular sulcus has a smooth, defined lower margin with a small tubercle at approximately midpoint. The floor is slightly bumpy and grainy, it is not "scooped".

This is a very small pelvis, that shows signs of pathology on the right sacroiliac joint. Both sacroiliac joints have spiky bony growth and the right shows signs of infection. The articulation between sacrum and lumbar vertebra 5 is affected by osteophytic growth and signs of inflammation to the discal bodies are evident. There is slight osteophytic growth on thoracic vertebrae 1/2, 2/3,

3/4, 4/5, 5/6, 6/7, 7/8, and 8/9 and on lumbar vertebrae

2/3, 3/4 and 4/5. The facets on lumbar vertebrae 3/4 are affected by osteoarthritis the right facet being eburnated. There is no pathology affecting the lower limbs despite the fact that Sarah's death certificate describes her cause of death as "mortification of the feet".

Married to Martin Hurlin, a journeyman weaver, at the age of 20, Sarah was 5 months pregnant with her 1st child.

338 They baptised another 9 infants. Birth spacing was approx. 2 years, 3 years, 3 years, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, 2 years, 2 years and 3 years.

Plate 13 illustrates Sarah's coffin plate.

522 MRS ELIZABETH DUNN-SUTTON, died 1828 aged 46 years.

A fragmented and abraded skeleton, both ilia are damaged, the left pubis is missing the right is broken.

The right pubis is not pitted and the sacrum lacks sulci.

The left preauricular sulcus is classed as an

"indistinct", its one scoop lacks definition, it lacks clear margins generally and althou gh it is deep it has a grainy floor. The right sulcus lacks a lower margin and has a smooth floor.

The coccyx appears to have been fused to the sacrum, although it has broken off. There is no pathology or degenerative change affecting the lower limbs.

Unfortunately, the vertebrae survive only in fragments.

No record of a marriage or baptisms exist for Elizabeth, her parity status remains unknown.

518 MRS ANN TILSTONE, died 1824 aged 53 years.

An incomplete fragmented skeleton. Only a fragment of the right pubis survives and the left is missing. The sacrum has almost completely disintegrated. Both sacroiliac joints are damaged and both ischium are abraded.

There is no sulcus on the fragment of pubis or the right sacroiliac joint. The left preauricular sulcus is a classic groove of pregnancy, it is well defined, scooped, long and deep.

339 There is no obvious pathology of the lower limbs. There

is slight osteoarthritis of the facets

articulating thoracic vertebrae 4/5, 5/6, 6/7, 7/8, 10/11,

11/12, and lumbar vertebrae 1/2, and moderate

osteoarthritis of lumbar vertebra 5/sacral vertebra 1.

There are signs of inflammation on the discal bodies of

thoracic vertebrae 11/12.

The right sacroiliac joint was incompletely fused.

Married at 19 to John, they baptised two children the 1st

when Ann was 22 and the 2nd when she was 32. If these

were the onl y infants born to this couple, birth spacing

was 10 years.

510 MRS MARY MASON, died 1814 aged 73 years.

This skeleton has almost completely disintegrated, only an

inconsequential fragment of the left innominate survives.

Married to Jacob a tailor, only one baptism was registered

for this couple when Mary was 36.

511 MRS SARAH CAMPBELL, died 1814 aged 73 years.

Only a few fragments of this skeleton survive.

No records relating with certainty to Sarah Campbell can

be located.

508 MRS CONSTANCE GILES, died 1834 aged 82 years.

A largely disintegrated skeleton, a few fragments of

pelvis survive including both preauricular sulci which are

grooves of pregnancy. Although incomplete they are both

scooped, well defined and deep.

The right femur is rachitic. No other evidence of

pathology or degenerative change survives if indeed it

340 ever existed.

No records relating to Constance Giles marital or obstetric history have been located.

481 MRS MARY WEST, died 1822 aged 45 years.

This small, neat pelvis is good condition, with some erosion. The pelvis is complete, apart from the lower sacrum and the left pubis.

There is one shallow and ill-defined pit on the dorsal aspect of the right pubic symphysis, the left pubis is damaged and cannot be assessed.

Both preauricular sulci are grooves of pregnancy which are shallow and the two scoops each has are ill-defined. The left lower margin is smooth, the ri ght is ra gg ed, both have grainy floors.

Both sacroiliac joints are affected by osteophytic growth as is lumbar vertebra 5 - sacral vertebra 1. The facets of lumbar vertebrae 4/5 are affected by slight osteoarthritis. There is no other indication of degenerative change to the vertebrae or the lower limbs, and no pathology.

Married to William, a butcher, there are too many Mary and

William Wests in the Christ Church registers to be able to attribute any baptisms to this couple with an acceptable degree of certainty.

487 MRS MARY CRUMP SIGOURNEY. died 1828 a g ed 73 years.

An incomplete disintegrating skeleton. The sacrum is incomplete, both pubes are absent, the right ischium is damaged, the left is missing and the ilia are damaged.

341 Onl y the preauricular sulci survive to be assessed. Both are grooves of pregnancy, the left is more accentuated than the right (the left innominate also has a tighter sciatic notch). The right has an ill defined lower margin and, if it lacked its 3 scoops, it would be a classic

"indistinct", it's floor is very grainy.

There is no pathology on what remains of the vertebrae or the lower limbs, The only sign of degenerative change is on the vertebral bodies which are slightly porous.

Married at the age of 12 to Alexander, a weaver, they lived in Bethnal Green. Two infants were baptised by this couple, the first when Mary was 12, the 2nd when she was

14. It is unfortunate that the baptism register for St.

Matthew's Church, Bethnal Green, where this couple married and baptised their 2 infants, is severely damaged for the following years, hence any further baptisms cannot be traced.

486 MRS ELIZABETH MYERS, died 1825 aged 53 years.

A fragmentary and incomplete skeleton. Only sacral vertebra 1 survives, the pubes and ischia have completely disintegrated.

Only the left preauricular sulcus survives to be assessed.

This is a deep and wide groove of pregnancy with one long shallow scoop, and one deeper more defined scoop.

There is no pathology on what survives of the lower limbs or vertebrae, nor any degenerative change affecting the lower limbs. There is slight osteophytic growth around the lumbar vertebrae bodies.

No records pertaining to a marriage or baptisms for

342 Elizabeth have been located, hence her parity status is unknown.

488 MRS MARY TERRERS, died 1839 aged 77 years.

This skeleton has almost completely disintegrated, none of the pelvic bones survive.

No records relating to a marriage or baptisms for Mary can be located, her parity status is designated unknown.

Unfortunately Mary could not be located in the Death

Registration indexes either.

493 MRS ANN MERCER, died 1843 aged 77 years.

A fragmentary and incomplete skeleton. The pubes are missing and the left ilium is incomplete. The sacrum is generally fragmentary and sacral vertebra 5 is missing.

There are no sulci on the sacral fades pelvina. The preauricular sulci are both grooves of pregnancy. They are not classic being shallow and narrow, however the left in particular is distinctly scooped with well defined margins to the scoops.

There is moderate osteophytic growth and osteoarthritis affecting the sacroiliac joints. There are osteophytes around the bodies of lumbar vertebra 5 - sacral vertebra 1. There is no pathology or degenerative change to the what survives of the remaining vertebrae or the lower limbs.

Married to Jeremiah, an undertaker 2 infants were baptised by this couple. Ann was 15 at the time of the 1st baptism and 31 at the last. Ann died of "general decay" at her home in Brick Lane (death certificate).

343 490 MRS SARAH PARDIEU, died 1839 aged 86 years.

Fragmented and incomplete. Only the body of sacral vertebra 1 survives. The pubes are separated from the innominates, neither sacroiliac joint is complete. The right pubis is damaged and cannot be assessed for pitting, the left has no pits. Only a fragment of the right p reauricular sulcus survives. This is part of a groove of pregnancy, which is deep and delineated. Both sacroiliac j oints are affected by severe osteoarthritis and very slight lipping. The lower limbs are incomplete, both femoral heads are porous, and affected by slight to moderate osteophytic growth. Thoracic vertebrae ? 3/4,

4/5, 5/6 and 6/7 are fused. All of the vertebral bodies are affected by porosity, the lumbar vertebrae have

Schmorls nodes and the unfused thoracic bodies are slightly lipped, DISH disease is affecting the vertebrae.

Sarah's death was attributed to "decay of nature", she died at her home in Dorset Street, a widow.

Married to William, a weaver, only one infant was baptised by this couple. They married when Sarah was 35, and produced an infant within a year.

489 MRS CHARLOTTE GOSFORD, died 1822 aged 58 years.

Only part of the left irinominate survives, the rest of the pelvis and most of this skeleton have disintegrated.

No observations or measurements could be made.

Married to William, a baker, at the age of 37, only one infant was baptised when Charlotte was 41.

472 MRS CHARLOTTE SWIFT, died 1829 aged 51 years.

This skeleton is fragmented and incomplete. The upper

344 sacrum is crushed and the tip of sacral vertebra 5 is missing. The pubes are absent. Both preauricular sulci are grooves of pregnancy although both are slight. The left is the least distinct it is very short and fairly shallow. The right is longer with clearer definition its floor is grainy and it has one distinct scoop.

The right innominate appears to have been partly fused to the sacrum. There is no pathology of, or degenerative change to the lower limbs. The vertebrae are incomplete, there are Schmorl's nodes on some of the lumbar and thoracic vertebrae and some of the bodies are porous (it is impossible to identify particular vertebra due to the condition of the material).

Married to Robert, a boot and shoe warehouseman, when she was 25, they baptised 3 infants, the 1st when she was 27, the last at 30 years of age. Birth spacing was 13 and 17 months.

335 MRS HANNAH BROWN, died 1843 aged 75 years.

This skeleton is incomplete, which is unfortunate as those bones which exist are in fairly good condition. The sacrum is missing and the left pubis is eroded.

The left preauricular sulcus is a very narrow groove of pregnancy, the floor has a shallow scooped effect and there is one distinct scoop, the lower margin is well defined and smooth. The right preauricular sulci is

"indistinct", it lacks a lower margin and has a gently undulating floor, it is not grainy.

The right pubic symphysis is not pitted. The right symphyseal face appears to be affected by anti-mortem

345 erosion.

Only the femora survive of the lower limbs and these are not affected by degenerative change or pathology. The vertebrae shows signs of degenerative change. The bodies of cervical vertebrae 1 - 7, thoracic vertebrae 2 - 9,

(10 - 12 absent) and the surviving lumbar vertebrae are porous, the cervical vertebrae being most affected. The lumbar vertebrae have osteoarthritis affecting the right facet.

No marriage or baptism records exist for Hannah and her death certificate notes she was a "single woman"; it is assumed that she was a nulli parious female. The cause of her death was "debility".

382 ANN DORMER, died 1814 aged 52 years.

A largely complete skeleton, with some eroded areas. The innominates are complete, the left however has two "holes" which are presumably post mortem. There is some slight, general erosion of the pelvis.

The preauricular sulci are both grooves of pregnancy. The left is very deep and notably scooped, it has extra bony growth at the posterior extremity which creates a cobweb effect. The right also has the same appearance, the sulcus is less scooped its floor has a series of grooves running horizontally across the floor.

Both pubic symphyses have pitting along the dorsal aspect.

The left forms a sulcus 11 x 3mms., the right 18 x 5 mms.

There are sulci along both sacral facies pelvina. The left is 33 x 4mms. and the right 21 x 7mms.

There are a wide range of pathological conditions

346 affecting this skeleton. There are areas of porosity on the pelvis, particularly the iliac crest (posterior aspect) and the anterior aspect of the sacrum. The left

(anterior view) wing of sacral one appears to have been fusing to lumbar vertebra 5. There is osteophytic growth around the sacroiliac joint

The muscle attachments on the posterior aspects of the femora and tibiae are very pronounced. Similarly, but to a lesser degree, the muscle attachments on the humeri are unusually pronounced. There is moderate osteoarthritis of the right knee and slight osteoarthritis of the right ankle. There is slight osteoarthritis of the left ankle.

The vertebrae are also affected by degenerative changes.

The bodies of cervical vertebrae 3/4/5 and 7, thoracic vertebrae 1 - 6, 8 - 11 and lumbar vertebrae 1 - 5 are porous. There is osteophytic lipping of cervical vertebrae

5/6 and 7, thoracic vertebrae 1 - 12, and lumbar vertebrae

1, 2, 5 and 6.

Married to Michael, a journeyman weaver at the age of 28, they appear to have been childless.

477 MISS RACHAEL BOWDEN, died 1830 aged 28 years.

A fragmented and incomplete skeleton. The sacrum is badly eroded and the lower vertebrae are missing. The pubes are also missing and what survives of the pelvic bones are eroded.

Only the preauricular sulci survive to be examined.

These are both very slight grooves of pregnancy. The left is the most notable 1 for most of its extent it resembles a groove of ligament but there are 2 small scoops at the

347 posterior extremity. The right sulcus has no lower margin and its only claim to groove of pregnancy status are in its upper margin which is 2 semi circles in outline.

There is no pathology or degenerative change affecting what survives of the lower limbs or the vertebrae.

A cordwainer's daughter, she never married and there is no evidence to suggest that she bore a child.

414 MRS SARAH HARRIS. died 1818 aged 60 years.

A largely complete, though badly abraded skeleton. The lower sacrum is absent, as is the right pubis, the left is damaged. The whole pelvis is abraded.

Only the preauricular area survives to be examined for changes. There are no preauricular sulci, although on both margins there is a very deep foramen, which is most unusual.

This skeleton is very porous. There is Paget's disease affecting the right femur possibly extending into the corresponding acetabulum. There is slight osteophytic upping of lumbar vertebrae 3/4. There is no other pathology.

Married to Robert when she was 25, there are too many

Robert and Sarah Harris' in the Christ Church registers to be certain which, if any relate to this particular couple.

Sarah's parity status remains unknown.

563 MRS ELEANOR ESTHER GLENN, died 1814 aged 81 years.

With the exception of the vertebrae and the lower sacrum this skeleton is in very good condition. Sacral vertebrae

4 and 5 are missing and both sacroiliac joints are

348 damaged.

There are no "parity scars" on eitherof the sacroiliac joints, the pubic symphyses or the sacral facies pelvina.

There is severe osteoarthritis (eburnated) affecting both knees and the right hip, the left hip is slightly affected. The facets of lumbar vertebra 5 - sacral vertebra 1 are eburnated and the surviving fragmentary lumbar and thoracic vertebrae are affected by porosity and osteophytosis. Five thoracic and lumbar vertebrae are fused.

Married to John, a pawn broker, at the age of 31, they baptised 4 infants. Eleanor was 33 when her 1st child was born and 44 at her 4th known confinement.

399 MRS ANN BOWDEN, died 1827 aged 30 years.

A damaged and abraded skeleton, the majority of the bones are reasonably complete. The sacrum is very fragmentary, only sacral vertebra 1 is undamaged and sacral vertebrae 4 and 5 are absent. The innominates lack complete ischia and pubes, both iliac crests are abraded.

Only the preauricular margins survive to be assessed for sulci. The left is "indistinct" it lacks a lower margin of any length and there is a separate shallow undulation towards the posterior aspect. The right is a very slight groove of pregnancy, it is deeper than the left, has one distinct scoop and a grainy floor, it too lacks a defined lower margin.

There is no pathology or degenerative change of note affecting the pelvis, vertebrae or lower limbs.

Married to John, a dyer, they baptised 4 infants. Ann was

349 22 at her 1st confinement, and 29 at her last. She died 4 days after her last confinement, a likely cause of her death was postpartum sepsis.

371 MRS ELIZABETH SANDERS, died 1828 aged 67 years.

An abraded and somewhat damaged skeleton. Sacral vertebra

5 is damaged, otherwise this pelvis although slightly abraded is in good condition.

There are no sulci on the sacrum or pits on the right pubic symphysis. There is one very slight and small pit on the left pubic symphysis. The preauricular sulci are both grooves of pregnancy. The left is rugged in appearance with 2 scoops, its lower margin is clearly defined in the area of the scoops but not elsewhere, the upper margin has a more extended margin. The right sulcus is less securely a groove of pregnancy for most of its length it is a groove of ligament with a smooth lower margin, however, there is one scoop and the upper margin curves to accommodate this.

There is slight lipping around the acetabulum but the femora and other lower limb bones lack signs of degenerative change or pathology. There is osteophytic upping around the bodies of lumbar vertebrae 3/4/5. There is no other evidence of pathology or degenerative change to what survives of the eroded vertebrae.

No record of a marriage for Elizabeth can be traced.

However, she lived at 192 Brick Lane with William and Ann

Sanders and their children. It seems probable that

William was her son, although his baptism cannot be traced. It could be that Elizabeth lived outside of

350 London during her early life and that is why she cannot be located in the London International Geneological Index.

368 MRS MARY TRIMMER, died 1842 aged 45 years.

This skeleton survives in 1st class condition.

A platypelloid pelvis with a very wide transverse diameter and reduced anteroposterior djameter (inferior) see plate

9.

The sacrum bears no parity scars. The pubic symphyses are both heavily pitted with the p its coalescing to form sulci. The left sulcus is 23mms. long by 9mms. wide and the right 26 x 7mms., the symphyseal margins are heavily lipped.

The sacroiliac joints are situated unusually far back, in fact one has to examine the posterior aspects of the innominates to evaluate the preauricular sulci. The left sulcus is accentuated by lipping of the sacroiliac joint, it can hardly be classified as a sulcus at all, however, there are 2 shallow delineated scoops appropriately placed, there are no margins and there is no depth. The right sulcus is similarly affected by upping. It does however form a shallow, smooth floored ligament type of sulcus, it lacks a clear lower margin.

There is no pathology of, or degenerative change to, the lower limbs. There is slight upping of the bodies of lumbar vertebrae 3/4/5 and of the facets of lumbar vertebra 5.

Married at 18 to Charles, a tailor, they baptised 4 infants, the 1st when Mary was 20, the last when she was

38. Birth spacing was 3 years 11 months, 4 years 10

351 months and 4 years 8 months. A Sainsbury before she married, she died a widow at a son's home in Oxford

Street. Her death certificate gives her cause of death as a "diseased heart".

369 MRS MARY ANN WILLIAMS, died 1834 aged 55 years.

This skeleton is in 1st class condition.

A lopsided pelvis, the left wing of the sacrum extends further forward than the right (anterior aspect).

There are no parity sulci on the sacrum. There are pits on the right pubic symphysis only, these may be an artefact of the exostosis present in this area.

The left preauricular sulcus is a slight "indistinct". It lacks a lower margin, is very wide and has a grainy but not scooped floor. The right sulcus is a groove of pregnancy, the lower margin is almost lipped and there are

2 clear scoops. See plate 22.

There is slight to moderate upping of both knees, but no other sign of degenerative change or pathology to the lower limbs. There is degenerative disk disease of lumbar vertebrae 5/6 and slight upping of the upper thoracic vertebrae.

There are to many Mary Williams' in the area to locate this one in the parochial registers with any degree of certainty. Mary Ann's parity status is unknown.

327 MRS MARY JOURDAN, died 1793 aged 23 years.

A complete but rather abraded skeleton. The sacrum is abraded from sacral vertebrae 3 - 5 and the ischial spines do not survive.

There is no scarring of the sacrum. The pubes are pitted.

352 The left has one pit and a very shallow sulcus

approximately 4mms. wide x l4mms. long. The right pubis

has a "hole" inserting into the trabecular and 2 very

shallow depressions, these features do not form a sulcus.

The left preauricular sulcus is a long and shallow groove

of ligament with a smooth floor. The right is a slight

groove of pregnancy it has 4 shallow scoops which barely

coalesce to form a sulcus. Unusually, the gap between the

pubes on reconstruction of the pelvis is 4lmms., normally

it is between 3 & 5 mms. This is a large round pelvis.

The pubic symphyses are rather odd for a 23 year old, they

lack the transverse ridges completely and are very heavily

lipped. The abrasion of the pelvic bones is such that it

is not possible to determine the state of maturation in

other areas.

There is no pathology or degenerative change to either

the lower limbs or the vertebrae.

The daughter of a master weaver, she also married one at

the age of 18. Mary and George baptised 3 infants, the

1st when she was 21, the 3rd at 23. Birth spacing is

uncertain. Mary died within a few days of her last

confinement.

372 MRS ANN ROLL, died 1825 aged 53 years.

Largely in very good condition, with occasional abraded

areas. Only the ischial spines and sacral vertebra 5 are

damaged.

The sacrum is not scarred. The pubes both have central

areas of depression, only the left merits the term "pit",

and that only just. The preauricular sulci are identical

353 morphologically. They have both been classified as grooves of pregnancy, however I am not convinced that their scoops are not artefacts of unrelated bony growth, especially the left, in both cases the scoops are very close to the pyriformis tubercie.

The right femoral head is slightly porous around the margin, there is no other evidence of pathology or degenerative change to the lower limbs. The vertebrae appear normal apart from slight lipping to the margins of the bodies of the upper thoracic.

Ann's marital and parity status are uncertain. No records exist for either. An Edward Roll, corn chandler lived in

Red Lyon Street, where Ann also lived, however their relationship cannot be clarified.

152 MRS ANNE VAUX, died 1845 aged 86 years.

Largely in very good condition. The pelvis is complete.

There is no pubic or sacral scarring. The preauricular sulci are both grooves of pregnancy, neither being very severe. The left is difficult to describe as it is partly obscured because the sacroiliac joint has fused. However, it is shallow with small scoops and the lower margin is delineated. The right preauricular sulcus is similar, it lacks a lower margin but is clearly scooped.

This pelvis is lopsided, probably the result or cause of the fusing of the left innominate to the sacrum. There is severe osteoarthritis of the facets of lumbar vertebra 5 - sacral vertebra 1 and some lipping of the bodies of the upper thoracic vertebrae. There is no pathology or degenerative change affecting the lower limbs.

354 A spinster according to her death certificate, no record of a marriage or baptisms have been traced. She died of

"natural decay" (death certificate) and is presumed nulliparious.

295 MRS ELIZABETH GERVIS, died 1821 aged 61 years.

In 1st class condition.

There is no scarring of the sacrum. There are very

shallow pits on the dorsal aspects of the pubic symphyses

forming sulci. The left is 27mms. long x 4mms. wide, the

right 21 x 4mms. The left preauricular sulcus is a short

shallow groove of ligament with a clear lower margin. The

right is "indistinct", it has no lower margin and is

grainy, there is a very shallow depression at the anterior

edge.

There is no pathology or degenerative change of the lower

limbs (the right femur is missing). There is slight

degenerative chang e affecting the lower cervical vertebrae

bodies. The left facet (anterior aspect) of thoracic vertebrae 4-7 are eburnated as are the right from 7-10,

and lumbar vertebrae 5 - sacral vertebrae 1. There is

degenerative change affecting the diskal surfaces of

thoracic vertebrae 11/12 and lumbar vertebra 5.

No records relating to Elizabeth have been traced, her

parity status remains unknown.

746 MRS ELIZABETH RAINE, died 1789 aged 85 years.

A slightly abraded but largely complete skeleton. The

innominates are intact though abraded, the sacrum is

damaged the lower vertebrae are missing.

355 There are no "parity scars" on the pubis or the sacrum.

There is a male type of sulcus on the left preauricular margin, i.e. accentuated by the pyriformis tubercie.

There is no pathology of the lower limbs but there is slight lipping of both knees and the femoral heads are slightly porous. The vertebrae are affected by degenerative changes. There is lipping of all vertebrae bodies and thoracic vertebrae 11 and 12 are fused with

DISH. There is degenerative disk disease of cervical vertebrae 5 - 7, thoracic vertebrae 4 - 12, and lumbar vertebrae 2 - 5. The facets are unaffected.

Married at 34 to David, a silk merchant, Elizabeth (nee

Maze) came from a wealthy background. Only one baptism is recorded for this couple, taking place when Elizabeth was

36.

747 MRS CATHERINE GALHIE, died 1777 aged 26 years.

A fragmented and incomplete skeleton. The upper portion of the sacrum is badly eroded. The innominates are both incomplete, the pubes are missing and the ilia are almost completely destroyed.

Neither sacrum or pubes can be assessed for scarring. Both preauricular sulci are grooves of ligament, they are short, narrow and smooth.

Apart from lipping of both sacroiliac joints, there is no pathology or degenerative change apparent on what survives of this skeleton.

The unmarried daughter of a surgeon, there is no evidence to suggest that Catherine ever bore a child.

356 566 MRS DORCAS 1-IAYNES, died 1831 aged 74 years.

A fragmented and incomplete skeleton. The sacrum is largely missing, only the central column survives, the innominates are also fragmented and incomplete, both pubes are broken and the sacroiliac joints are damaged.

The sacrum cannot be assessed. The left pubis is unscarred but has an enormous pubic tubercle (see plate

6). The right pubis has a shallow undulating sulcus l9mms. long x 5mms. wide, there is (just) one discernible pit. Both preauricular sulci are "indistinct" although they lack the classic grainy texture, their classification is based on their width and lack of clear margins. The left has one shallow scoop which also lacks margins.

There is severe degenerative change affecting both sacroiliac joints. Both femoral heads are slightly lipped. There is degenerative change affecting the cervical vertebrae, osteophytes affect both the facets and the bodies, the lower thoracic vertebrae are li pp ed around the bodies, as are the lumbar vertebrae (slight), there is eburnation of the facets of lumbar vertebrae 4 /5.

In business in her own right, Dorcas is listed in the

Trade Directories as a "potatoe merchant". Married to

Benjamin, their only child was born when Dorcas was 45.

292 MARY LOADER, died 1801 aged 27 years 6 month.

A fragmentary and incomplete skeleton. Only the upper sacrum and fragments of innominate survive. There are no sulci on the sacrum, no other areas survive to be assessed.

There is no evidence of pathology or degenerative change

357 on what little survives of this individual.

Married to Thomas a carpenter, only one infant of this union was baptised, Mary died a few days after her son's birth.

308 MISS RUTH SODDY, died 1825 aged 18 years.

An incomplete disintegrating skeleton. Only 2 fragments of innominate survive, and these are of no value to this project.

An immature female, the epiphyses are unfused at the distal femora. There is no evidence of pathology or degenerative change on the long bones or vertebrae.

The unmarried daughter of a tallow chandler, there is no evidence to suggest that she ever bore a child.

301 MRS SARAH PILE, died 1827 a g ed 35 years.

Apart from abraded areas, this skeleton is in reasonably good condition. The pelvis is complete with a little abrasion of for e.g. the left pubic symphysis.

There is no scarring of the sacrum or the pubic symphyses.

The preauricular sulci are "indistinct". They are both wide and lack clear lower margins, the left has a smooth floor, the right a grainy floor.

There is no pathology or degenerative change to the lower limbs or the vertebrae.

Married to Robert, one infant was baptised when Sarah was

20.

300 MRS MARTHA MITCHELL, died 1825 aged 53 years.

Generally in good condition though some areas have suffered abrasion. The pelvis is in very good condition,

358 a great deal of dried tissue is still attached to the bone.

An anthropoid pelvis, see plate 8.

The sacrum is not scarred. The preauricular sulci are slightly different and fall into separate categories. The left is a groove of ligament it is long and smooth with a defined smooth lower margin its width is uniform throughout. The right is "indistinct" although it only differs from the left in that its floor is undulating and of a grainier texture.

The pubes are the areas most dramatically scarred. Both have two enormous pits, which are unusually wide and deep. Furthermore the pubic symphyses are most unusual in their morphology, both are heavily lipped and both have a very narrow dorsal and a wider ventral plateau.

There is no apparent pathology or degenerative change to the lower limbs (the extremities are abraded and damaged).

There is slight lipping of the upper thoracic vertebrae but no other degenerative change or pathology of the vertebrae.

No record of a marriage or baptisms has been traced for

Martha, her parity status remains unknown.

750 MRS ELIZABETH PERKS, died 1812 aged 53 years.

This skeleton survives intact, the pelvis is in 1st class condition.

There is no scarring of the sacrum or the pubes. The left preauricular sulcus is "indistinct" it is wide and grainy and has no lower margin. The right sulcus is a groove of pregnancy it has an undulating floor with 2 clear scoops.

359 Both sulci extend further around the sacroiliac joint than is usual, the right having a further scoop in the anterior area.

There is no degenerative change affecting the lower limbs, the femoral necks are affected by cribra. The thoracic vertebrae have slight upping and Schmorl's nodes from 6-

12.

No relevant marriage or baptism records have been traced for Elizabeth, her parity status remains unknown.

079 MARY MILSON, died 1798 aged 29 years.

Very few bones survive from this skeleton, including the pelvis. No observations or measurements could be taken.

Married at 21 to Thomas, they appear to have been childless.

867 MRS ESTHER CORNE, died 1765 aged 62 years.

A fragmented and incomplete skeleton. Very little of the pelvis survives.

Only the left preauricular sulcus can be assessed. This is "indistinct" not very wide or long but with a grainy floor and irregular lower margin.

There is no patholo gy or degenerative chan g e on what survives of the lower limbs or the vertebrae.

Married aged 30 to David, they did not baptise any children. Both appear frequently in the French Church registers as Godparents to the infants of other

Huguenot 's.

755 MISS SARAH SPENCER, died 1806 aged 16 years.

This immature female is in 1st class condition throughout.

360 Sacral vertebra 3 (sacrum is unfused) is missing otherwise the pelvis is intact. Tripartite fusion is almost complete, the iliac crests are not fused nor the ischial rims. Of the long bones the right humerus head is fusing and the tibiae, femora and fibulae are unfused.

There are no parity scars at all on this small, android pelvis.

There is no pathology or degenerative change to either the lower limbs or the vertebrae.

An unmarried female, there is no evidence to suggest that she ever bore a child.

204 MRS SUSANNAH LEMAISTRE, died 1761 aged 78 years.

A fairly well preserved skeleton that has suffered some abrasion and some damage. The left pubis is broken off the innominate though it does survive. There is some general abrasion of the pelvis.

The areas prone to "parity scarring" are in this individual largely obscured by degenerative bony changes.

The left pubic symphysis (damaged) bears part of an elongated sulcus. The right preauricular sulcus is a groove of pregnancy although it is partly obscured by overlaid bony deposits. It has at least 2 scoops and a defined lower margin. The left preauricular sulcus is an

"indistinct", it has an unusually rugged floor, its lower margin is not clear and it is rather narrow for an

'indistinct".

Both sacroiliac joints are affected by severe degenerative change, they are extremely porous and the margins are affected by exostosis. Both pubic symphyses are eroded as

361 a result of ageing. All of the vertebrae are affected by degenerative changes, there is upping around the bodies.

Lumbar vertebra 5 - sacral vertebra 1 are severely affected and cervical vertebrae 2/3 and thoracic vertebrae

3/4 are fused. The bodies are all affected by porosity to greater or lesser degrees.

The wife of Paul, a master silk weaver, Susannah was 20 when they married, 29 at the birth of their 1st child and

43 at the birth of their 5th. Birth spacing is not known, and the date of birth of their 1st child is not certain.

272 MRS ANN WALKER, died 1838 aged 87 years.

A largely complete but abraded skeleton. The pelvis is fragmentary, only the central column of the sacrum survives. Neither pubis is intact, and the right sacroiliac joint is damaged.

Only the preauricular margins survive to be assessed and the right sulcus is obscured by tissue. The left (and probably the right) is a groove of ligament. It is short and narrow with a smooth floor and a clear lower margin.

The femora are slightly rachitic, there is no sign of degenerative change affecting the lower limbs. There is degenerative change of the vertebrae, the cervical vertebrae are moderately lipped and the discal surfaces are pathological. The thoracic vertebrae are only slightly lipped and the bodies only slightly porous in the upper thoracic, they become progressively worse lower down. The lumbar vertebrae are severely lipped including lumbar vertebra 5 - sacral vertebra 1, and the bodies are abnormal.

362 A "Maiden Lady" accordin g to her death certificate, little is known of her lifehistory. There is no evidence to suggest that she ever bore a child. At 87, she died of

"old age".

885 MRS MARY GARDIEU, died 1765 aged 47 years.

An incomplete and fragmented skeleton. The sacrum is abraded around its upper margins and the lower half is missing. Both pubes are broken from the innominates and abraded, the iliac crests are damaged.

There is no scarring on the right pubis or the sacrum.

The preauricular sulci are both "indistinct", they are very wide, and lack defined lower and upper margins. Both have 2 very slight undulations in their floors which are not grainy in texture as are most "indistinct"s.

The thoracic vertebrae are slightly lipped, there are no other indications of degenerative change to the vertebrae.

The lower limbs are incomplete and there are no signs of pathology or degenerative change to what survives.

Nothing is known of Mary's lifehistory, no marriage or baptism records have been located. Her parity status

remains unknown.

776 MRS MARY PEARSON, died 1795 aged 84 years.

This skeleton survives in 1st class condition. The pelvis

is enormous! There is no scarring on the sacrum or

the pubic symphyses, however the latter are affected by

exostosis which might, though it is doubted, obscure any pitting.

Both preauricular sulci are grooves of pregnancy.

However, they each consist of one scoop and cannot really

363 be called sulci. The scoops are not particularly deep or very well delineated.

There is slight degenerative change to the sacroiliac joint and the pubic symphyses, both are porous and the symphyseal margins are heavil y lipped. Cervical vertebrae

3/4/5 are affected by degenerative change the bodies are porous and they are heavil y lipped. The thoracic vertebrae are similarly affected becoming more pronounced from thoracic vertebra 8, lumbar vertebrae 1/2 and 3/4 are also affected by moderate upping.

There is no pathology affecting the lower limbs, and the only degenerative condition is very sli ght upping of the right knee.

Nothing is known of Mary's life history, no marriage or baptism records have been traced. Her parity status remains uncertain.

099 GRACE MACKWAY, died 1780 aged 68 years.

A fragmented and abraded skeleton. The pelvis survives comparatively well the upper pubes are eroded and the left ilium has disintegrated.

There are no scars on the sacrum and apparently none on the pubes. However, there is Upping of both pubic symphyses and this not only partly obscures the dorsal aspect of the symphyses, it also creates the impression of a shallow sulcus, there is a very small deep pit on the right symphysis this seems to be related to the local degenerative changes.

The left preauricular sulcus is a classic groove of ligament long, smooth floored and with a smooth lower

364 margin. The right preauricular sulcus is similar to the left, except it has one scoop within its margins, which are smooth like the left, it has a grainier textured floor.

There is slight porosity of the sacroiliac joints and the symphyseal faces. There is moderate upping of both acetabulum and the femoral heads. There is eburnization and upping affecting the right knee and upping of the left knee. The vertebral bodies are all slightly porous and nearly all are slightly lipped. The facets of lumbar vertebrae 3/4/5 are affected by moderate osteoarthritis.

Married to Peter, they baptised 2 infants the 1st when

Grace was 41, the 2nd when she was 43. The interval was

25 months. Their marriage registration has not been traced.

259 MRS MARTHA MESMAN, died 1754 aged 48 years.

Overall this skeleton is in good condition, although there are some localised areas of damage and abrasion. The pelvis survives in 1st class condition.

There is no scarring of the sacrum or the pubes, although the latter are affected by severe upping which overlies the dorsal aspect.

The left preauricular sulcus is a slight "indistinct". It has no clear margins and a grainy floor. The right preauricular sulcus is a slight groove of pregnancy it lacks a defined lower margin and has a grainy floor, it has 2 clear scoops. The most notable feature of this example are the tubercies on the superior margin of the pubes.

365 This very large pelvis has degenerative change affecting both symphyses. The vertebrae appear very healthy and normal, as do the lower limbs.

Aged 20, Martha married John, a master silk weaver. At the age of 21, she baptised her 1st child. Aged 40, she baptised the 15th. Birth spacing was 10 months, one year,

2 years, one year, 11 months, 15 months, 13 months, 14 months, 15 months, 14 months, 1 year, 20 months, 15 months, and 20 months.

281 MRS JANE FRENCH, died 1772 aged 35 years.

Most of the upper part of this skeleton are missing, what survives is largely in good condition. The pelvis is in very good condition.

The only sign of possible "parity scarring" on this very

large pelvis is a very slight groove of ligament on the right preauricular margin.

There is no sign of pathology or degenerative change to what survives of the lower limbs or the vertebrae.

Married to James, an apothecary, no baptisms have been traced for infants of this couple. Jane's parity status appears to be negative.

157 MRS MARY LOWE. died 1792 a g ed 77 years

This skeleton has almost completely disintegrated. None of the pelvis survives.

Nothing is known of Mary's life histor y including her parity status.

134 MRS SUSANNAH TREGOE, died 1789 aged 79 years.

This skeleton, pelvis included, survives in 1st class

366 condition.

There is a slight sulcus on the left sacral fades pelvina it is approximately lOmms. long x 3inms. wide.

There is one hu g e pit on the dorsal aspect of both symphyses, the pubes are heavily lipped. The left preauricular sulcus is a short and narrow and of

"indistinct" type. It has a rou gh floor and is comparatively narrow. The right sulcus is of unusual morphology. It is composed of short, narrow grooves,it has been classified it as a groove of ligament as it is not scooped.

This pelvis has a very wide transverse diameter and the right sacroiliac joint is fused posteriorly. This is a high assimilation pelvis. This individual is a "bone former", there are bony growths at every margin and extremity.

There is upping of the acetabulum, and severe upping and osteoarthritis of both knees. The vertebrae are affected by DISH disease and 2 upper thoracic vertebrae are fused. The vertebral bodies are heavily lipped as are the facets. The facets of lumbar vertebrae

4/5 and lumbar vertebra 5/sacral vertebra 1 are affected by severe osteoarthritis, they are eburnated.

Susannah married twice. Unfortunately, nothing is known about the 1st marriage except that her husband's surname was Mason. She married John Tregoe when she was 51, not surprisingly they did not baptise any infants.

205 MARY KILNER. died 1849 a g ed 57 years.

This skeleton, pelvis included, survives in 1st class

367 condition. There is a slight sulcus along the left sacral facies pelvina, it is 26mms. long x 2mms. wide.

The right pubis is unscarred, the left has a depression centrally placed this is not clearly delineated.

The preauricular sulci are grooves of pregnancy, they are both deep and clearly scooped, the left has two scoops the right one.

The osteophytosis of upper sacral vertebra 1 is accentuated on the left (anterior aspect), there is also an ossified ligament joining the left ilium and the spine of lumbar vertebra 5. There is degenerative disk disease affecting lumbar vertebra 5/sacral vertebra 1 and cervical vertebrae 6/7. The lumbar vertebrae facets are slightly lipped. There is sli ght lipping of both knees, femoral heads and acetabulum.

Mary was "a single lady in no business" (death certificate), her father was a carpenter. She appears to have been nulliparious and was "found dead in bed with no marks of violence" at the age of 57 (death certificate).

251 MRS JUDITH LEMAISTRE, died 1784 aged 78 years.

An incomplete, fragmentary and abraded skeleton. The pubes are missing and very little of the sacrum survives, both ilia are eroded and incomplete.

What survives of the sacrum is unscarred. The left preauricular sulcus is incomplete and cannot be properly assessed, what remains looks like a groove of ligament but this is not cetain. The right preauricular sulcus is also a groove of ligament, it lacks a clear lower margin and has a smooth floor.

368 The patellae are eburnated and the fragmentary scraps of surviving vertebrae are affected by degenerative changes to facets and bodies.

Judith married twice. Unfortunately nothing is known about her 1st marriage. She married Daniel, a master weaver, when she was 48, there were no issue of that union, her parity status is unknown.

137 MRS MAGDALENE CHEVALIER, died 1752 aged 62 years.

This skeleton has almost completely disintegrated, pelvis included, no examination was possible and no measurements could be taken.

Magdalene was married twice. The 1st marriage was to

Pierre Chauvet, they had at least 2 children, the 1st when she was 19, the other data is uncertain. Magdalene married John Chevalier when she was 50. Interestingly, her son Louis married John's daughter Jane in 1740, which was the same year as Magdalene and John married.

889 MRS SUSANNAH ROY, died 1781 aged 70 years.

Generally, a fragmented and abraded skeleton. The left pubis is missing, the right has broken off. The lower sacrum is damaged and generally the pelvis is eroded.

The sacrum is unscarred. The right symphysis cannot be assessed as new bone deposits are laid down on the dorsal aspect. The left preauricular sulcus is difficult to classify as it could be either a deep and short groove of ligament or a "one scoop" groove of pregnancy, it is not clearly delinead at each end, although the margins are, a character of a groove of ligament. The right preauricular

369 sulcus is obscured by bony deposits consequently it is not

scored.

The right sacroiliac joint is fusing as a result of

DISH disease. There is degenerative disk disease affecting

lumbar vertebra 5 - sacral vertebra 1, and thoracic vertebra 11 - lumbar vertebra 1. Most of the thoracic vertebrae are affected by Schmorl's nodes. The thoracic vertebrae and lumbar vertebrae are all affected by slight osteiphytosis. There appears to be no pathology or degenerative chan g e affecting the lower limbs, although both acetabulum are slightly lipped.

At the age of 29, Susannah married John Roy, a master silk weaver. They baptised their 1st infant when she was 31,

and their 6th when she was 39. Birth spacing was 20 months, 23 months, 20 months and 35 months. Susannah's

2nd confinement produced a twin birth.

882 MRS SARAH NEVILLE, died 1765 aged 53 years.

A fragmented and incomplete skeleton. The sacrum is

damaged and incomplete as are the innominates. The pubes are missing, both sacroiliac joint are damaged and the

ilia are incomplete.

Only the preauricular sulci survive to be examined, these are both "indistinct", neither is very wide, both have grainy floors and lack defined lower margins.

The femora are rachitic, there does not appear to be any degenerative change affecting those areas of lower limb articulation which survive. Apart from slight lipping of

the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae, there appears to be no degenerative change or pathology affecting the

370 surviving vertebrae.

Married to Bartholomew Neville when she was 25, they baptised their 1st infant the following year and their 6th when Sarah was 38. Birth spacing was 20 months, 22 months. 4 years, 23 months and 28 months.

802 MRS ANN TRIPPETTS, died 1782 aged 45 years.

An incomplete and fragmented skeleton. None of the pelvis survives to be assessed.

Married to John, a grocer, they baptised 2 infants. Her

1st child was born when Ann was 32, the 2nd at 35.

817 MRS JANE WOOD, died 1773 aged 56 years.

This skeleton is for the most part in good condition, however, there are some areas of erosion. The innominates are in good condition, the sacrum is damaged and incomplete.

This pelvis has unusually narrow and long sacroiliac joint's. The sacrum cannot be assessed for scarring. The symphyses both have one small pit, and the right has the appearance of a sulcus approximately 25mms. long x 2mms. wide. The preauricular sulci are both slight. They are both scored as "indistinct"s as they have grainy floors and no lower margin, although they are atypically narrow.

There is no notable pathology or degenerative change affecting the pelvis, although both acetabulum are slightly lipped. The femoral heads are slightly porous, but there are no other signs of degenerative change or pathology affecting the lower limbs. There is moderate upping of the body of thoracic vertebrae4/5, and the lumbar vertebrae are slightly lipped.

371 Married to John, onl y one infant of this union was baptised, Jane was 27 at the time.

764 MADAME SUSANNAH TOUQUET, died 1767 aged 90 years.

This skeleton has almost completely disintegrated. None of

the pelvis survives.

No marriage or baptism records can be traced for Susannah

Touquet, I suspect that her name was in fact Susannah

Triquet, in which case a great deal of information is

available. However, as her pelvis does not survive, the

issue is purely academic and does not merit discussion.

149 MRS MARY LAMBERT, died 1813 aged 44 years.

Whilst the occasional bone survives quite well the majority are fragmented and disintegrating. The pubes are

damaged as is the left iliac crest, otherwise this pelvis

is in good condition.

There are no scars on the sacrum. The left pubis is

missing, the ri ght only partly survives and has a sulcus

which is 4mms. wide. The preauricular sulci are

"indistinct", classically wide, grainy and devoid of a

lower margin.

The sacrum is an unusual "spitalfields sacrum", the 90

degree angle being on sacral vertebra 4, 3 being usual for

this condition. This is a high assimilation sacrum.

There is moderate lipping of the right knee, no other

degenerative change or pathology is evident on what

survives of the lower limbs. Lumbar vertebrae 2/3 are moderately lipped, the other lumbar vertebrae and thoracic

372 vertebrae are slightly lipped around the bodies.

Lambert is one of the most common names in 19th century

Spitalfields, Mary was also extremely popular as a

christian name, consequently Mary cannot be located in

the parochial records with an acceptable degree of

certainty. Her parity status remains unknown.

176 MRS ANN GODDARD, died 1815 aged 59 years.

An incomplete and fragmented skeleton. Onl y part of the

pubis survives of the left innominate, the right is

damaged in the pubo-ischial area and very fragile, nothing

survives of the sacrum.

Only the pubes survive well enough to be assessed for

resorption and these are not pitted.

The thoracic vertebrae and lumbar vertebrae are slightly

lipped as are the knees, there is no other degenerative

change or pathology on what little bone survives.

Unless she was married isonymously, Ann was unmarried.

There is no evidence to suggest that she ever bore

children.

175 MISS JUDITH HARRIET LEMAISTRE, died 1777 aged 15 years.

An intact although somewhat abraded skeleton. The sacrum

is abraded on both sides of the central column. The

innomiriates are very interesting as the pubes and the

anterior edges of the iliac crests seem to have been sawn

off. Dr Tony Waidron suggests that this is the result of

post-mortem damage, which probably occurred during

excavation. Neither the pubes or the sacrum can be

assessed for scarring. Both preauricular sulci are slight

373 "indistincts", the right is more accentuated than the

left, neither are typical, both are narrow, and the right

is almost a groove of pregnancy.

An immature female, the iliac crests are unfused, the long bone epiphyses are fused, including the distal ulnae and

radius. There is no sign of degenerative change or

pathology.

The unmarried daughter of a wealthy master silk weaver,

there is no evidence to suggest that Judith ever bore a

child.

098 MRS HANNAH BRACKNALL, died 1791 aged 80 years.

This skeleton survives in 1st class condition.

The sacrum is unscarred. Both pubic s ymphy ses are pitted,

and both have the appearance of a sulcus. The left is

l9mms. long x 3mms. wide, and the right is 22mms. x

4mms. The left preauricu]ar margin is unscarred, although

there is a sulcus around the anterior margin of the

sacroiliac joint. The right preauricular sulcus is a

groove of ligament, its lower margin appears to be the

result of later bone deposition, rather than part of the

sulcus.

The right acetabulum is slightly lipped and the left is so

badly affected by degenerative disease that it is

enclosing the femoral head, the pelvic inlet bulges in the

corresponding area as a result. The pelvic areas of

articulation are all affected by slight degenerative

changes and the knees are moderately lipped. Lumbar

vertebra 2 to sacral vertebra 1 are affected by moderate

upping and slight degenerative disease of the discal

374 bodies. The cervical and thoracic vertebrae are all

slightly lipped, and the discal surfaces are porous.

Married to William, Hannah was 20 when their 1st child

was baptised and 36 when the 4th was born. Birth spacing

was 23 months, 7 years 7 months and 5 years 10 months.

184 MRS HENRIETTA LEMAISTRE, died 1794 aged 68 years.

An incomplete badly disintegrated skeleton. The lower

sacral vertebrae are missing and the innominates are

abraded and fragile.

There is no sacral scarring. There are sulci on the dorsal

aspects of the pubes, but no distinct pitting (scored as

one pit). The left is 22mms. x 4mms. the right is

incomplete. The right preauricular sulcus is incomplete

the left is a groove of pregnancy with 2 scoops.

There is slight upping of the acetabulum, the knees and

the few surviving lumbar vertebrae.

At the age of 26, Henrietta married John Lemaistre, a

master silk weaver. The 1st of 6 infants was born when

Henrietta was 28, the last when she was 37. Birth spacing

was 18 months, 1 year, 31 months, 26 months and 2 years.

One of the daughters of this union has been provisionally

diagnosed as affected b y osteopetrosis, an autosomal

usually recessive inheritance, it leads to excessive

formation of dense trabecular bone, clinically it presents

in terms of progressive deafness and blindness, plus

anaemia. Two other infants descended from Henrietta's

brother, David Pontardant are also affected. It seems in

this family that the condition is in fact a dominant

rather than recessive condition.

375 070 MRS SARAH PONTARDANT, died 1781 aged 35 years.

A complete and intact skeleton, which has suffered some

abrasion. The pelvis is complete though abraded. This is

a large, spacious gynecoid pelvis. See p late 7.

There is no sacral scarring. Both pubes have huge, deep

pits which have coalesced to form sulci, see plate 3. The

left and right both measure l9mms. x 7mms. The pubes both

have large tubercles. Both preauricular sulci are grooves of pregnancy. Neither has crisp margins and both have

grainy floors, but they are clearly scooped.

There is slight osteophytic lipping of the right

sacroiliac joint. There is no degenerative chan g e or pathology affecting either the lower limbs or the

vertebrae.

Married to David, a master silk weaver, their 1st child was baptised when Sarah was 19, the 5th when she was 27.

Birth spacing was 26 months, 20 months, 16 months and 3 years. One of their sons is considered to have had

osteopetrosis, see above.

296 MRS MARY GARDINER, died 1827 aged 39 years.

An incomplete and fragmented skeleton. Only a fragment of

the right innominate survives. No areas subject to

"parity scarring" survive to be analysed.

Married at the age of 26, to William, a brushmaker. Only

one infant is known from this union, his existence has

been discovered from the burial register. Mary was 36 when he was born. As this infant, who died aged 6 months, had never been baptised, it is possible that other

children were born to this couple and also never

376 baptised.

822 MRS MARY EDGER, died 1770 aged 59 years.

A fragmentary and incomplete skeleton. The sacrum is

incomplete, only sacral vertebra 1 and the central column

survive. The left pubis is missing and the right is

damaged. Both sacroiliac joint are damaged and there is

general abrasion.

Only part of the right pubis remains, that is pitted. The

sacrum is too incomplete to assess. The left preauricular

sulcus is a slight groove of pregnancy with one scoop, and

is grainy in texture. The right sulcus is "indistinct",

it is typical apart from being narrower than is usual.

The areas of articulation of the pelvis are showing very

slight degenerative changes. The femoral heads are

affected by slight to moderate osteoarthritis, there is no

other pathology or degenerative change on what survives of

the lower limbs. The lower cervical vertebrae have

osteoarthritis affecting both the facets and the discal

surfaces, and osteophytic upping. The upper thoracic vertebrae have slight to moderate Upping.

142 MRS DINAH DAYCOCK, died 1809 aged 27 years.

Apart from a few abraded areas this skeleton is in good

condition. The pelvis has suffered general erosion, the

right ischium is missing, the lower sacrum is damaged, as

are both pubes.

This pelvis is a very small, android type, the congugate

and the inferior anteroposterior diameter is reduced, this

could be the result of healed rickets which is affecting

377 the fibulae, tibiae, femora and humeri. Skeletal

maturation is delayed, the iliac crest and sacroiliac

joint's are not properly fused, the sacrum is also still

fusing, as are the long bones.

Neither the pubes or the sacrum are scarred. The left

preauricular sulcus is a groove of ligament it is long,

narrow and smooth, it has an upper margin but not a lower

margin. The right preauricular sulcus is a slight groove

of pregnancy, it has one scoop which is not clearly

delineated, the area as a whole has a grainy surface.

There is slight osteophytic growth around the sacroiliac

joints on both innominates. There is no other pathology or

evidence of degenerative change to either the vertebrae or

the lower limbs.

Dinah was the unmarried daughter of a journeyman weaver,

there is no evidence to suggest that she ever bore a

child.

She was, incidently, the shortest female in the crypt

sample at l42cms (Trotter & gleser 1952), probably an

artefact of her rachitic condition.

263 MRS JANE MESMAN. died 1739 a g ed 73 years.

A fragmented, abraded and incomplete skeleton. The pubes

are broken off the innominates, the sacrum is broken at

sacral vertebra 3 and abrasion prevents reconstruction.

This appears to be a large roomy pelvis, unfortunately few

measurements could be made. The sacrum is unscarred. The

left pubic symphysis has 2 pits at the lower extremity,

the right has none. The pubes are affected by deposition

of bone and lipping along the dorsal edge. The left

378 preauricular sulcus is a slight groove of pregnancy, it

has one clear scoop and 2 areas of undulation, its lower margin is less distinct than the upper. The right

preauricular sulcus is a groove of ligament with smooth

walls and floor.

There is osteoarthritis affecting the sacroiliac joints

and slight upping of the right knee. The lumbar vertebrae and lower thoracic vertebral bodies are slightly

lipped. There is no other degenerative change or pathology

affecting the lower limbs or vertebrae.

Married to Daniel Mesman, a master weaver, they baptised 6

infants. Jane was 28 when she bore her 1st child and 39

at her last confinement. The historical data is too

incomplete to assess birth spacing.

169 MRS SUSANNAH HULL, died 1732 aged 85 years.

Apart from the fact that the femora are missing, this

skeleton is in 1st class condition. The pelvis is intact.

There is a scar on the left (anterior aspect) sacral

facies pelvina, it is 2Omms. long x 4mms. wide, the right

side is unscarred. The pubes are pitted, see p late 4. The preauricular sulci are both probably grooves of ligament,

these are partly overlaid by bony deposition.

The sacroiliac joints are affected by moderate

osteoarthritis and osteophytic upping, the symphyseal

faces are porous. The acetabulum are both lipped. The

left tibia is affected by Paget's disease see plate 24.

The vertebrae are notably affected by degenerative

changes. The left facets of lumbar vertebrae 3/4/5 and

sacral vertebra 1 have severe osteoarthritis and are

379 eburnated. The spinal processes of these vertebrae are also affected by osteoarthritjs where they are rubbing together. The surfaces of these bodies show trabecular bone. There is slight to moderate osteophytic upping of

Plate 24. Paget's disease affecting the left tibia.

the vertebrae and the lower cervical vertebrae are affected by degenerative changes.

Susannah Hull was the "first born" of the crypt population, She was baptised in 1646. Unless she married isonymously, she was unmarried, there is no evidence to suggest that she ever had any children.

243 MRS DINAH COX, died 1769 aged 67 years.

Generally in good condition, there is some abrasion. The

380 lower sacral vertebrae are damaged, the innominates are in good condition but slightly abraded.

There is no scarring of the sacrum or the pubes, although the latter are affected by later bone deposition, however there is no indication that these were ever scarred. The preauricular sulci are both grooves of ligament, long and slightly grainy but too narrow to be "indistinct"s. The right sulcus has a bridge of bone at its anterior extremity this is an unusual feature.

There is slight degenerative change affecting both sacroiliac joints. The femoral heads are slightly porous, and both knees moderately lipped. The tali and calcaneae are slightly lipped. The vertebral bodies are all slightly lipped and lumbar vertebrae 4/5 and sacral vertebra 1 have eburnated facets.

Dinah married 3 times. Her first husband was Edward

Wyburd, they married when she was 26, their 1st child was born the following year, and the 2nd when she was 29,

Dinah was widowed shortly afterwards. Dinah married John

Mesman when she was 32, aged 33 she bore twin daughters and 11 months later another daughter. Once again she was widowed and she married John Cox. There are no baptisms resulting from this union. Dinah appears to have been 27 at her 1st birth and 34 at her 5th. Birth spacing was 26 months, 5 years 1 month and 11 months.

872 MRS ELIZA FAVENC, died 1809 aged 27 years.

Apart from a few areas of localised damage, this skeleton survives in good condition. Unfortunately, the pubes are dama g ed, the remaining pelvis is 1st class.

381 There is a very slight scar along the left edge of the

sacrum (anterior aspect), it measures 17 x 4mms. The pubes do not survive to be assessed. The preauricular sulci are both sli ght grooves of pregnancy. They both have

shallow scoops, and no defined lower margin, they are not grainy.

There is no pathology or degenerative change to either the

lower limbs or the vertebrae.

Married at the age of 18 to Peter, who was consul to the

Canary Islands, the y baptised 4 infants. Eliza was 19 when her 1st child was born and 27 at her last confinement which proved fatal. Birth spacing was 15 months, 5 years

2 months and 18 months.

789 MRS FRANCOISE CATHERINE MERZEAU, died 1782 aged 65 years.

An incomplete and abraded skeleton. The sacrum and most

of the left innominate are missing.

The pubes are unscarred, only the right preauricular

sulcus survives to be assessed. A groove of ligament, it has a smooth floor and lower margin.

The pubes are pathological, diagnosis uncertain at present. Both are very broad with unusual superior

extremities. There is no pathology or degenerative change

affecting the lower limbs, and only the thoracic vertebrae

are slightly lipped, the remaining vertebrae appear normal

Married to Isaac, a silk dyer, they baptised 6 infants,

the 1st when Francoise was 21. The historical data is too

incomp lete to establish birthspacing.

382 158 MRS ELIZABETH HAYWOOD, died 1759 aged 49 years.

This skeleton has almost completely disintegrated. No

pelvic bones survive.

Married at 33 to Robert, onl y one infant was baptised when

Elizabeth was 35.

192 MRS MARTHA HARWOOD, died 1779 aged 63 years.

This skeleton survives in good condition. The pelvis is

complete. All areas survive to be assessed for parity

scars, there are none.

There are slight degenerative changes to the pelvic

joints and bony deposits along the symphyseal margins.

There is moderate lipping of the right knee and slight

upping of the left knee, there is no pathology affecting

the lower limbs. Apart from slight upping of the thoracic

vertebrae the vertebrae appear normal.

Married at 27 to William, an upholsterer, and property

owner, they baptised 9 infants. Martha was 28 at her 1st

confinement and 44 at her 9th. Birth spacing was 18

months, 35 months, 1 year, 23 months, 1 year, 41 months,

28 months and 14 months.

004 MRS MARY CHABOT, died 1808 aged 49 years.

An incomplete abraded and fragmented skeleton. The right

side of the sacrum and the right innominate are damaged.

Only the left characteristics survive to be assessed. The

sacrum is unscarred. The pubic symphysis has one pit at

the lower extremity. The preauricular sulcus is a slight

groove of pregnancy, it has a rough floor comprised of

numerous shallow scoops.

This appears to be a very large pelvis. There is no

383 pathology or degenerative change affecting either the

lower limbs or what survives of the vertebrae.

Married to Thomas, they had 4 children. No precise

details are known, this information was contributed by a descendant of the Chabot family, and it has been assumed

to be reliable.

111 MRS ELIZABETH BRIDCUTT, died 1810 aged 50 years.

This skeleton is in 1st class condition. The pelvis is

intact.

This is an enormous pelvis! There is no sacral scarring.

The pubic symphyses are pitted and these coalesce to form a sulci. The left is 29 x 6mms., and the right 33 x 7mms. wide. The preauricular sulci differ. The left is a groove of pregnancy with two scoops, these are not deep or

clearly defined. The right is a groove of ligament, it has a smooth lower margin and a grainy floor, it is quite deep.

There is slight degenerative change affecting both

sacroiliac joints. The right acetabulum and the ri g ht knee are slightly lipped, otherwise the lower limbs appear normal and healthy. There is slight upping of the

thoracic vertebrae and degenerative disc disease affecting

lumbar vertebrae 4/5.

Married at 19 to James, a bricklayer, they baptised 4

infants. Elizabeth was 26 when her 1st child was born and

35 at her last confinement. Birth spacing was 2 years 3 months, 2 years 7 months and 3 years 8 months.

384 902 MRS JUDITH ALLEN, died 1767 aged 46 years.

Very little survives of this skeleton which has disintegrated. None of the pelvis survives.

Judith married twice. Her second husband, George was a

Cheesemonger, Judith was 34 when they married. No baptisms have been traced for this marriage. Judith's 1st husband's surname was Otterell, no record of this wedding or any baptisms relating to this union have been traced.

Judith appears to have been nulliparious.

893 MRS MAGDALENE JOUENNE, died 1778 aged 38 years.

A fragmented and incomplete skeleton. The sacrum is missing and only a fragment of the left innominate

survives. The ri ght is more complete, but has no pubis.

Only the sacroiliac joints can be examined for scarring.

Both sulci are very slight grooves of pregnancy with only one very shallow scoop, the y can hardly be distinguished

from grooves of ligament.

There is no pathology of what survives of either the lower

limbs or the vertebrae, and no degenerative change apart

from slight lipping of the thoracic vertebrae.

Magdalene was probably the wife of Louis Jouenne, a master weaver, however it cannot be certain, hence her parity

status must be classified as unknown.

921 SUSAN MOINIER, died 1803 aged 36 years.

An incomplete disintegrating skeleton. Only the sacroiliac

joint area of the left innominate survives.

Only the left preauricular sulcus survives to be assessed.

This is wide and "indistinct", the floor is unusually

smooth for this scar t ype, it lacks a lower margin.

385 None of the vertebrae survive, of what remains of the

lower limbs there is no degenerative change or pathology.

Married at 21, to Lewis a master silk weaver 1 they

bap tised 3 children. The 1st when Susan was 23, the last when she was 28. Birth spacing was 16 months and 4 years.

This data is slightly dubious, as it is based upon Susan

actually being Sarah. My knowledge of the families

involved (Moinier and Leschallas) convinces me that Sarah has been written as Susan, familiarity with the

registrar's handwriting lends support to this conviction.

920 MRS HANNAH WILLS, died 1784 aged 74 years.

A complete, though fragmented skeleton. The pubes are

damaged, otherwise the pelvis is in good condition.

The right pubis appears not to be scarred, the left is too

damaged to assess. There is scarring along both sacral

facies pelvina. The left sulcus is 25 x 4mms. and the

right 14 x 2mms. The preauricular sulci are both grooves of pregnancy. The left is very grainy, with a "chiselled"

looking floor which can just be classified as scooped. The right comprises one scoop which is not clearly delineated,

and is short in length for this scar type.

There is moderate osteoarthritis of both sacroiliac

joints and the acetabulum are slightly lipped. The lumbar and thoracic vertebrae are slightly lipped, and the

thoracic vertebrae are affected by Schmorl's nodes. There

is no pathology or degenerative change affecting the lower

limbs, except femora cribra.

Nothing is known of Hannah's marital or parity status.

386 126 MRS ELIZABETH STAPLETON, died 1813 aged 77 years.

Very little survives of this skeleton. None of the pelvis remains.

Elizabeth married Thomas when she was 28. No infants of this union were baptised, Elizabeth appears to have been nulliparious.

108 MRS SARAH HANDWELL. died 1810 a ged 72 year

An incomplete skeleton. Only part of the sacrum survives.

There is no scarring on the sacrum.

Married at the age of 29 to William, they baptised 3 infants. Sarah was 29 when her 1st child was born and 46 at her last confinement. Birth spacing appears to have been 4 years and 12 years 1 month.

708 MRS MARY ANN DEARNS, died 1790 aged 37 years.

A complete but slightly damaged skeleton. The pelvis is

intact apart from the lower sacrum.

There is no scarring on the sacrum or the left pubis. The preauricular sulci are classic grooves of ligament they are smooth walled and floored. The right pubic symphysis has one large pit and a large generally depressed area

along the dorsal margin.

There is no pathology or degenerative change affecting the

lower limbs. The vertebrae appear normal apart from

slight thoracic upping.

Marz 'ied to Edmund, they baptised 3 infants. Mary Ann was

32 at her 1st confinement and 36 at her ast. Birth

spacing was 10 months and 37 months.

387 604 MRS JANE BOURDILLION, died 1791 aged 82 years.

An incomplete and fragmented skeleton. The innominates are intact though abraded, the lower sacrum is missing, only sacral vertebrae 1 and 2 survive.

The sacrum and the left pubis are unscarred. The right symphysis has one small pit, both symphyseal margins are lipped. The left preauricular sulcus is a slight groove of pregnancy which is gently scooped the margins are not clearly defined. The right sulcus is a deeper groove of pregnancy which comprises an elongated scoop that is clearly defined.

There is moderate osteoarthritis of both sacroiliac

joints. The femora and tibiae are slightly rachitic (the pelvis is not). Both acetabulum are slightly lipped and

the femoral heads are porous. The lumbar vertebrae do not

survive, several of the thoracic vertebrae are fused, the bodies are all slightly lipped and the discal surfaces

porous.

Married at 28 to the Reverend Benedict Bourdillion, they

baptised 3 infants. Jane was 18 at her 1st confinement

and 32 at her last. Birth spacing was 2 years 8 months and

1 year 9 months. Jane and her husband lived in the U.S.A.

during the early years of their marriage.

575 MRS FRANCES TARRANT PEAKE, died 1823 aged 60 years.

This skeleton is largely intact. The pelvis is in good

condition, the sacroiliac joint are both damaged.

There is no scarring on either the sacrum or the pubes.

The left preauricular sulcus is a groove of pregnancy, it

has a long deep scoop at the posterior extremit y , the rest

388 is shallow. The right preauricular sulcus is also a groove of pregnancy like the left it is scooped at the

posterior extremity, it is shorter in length than the

left.

There is moderate osteoarthritis of the sacroiliac

joints. There is no pathology or degenerative change

affecting the lower limbs. The lumbar and thoracic vertebrae are all slightly lipped, and there are 2

instances of fused thoracic vertebrae, due to their

condition it is impossible to identify them precisely.

Married at 22 to James, a smith, they baptised only one

child. Frances was 23 at the time.

540 MRS ANN LOW, died 1823 aged 65 years.

A largely complete skeleton, with some damage. Only

pelvic analysis was undertaken, as this skeleton was

infested with an unidentified species of live insect

larvae, consequently it was cremated.

The sacrum was incomplete and some of the extremities of

the innominates were missing.

The preauricular sulci were both of "indistinct" type but

unusually severe. The pubic symphyses were both pitted,

with several large pits. The right symphysis showed signs

of pathology, the nature of which will remain unknown. The

pitting took the form of one very large shallow pit, which

had within its boundaries, 3 small and deep pits, this is

very unusual. Furthermore, the area to the right of this

conglomeration of p its appeared "thickened", there was

also what appeared to be ossified ligament within the

"pit" area. The ventral aspects also had unusual markings.

389 The symphyseal face was very "old" and narrow.

DISH was present on both iliac crests and was fusing lumbar vertebra 5 to sacral vertebra 1.

Married to Thomas when she was 22, it has proved impossible to identify any baptisms relating to this union. The reason for the uncertainty is that Low was a very common surname, and there were several Ann and Thomas

Lows of various addresses, and with varying occupations baptising infants during the period 1780-1800.

Consequently, Ann's parity status remains unknown.

390 APPENDIX 2. Fact Sheet 1646-1860.

+,- figures are the 20 most marked annual deviations on Schofield, Rotberg, & RabUs real wage index.

1646 Suzannah Hull was baptised on 16th January at St Dunstan's Stepney, she was the 1st born named interment.

1650 Prior to this time Spitalfields was a hamlet composed of open fields and market gardens. Building of artisans dwellings to accomodate the growing number of weavers began with the south side of Fashion Street and Whites Row. The area south of Whites Row remained a Tenter ground.

1650's & 60's. The market area (Wheler estate) was developed as a residential area.

1654-5 +22.88.

1655-6 +16.68.

1660 End of the Commonwealth, monarchy is restored.

1661 Beginning of the persecution of non -conformists in England.

1661-2 -18.47.

1662 Spitalfields was well enough developed to aquire its own church warden.

1664 Second Anglo-Dutch war begins, ends 1667. Coal prices in Westminster were 29.32 shillings per chaldron.

1666 Great Plague. Fire of London.

1669 At this time bricks used to develop Spitalfields were dug and fired on site.

1670 Treaty of Dover between Charles II and Louis XIV.

1672 Third Anglo-Dutch war begins, ends 1674.

1673 Test Act deprives English Catholics and non- conformists of public offices.

1674-5 The Spitalfields Hearth Returns show 1,336 houses in Spitalfields, 140 were unoccupied (new). 40 had 8+ hearths, but most were humble dwellings.

1675-6 Rioting and discontent amongst the Spitalfields' weavers.

391 1680's The Old Artillery Ground was developed with modest housing, by Nicholas Barbon and associates. Spitalfields was granted a market franchise by the crown. A market house and place were built.

1681 Oxford parliament.

1683 Riotin g amongst weavers in Spitalfields.

1685 Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, persecution of French protestants by Louis XIV.

1689-90 +18.02.

1689 Religious Toleration Act. William III acceeded.

1690 French defeat Anglo-Dutch fleet.

1690-91 +22.04.

1692 Anglo-Dutch fleet regains supremacy of the channel.

1690's Harvest deficient, food prices are high for 8 years.

1690 Wheat priced at 26.58 shillings (Eaton College).

1693 National Debt of England began. The hardship experienced amongst the Spitalfields' weavers was publicised.

1694 Incorporation of the Bank of England.

1695 Freedom of the press in England.

1696 The hardship experienced amongst the Spitalfield's weavers was again publicised. Wheat priced at 44.33 shillings. (Eaton College.)

1697-8 -22.06.

1698 The price of coal was at its cheapest during the period at 22.04 shillings per London chaldron.

1698-9 -21.40. There were 7 French churches in the Spitalfields area by 1700.

1700 Coal prices in Westminster were 24.3 shillings.

1700-1773 Silk industry depressed (calicoes and Bengal silks).

1701 Act of Settlement established Protestant Hanoverian succession.

1703 Lighting improved in Spitalfields.

392 1704 High food prices (crop failure). Wheat priced at 26.89 shillin g s at Eaton College.

1704-5 +16.71.

1705 Agricultural drought.

1706-7 +20.38.

1707 Act of Union, English and Scottish parliaments are united.

1709-10 High food prices (crop failure). Wheat priced at 74.10 shillings in 1709 at Eaton College.

1709-10 -20.21.

1710 Tory government. St. Paul's cathedral was completed.

1710-11 -29.84.

1711 50 New Churches Act. Spitalfields chosen as a site.

1713 High import duty imposed on French silks to protect home market. Peace of Utrecht. England makes an advantageous peace with Louis XIV. The 1713 & 1716 rate books show a high proportion of French names, in the Spitalfields area.

1714 High food prices. Wheat priced at 30.07 shillings at Eaton College. Death of Queen Anne, accession of George I. Hanoverian dynasty begins. Whig oligarchy rules. Work began on Christchurch, Spitalfields.

1715 Death of Louis XIV, Regent Orleans in power.

1716 First country bank established. The area between Blossom Terrace and Spital Square was developed with high class housing for wealthy silk weavers and merchants.

1717 Septenial Act, parliament to run for 7 years instead of 3. First purpose built silk throwing factory built near Derby.

1718 Introduction of inoculation against smallpox.

1718-28 The area between Hanbury St. and Fournier St. was developed as a residential area (good quality housing).

1720 Colla p se of Law's banking system, halted development in and around London. South Sea Bubble bursts.

393 1721 Sir Robert Walpole first P.M.

1722-3 +14.44.

1727 First Indemnity Act for non-conformists. George I dies, George II acceedes.

1728-9 High food prices (crop failure). Wheat priced at 42.08 shillings at Eaton College.

1729 Methodism begins. Spitalfields was granted parochial status. The parish of Spitalfields was burdened b y numerous poor. A great decay in trade and a fall in rents" was noted. Christ Church, Spitalfields was consecrated in July. Thomas Hull, died 30th June, the 1st named interment. He was the 51st person to be buried at Christ Church, his funeral took place on 3rd Aug.

1730 First long canal completed. Spital Square east was developed with high class housing.

1730's Rioting against master weavers by journeymen, troups were sent in.

1731 Agricultural drought. Wheat priced at 23.87 shillings

1733 John Kay invents the flying shuttle. Jethro Tull advocates new methods of animal husbandry.

1736 Death of Nicholas Hawkesmore architect of Christ Church. John Rocque begins his survey of London.

1738 Lighting Act was obtained for Spitalfields, by 1745-6 235 lamps lit the parish in winter.

1739-48 War in Europe. War of Jenkin's Ear between Britain and Spain.

1739 First Weslyan chapel.

1739-40 Frost fair on the Thames.

1740's By this time the area west of Brick lane had been developed with modest housing with gardens for journeymen weavers.

1740-1 -18.50. High food prices, due to severe weather. Wheat priced at 48.73 shillings at Eaton College.

1742 Fall of Walpole.

1745 Of the 134 Spitalfields manufacturers who pledged men to the King, 95 had French names.

394

1746 Culloden, Jacobites defeated. Rocques map is published, it shows the area west of Brick Lane to be closely built with houses and gardens.

1749 By this time many poorer houses were split into lodgings.

1750 Westminster bridge is opened. The price of coal in Westminster was 29.9 shillings. 1750's Silk weavers form unlawful combinations to raise their wages. Most of the 17th century development in S p italfields was rebuilt at this time.

1752 Britain adopts new style calender.

1752-3 High food prices (crop failure). Wheat priced at 32.7 shillings at Eaton College.

1756 Seven years war begins.

1757 High food prices (crop failure). Wheat priced at 43.52 shillings at Eaton College.

1759 Beginning of the canal age. Norton Folgate obtained an act for lighting, cleansing and watching the liberty.

1760's Rioting by weavers against masters occurred, troops were sent in.

1761 Passage of the Westminster Paving and Lighting Act.

1762 Agricultural drought.

1763 Peace in Europe. British colonial gains.

1764 Richard Arkwright invents the water powered spinning frame.

1770 James Cook discovers New South Wales. First general act for paving, cleansing and watching Spitalfields, only the streets around the market were affected. Others could be if 2/3rds of the owners so desired.

1770's Weaver's continued to riot and troops were again sent in.

1771 The price of wheat in London was 48 shillings 7 pence per Imperial quarter.

1772-5 High food prices. Wheat priced at between 49 shillings 10 pence and 54 shillings 3 pence.

1773 First Spitalfields Act, set wages and prices and an external tariff, lasted until 1824.

395 1774 The Old Artillery Ground (libert y of) obtained a local act for lighting, paving, cleansing and watching. The poor of the Artillery Ground were "greatly increased."

1775 Outbreak of the American War of Independence. Britain concedes in 1783. Jacobite rising. Wood st. was developed with poor quality housing at this time.

1776 Norton Folgate obtained an act for paving the liberty.

1779 Lowest wheat prices in London between 1771 and 1860, 34 shillings 8 pence.

1780 By this time the identity of the French community in Spitalfields was disappearing.

1781 Agricultural drought. Wheat priced at 46 shillings in London.

1782-5 High food prices. Wheat priced at between 43 shillings 1 pence and 54 shillings 3 pence.

1782-4 Famine in Ireland.

1783 Richard Crompton invents the spinning mule. Pitt the Younger P.M. Cy linder printing of calicoes adopted.

1784 Rev'd. Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom (in wide use by 1820's).

1786 Eden Treaty eases trade with France.

1789 French Revolution begins.

1792 France becomes a republic. Coal gas used for lighting.

1793 Outbreak of war with France. Leads to pice rises and commercial depression. 400 country banks now exist.

1795-6 High food prices (crop failure).

1796 Vaccination against smallpox is introduced. Wheat priced at 78 shillings 7 pence.

1798 Tax of 10% is introduced on incomes of over two hundred pounds per annum.

1799 Trade unions are supressed.

1799-1800 -23.70.

1799-1801 Commercial boom.

396 1800 Parliamentary union of Britain and Ireland. The price of coal in Westminster was 50.42 shillings. The price of wheat in London was 113 shillings 10 pence per Imperial quarter.

1800-1 -29.43.

1801 First British census. The population of Spitalfields was 15,091. The population of Greater London was 1,117,000. In the early 19th century many small cheap houses and courts were built, these quickly became slums.

1802 First factory legislation (Peel). Peace of Amiens between Britain and France. War with and blockade of France. General enclosure act sim p lified enclosure. First practical steamship on the Clyde. West India Dock opened.

1803 Bonaparte became emperor. Spain declares war against Britain.

1807 France counter blockades Britain. Slave trade abolished in the British Empire. Continental blockade by Napoleon. Gas first used in London. The Spitalfields vestry noted that the area "was inhabited almost entirely by poor person's."

1809 The price of coal was at its highest during our period at 72.53 shillings.

1809-10 Commercial boom.

1811 Luddite riots.

1812-13 -21.10. Wheat priced at 126 shillings 6 pence and 109 shillings 9 pence. The former was the highest price between 1771 & 1860.

1813 East India Companies monopoly abolished. Very high food prices (trade cycle).

1815 Peace in Europe, downfall of Napoleon. Commercial boom to 1817. Corn Law passed, set prices at 80/- per qtr. 900 country banks are now established.

1817 The Jews Free School was founded.

1819 Peterloo.

1820 Death of George III. Food and essentials, prices at 20% above 1793.

1821-2 +27.55. (highest real wages between 1550-1860.)

1821-3 Famine in Ireland.

397 1822-3 +17.30.

1824 Spitalfields Act repealed, led to the decline of the Sp italfield' silk industry and to great poverty amongst the weavers. Repeal of the Combination Acts. Commercial boom.

1825 High food prices (trade cycle). First railway opened. Commercial depression. The price of wheat in London was 68/6d.

1829 Catholic Emmancipation.

1829 Silk prices falling. Sir Robert Peel founded the Metropolitan Police Force.

1830 Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened. Death of George IV. Silk industry expands in the Midlands, and exports increase. The proposed construction of Commercial Street drew attention to the "pauperized and vicious character" of the property through which it was routed. The price of coal in Westminster was 42.29 shillings.

1830-2 First major cholera epidemic.

1831 Swing riots.

1832 Reform Act.

1833 Factory Act limits child labour.

1833-4 +14.23.

1834 Poor Law Amendment Act. (discouraged working class mobility.) Tolpuddle Martyrs.

1835 Municipal Reform Act. Tamworth manifesto.

1835-6 Commercial boom. Little Railway Mania.

1836 London Bridge Station opened.

1837 Queen Victoria suceeds.

1838 Typhus epidemic. Smallpox epidemic (until 1840). Very severe winter. Coal prices very expensive in London. Wheat prices x2 of 1835. (64/7d.) 75% of Spitalfields' looms are idle. Deaths per 1,000 persons in England and Wales 22.4.

398 1839 Chartist riots. Anti-Corn Law League founded. Depression. Deaths of Infants under one year per 1,000 live births 151.

1840 High food prices (trade cycle). Wheat priced at 70 shillings 8 pence in London. Penny Post.

1844 Agricultural drought.

1844-5 Railway mania.

1856 Corn Laws abolished, Peel resigns.

1847 High food prices (trade cycle). Wheat priced at 69/9d. The Spitalfields' vestry book noted an Irish influx.

1848-9 Cholera epidemic.

1849 Typhus epidemic.

1849-50 +18.75.

1850 Silk manufacture seen as a dying industry. The price of wheat was 40/3d.

1850-1 +20.58. The population of Greater London was 2,685,000.

1851-2 +19.04.

1852 William Moinier Leschallas committed suicide on 13th December, he was the last named interment.

1853 Cholera and Typhus epidemics.

1860 Cobden's treaty with France finishes the Spitalfields silk industry. Deaths per 1,000 persons in England and Wales 21.2.

399 Appendix 3. Biographical Data from Coffin Plates: the Christ

Church Sample.

Name Age at Death Date of Death

DEARDS JANE 52 29/09/0000 HULL THOMAS 51 30/06/1729 HULL SUSANNAH 85 00/01/1732 MESMAN DANIEL(C) 69 04/02/1732 00 24/12/1734 MESMAN JOHN 32 07/01/1737 MESMAN JANE 73 04/04/173 9 PECK DEBORAH 35 26/11/1739 BOSQUAIN JACOB 66 08/04/ 1743 H.. . * THOMAS 64 00/00/1744 LEFEVRE ISAAC 61 12/05/ 1746 BALGUERIE JANE 66 07/01/ 1747 DAVY HANNAH 57 16/05/ 1747 BROWN JOHN 38 10/02/1749 THOMASON SUSANNA 70 20/10/17 50 HULL JOSEPH 68 24/12/1750 CHEVALIER JOHN 67 31/12/ 17 51 CHEVALIER MAGDELENE 62 14/02/1752 BALGUERIE JOHN 79 23/06/1753 MESMAN MARTHA 48 20/05/17 54 CHAU VET 00 00/08/ 17 54 LEMAISTRE SUSANNAH* 00 12/05/ 1755 MASON EDWARD 48 09/10/1757 COVENANT PAUL 51 05/12/17 58 STUEBS JOHN 50 14/12/ 17 58 HAYWOOD ELIZABETH 41 07/05/1759 LEMAISTRE SUSANNAH JUDITH 00 17/01/1760 ORTEL JOHN 71 16/03/1761 LEMAISTRE SUSAN 78 08/12/ 1761 LEMAISTRE ANN(C) 00 16/09/1763 SAYER JOSEPH 32 00/03/1764 GALHIE JOHN ROY 00 12/12/1764 GARDIEU MARY 47 03/02/17 65 BAUDOUIN FRANCES 78 2 3/03/1765 BURDETT THOMAS 67 18/04/17 65 MESMAN DANIEL 64 12/05/17 65 CORNE ESTHER 61 19/12/1765 NEVILL SARAH 53 20/12/1765 ALLEN JUDITH 46 25/06/1767 TOUCQUET SUSANNAH 90 08/0 9/17 67 MESMAN JOHN 36 11/09/1768 BRYANT GEORGE 69 13/09/1768 PONTARDENT DAVID 02 29/11/1768 SMITH JOHN 01 11/03/ 1769 COX DINAH 67 17/09/176 9 BELGENIE JOHN 52 27/10/1769 WRIGHT GEORGE 31 14/12/1769 COTTIBY BALTHAZAR GARDIMEAU 38 17/02/1770 EDGER MARY 59 22/02/1770 BAUDOUIN MARGARET 70 13/03/1770 EDGER WILLIAM 54 20/03/17 70 GALHIE STEVEN FRANCIS 18 28/12/1770 RAINE DAVID 68 03/01/177 1

400 HARWOOD WILLIAM 47 02/02/1772 MESMAN MARY 43 03/03/1772 FRENCH JANE 34 04/05/1772 WOOD JANE 56 27/03/1773 LADBROKE ROBERT 60 31/10/1773 55 00/11/1773 DAVY WILLIAM 76 07/11/1773 RIVAS JOHN FRANCIS 00 25/09/1774 MESMAN CHARLES 34 14/03/1775 LAMBERT HARRIET 00 06/12/1775 OGlER PETER 63 25/12/1775 EDE ELIZABETH (EDGE) 78 22/01/1776 SIMPSON MARTHA 11 24/03/1776 CORNEAU ANN 73 23/04/1776 MESMAN JUDITH 17 01/11/1776 GAMAGE ABRAHAM 34 03/01/1777 LEMAISTRE JUDITH HARRIET 15 30/01/1777 BROWN RICHARD 71 11/04/1777 GALHIE CATHERINE 28 11/07/1777 LESIEUR DANIEL 66 30/08/1777 BREDELL RICHARD 00 19/09/1777 JOUENNE MAGDALEN 38 16/02/1778 SOREL CHARLOTTE 00 16/06/1778 JOUENNE SUSANNA 76 02/09/1778 HARWOOD MARTHA 63 03/01/1779 LEMAISTRE JOHN 58 14/06/1779 MACKWAY GRACE 68 16/02/1780 COLLIN LEWIS 27 21/02/1780 WAGSTAFF GEORGE 60 15/01/1781 ROY SUSANNA 70 08/04/1781 PONTARDENT SARAH 35 05/05/1781 SOREL THOMAS 00 18/08/1781 CURTIS WILLIAM 55 30/11/1781 TRIPPETTS ANN 45 10/03/1782 THOMAS MAGDALENE 61 16/03/1782 HARRISON DANIEL 47 11/04/1782 SMITH WILLIAM 04 15/05/1782 SMITH THOMAS 01 06/06/1782 SMITH MARY ANN 03 30/11/1782 MERZEAU FRANCIS CATHERINE 65 01/12/1782 * 50 00/00/1783 BAWDWEN THOMAS 74 19/01/1783 RONDEAU REBECCA 83 09/03/1783 PENLEAZE JAMES 61 09/09/1783 LEMAISTRE JUDITH 78 08/01/1784 WILLS HANNAH 74 24/02/1784 DEARNS ANN 71 01/04/1784 LEMAISTRE DANIEL 62 11/04/1784 BROOKS WILLIAM 02 10/10/1785 LANES SARAH(C) 28 08/11/1785 BECK MARY 13 13/02/1786 PATY HARRIET 00 27/02/1786 IRELAND SAMUEL 79 13/04/1786 SOREL LOUIZA 01 04/11/1786 DEARNS JOHN 66 19/10/1787 WALKER ANN 28 25/01/1788 OGlER GEORGE 25 30/01/1788 TREGOE SUSANNAH 89 13/03/1789 RAINE ELIZABETH 85 09/04/1789 BECK CHARLES 51 16/11/1789 LEMAISTRE JAMES 63 26/01/1790 DEARNS MARY ANN 37 19/02/1790 RIVAS JANE FRANCES 12 07/08/1790

401 LE TAILLEUR LUCY (LOUISE) ANNE 19 00/00/1791 LITTLER ANN 39 17/03/1791 JULIEN JANE 78 12/05/1791 SOREL THOMAS 56 19/07/1791 BRACKNALL HANNAH 80 20/07/1791 BOURDILLON JANE 82 27/12/1791 HARVERSON ROBERT THOMAS (C) 47 00/00/1792 LOWE MARY 77 02/05/1792 HARWOOD WILLIAM 46 14/02/1793 ROY JOHN 80 31/05/1793 PRAYE JOHN 73 17/08/1793 DURADE MARY(C) 63 17/09/1793 JOURDAN MARY 23 31/10/1793 JOURDAN CHARLES DANIEL 00 12/11/1793 MASON JANE 77 16/12/1793 PONTADENT MARY ANN 00 17/12/1793 COOKE JOHN HOWARTH 49 11/01/1794 CURTIS HUGH 63 02/02/1794 FOWLER JAMES 54 30/03/1794 WHITE CHARLOTTE 18 05/07/1794 MESMAN DANIEL DAVID(C) 64 11/09/1794 LEMAISTRE HENRIETTA 68 09/12/1794 SCHLEICHER ELIZABETH 70 30/01/1795 PEARSON MARY 84 00/02/1795 PONTADENT DAVID 58 24/04/1795 BLACI-IFORD ROBERT JOHN 05 02/10/1796 RONDEAU JOHN 90 20/10/1796 SLYMAN JOHN 22 24/06/1797 FOSTER JAMES 63 24/10/1797 PONTARDENT DANIEL DAVID 92 25/11/1797 KILNER SUSANNAH 45 09/12/1797 * 72 00/00/1798 FAVENC ABRAHAM 60 16/02/1798 MUTCH MARY 86 22/02/1798 MILSON MARY 29 25/04/1798 HARDING JOHN 70 26/04/1798 WHITE JAMES 16 06/10/1798 GEORGE MARY 58 26/01/1799 VAUX JOSEPH 00 02/08/1799 LOADER MARY 26 20/01/1801 TUFNELL MARY 55 26/01/1802 LAY WILLIAM 04 25/04/1802 WILLOCK JOHN 71 02/08/1802 TILSTONE MARY ANN 00 08/09/1802 FOWLER JOHN(C) 35 08/02/1803 PHILLIPS WILLIAM* 74 14/02/1803 MOINIER SUSAN 36 09/03/1803 DUPUY PETER 77 00/02/1804 COPE ELIZABETH* 41 00/05/1804 SPENCER SARAH 16 00/00/1806 KNIGHT MARY 41 11/03/1806 KILNER MATTHEW 57 21/06/1806 COLLINS SARAH 17 19/08/1806 BARDOLPH ELIZABETH 47 03/10/1806 LEWRY ELIZABETH 01 15/11/1806 COURTAULD LOUISA PERINA 77 12/01/1807 GAMAGE EDWARD JOHN 37 16/01/1807 MOORE GRACE 60 30/03/1807 TAGG THOMAS 04 05/09/1807 TAGG MARY 01 05/09/1807 FRENCH JANE 01 27/10/1807 SENNARD PATRICK 58 29/01/1808 GRIFFITHS WILLIAM 49 04/04/1808 THOMPSON WILLIAM HENRY 10 07/06/1808 402 CHABOT MARY 49 22/12/1808 BOWDEN GEORGE 40 29/12/1808 ROBERTS JOSEPH 40 00/04/1809 -- DAYCOCK DINAH 27 20/08/1809 FAVENC ELIZA 27 24/08/1809 JACKSON ELIZABETH 68 28/12/1809 * 35 00/00/1810 HANDWELL SARAH 72 16/02/1810 GOLDSPRING EDWARD 70 22/02/1810 GALHIE ROBERT 76 02/03/1810 NUTT JOHN 04 00/08/1810 BRIDCUTT ELIZABETH 49 05/11/1810 SELVES SARAH 65 00/00/1811 LEESE WILLIAM TAYLOR 00 14/03/1811 MAXTON JOHN 58 26/04/1811 MANNOCK FRANCIS HORATIO 00 30/04/1811 WELLS GRACE 62 08/06/1811 SMITH CHRISTOPHER 00 28/10/1811 EDMLINDS WILLIAM 36 12/02/1812 HEDGES WILLIAM 32 00/05/1812 VOISIN ELIZABETH 72 04/10/1812 PERKS ELIZABETH 53 10/10/1812 LEMERE JOHN 31 25/01/1813 STAPLETON ELIZABETH 76 14/03/1813 LEESE MARY 41 27/03/1813 LEMERE JOHN 58 08/04/1813 LAMBERT MARY 44 12/06/1813 GALHIE PETER ISAAC 81 18/07/1813 STRACEY THOMAS 28 01/01/1814 CURTIS WILLIAM 60 24/01/1814 MASON MARY 73 29/01/1814 DANCE SAMUEL 52 09/02/1814 CURTIS ANN 57 17/02/1814 PHILLIPS ELIZABETH 77 22/03/1814 CAMPBELL SARAH 73 07/04/1814 DORMER ANN 52 15/05/1814 GLENN ELEANOR ESTHER 81 01/08/1814 DORMER MICHAEL 58 11/01/1815 WILLIAMS EDWARD 03 01/04/1815 DOUGLAS WILLIAM 19 00/08/1815 GODDARD ANN 59 21/09/1815 WOOLLEY GRACE 80 29/09/1815 LAY CATHERINE 57 13/10/1815 MA .....ELIZABETH 53 05/00/1816 HAGGART JAMES 37 30/05/1816 DAWSON SAMUEL 40 28/07/1816 WILLIAMS JOHN 22 01/10/1816 DYKE ELEANOR 52 00/11/1816 LAMBERT JOHN 34 17/04/1817 WILLIAMS SOPHIA 00 05/06/1817 MEGNIN PETER 02 04/11/1817 SIGOURNEY ALEXANDER 72 16/03/1818 HARRIS SARAH 60 16/06/1818 CLARE THOMAS 67 24/12/1818 MEGNIN SARAH 02 03/01/1819 CUTTER ANN 55 28/02/1819 SULLIVAN SAMUEL 47 11/03/1819 BALL MARY ANN 47 05/05/1819 MOSER JOSEPH 70 27/05/1819 THOMAS JOHN 32 05/08/1819 CROUCHLEY ELIZABETH 55 28/01/1820 BENNETT FRANCES EMILY 00 30/03/1820 MOODY CATHERINE 50 02/04/1820 403 BALL MARThA 70 01/03/1821 MERRIMAN JOHN 71 02/04/ 182 1 BENNETT EMILY 00 28/05/182 1 GERVIS ELIZABETH 61 04/06/182 1 MEGNIN PETER 00 06/10/182 1 HARRISON GEORGE 02 16/12/182 1 WEST MARY 45 10/03/1822 CONNER JOHN 32 03/05/1822 STYLES WILLIAM 61 29/08/1822 DANCE SARAH 57 22/09/1822 WISKER JOHN 71 2 5/0 9/182 2 GOSFORD CHARLOTTE 54 01/11/1822 BUSHER CHARLES 32 11/11/1822 JONES ALFRED HALL 02 14/12/ 1822 PEAKE FRANCES TERRANT 68 08/01/1823 LEFEVRE CHARLES SHAW 64 20/04/182 3 WILLIAMS ROBERT 00 26/04/1823 JONES AUGUSTUS 00 09/05/1823 WALKER MARTHA 01 15/05/1823 SHERMAN REBECCA 26 15/05/ 182 3 LOW ANN(C) 65 19/05/1823 READ THOMAS 53 31/05/1823 SHERMAN WILLIAM JOHN 00 12/09/1823 BEVERLY WILLIAM 69 17/12/182 3 TILSTON ANN 53 10/01/1824 CADMAN MARY 65 16/02/1824 KNIGHT JOSIAH 76 16/02/ 1824 FARROW GEORGE 00 24/02/1824 CURTIS WILLIAM FREDERICK(C) 06 07/06/1824 DICKENS CHARLES 65 05/09/1824 BACKER RICHARD CHARLES 01 05/11/1824 BACKER MATILDA 00 12/11/1824 MOODY GEORGE 53 16/11/ 1824 BROWN HENRY 83 29/01/1825 ROLL ANN 53 21/02/1825 DICKENS JAMES 00 09/03/1825 MERCER JEREMIAH(C) 06 24/03/182 5 GARDINER DANIEL WILLIAM 00 08/05/ 182 5 MITCHELL MARTHA 53 23/05/1825 WILLIAMS GEORGE THOMAS 00 23/05/1825 MYERS ELIZABETH 50 08/06/182 5 SODDY RUTH 18 11/07/ 182 5 LAY JOHN 70 15/07/1825 DAYCOCK THOMAS(C) 75 25/10/ 182 5 HUMPHRIES MARY 56 18/11/ 182 5 SAINSBURY AMBROSE 71 20/11/ 182 5 LAMBERT JAMES(C) 62 01/12/ 1825 HORNE WILLIAM 68 22/04/1826 WILLIAMS CHARLOTTE 00 02/08/1826 BAINES JOHN EDWARD 02 19/08/1826 GRAY JOHN 39 26/08/1826 MITCHELL THOMAS 66 28/12/1826 LAY JOHN 34 05/02/ 1827 PILE SARAH 35 2 1/03/1827 DICKENS JAMES 26 18/04/ 1827 CURTIS EMMA 00 24/04/1827 BOWDEN ANN 29 26/04/1827 WILLIAMS ROBERT(C) 53 14/06/ 1827 MILLS GEORGE 44 19/06/1827 GARDINER MARY 39 01/08/1827 CLARK MARIA 29 05/08/1827 SANDERS WILLIAM ROBERT 03 07/11/1827

404 WILLIAMS MARIA 02 24/11/1827 MERZEAU PETER 88 16/12/1827 SUTTON ELIZABETH DUNN 46 18/02/1828 HARVERSON WILLIAM 01 19/03/1828 SIGOURNEY MARY CRUMP 73 30/03/1828 LEE JAMES 68 07/08/1828 SYKES EDWARD 52 09/08/1828 SANDERS ELIZABETH 67 19/08/1828 GODIN JEAN-BAPTIST BENJAMIN 70 29/09/1828 SANDERS MARY ANN 02 01/11/1828 SMITH HENRY 01 08/11/1828 SOREL THOMAS 45 09/02/1829 SWIFT CHARLOTTE 50 27/02/1829 HILL PHOEBE ANN 30 08/07/1829 SAINSBURY AMBROSE MARTIN 39 28/07/1829 CURTIS GEORGE 50 05/11/1829 CURTIS WILLIAM HOPE 00 21/11/1829 MAYOR JOHN 61 04/04/1830 LAY ISSAC 00 02/05/1830 BOWDEN RACHEL 28 09/06/1830 GAMAGE PETER 63 10/07/1830 TUFNELL WILLIAM 01 19/08/1830 HOARE JAMES 63 16/09/1830 LAY JACOB 01 06/10/1830 PEAKE JAMES 81 25/11/1830 WILLIAMS MARTHA 01 09/03/1831 HAYNES DORCAS 74 01/08/1831 BOWDEN WILLIAM 39 01/09/1831 GILES ELIZABETH 37 13/09/1831 BECK MARY 79 20/01/1832 WILKINSON RICHARD 71 02/03/1832 BEVERLY ANN 64 31/03/1832 BOYD MARY ANN 65 02/06/1832 STEPHENS FAVENTON ROBERT STRAN 03 14/06/1832 WILLIAMS THOMAS 07 09/07/1832 JOURDAN JOHN ANTHONY 56 10/01/1833 BROOKMAN SARAH 57 05/04/1833 LESCHALLAS JOHN 75 15/07/1833 MEGNIN PETER 01 11/12/1833 GILES CONSTANCE 82 11/03/1834 THISELTON LOUISA 56 14/03/1834 WILLIAMS MARY ANN 55 05/09/1834 TILSTONE GEORGE WILDER 01 29/12/1834 GRAY ELIZABETH 51 12/01/1835 HARVERSON ELIZA 02 25/01/1835 WARD JOHN 47 28/03/1835 CURTIS JOHN 48 07/11/1835 LESCHALLAS JANE 76 01/05/1836 DAVIES SARAH 67 22/06/1836 LESCHALLAS JOHN 69 06/08/1836 VINE SUSANNAH 49 10/02/1837 WALKER GEORGE 72 03/05/1837 DAYCOCK JOHN THOMAS 2-1 06/05/1837 MECHAM THOMAS 53 09/08/1837 STEPHENS THOMAS 01 13/12/1837 STEPHENS SARAH JANE 03 25/09/1838 WALKER ANN 87 25/09/1838 MEGNIN PETER(C) 54 10/02/1839 HURLIN SARAH 73 05/05/1839 MECHAM ANN 53 10/05/1839

405 WILLIAMS THOMAS 91 03/06/1839 JACKSON THOMAS 63 30/07/1839 STEPHENS ANN HARMER 02 28/10/1839 DESORMEAUX JOHN 63 08/12/1839 TERRERS MARY 77 12/12/1839 PARDIEU SARAH 86 15/12/1839 WILKINSON JANE 79 12/01/1842 TRIMMER MARY 45 04/03/1842 PULLEY FRANCES(C) 82 29/01/1843 BROWN HANNAH 75 22/02/1843 MERCER ANN 76 09/12/1843 STEPHENS JANE 00 06/11/1844 SMITH MARTHA 52 18/11/1844 VAUX ANN 87 01/08/1845 SNAPE THOMAS 53 20/10/1845 PULLEY WILLIAM MILLS 61 16/04/ 1847 LADBROKE HENRY 74 07/10/1847 KILNER JOHN(C) 65 04/12/1847 KILNER MARY 57 12/01/1849 DAYCOCK JOHN 74 27/10/1852 LESCHALLAS WILLIAM LOUIS MOINI 57 13/12/1852 SLAT...... * 46 *

406 APPENDIX 4 The Huguenots.

French protestantism owes its inception to the teachings of John Calvin (1509-1564) and his follower's

(Marmoy 1970, 72). Its use of the vernacular gave it popular appeal, as the century progressed it attracted noblemen producing a violent reaction from Roman

Catholics. Civil strife followed culminating with the massacre of St. Bartholomew in 1572. From this period waves of refugees fled and French colonies became established in such places as Petty France, outside

Bishopsgate.

The Edict of Nantes in 1598 restored religious freedom but after the fall of La Rochelle in 1628 protestantism once more became unpopular. Systematic interference with their worship began in 1669 and from

1679 unrestrained persecution by both the church and the state began. Between 1679-1685 125 Acts aimed at curtailing the liberty of Huguenots were enforced, the culmination to these was the Revocation of the Edict of

Nantes in 1685. This increased the rate of the exodus from France which had begun previously and was to continue for many years.

It seems that the majority of the first generation

Huguenots amongst the named sample fled in 1685, many weaving families first settled in Canterbury and later moved to Spitalfields. The Mesman and Giles families are two examples (Rothstein personal communication). One family known to have fled in the 18th century is the

Ogiers. Pierre Ogier II, arrived in England in 1730 with his younger children, his older children having fled

407 earlier. Correspondence with the descendants of Huguenot

families has provided several stories of children being

smuggled out of France in baskets and barrels. The Ogier

children were reputedly packed as potatoes (Sander 1986,

28) (CAS 2309,2609,2863 & 2789).

England was one of several European countries

offering Protestants freedom of worship. The Huguenots

and Walloons settling in London established their "mother"

church in Threadneed].e Street. Rebuilt after the great

fire of 1666, the church was in regular use until 1842.

By circa 1700 there were 28 French churches in London, nine of which were in Spitalfields. Although the majority of those settling in Spitalfields were weavers,

reference to the church registers illustrates a diversity

of occupation. The church of the Artillery had among its

congregation 56 (42%) weavers, 29 (21%) sailors and

smaller percentages of clockmakers, bakers, hatters,

merchants, turners and surgeons (Marmoy 1970, 78).

Soho also attracted a large number of Huguenots.

They comprised the wealthier individuals, whose

occupations were gold and silver smiths, watch and

clockmakers. The number of Huguenots settling in England

is uncertain, estimates range from 40,000 (Gwynn 1985, 24)

to 80,000 (Marmoy 1970, 74). The majority were penniless

artisans but, it is now believed that a minority of very

wealthy families managed to capitalise their assets and

brought their wealth with them. The important contribution

of the Huguenots to English history is discussed by

Robin D. Gwynn in Huguenot Heritage, 1985.

408 The assimilation of the immigrants into the host population took several generations and can be seen in the named sample b y the gradual disappearance of French names during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Examination of their marriage patterns illustrates how the process occurred. In the earlier population Huguenot married

Huguenot, for example Susannah Maze (CAS 2889) and John

Roy (CAS 2679). Several generations later, b y the 19th century, Huguenots were marrying into the host population, an example is John Desormeaux (CAS 2476) who married Ann

Watts in 1802. The sizes of congregations in the French churches diminished (Gwynn 1985, 165), and the French language inevitably became neglected although Sarah Hurlin

(1765-1839, CAS 2521) was taught to speak and write

French.

409 APPEND.EX 5 Parish of Abode at the Time of Death.

Aidgate 01 Stepney 24 Barking All Hallows 01 St. Antholin Watling St 01 Bethnal Green 43 St. Bennet Pauls Wharf 01 Bishopsgate 10 St. Clement Dane 02 Bletchingly 01 St. George in the East 03 Bromley 01 St.George Hanover Sq. 01 Chelsea 03 St. George the Martyr 01 Clapton 01 St. George Middlesex 01 Clerkenwell 01 St. Giles Cripplegate 02 Christ Church (Spits) 142 St.Helen Bishopsgate 01 Christchurch (Surrey) 01 St. James Westminster 01 Dept ford 02 St. John Westminster 01 Ealing 01 St. Luke Middlesex 05 Eden Green, Holloway 01 St.Martin/ Fields 01 Edmonton 04 St. Mary Staining 01 Finchley 01 St. Marylebone 01 Greenwich 02 St.Nicholas Cole Abbey 01 Hackney 11 St. Pancras 01 Haggers tone 01 St. Peter Pauls Wharf 01 Hamps teed 01 St. Sepulchre 02 Hoddesdon (Herts) 01 Southwark 01 Holborn 02 Stevenage (Herts) 01 Horsley Down 02 Sydenham 03 Layton 01 Tot tenham 01 01 Twi ckenham Leatherhead (Surrey) 01 Mile End New Town 04 Unknown 19 Newington St Marys 02 Walthamstow 01 Newington Surrey 01 Whitechapel 08 Norton Folgate (Liberty) 21 Woodford 01 Old Artillery Ground (Lib) 21 Peckham 01 TOTAL 387 Poplar 01 Reading 01 Shoredi tch 11 Poplar 01

410 APPENDIX 6. Housing Conditions.

His dwelling was a lofty room,

Bedeck'd with songs and battles,

A chair, a table, bed and loom,

Compris'd his goods and chattels.

(The Spitalfields Weaver, 1821)

Some idea as to the housing conditions in these streets may be gained from the Survey of London volume;

Spitalfields and Mile End New Town (1957) and the Land Tax

Returns (G.H.R.O.) for the area. Spital Square in Norton

Folgate is the address shared by the largest number of the

18th century cr yp t samp le. It was a largely residential area occupied mainly b y those engaged in silk manufacture.

Such family names as Mesman, Bennett, Roy, Bredell, Sorel,

Jordan and Ogier are amongst those represented in the crypt sample from this address.

Few of the silk manufacturers residing there also had their business premises "on site" in the 18th century.

However there are always exceptions and one was Louis

Chauvet, a wealthy silk handkerchief manufacturer

(Rothstein 1961, 45). His stillborn son (CAS 2133) born in

1754, was interred within the crypt.

In 1733 Spital Square was described: ". . .many handsome houses for merchants and others." (Sheppard

1957, 56) "Others" included those engaged in the professions, such as the Gaihie family, surgeons for successive generations into the 19th century. By 1838-9 the area was less exclusive though still respectable, but notable for the number of wholesale warehouses built behind and attached to the houses (Sheppard 1957, 56).

411 The majority of the houses in Spital Square were built in the early 18th century. They were of various designs and sizes, all were spacious and well built, with back gardens. The area benefited from a local Lighting and

Cleansing Act of 1759 and a Paving Act of 1778. Efforts to improve sewerage disposal were increased from 1775, although some sewers were in place previously.

Wood Street, later known as Wilkes street comprised well built double fronted houses, one room in depth with three or five stories. The Pontardant and

Lemaistre families master weavers, related by marriage and business partners, lived here. The area was populated by successful master weavers, particularly Flowered Silk

Manufacturers (Rothstein 1961, 39). Miss Rothstein describes Wood Street as one men improved to, before progressing to Spital Square or Princes Street (ibid. 51).

The third most popular street among the 18th century sample was Princes Street, now known as Princelet

Street. An example of this type of housing, as it was in our period, can still be seen thanks to the efforts of the

Huguenot Heritage. Again, an area favoured by silk manufacturers; other occupants included the Reverend and

Mrs Jane Balguerie (CAS 2676 & 2742).

These areas were attractive and relatively

sanitary areas in which to live. It must not be forgotten however, that only 27.8% of the earl y sample lived in

these streets. Other master craftsmen lived in such

addresses as Crispin Street, Red Lion Street and Pater

Noster Row. Those employed in different occupations, such

412 as Louise Le Tailleur (CAS 2605), daughter of a stationer,

lived in such areas as Browns Lane. John and Mary Ann

Smith (CAS 2877 & 2815), children of a butcher, lived in

East Street. These were all less attractive areas but were comparatively healthy when compared to the poorer areas of Spitalfields or Bethnal Green.

Brick Lane is the dominant address among the 19th century sample. It is difficult to determine the economic status of this area, although it was less affluent than such areas as Wood Street or Pater Noster Row.

Nevertheless, among the many properties subject to low

land tax dues (see G.H.M.S.6008) there were others of comparatively high value and it is these properties in which members of the sam p le, for example William and

Martha Harwood (CAS 2850 & 2192) lived. This group of people had such occupations as cheesemongers, and cabinet makers.

Brief descriptions of some of these houses can be obtained by reference to bills of sale. From an auction held on Wednesday 7th April, 1813 at 12 0-clock near the

Bank of England comes the following description of 128

Brick Lane; ". . .a substantial convenient dwelling house,

with a large garden behind, in the occupation of Mr

Battall at a low rent of 21 pounds per annum."

Apparently this property fetched 405 pounds. A public house, The Flower Pot, on the corner of Brick Lane and

Church Street was sold for 940 pounds at the same sale.

What is reflected in the house details and confirmed in the Land Tax Returns, is that most residential property in the area was in the ownership of a small number of

413 landlords, few of the "middling sort of mankind"

(Defoe,1q68 ) and none of the artisans seem to have owned their homes. Other descriptions from this source further illustrate the different standards of housing in Brick

Lane, numbers 153, 4 and 5, were older timber built properties with low rents, whilst numbers 81 and 82 were new and constructed of brick.

Wheeler street also seems to have had a considerable variety of housing. The occupations of those who lived there are similar to those from Brick Lane, but a greater number are employed in what would seem to be less profitable occupations. For example a bricklayer's wife and several journeyman weavers from this address were buried in the crypt.

Browns Lane, later called Hanbury Street was mentioned in discussion of the earlier period, when the housing was considered to be of good quality (Sheppard

1957, 191). The y were single fronted, two rooms deep with three stories and some had a roof garret facilitating weaving at home. The Kilner family, carpenters, lived in

Browns Lane, as did the Gardiners who were brush makers.

Other streets of relevance in the 19th century were Lamb Street which seems to have been similar in character to Wheeler Street and Browns Lane (see above) going down the social scale to Montague Street and Fashion

Street, poorer districts, which were inhabited only by a a very small minority of the crypt sample. George Mills

(CAS 2556), was a licensed victualler of the Queens Head in Fashion Street. It is probable that his income exceeded

414 that of his neighbours who presumably formed part of his clientele.

A description of a house occupied by a journeyman weaver and his family in the mid 19th century. survives in a letter written in the early 1930's;

"The house in which I was born in Betbnal Green was

one of a row built especially for refugee weavers. It

still exists and I paid a visit to it a few days ago.

They are double fronted rooms with a room each side of

the front door. Over both of these rooms ran a "long

room", a very light room with a window right along.

This contained the looms. . .The house had a lovely

little garden and I knew every flower by name, smell

and taste." (Hurlin letters)

This description implies that there were onl y two rooms for living, cooking and sleeping in.

Another description of poorer quality housing survives from 1838. This description is of the house rented by William Bresson, a velvet weaver and loom broker, No 2 Daniel Street, Orange Street, Spitalfields.

William Bresson was a man of some capital assets, he owned 200 looms valued at about 20 shillings each, he lived:

". . . in a small house containing but three very small

rooms, and a fourth barely large enough to contain six

looms, by which it is completely choked up. For this

house.. .the two families occupying it pay the

disproportionate rent of sixteen pounds and two pounds

five shillings for the small strip of flower garden in

front. There is no cess pool nor sewer to carry off the

415 soil from the privy; and close to the house runs a

stagnant ditch filled with abominable black filth, for

which there is no drain. .

(Royal Commission on the Condition of the Hand Loom

Weavers. Reports, 1839-41.)

In order to examine the range of housing occupied

by this population, table 149 illustrates the variation of

Land Tax due on properties in relevant streets. It proved

impossible to compare figures from different periods

because of inflation. Table 149 illustrates the

approximate range of data from 1760 (G.H.M.S.6008).

(These figures were collected for another purpose and are

therefore only to be considered as approximate.)

Unfortunately no records have survived for Norton Folgate.

Table 149. Land Tax due on Houses in 1760.

Address Wood Princes Brick Wheeler Browns Balls 1760 Street Street Lane Street Lane Alley

Mm tax*2-08-Od 1-16-Od 0-16-Od 0-08-Od 0-16-Od 0-00-8d Max tax 4-00-Od 7-12-Od 3-04-Od 2-08-Od 4-00-Od 0-06-Od

* Pounds.

Balls Alley has been included to represent the very poor

and unsanitary areas. These results illustrate that there

was considerable variation in the size and standard of

housing within streets and that there is a considerable

degree of overlap in the size and quality of housing in

different streets. The comparison with Balls Alley

emphasises the high economic status of the crypt sample.

Examination of the addresses of the crypt sample

suggests that their decision to be buried within Christ

Church could reflect either convenience or close family

416 links with the area. The latter is particularly noticeable amongst the Huguenots and their descendants. Throughout the period of concern, those being interred within the church represent the highest social class living in the area and they inhabit the most desirable residences in the sparsely populated areas of the parish.

Surprisingly, many lived at some distance from the church. Examination of the parochial registers suggests that the crypt sample is not representative of the parish in this respect, and is suggestive of the comparatively high social and economic status of the named sample.

Evaluation of their geographical mobility, indicates that a minority were refugees and that some were the "middling sort" (Defoe 1968, 382) retiring away from the districts in which they had lived and prospered.

417 APPENDIX 7 Adults with baptism, marriage and burial

records.

ID Sex Date/death Baptised Married Died 022 U 1802 Christchurch Christchurch Christchurch 129 M 1752 France Christchurch Hackney 221 M 1823 Yorkshire St. Giles St.Martin/Field 244 M 1765 Canterbury Christchurch Palmers Green 255 M 1768 Christchurch Norton Folgate Nortom Folgate 259 F 1754 Greenwich Greenwich Norton Folgate 304 M 1794 Christchurch Norton Folgate Norton Folgate 309 F 1807 France Christchurch Hackney 327 F 1793 Christchurch Norton Folgate Norton Folgate 419 M 1839 Hoxton Christchurch Whitechapel 469 M 1824 Christchurch Christchurch Norton Folgate 476 M 1839 Christchurch Christchurch Bethnal Green 485 M 1824 City Bethnal Green Bethnal Green 504 M 1826 Christchurch Christchurch Stepney 516 M 1819 Chrjstchurch Christchurch Bethnal Green 537 M 1814 Chrj.stchurch Christchurch St. Sepulchre 542 M 1831 Christchurch Christchurch Bethnal Green 574 M 1828 Chrjstchurch Christchurch Norton Folgate 575 F 1823 Chrjstchurch Christchurch Horsley Down 577 M 1835 Christchurch Christchurch Holloway 580 M 1827 Christchurch Christchurch Christchurch 609 F 1791 France Norton Folgate Twickenham 613 M 1793 Christchurch Christchurch Christchurcb 624 M 1803 Shoreditch Christchurch Christchurch 714 M 1777 Christchurch Christchurch Christchurch 789 F 1782 France Christchurch Whitechapel 863 M 1775 France Christchurch 0 A Ground 956 F 1772 St M/Fjelds Bishopsgate Norton Folgate

418 APPENDIX 8. Retirement Addresses.

That many of the crypt population lived at some distance from the church, also reflects the practice amongst the middle classes of retirement away from the built up areas of London. Twenty seven of the 18th century sample died at fourteen different "retirement" addresses.

These people were described by Defoe as; ". . .generally

belonging to the middling sort of mankind, grown

wealthy by trade and who still taste of London. Some

of them live both in the city and in the country at the

same time: yet many are immensely rich.. ." (Defoe

1724). They retired to such areas as Hackney, Tottenham,

Hampstead, and Greenwich, Defoe described Hackney as;

.remarkable for retreat of wealthy citizens, that

there is at this time near one hundred coaches kept in

it.. ."(ibid).

419 APPENDIX 9 Educational Attainment.

Formal education in the 18th centur y was only available to the wealthy, it consisted of tutoring at home for the majority, with a small but increasing number of Grammar Schools and Universities available for males only. There was no formal provision for the less well off until the mid 18th century when the first Charity

Schools, concerned to teach literacy skills, opened.

Sunday schools followed and the foundation of National schools and British and Foreign schools took place during the 19th century.

Judging from the occupations of the named sample, it seems reasonable to assume that many were literate and that some were well educated b y the standards of the day.

Charles Shaw LeFevre MA (CAS 2221) had presumably received a university education. All Anglican "Reverends" possessed degrees, and there is no reason to suppose the four among the named sample were exceptions. It seems probable that a member of the Mesman family went to

Cambridge. This assumption is based upon the fact that

Daniel 1762-1834, a son of CAS 2304, was a major donor to the Fitz-William Museum there. Daniel donated over 240

Flemish and Dutch Old Masters from his private museum in

Knightsbridge, these were of enormous contemporary value

(Prof. C. Wilson, Jesus College, Cambridge personal communication)

There are only three specific references to the educational attainment of individuals from the named sample. Family legend observes that Sarah Hurlin

(CAS 2521) could read and write in French and in English

420 (1765-1839). Ruth Soddy (CAS 2308) 1806-25, the daughter of a Soap Boiler belonged to a local library (Huguenot

Research File). Finally a reference in Louisa Courtauld's mother's will refers to an investment specifically for

the: "maintenance and education of. . .untill she shall attain the age of 21 years" (sic) (Sander 1986, 46).

References survive describing the education of one of Sarah Hurlin's grandchildren, in the mid 19th century.

The son of a journeyman weaver he:

• .learned to read quite early, and when at six years

of age I began to attend the Bethnal Green National

School I was able to read the bible. . .by the time I was

eight I was appointed monitor and taught in the younger

class. When I left school at ten I commenced attending

a Sunday School."

Obviously a very bright child, his experience serves as an

indication of the education available to his class in the mid 19th century.

The only means of gaining a crude understanding of

the educational standard of the named sample is in terms

of literacy. As today, couples marrying were required to

sign the marriage register, the only exception was for

minors in which case a parent or guardian would sign.

Analysis of the marriage registers was simply on a basis

of recording either the presence of a signature or of a

mark, no attempt to evaluate functional literacy was

attempted. Of the 103 marriage records which have been

checked, 93 were signed, and ten were marked with a cross.

It is not known if this is representative of the parish as

421 a whole however, Leonard Schwartz has examined registers from neighbouring parishes and this will serve as a useful comparison (Schwartz 1976, 340), the results are shown below.

Table 150. Illiteracy rates in Christ Church and neighbouring parishes.

Parish Date Males Females

Bethnal Green 1770 13.0% 21.5% 1815 7.5 17.0 Shadwell 1770 11.5 27.5 1804 11.0 17.0 Hackney 1770-1 7.0 12.5 1813 11.5 15.0 Whitechapel 1770-1 11.0 23.0 1809 11.0 16.0 Christ Church- 1729-1852 11.8 9.5 -named sample

Rather surprisingly in view of the high status of the named sample, the level of illiterac y appears to be similar for males, to the more representative samples from neighbouring parishes. The difference lies in the

female samples, where the illiteracy rate of the named sample is approximately half that of the comparative groups and similar to the males'. This difference might reflect preferential treatment of males over females in the less affluent groups. It seems likely that poorer parents were more concerned to educate their sons than their daughters, an ethic which still survives among some social groups.

422 APPENDIX 10 Philanthropy and Public Service.

The Huguenots were notable for their energy and generosity in establishing charitable bodies, specifically aiding less fortunate Huguenots and their descendants.

These include "La Soup, la Maison de Charite de

Spittlefields" 1690-1826, this provided funds initially but later replaced these with provisions. The Reverend

John Balguerie (CAS 2676) was a director of La Soup in

1737 (PHSL XX111 No 3 p.145).

Huguenots funded and founded "La Providence", the

French Hospital on the north side of Victoria Park,

Hackney in 1716. This institution survives, it is now situated in Rochester, Kent and still offers hospitality and care to those of Huguenot descent.

Among the several directors of La Providence among the named sample are Peter Ogier III (CAS 2863) in 1761, and

Peter Merzeau (CAS 2527)in 1771.

Throughout the life of the crypt (1729-1756), the names of those interred intramurally recur in the Christ

Church Vestry Minute Books. Parochial councils and officers were very important for the maintenance and repair of the church and in the organisation of the paving, lighting, watching and cleansing of the parish

itself. Among their other duties was that proposed on the

1st of March 1834: "That the boundaries of this parish

shall be perambulated by the vestrymen and inhabitants on Holy Thursday next, and that all the usual

experiences attending such perambulations be defrayed by the parish."

Payment was due for the privilege of holding

423 office, John Rondeau (CAS 2430) and John Stubbs (CAS 2811) paid fourteen pounds each as overseers of the poor in

1752. John Rondeau was in fact sexton of the parish for

29 years (coffin plate data). Lists of applicants for office each year are extensive and illustrate the kudos that went with holding office.

The Minutes contain a wealth of information about both the parish and parishioners, they list the names, addresses and occupations of those civic minded individuals who could afford office. The changes evident in this data reflect the changing occupational nature of the parish, the changing class of person living in the parish and the anglicisation of the Huguenot population.

These changes are concomitant with those seen in the named sample.

Many of the named sample held office in various

Companies. Louis Chauvet, the father of CAS 2133 was a

Steward of the Weavers Company in the 1750's. Samuel

Courtauld, husband of Louisa (CAS 2309) was elected to the

Livery of the Goldsmiths Company in 1763. The career of

Peter Ogier (CAS 2863) exemplifies the achievements possible at this time. Born in France, Peter was naturalised in 1749. He was elected to the Court of

Assistants of the Weavers Company in 1756, became Renter

Bailiff in 1758 and in 1769 achieved the highest office,

Upper Bailiff. Peter was exceptionally able and successful in the silk industry, he insured stock worth three thousand pounds in 1765 (Sander 1986, 28), had premises in Pall Mall and in Bath (Rothstein personal

424

communication)

Several individuals held public office. These

include Peter Favenc, husband of Eliza (CAS 2872) who was

the consul for the Canary Islands in 1795. Charles Shaw

Lefevre MA FRS (CAS 2221), was the Member of

Parliament for Reading for 18 years. Joseph Moser (CAS

2406) was Deputy Lieutenant for Middlesex from 1794 and a

magistrate for Westminster until 1819. Louisa (CAS 2467)

Thistleton's Husband William, was a Justice of the Peace,

Coroner and Steward for the Tower of London. Most

notable of all was Sir Robert Ladbroke (CAS 2926). As

his coffin plate states he was: "Alderman of Bridge Ward,

One of ye representatives of Parliament, Father of the

cit y of London (Lord Mayor 1747) and president of

Christs Hospital." He was also president of the

Anniversary of the Charity Schools in London and

Westminster.

425 APPENDIX 11. The Silk Industry in Spitalfields.

The London silk industry established itself on the eastern outskirts of the city from the late 16th century.

It increased in size and range as a direct result of settlement in the area by Huguenot immigrants with textile manufacturing skills. The fortunes of the Huguenot immigrants varied considerably. Some brought all or part of their wealth from France, others were less fortunate and were recipients of the various French charities established to assist them, such as La Soupe and the

French Hospital.

Assisted by a growing export trade to America, and the proximity of the main domestic market in London, silks were in great demand for quality clothing (Gwynn 1985,

67). The Spitalfields' industry flourished in the early

18th century and then went through a series of expansions and depressions which caused great hardship to the journeymen weavers and their families. It declined in the early 19th century for several reasons. Cheaper production in the Midlands, and the implementation of

Laissez Faire economic policies were major contributors,

Cobden's commercial treaty with France of 1860 was the death blow to an already weakened industry (Plummer 1972,

368).

The peak of the Huguenot contribution to the craft was in the 1740's and 1750's. Such names as Desormeaux,

Godin, Lemaistre and O g ier dominated the Weavers Company at this time, and members of these families were interred in Christ Church. The majority of this group lived and worked at such addresses as Spital Square, Princes Street

426 and Red Lyon Street. Property owned by them in peripheral areas of the parish and Bethnal Green was let to journeymen weavers and ancillary workers.

There were many different processes involved in silk manufacture and most of the occupations arising from these are represented among the named sample. Silkmen imported raw silk from Turkey through the Levant Company, from Italy through individual merchants and from Bengal through the East India Company. (Rothstein 1961, 120)

Silkmen and brokers did not live in a particular area and can be located in the Trade Directories at such addresses as Cannon Street and Ludgate Hill. Abraham

Favenc (CAS 2634) and Peter Dupuy (CAS 2898) were silk brokers in the late 18th century.

The first process applied to the raw silk was throwing. Most throwsters lived in Whitechapel, in such areas as Goodman's Fields, Lemon Street and Ayliff

Street. Members of the Merzeau family who were

throwsters, were interred within Christ Church. Isaac and his wife Frances were both Huguenots. Isaac was born in

Exeter, his parents having fled from Xaintonge, Frances

(nee Ogier) was born in Poitou. They were very successful in business and their son Peter (CAS 2527), born in 1740, carried on the business moving from Whitechapel to Mason's

Court in Spitalfields by 1774 (T.D.1774).

Many throwsters had their workshops adjoining their homes (Rothstein 1981,38). The throwster

427 • .employs mostly women to whom he gives but small

wages: It is a very profitable business for the

master.. ." (Campbell 1747, 260).

Dyeing followed throwing and dyers lived in the more affluent parts of the parish, such as Red Lyon

Court and Princes Street. Scarlet dyeing was the most profitable area of this branch of the industry. Edward

Peck who laid the foundation stone of Christ Church in

1715, (memorial 20, south side of the sanctuary) was a scarlet dyer as was Isaac Lefevre (CAS 2216). Edward Peck insured his dye house and dwelling house in Red Lyon Court for five hundred pounds (G.H.M.S. 8674/71 folio 91,

No.281); in total he insured 2,150 pounds worth of property in the Spitalfields area. After his death in 1736

The Gentlemens Magazine (1736, 357) observed that his estate totalled forty thousand pounds. James Desormeaux was a black silk dyer (Rothstein 1961, 148). Those employed by dyers, such as George Wright (CAS 2899) who died in 1769, aged 31, lived in poorer areas such as

Quaker Street.

Pattern drawers sold their designs to the master weavers. Christopher Baudouin was a very successful designer whose patterns were popular among the

Spitalfields' manufacturers. Very little is known of his family life, Margaret and Frances Baudouin (CAS 2804 and

2784) were interred within Christ Church, they do not appear to be members of his immediate family.

Christopher's house in Pater Noster Row was insured for one hundred and seventy five pounds (G.H.M.S.8674/21 folio

92 No 23981 1719/20).

428 The largest single occupation represented in the

crypt population is that of master weaver, 62 individuals

were either masters or from the family of a master and 17

were journeymen.

The factors which determined whether a weaver

became a master or a journeyman were economic (Rothstein

1961, 76). From 1708 a journeyman had to pay fees to

become a master and he required capital to establish

himself. Consequently, it was usual for the Sons of

masters to became masters and of journeymen to remain

journeymen.

Master Weavers and their journeymen frequently

specialised in one type of silk weaving. Daniel Mesman

(CAS 2244) and subsequently his sons (CAS 2304, 2254 and

2255), produced black silks. These were in great demand

during periods of court mourning and for general funerary

attire. John Roy (CAS 2679) was a satin weaver, John

Rondeau (CAS 2430) produced flowered silk as did the firm

"Maze and Ogier". Another type of specialism was that of

Lewis Chauvet who manufactured silk handkerchiefs.

The hi gh insurance values placed upon the property

of the master weavers and their large estates at death

suggest that substantial profits were achieved in the

industry. However, the journeyman weaver was considered

among the lowest paid craftsmen (George 1965, 181). Their

average income in 1765 was:

429 a. Children. 2/-to 6/- per week.

Others. 6/-to 10/-

Much the greater part do not exceed 10/-to 16/-.

Others. l6/-to 20/- per week.

Very few. 20/-to 30/-

(Gazette and New Daily Advertiser, 14th March 1765)

There are no journeymen weavers buried within Christ

Church until the late 18th and the 19th century, whilst conditions for these people are not reputed to have

improved other than on a temporary basis, it seems likely

that those buried in the crypt were amongst the better off

journeymen, indeed some stood for parochial office for which a due was paid.

430 APPENDIX 12. Women in Business.

Despite the fact that: "Women are not less capable than men of filling the employments in society" (Anon

1758, 74). The reality was that: "The sphere of feminine action is contracted by numberless difficulties..."

(Wakefield 1817, 6). Among the wealthier sectors of society women did not contribute to the family income, other than from any legacies they received. They would have run a household but to what extent they delegated responsibility to a housekeeper and other domestic servants is unknown for members of the named sample.

The wives of journeymen and artisans were, however, expected to contribute to the family income. It was necessary as their husband's incomes were often below subsistence level. Given the apparent decline in the occupational status of the named sample it seems likely that the lives of those women married to master craftsmen and professional men were physically far less demanding than those married to journeymen and artisans.

Susannah Roy (CAS 2889), nee Maze, was both the daughter and wife of prosperous master craftsmen. Her life would almost certainly have been physically far less stressful than that of Ann Curtis (CAS 2568), wife of a butcher, who may have assisted in the business and been a housekeeper.

Women could, and did, run a business if they were the widows of tradesmen who had left them control of their estate. The Weavers and other Companies and Guilds regarded a wife as a trade partner having the right to succeed to and carry on the business after her husband's

431 death. Widows took over all the rights, privileges and liabilities of their deceased husbands, for example, as to the number of looms, journeymen and apprentices. If however, she remarried she could neither retain her rights nor transfer them to her new husband (Plummer 1972, 63).

Several working widows are known among the crypt sample. Charlotte Megnin, Widow of Peter (CAS 2340), a grocer and victualler (baptism records and trade directories) , carried on in business as a publican. In

the 1846 Trade directory (Post Office, G.H.L.) she is

listed as the landlady of "The Three Jolly Weavers" at 60

Wheeler Street.

The 1820 Trade Directory (Robsons,G.H.L.) lists

Mrs Dorcas Haynes (CAS 2566), of Spitalfields Market as a

Potatoe Merchant. Nothing is known of her husband

Benjamin as no earlier trade directories list this business. In 1830 a P. Haynes is running the business but

it has not been possible to identify him or her and in

1835 and 1846 a Miss Esther Haynes is named.

Mrs Louisa Courtauld (CAS 2309) took charge of her

late husband's business in 1761 at the age of 36. She had

four children under twelve to support. Samuel Courtauld was a successful silversmith who specialised in Rococo

designs. Louisa appears to have been competent in

business. After taking Geor g e Cowles as a partner they

became successful designers, particularly in neo-classical

themes (Goldsmiths Hall 1985).

By 1777 her son Samuel was involved in the

business and in 1780 when Louisa was 51, the business

432 premises at "The Crown", 21 Cornhill and the goodwill, were sold. Thereafter, Samuel is reputed to have

"squandered his father's fortune in high living in France"

(opcit.). The question arises as to how Louisa supported herself after 1780. Her sister Mrs Jane Julien (CAS 2609) died in 1791. In her will she stipulated that the bulk of her property was to be sold to establish a trust, the income from which was to benefit Louisa for life, free from any husbands control (Sander 1986, 46). This bequest suggests, that Louisa mi ght have experienced financial need.

433 Appendix 13. Differences in Scoring on the Left and Right Innominates.

Preauricular Pubic Preauricular sulcus type pitting sulcus

ROW Cl C2 CS Cl C:3 CE Cl C4 C:7

_7 . 1 752 C-) C-) 752 C-) C-) ' C) C-I 751 1 751 1 751 1 1 189 0 13 C) 3 189 C) 1 4 744 U * 744 * * 744 C) * 5 843 C) C) 843 0 C) 843 C) C) 6 670 (3 (3 670 1 670 C) C) 7 956 1 1) * * 956 1 1 407 1 407 * (3 407 I 1 9 432. (.) C-) 44:3 C) * 43:3 C) C-) 1 C' 809 C-) C-) C) 1 1 309 C.) C) 11 737 * * 7:37 * () 7:37 * * 12 432 * * 432 * * 432 * * 13 447 C) * '4' / C) * 447 * 14 91 :E: * * 8 * * 918 * * 15 667 1 1 687 1 1 667 I 1 16 3 1 (3 631 * * 681 1 (-I 17 743 * 743 * * 748 1 * 1 * * '-.( ) 4 * * * * 1 " 442 C) (3 442 1 642 () C-) 20 647 C) 647 1 * 647 (I C-) 21 454 C) (3 654 C) C-) 654 C) C) . C7 957 * * * * 957 * * 293 C) C) 2 3 1 2 C-) 24 C-) 1 C) 1 25 47 C) * * 470 * * 470 * * 26 166 146 1 166 1 1 - 27 523 * * 523 * * * * 3 1 * * 861 * * :341 * * .., 742 * * 742 * * 744:: * * 30 484 * 1 484 * * 4 :4 * 1 3' 465 * * 445 * * 465 * * .:3 498 C, () 4 * C-) 498 C) C) 33 45:3 C-) C) 45:3 * * 45:3 C-) () 34 459 * * 459 * * 459 * * FiO C) C-) C) 500 C) 36 507 C) C) 507 * * 507 () () 37 5:31 * * 521 * * 531 * * 710 1 1 710 1 C) 71 C) 1 1 39 * C, 19:3 C) (3 69:3 * C) 4 C) * * * * 565 * * 41 56:3 * * 54:3 * * * * 4. 571 * * 571 * * 571 * * 43 93') * C) 93Q * C-) 930 (•1

434 44 569 () 1 1 1 .., C) I 45 6C)5 * C) * * * .1 46 66 * 1 i..' t.., * () ' * 1 47 596 C) tt * 59b C-) 48 579 * * 579 * * 579 * * 49 526 C) * 526 * 526 (-) * So * 52:3 1 * S2'8 1 * 51 535 1 C-) * * 1 I) :- . 544 * C-) 544 * 1 544 * (1 53 551 * * 551 * * 551 * * 54 557 * * 557 * * 557 * * 55 721 C) 72'l C) C) 721 C) C) 56 521 * * 521 * * 521 * * 57 * C) * .5 * C) 5:3 51:3 * C-) 51:3 * * 518 * C-) 59 51 C) * * 51 C) * * 510 * * 60 511 * * 511 * * 511 * * 61 508 * * * * * * 62 431 * 1 431 * 1 481 * 1 63 487 * * 487 * * 487 * * 64 436 * * 434 * * 4 R- * * 65 433 * * 43:3 * * 433 * * 66 493 * * 493 * * 49: * * 67 490 () 490 * 490 C) * b 489 * 489 * * 489 * * 472 * * 472 * * 472' * * 70 3:5 * * 335 * 335 * * 71 1 1 1 1 1 72 477 * * 477 * * 477 * * 73 414 1 * 414 * * 414 1 * 74 543 C) C-.) Se.3 * 1 563 C) (•1 75 * * 399 * * 399 * * 76 371 1 C-) 71 * 371 1 C) 77 348 4 4 348 343 1 1 78 369 () 349 1 369 C) 1 79 327 1 1 327 1 327 1 1 0 372 1 C-) 372 1 372 1 C, 81 152' C-) C-.) 152' 1 C'-) 152 C) C) '.J. 295 1 295 C) C) 295 1 1 744 C) C) 744 * * 746 C) () 84 747 * * 747 * * 747 * * 35 1.) 1 * F;-, -. C) 1 Sb 292 * * 292' * * 292' * * :37 30E: * * * * 30E: * * 301 * () 301 * C) 301 * C) :39 1 * 300 1 1

435 750 (1 C) 750 1 750 C) C) 91 79 * * 79 * * 79 * * 92 :347 * * :347 * * 847 * * .93 755 C) C) 755 C) C) 755 C) C) 94 204 * * 204 * 204 * * 272 * * 272 * * 272 * * :3 E:5 * C) :3:35 * * 385 * C) 97 776 C) C..) 774 * 776 C) C) 98 U 1 * * 99 C) 1 99 259 C-) C) 259 259 C) C) 1 00 281 (_1 C) 281 * * 2:31 C-) (1 101 157 * * 157 * * 157 * * 102 134 1 1 134 * 134 1 1 103 205 1 (1 * * 205 1 C) 104 251 * * 251 * * 251 * * 105 137 * * 137 * * 137 * * 1 06 :3:39 * * :3 9 * * :3:39 * * 107 * * * * * * bE: E:02 * * :302 * * :302 * * 109 :317 1 1 :317 * * 817 1 1 1 1 0 764 * * 764 * * 764 * * 111 149 * * 149 * * 149 * * 112 17e. (1 C) 176 * 176 (1 C) 113 17 * * 175 * * 175 * * 114 9:3 1 1 9:3 1 C) 1 1 115 184 1 1 184 * 184 1 I 11 £ 70 70 70 1 1 117 * * 294 * * 296 * * 1 1 :3 * 1 * * * 1 1 19 142 C) C) 142 C-) 1 142 (.1 C..) 120 26.3 (_) 243 * * 263 1 C) 121 149 1 1 149 C) C) 149 1 1 14. 243 '.1 (1 243 * 1 243 C) C) 123 87:2 * * * * * * 124 7:39 C.) C-) 7:39 7:39 C) C) 125 15 * * 158 * * 15:3 * * 126 1 '92 C) C) 192 * * 192 C) C) 127 4 1 * 4. * * 4 1 * 128 111 111 * 111 1 1 129 * * * * .fr * 130 :393 * * :393 * * 393 * * 131 921 * * 921 * * 921 * * 132 ' () * C) * * * C) 133 126 * * 126 * * 124 * * 134 I ):3 * * 1 08 * * 1 08 * * 135 7(3 C) I 70:3 * * 7):3 C) 1 136 604 C) 1 £04 C) * 404 1 137 575 C) '.1 575 I) 1 575 C) C) 13:3 510 4 SIC:) * * 540 1 1

436 APPENDIX 14. Ke and Print Out of the Skeletal Data.

Key: Left and Right Innominates For detailed descriptions see chapter 4.

Column number Variant

1 Skeleton Identification number.

2 Ag e at death.

3 Pubo-sacroiliac diameter.

4 Pubic symphysis depth.

5 Pubic symphysis width superior.

6 Pubic symphysis width inferior.

7 Porosity of the pubic symphysis face.

8 Ischial spine to symphysion.

9 Preauricular sulcus type.

10 Prearicular sulcus severity.

11 Preauricular sulcus width.

12 Preauricular sulcus length.

13 Preauricular sulcus, number of scoops.

14 Sacroiliac joint, maximum length.

15 Sacroiliac joint, maximum width.

16 Auricular surface, osteoporosis.

17 Auricular surface, osteophytosis.

18 Sciatic notch shape.

19 Sciatic notch width.

20 Sciatic notch depth.

21 Pubic pits, absent or number if present.

22 Pubic pits, maximum diameter.

23 Pubic p its, minimum diameter.

24 Exostosis of the symphyseal margin.

25 Extension of the pubic tubercle.

437 26 Ischial spine shape.

27 Pubic pits, absent or present.

28 Preauricular sulcus type, excluding absence of

sulcus.

Key: Sacrum.

1 Skeleton identification number.

2 Sacral breadth, superior.

3 Sacral breadth, inferior.

4 Sacral vertebra one, body width.

5 Sacral vertebra one, body depth.

6 Sacral vertebra 1-lumbar vertebra 5,

osteoporosis.

7 Sacral vertebra 1-lumbar vertebra 5,

osteophytosis.

8 Sacralization.

9 Number of sacral vertebrae.

10 Sacral length.

11 Sacral depth.

12 Point of maximum depth.

13 Fusion of sacral vertebrae 1 and 2.

14 Extent of sacral articulation.

15 Sacral scarring.

16 Coccyx length.

17 Left auricular surface, osteoporosis.

18 Right

19 Left auricular surface, osteophytosis.

20 Right

21 Spitalfie].ds sacrum.

438

22 Fusion of left innominate to sacrum.

23 right

24 Lacro-sacral angle.

25 Disregard.

26 Parity status.

27 Number of births.

28 Age at first birth.

29 Age at last birth.

30 Birth spacing.

31 Died shortly after childbirth.

32 Experienced a twin birth.

33 Pathologies.

Ke y : Rearticulated pelvis.

1 Skeleton identification number.

2 Fit at pubic symphysis.

3 Transverse diameter.

4 Antero-posterior diameter superior.

5 Antero-posterior diameter inferior.

6 Greatest pelvic diameter.

7 Bispinous diameter.

8 Bi-tuberous diameter.

9 Sub-pubic angle.

10 Inlet circumference.

11 Pelvic shape.

12 Point of maximum diameter.

13 Left ischial spine to apex of the sacrum.

14 Right

15 Left ischium to apex of the sacrum.

16 Right

439 17 Superior inlet index.

18 Outlet index.

19 Pelvic index.

20 Stature.

Key: Male Pelvis.

1 Skeleton identification number.

2 Age at death.

3 Preauricular sulcus type, left.

4 Preauricular sulcus severit y , left.

5 Preauricular sulcus width, left.

6 Preauricular sulcus length, left.

7 Pubic tubercie, left.

8 Pubic pits, left.

9 Preauricular sulcus t yp e, right.

10 Preauricular sulcus severit y , right.

11 Preauricular sulcus width, right.

12 Preauricular sulcus length, right.

13 Pubic tubercle, right.

14 Pubic pits, right.

15 Sacral length.

16 Sacral width.

17 Transverse diameter.

18 Antero-posterior diameter, superior.

19 Antero-posterior diameter, inferior.

20 Greatest pelvic diameter.

21 Bispinous diameter.

22 Inlet circumference.

23 Pelvic shape.

24 Sciatic notch width, left.

440 25 Sciatic notch depth, left.

26 Sciatic notch width, right.

27 Sciatic notch depth, right.

28 Stature.

441

Left Innominate

C:9 C: 1 C) ROW Cl £2 C: 3 C:4 C:5 C 6 C:7 C:E:

109 34 11 11 C) 9:3 1 1 752 17 1 19 4 13 16 1 109 1 1 2 751 71 189 55 118 39 1 C) 106 1 3 * 115 13 114 C) C) 4 744 130 41 9 11 1 114 5 :343 28 6:3 111 35 14 12 106 4 1 4 670 956 43 125 35 1 0 1 11 0 1 7 114 1 C) 11 11 0 C) C) 2. 407 117 11 11 1 * 9 438 56 41 11 8 35 12 9 1 11 C) 1 1 10 809 77 * * * * * * 1 ii 7:37 432 43 * * * * * * 1 12 57 * * * * * * 1 13 467 57 * * * * * * 1 14 913 11 0 31 11 1 1 00 C-) 15 667 30 16 4:31 31 121 * * 11 1 0:3 1

17 74:3 60 * 31 C-) * 1

* * * * * * 1 1 1. 4C)9 78 19 642 47 114 11 11 1 109 1 1

124 12 I C) C-) 1 1 3 20 647 65 41 114 1 0 11 1 1 C)7 1 21 654 * * * * * I 22 957 39 5:3 124 45 11 11 12 Ci 23 293 77 120 C) 12 11 109 I 1 24 309 * * * * * * 1 25 470 57 70 117 12 11 111 1 24 166 70 * * * * * * * * 27 523 74 * * * * * 1 8e.1 64 * * * * * * * 1 29 742 51 * * * * * * 1 30 484 31 445 26 * * * * * * 1

54 120 12 13 C) 111 1 32 49:3 51 * * 12 9 * 1 33 458 1 08 * * 1 9 . 34 459 29 113 31 9 4 4 1 35 5c)t: 37 49 111 29 1 0 1 C) 1 0 1 1 34 507 5:31 * * * * * * 37 55 33 710 76 123 45 16 14 4 114 1

C-) C-) 39 49:3 17 10 30 10 9 * 99

:30 * * * * * * (-I C) 40 565 54:3 57 * * * 14 * 1 1 41 67 * * * * * * 1 42 571 43 930 35 * * * * * * * *

442 44 569 79 119 35 11 1 C) 102 45 605 19 112 * * * * * C) 0 46 646 * * * * * * 1 1 47 596 7C) 131 40 13 12 128 C) C) 48 579 79 * * * * * * 1 4 49 526 64 * * * * * * C) 0 50 528 121 31 1 104 51 535 77 * * * 13 1 * * * 52 544 52 * * * * * * 1 1 53 551 * * * * * * 1 1 54 557 * * * * * * 1 55 721 13 103 14 11 C) C-) o 56 . •-: 74 * * * * * * 57 522 44 * * * * * * 58 518 53 * * * * * * 1 59 510 73 * * * * * * * * 511 73 * * * * * * * * 61 5c)8 :32 * * * * * * 1 42 481 45 * * * * * * 1 1 63 4:37 73 * * * * * * 1 64 484 53 * * * * * * I 65 488 77 * * * * * * * * 46 493 77 * * * * * * 1 1 67 49C) :36 123 4 C) 12 12 * * * 68 4:39 58 * * * * * * * * 472 51 * * * * * * 1 7 C) 335 75 * * * * * * 1 71 52 124 4 C) 15 13 117 1 72 477 c. * * * * * * 1 73 414 111 * * * * 111 C) o 74 563 F: 1 121 35 1 C) * C) C-) 75 30 * * * * * * 1 76 371 47 111 12 10 iCiS 1 77 368 44 11 C) 34 14 12 110 1 1 7 F: 114 37 11 12 C) 111 79 327 124 ..) / 15 11 1 102 1 F: o 372 120 12 11 1 112 1 :3 1 152 111 37 11 11 109 1 1 295 41 125 34 11 11 I 112 1 : . 746 :35 117 35 11 11 1 1 08 .4 1 :34 747 * * * * * * 1 85 74 * 44 11 12 * 292 27 * * * * * * * * :37 308 18 * * * * * * * * 301 35 9:3 * 1 0 C) 94 1 fl C) 53 126 37 14 14 114

443 75C) 116 36 15 13 1 109 2 91 79 29 * * * * * * * * 92 867 62 * * * * * * 1 93 755 16 102 36 15 12 (-) t) C) 94 204 78 * * * 9 * 4: 95 272 :37 * * * * * * 885 47 * * * * * * 97 776 84 121 42 16 13 122 1 1 98 99 117 * 11 12 * 4: 1 99 259 4:3 111 :3 1 104 1 100 281 35 108 31 1 C) 1 1 C) 1 () C) 1 (31 157 77 * * * * * * * * 102 134 79 122 4 C) 10 12 116 1 103 205 57 1113 40 13 14 () 11 C) 1 104 7:3 * * * * * * * 1 105 137 * * * * * * * * 106 889 70 * * * * * * 1 107 F: R 53 * * * * * * 1 108 802 45 * * * * * * * * 1 C) 9 :317 114 34 1 C) 1 104 1 11 C) 764 .-, () * * * * * * * * 111 149 44 * * * * * * 1 112 176 * 35 11 1 C 1 * * * 113 175 15 * * * * * * 1 114 9:3 :3 C) 11 9 44 13 13 I 116 C-) C) 115 1:34 68 113 40 1 C) 11 1 1 0:3 1 116 70 35 111 31 () 104 1 117 296 39 * * * * * * * * 118 82 59 * * * * * * 1 119 142 27 35 11 * () 97 1 1 20 263 73 * 37 11 13 * 1 1 121 149 :35 115 40 14 1 C) 115 1 122 243 47 119 36 15 13 1 C) 6 1 123 :372 27 * * * * * * 1 1 124 789 65 * * 18 16 1 * * * 125 15:3 49 * * * * * * * * 126 192 105 12 13 1 102 C) C) 127 4 49 124 11 10 1 19 1 128 111 50 126 43 9 11 120 1 129 46 * * * * * * * * 130 893 38 * * * * * * 1 1 131 921 34 * * * * * * 1 132 920 74 * * * * * * 1 133 126 77 * * * * * * * * 134 1 C)8 72 * * * * * * * * 135 70:3 37 111 39 12 11 1 C)4 1

444

136 604 82 liE: 39 10 E: 1 * 1 1 137 575 60 109 38 13 13 1 108 1 2 139 540 65 131 40 * * * 124 3 3

C12POW C:11 C13 C14 C15 Cib C17 C18 C19 C20

1 7 19 2 57 64 0 0 2 50 37 2 12 32 0 55 52 2 2 2 56 35 3 9 0 57 53 1 1 1 41 34 4 0 C) C) 55 60 2 1 3 43 33 5 8 42 0 54 52 0 0 2 64 34 6 3 1 C) C) 51 57 1 C) 5 36 37 7 7 33 0 43 55 2 1 1 69 36 :3 0 0 C) 69 51 1 1 1 59 37 9 12 32 C) 59 53 2 2 1 SE: 31 10 5 17 2 61 51 1 0 1 54 37 11 7 37 4 52 59 C) C) 1 71 23 12 13 16 4 54 65 1 1 1 69 37 13 6 33 C) 53 43 1 C) 3 54 31 14 5 38 1 62 52 0 1 1 40 30 15 0 C) 0 56 41 1 1 2 53 29 16 7 26 2 58 49 2 2 1 60 36 17 6 14 C) 53 5:3 * 4 2 61 39 18 4 27 3 57 52 2 1 2 47 27 19 6 25 1 63 43 C) C) 2 51 33 20 9 30 C) 55 59 2 1 2 53 37 21 6 25 0 53 43 2 1 2 51 32 7 24 0 43 57 1 C) 2 52 33 35 C) 43 59 1 1 2 63 37 24 5 26 2 57 53 3 C) 1 62 30 25 9 44 2 49 49 2 1 1 72 39 26 7 24 0 63 42 1 0 2 54 34 27 * * * * * * * * * * 28 5 18 * 42 59 1 C) 2 50 35 29 7 29 C) 64 41 1 1 1 * * 1330 2 C) 54 43 C) 1 2 46 25 31 7 24 2 51 51 1 C) 1 72 32 31 1 SE: 45 C) 1 3 60 40 :33 6 15 1 58 54 1 C) 2 * * 1234 7 0 51 52 C) 1 1 62 34 35 10 28 C) 65 49 1 C) 2 56 36 36 11 32 3 52 49 1 2 1 45 34 37 7 28 1 57 52 1 1 1 * * 303:3 6 C) 59 55 1 1 1 65 35 (_) 0 C) 53 52 0 0 2 53 34 40 C) C) 0 * 53 C) * * * 41 30 5 3 * 60 1. 0 3 60 33 42 9 34 3 * 43 3 2 51 34 43 * * * * * Ci * 2 * *

445 44 4 C. 44 1 F;.;' 45 C-) C) C) 49 * C) C-) 1 * * 0 46 F; 24 C) . 42 1 1 47 31 47 C-) C) C) 61 63 4 51 41 0 48 11 36 4 38 1 1 75 30 49 C) C) C-) * 37 4 45 Sc) 6 24 C) * 1 61 34 51 * * * * * 1 1 * * 52 19 54 32 1 52 30 53 29 1 59 SE: 1 1 57 39 54 6 1 * 44 52 29 (-) C) C-) 49 C) C) 55 27 56 7 26 C) 55 40 1 51 35 57 7 20 1 C) 1 55 31 5:3 11 40 F; * 1 4:3 59 * * * * * * * * * * 60 * * * * * * * * * * 61 9 * * * * 4 61 3 62 6 29 C. 47 1 49 63 11 35 57 53 C-) C) 44 11 * 53 1 71 37 65 * * * * * * * * * * 66 1 55 45 1 37 30 67 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 22 SE: SE: 1 62 41 70 F; 1 52 44 4 41 71 11 34 F; 54 64 35 72 7 3c) 1 41 54 C) 1 SE: •36 73 C) () C-) 42 54 1 54 29 74 C-) C) C) 69 * * * 75 4 14 C) 43 C) 1 1 61 31 76 34 33 51 I 1 54 34 77 5 .. 42 1 50 78 7 27 C-) 57 51 C) 1 51 29 79 19 (1 * * C) I 47 31 :30 4 C) 1 * * :31 C. * * * * 4 4E: F; 15 C) 62 F;.;' 1 SE: :33 4 11 o 1L1 61 56 35 84 15 C) * 49 C) 1 52 31 'C. 85 15 1. * F;,-. * * * :34 * * * * * * * * * * :37 * * * * * * * * * * 4 25 C) 54 49 C) 1 1 56 31 :39 7 39 C) 1 1 64 34

446 90 11 30 0 52 53 0 2 2 57 -.-, C. 91 * * * * * * * * * * 92 8 28 0 * * 1 C) * * * 93 0 0 0 56 0 C-) 3 56 37 94 7 31 * 54 61 4 1 2 55 35 95 6 20 0 45 46 2 1 1 61 34 96 12 23 C, 52 51 C-) 0 1 66 32 97 6 11 1 61 64 2 1 61 98 8 32 0 66 52 1 1 1 * * 99 7 32 0 61 .IC-) 0 1 2 .54 100 0 0 0 54 53 1 1 1 62 33 1 C) 1 * * * * * * * * * * 102 7 33 0 55 50 4. 4: 48 103 6 34 2 56 56 1 2 54 36 104 11 * 0 * * * C-) 53 31 105 * * * * * * * * * * 106 5 13 C) 57 I 1 61 107 S 25 C-) 56 C) 2 2 58 35 * * * 108 * * * * * * * 109 4 28 C-) 65 47 C) 1 56 34 * * * I 10 * * * * * * * 111 11 C) 59 51 0 1 1 112 * * * * * * * * * * 11.3 6 18 Cl 56 45 C-) 0 3 47 114 0 (-) (1 59 62 57 34 R 1 * * 115 30 55 52 ' 116 11 - 60 C-) 1 1 39 * * 117 * * * * * * * * * * 118 5 27 1 * 54 o C-) 119 4 23 C) 55 49 0 1 50 34 120 6 33 1 61 1 1 62 35 121 7 25 0 57 58 3 48 34 122 8 28 C-) 57 54 1 1 1 8 37 123 6 21 56 54 C-) 1 * * 124 * * * * * * * * * * * 125 * * * * * * * 126 0 C-) C) 54 59 C-) 1 58 34 127 9 34 56 54 1 1 55 37 128 8 31 1 64 57 1 55 41 129 * * * * * * * * * * 130 5 25 1 * C) 1 * * * * 131 11 21 C-) 52 44 1 * 1 * 132 11 30 62 56 4: 40 * * 133 * * * * * * * * * * 134 * * * * * * * * 135 7 27 C) * C) I 1 65

447

136 6 23 1 56 49 3 2 2 * * 137 5 35 1 * 5( 4 2 2 50 33 138 12 25 0 5: * * * 1 61 29

ROW C21 C22 C:23 C24 C25 C:26 C:27 C:2:3

1 0 0 1) 0 0 2 0 3 2 1 5 5 1 1 2 1 1 3 0 C) 0 2 C) 2 0 2 4 C) 0 0 1 * 2 C) * 5 0 0 C) 1 C) 2 C) o o o 1 2 2 () 4 7 1 .3 3 2 * * 1 3 1 2 , * 1 1 * 9 0 0 0 1 0 * 0 2 1 0 0 C) o 0 1 1 0 1 11 * * * * * 2 * 1 12 * * * * * 1 * 1 13. 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 * * * * * * * 1 15 1 5 5 2 1 1 1 * 16 2 * * 2 * 1 1 1 17 2 3 2 2 * * 1 2 1E: * * * * * * * 1 1 9 0 0 o 1 2' 1 0 1 20 C) 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 21 C) C) C) 2 C) 1 0 2 22 * * * * * * * 2' 23 0 0 0 1 1 2' 0 3 24 0 C) 0 1 2 * 0 1 2'S * * * * * * * 1 26 3 4 2' 1 2 1 1 2 27 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2'9 * * * * * * * * 30 * * * * * * * 2 31 * * * * * * * 1 32 0 0 0 1 * 2' 0 3 33 C) C) C) 1 * * 0 3 * * * * * * * 3 35 C) C) 0 2' 2' 1 0 3 36 C) C) C) 1 * * 0 1 37 * * * * * * * 3 3:3 1 4 4 1 1 * 1 3 39 * * * * 0 * * * 40 * * * * * * * * 41 * * * 2 * * * 1 42 * * * * * * * 1 43 * * * * * * * *

448 44 0 0 C) 1 * 0 45 * * * * * * * * 46 * * * * * 1 * 1 47 0 C) C) 0 2 1 0 * 48 * * * * * * * 1 49 C-) 0 C) 1 * * C) * 50 3 1 1 * 1 51 1 3 1 * * 1 * 52 * * * * * 1 * 1 * * * * * * * 1 54 * * * * * * * 1 55 0 C-) C) C-) 1 C) * 56 * * * * * * * 57 * * * * * 1 * * * * * * * * 1 59 * * * * * * * * 60 * * * * * * * * 61 * * * * * * * 1 62 * * * * * * * 1 63 * * * * * * * 1 64 * * * * * * * 1 65 * * * * * * * * 66 * * * * * * * 1 67 C-) C) C) 1 * C) * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * 1 70 * * * * * * * 1 71 1 1 1 1 1 72 * * * * * * * 1 73 1 -,. * * * 1 * 74 () C) C) * * C) * 75 * * * * * * * 76 1 1 1 1 77 4 1 1 1 7 C-) C-) C) 79 1 1 * 1 :30 1 * 1 1 :31 C) C-) C) 1 1 C) 1 C) * 1 :33 C) C) C_) * * C) 4 84 * * * * * 1 * 85 C) 0 (_) 2 * C) :36 * * * * * * * * 87 * * * * * * * * c' L'C' * * * * * * :39 Cl S 1 * 1

449 90 0 C) C) 4: 1 C) * * * * 91 * * * * * * 92 * * * * * 93 0 C-) C—) C) C) 1 1) * 94 * F; * * * 95 * * * * * * * 96 * * * * * * * () 97 C) C) C-) 4 4: 2 1 C) C) * * C) C) 1 Cl C) C) 4 C_) * * 1 00 C-) C) C_) 2 * C) * * 1 c: 1 * * * * * * 1C)2 1 -:!. * 1 103 1 5 5 * * 1 1 104 * * * * * * * * 105 * * * * * * * * 1C)6 * * * * * * * 107 * * * * * * * 1 o: * * * * * * * * 109 1 * * 1 11 0 * * * * * * * * 111 * * * * * 1 * C) * 112 C) C) C) 1 * 113 * * * * * 1 * 114 1 1 1 1 1 * 115 1 4 4 * * 1 1 116 7 7 * 1 1 117 * * * * * * * * 11 8 * * * * * * * 1 119 C) C) C) 1 C-) * C) * 120 2 4 1 1 121 1 11 11 4 C) 1 1 122 C) C-) 0 * * 123 * * * * * * * 1 124 C) C) C_) * C) * 125 * * * * * * * * 126 C) C) C) * 1 C) * 127 1 F; F; * 1 1 1 128 7 4 1 1 1 129 * * * * * * * * 130 * * * * * * * I 131 * * * * * * * 132 * * * * * 1 * I 133 * * * * * * * * 134 * * * * * * * * 135 C) C) C:) 4 * * 136 C) C) C) C) * C) 1 C_) C) 137 C) C) C) 1 1 1 5 * * I

450

ht Innominate ROW C:1 C:2 C:3 C:4 L: . C:7 C: :3 C:9 C: 1 C)

- C. 1. 752 17 117 12 11 1 2 751 71 1 2o 39 11 13 109 1 3 189 55 109 40 1 0 1 C' 104 * C-) C) 4 744 * * * 13 * 5 :343 28 * * * 1 C) () 6 670 68 103 35 14 11 I C) I 4 1 7 954 43 125 10 10 107 1 Ci :3 407 45 114 36 12 1 C) 109 C) * 4 9 438 56 114 40 14 12 1 1 C) 1 10 809 41 122 35 11 111 * * 11 787 77 * * * * 48 * * * * * * 1 * * 13 467 57 * * * * * * 1 1 14 91:3 57 * * * * (1 C) 15 667 30 11 0 30 12 7 1 1 0 1 16 4:31 :31 124 37 12 11 11 0 1 17 748 40 * * * * 1E: 409 78 * * * * 1 1 19 642 47 112 37 13 11 1 11:2 1 20 647 45 1 1 :3 34 11 1 Ci () 113 1 21 454 41 114 I 12 I 104 * * 22 957 39 * * * 1 23 29:3 5:3 131 43 11 11 1. 123 1 24 309 77 120 30 11 11 1 oE: * 1 25 470 57 * * * * * 1 C-) C' 26 166 70 115 12 11 11 C' * * 27 523 70 * * * * * * 28 861 76 * * * * * * 1 * 29 742 66 * * * * * * * I 30 434 51 * 37 13 I * 31 445 26 * * * * * * * 1 32 493 54 117 34 15 12 1 109 45:3 51 117 1 0 11:2 1. 34 459 29 * * * * * * 35 500 37 120 31 1 0 1 0:3 1 36 507 49 112 * 9 102 1 I 37 5:31 55 * * * * * * 710 74 123 44 16 15 4 112 1 39 698 17 109 * 12 1 C) C) - :- 1 1 40 545 80 * * * * * * 1 1 41 562 57 * * * * * * 42 571 67 * * * * * * 1 * 43 930 35 1:20 29 9 * *

4 5f 44 79 * * 12 1 C) * 1 45 605 19 114 36 1 0 1 0 * 17 U 46 646 126 39 12 11 120 1 47 596 70 130 40 12 11 122 1 48 579 79 * * * * * * 1 4 49 526 64 * * * * * * () C) C, 50 I4 _t * * * 1 * 1 51 77 * * * 13 1 * 1 52 544 52 115 * * 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 53 551 * * * * * * 1 54 557 * * * * * * 1 55 721 13 101 14 11 1 56 521 74 * * * * * * 1 57 41 112 29 13 12 1 1 Cii 1 518 53 * * * 13 * (I C-) 59 510 73 * * * * * * * * 60 511 73 * * * * * * * * 11 50:3 * * * * * * 1 42 4:31 45 106 35 11 1 1 00 1 1 43 437 73 * * * * * * 1 44 434 * * * * * * * * 4:3:3 77 * * * * * * * * 66 493 77 * * * * * * 1 1 67 490 :34 122 12 12 * 1 * 439 53 * * * * * * * * 472 51 * * * * * * 1 70 335 75 103 30 12 12 1 71 332 52 124 40 1:3 12 117 1 72 477 . ..-. * * * * * * 1 1 73 414 60 * * * * * * C) 'I 74 563 :3 1 119 35 9 11 109 (I C-) 75 399 3c) * * * * * * 1 1 76 371 67 117 11 1 107 1 1 77 44 1 03 13 12 1C'E 1 78 369 124 34 i 0 11 109 1 79 327 127 35 12 14 1 104 1 1 E:0 372 11 9 40 13 11 1 11 4 1 1 I I=•• :31 .1. ._I .. :34 114 3 "I 11 101 1 295 61 120 14 11 1 112 1 c..) 744 o 116 :7 12 12 1 109 C) :34 747 26 * * * * * * 1 :35 74 * 44 11 11 * 1 292 27 * * * * * * * * :37 18 * * * * * * * * :3E: 301 35 12 9 1 93 1 53 125 40 15 113

452 90 750 53 123 39 13 13 () 111 1 91 79 * * * * * * * * 92 867 62 * * * * * * * * 93 755 16 104 41 16 12 C) 1 00 C) C) 94 204 78 113 32 1C)6 1 95 272 :37 * * * * * * * * 96 885 47 * * * 9 C-) * 97 776 84 120 43 17 13 122 1 1 99 68 120 * * 12 124 1 1 99 43 111 29 2 105 1 100 281 -. 108 34 12 1 C) 1 99 1 101 157 77 * * * * * * * * 102 134 79 119 39 1 C) 11 116 1 103 205 57 11 8 40 12 14 1 104 1 104 73 * * * * * * 1 105 137 62 * * * * * * * * 106 389 7C) 123 37 13 12 107 * 1 107 382 53 * * * * * * 108 802 45 * * * * * * * * 109 817 115 40 1 C) 9 C) 107 1 1 1 C) 764 W () * * * * * * * * 111 149 44 * * * * * 1 112 176 120 36 11 1 C) 1 105 * * 113 175 15 * * * * * * 1 114 93 :3) 114 41 13 14 112 115 184 68 * * * 1 C) 1 * * * 116 7C) 35 112 31 (-) 105 1 117 39 * * * * * * * * 11 8 822 117 * * 12 * 1 1 19 142 27 97 34 11 1 C) C) 95 1 1 120 263 73 * 34 13 13 * 121 169 85 115 44 14 1 C) 11 122 243 67 123 13 13 112 1 123 :372 27 * * * * * * 1 1 124 789 65 120 36 13 9 1 C) 9 * * * * * .1. L.•J 158 49 * * * 126 192 63 1 08 34 13 13 102 C) C) 127 4 49 * * * * * * 1 128 111 50 130 41 1 C) 1 122 129 902 46 * * * * * * * * 130 * * * * * * 1 1 131 921 36 * * * * * * * * 132 920 74 * * * 11 * 1 I V7 * A 124 77 * * * * * * * 134 1 C:3 72 * * * * * * * * 135 70:3 37 109 39 12 11 1 104

453

136 6C)4 82 112 35 11 9 2 * 1 2 0 103 1 1 137 575 60 112 37 11 13 138 540 45 138 43 * * * 122 3 2

ROW Cli (12 C13 C14 c:i5 C16 C17 :18 C:19 C20 1 7 23 2 57 52 C) C) 2 54 34 2 10 29 C) 60 40 2 2 2 60 38 3 8 18 0 52 47 0 1 1 59 35 4 C) C) C) 59 61 2 1 2 46 34 .5 11 39 2 60 49 C) 0 1 56 2:3 6 4 9 C) 55 58 2 0 4 38 34 7 8 34 1 47 54 1 0 1 72 34 8 C) 0 C) 67 51 C) 1 1 57 37 9 10 30 5 63 49 1 1 1 59 32 10 3 9 0 64 47 0 1 1 60 33 11 6 26 C) 54 65 C) C) 1 69 31 12 14 32 3 62 46 C) C) 1 41 * 13 7 30 C) 54 49 C) 0 3 53 31 14 27 1 * * * 2 1 37 15 C) 0 0 56 41 1 0 1 53 30 16 8 16 1 61 53 1 2 1 62 37 17 6 24 C) 60 54 2 C) 1 64 33 18 8 26 3 45 51 3 i 2 50 29 19 S 12 2 64 46 C) 1 2 48 35 20 8 29 0 60 SE: 2 2 2 55 35 21 4. 34 C) 60 50 2 1 1 55 35 22 7 23 2 * .57 1 1 1 54 31 23 4 19 0 70 s: 1 2 2 64 37 24 5 21 C) 57 54 4 1 1 63 29 25 9 42 3 74. 41 1 1 1 72 41 24 C) 0 0 74 58 C) 2 3 54 35 27 * * * * * * * * * * 23 2 63 53 1 C) 2 53 37 29 * * * * * * * * * * 30 2 14 0 SE: 49 1 1 2 48 28 31 * * * * * * * * * * 39 C) 63 45 1 1 :3 56 42 .-) .-) 11 0 59 48 C) C) 2 53 33 34 10 20 0 50 52 C) 1 1 64 35 35 9 1:3 0 61 47 1 1 2 56 36 36 12 20 2 55 SC) 2 2 2 45 34 37 8 25 0 63 53 1 1 * * 38 4 28 C) SE: 48 1 1 1 65 39 4 1E: 2 .54 55 0 C) 2 51 35 40 2 20 C) * * 1 * * * * 41 5 25 C) * * 1 1 3 SE: 36 42 1C) 32 4 * * 2 2 2 * * 43 * * * * * 1 1 1 * *

45' 44 5 20 C-) * 2 1 4:. 56 30 45 C) C) C) 54 C-) 1 2 49 35 46 31 C) 58 54 1 1 53 24 -7 47 6 .'- ._I C-) 42 SE: 1 C-) 39 48 12 35 55 * 1 1 1 * * 49 0 C) 0 * 57 3 4 45 31 50 7 21 C) * 54 I 4:. f-. C) 35 51 3 11 1 * 45 C-) 2 2 * * 52 17 57 49 I .57 30 ._) -7 53 - ._) C) 57 1 55 54 6 12 1 44 51 29 55 14 C) 52 0 C) 1 53 2:3 56 7 30 C-) 39 C-) '-'C) 35 57 7 C) 62 '9 C_) C) 1 '9'-. 58 U C-) C) * * * 4 1 61 37 59 * * * * * * * * * * 60 * * * * * * * * * * 61 20 * * * * * * 62 4 25 2 57 49 C) 35 43 27 54 1 C) 1 61 40 84 * * * 53 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 66 7 1:3 1 42 55 67 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 69 7 24 1 42 54 1 1 57 39 70 8 21 C) 46 47 I -7 42 71 12 33 57 5:3 35 72 4 13 62 * C) C) * * 73 0 C) C) 67 52 C) 54 74 C-) C) C) * * 1 * * 75 4 17 1 57 44 () I 1 30 76 4 24 49 1 1 53 77 .5 C) 63 49 1 34 78 4 56 52 1 1 62 79 S 27 4 * C) C) 1 76 34 6 30 71 53 1 I * * 81 24 54 43 49 31 12 24 C-) 66 55 1 1 1 41 34 C-) C) C) 65 42 1 36 :34 15 C) * 51 C-) 1 I ,_, C) 34 C -7 85 11 31 C) * 55 4 1 37 * * * * * * * * * * 37 * * * * * * * * * * :33 7 C-) 49 C-) 1 47 R 4 43 C) 57 35

455 C,; 90 26 4:. 58 C) I 5:3 39 91 * * * * * * * * * * 92 * * * * * I 1 * * * 93 0 C-) () 49 C) C) 52 35 94 6 20 2 57 * 4 56 36 95 * 18 * * 46 4: 1 53 96 12 25 C-) 47 51 C) C) 1 72 34 97 5 1 67 51 1 1 98 b 3C) 1 '-'Cl 54 1 1 56 35 7 30 5:3 47 C) 1 1 57 100 4 C) 51 C) 1 1 62' 31 1 0 1 * * * * * * * * * * 102 18 C) * * * 4 46 103 17 1 53 55 1 1 36 104 29 C-) * * * C) * * 105 * * * * * * * * * * 106 b 34 * * 4 53 34 107 12 27 C-) * 56 C) 1 * * 1 08 * * * * * * * * * * 109 26 C-) 62 46 C) 1 49 11 C) * * * * * * * * * * 111 12 C) 47 1 1 1 62 34 112 * * * 52 52 * 1 1 3C) 113 C) '-'C) 4:3 C) C) 49 114 6 29 C) 64 54 1 57 34 115 4 * * * * 1 * * * 116 12 36 67 59 C-) 1 36 117 * * * 4:3 C) 1 1 * * 118 8 27 C-i * 45 1 1 1 * * 1 19 1 C) 0 54 44 C) 1 43 3 C) 12C) 5 C) 64 55 I 1 71 121 7 25 C) 62 35 122 5 21 0 55 1 1 67 123 9 29 57 52 C) 1 1 Cl 124 1 0 25 C) 59 51 1 58 35 125 * * * * * * * * * * 126 () t) C) 54 CC , () 51 39 127 * * * * * * * * * 12:3 26 C-) 43 53 1 37 129 * * * * * * * * * * 130 25 1 57 63 C-) * * 131 * * * * * * * * * * 132 15 1 54 4 56 .39 133 * * * * * * * * * * 134 * * * * * * * * * * 135 C) * 47 C) 1 1 65 35

456

136 6 24 2 46 47 3 2 1 * * 137 7 14 2 42 53 4 2 2 51 30 138 9 31 0 58 * * * 1 61 29

POW :21 C22 C23 24 C25 C26 C:27 C:28 1 o 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 - - 3 2 6 6 2 3 2 1 3 4 * * * * * 1 * * 5 C) C) C) 1 0 2 0 3 6 C) C) 0 1 1 2 C) 4 7 2 9 5 1 * * 1 3 8 2 3 3 3 C) 1 1 * 9 0 C) 0 1 * * 0 1 1 o o o 0 1 1 0 2 11 * * * * 0 2 * 12 * * * * * * * 1 13 * * * * * 2 * 2 14 * * * * * * * 1 15 1 4 4 3 1 2 1 * 1 6 C) 0 0 2 * 1 0 1 17 * * * * * * * 2 18 * * * * * * * 1 1 9 0 0 0 1 1 1 C) 1 20 0 o 0 1 * 1 0 2 21 C) 0 0 1 0 * 0 2 22 * * * * * * * 1 23 0 0 C) 1 2 2 0 2 24 1 3 3 1 3 * 1 2 25 * * * * * * * 1 26 2 5 3 1 1 * 1 * 27 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 29 * * * * * * * * 30 1 12 7 2 * * 1 2 31 * * * * * * * * 0 o 0 0 o 1 0 0 0 1 * * o 2 34 * * * * * * * 3 35 C) 0 0 2 2 2 0 3 36 C) C) C) 2 * * 0 1 37 * * * * * * * 3 38 1 * 1 3 33 C 0 0 0 0 * c:) 1 40 * * * * * * * 3 41 * * * * * * * 3 42 * * * * * * * 1 43 0 C) 0 1 0 * 0 *

457 44 1 2 1 * 1 45 C) C) C) C) * 1 C) * 46 1 2 C) 1 1 47 C) C-) C) 1 * 1 C) 48 * * * * * * * 1 49 * * * * * * * * 50 * * * * * * * 51 0 0 C) 1 * * C) 52 C-) C-) C-) 1 * C) 1 53 * * * * * * * 54 * * * * * * * 1 55 C-) () C-) 0 C-) 1 C) 56 * * * * * * * 57 0 C-) 0 I * C) 58 C-) C) C..) * * C) * 59 * * * * * * * * b() * * * * * * * * 61 * * * * * * * 1 62 I 1 1 * 1 1 63 * * * * * * * 1 64 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 66 * * * * * * * 1 67 * * * 1 * * * 1 8 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 70 * * * 1 * * 71 5 I * 1 1 72 * * * * * * * 1 73 * * * * * * * * 74 C) C) C) 1 1 C) * 75 * * * * * * * 1 76 C) C-) C-) 1 * * C) 1 77 4 6 1 7 1 1 1 1 79 1 4 4 * 1 1 :30 C) C..) C) 1 1 * C) 1 :3 1 C-) C) () o 1 C) 1 1 4 4 C) * 1 83 C) C) C) * * C_) * * * * * * * 35 I 4 4 * * 1 86 * * * * * * * * :37 * * * * * * * * C-) C-) C-) 1 o * C_) :39 7 * * 1

458 90 C) C) C-) 1 1 1 C) 1 91 * * * * * * * * 92 * * * * * * * * 93 C) C) C-) () C) 1 C-) * 94 * * * 1 3 * 1 95 * * * * * * * * C) C-) C) 1 * * 0 97 C) C) C) * * C) 1 98 I * 1 1 1 C) C-) 0 * C) 1 100 C-) C) C) 1 * * C) 1 C) 1 * * * * * * * * 102 1 6 6 4 * * 1 103 C-) C) C-) * * C) 1 104 * * * * * * * 105 * * * * * * * * 106 * * * * * * * 107 * * * * * * * 1 08 * * * * * * * * 1 C) 9 1 * * 1 11 C) * * * * * * * * 111 * * * * 1 * 112 C) C) C) * * C) * 113 * * * * * 1 * 114 1 4 4 C) 1 1 115 1 4 4 * 1 * 1 16 4 4 * 1 1 117 * * * * * * * * 1 18 1 * * 1 119 0 (_) C-) 1 1 * 1 12 C) (-) C) 4 * C) 11 1 1 C) 1 0 4 C) 1 1 122 C) C) C) 1 * C) 123 * * * * * 1 * 1 124 C) C) C) £ C) 125 * * * * * * * * 126 C) C) C) * * C) * 127 * * * * * * * 1 128 6 * 1 1 129 * * * * * * * * 130 * * * * * * * I 131 * * * * * * * * 132 C-) C-) (-) * * C) 1 133 * * * * * * * * 134 * * * * * * * * 135 1 4 4 1 * * 1 136 1 1 * * 1 1 137 C-) C) C) 1 1 * C) 1 138 4 * * 1

459

Sac rum

PCI W Cl C2 C3 C 4 C:5 C6 07 Cs, C:9 010

1. 752 104 :34 77 26 () C-) C) 5 101 751 104 SC) 31 1 4- C-) 5 109 189 1 1 C) ,.. () 44 C) 1 C-) 5 71 4 744 11 0 93 44 29 C-) 6 114 C :343 1 00 '92 43 3 C) C) C) 4 111 6 670 103 78 52 27 I) (1 C) 6 111 7 103 92 44 27 C) 4 128 4 C)7 114 '94 42 26 (-) 1 C-) 5 iCil .1 -c. 119 97 41 3 C) 1 C-) 4 111 10 F: C) 9 105 41 29 (-) C-) C) 5 101

11 7:37 104 :35 4 C) 27 4- C-) 5 102 12 432 118 102 42 (-) * C-) 4 109 13 447 104 * 41 * (-) C) * * 14 918 1 08 91 44 (-I 1 C) * * 15 647 1 C) 1 :34 42 24 (-) (•1 (•1 4 * 16 4:31 115 92 41 26 1 17 748 * * 40 * * * * * 1 :3 609 112 9:3 41 1 C) 5 19 642 114 97 41 31 1 C-) 2 C) 647 109 93 37 2'9 C) C) 5 84 21 654 112 42 27 5 102 957 * * * * * 6 * 298 111 46 29 C) 5 99 24 309 1 10 '94 41 2'9 I 1 C) 6 104 470 117 '1 54 1 1 C-) * * 24 146 112 '95 44 C-) 5 111 27 523 * * * * * * * * * 841 * '94 47 31 1 C-) 6 9:3 29 742 * * * * * * * * * 30 4:34 112 :34 3,9 26 1 * C-) 5 94 31 465 1C)4 66 41 () C-) C) * * 498 113 :39 44 C) C) 45:3 9:3 F: 9 3,9 29 (} C) * * 34 459 93 41 27 C) C-) 5 96 5C) C) 123 93 45 29 () 1 C) 5 110 36 5C) 7 1 ('8 * 44 1 1 C-) * * 37 5:31 * * * * * * * * * 710 11 C) 92 49 C) 5 77 C 39 49:3 1 1 C) * 41 () () C) 5 104 4 C) 565 11 0 * 4:3 * C) * * 41 56:3 113 1 00 42 C) (-) (•1 * * 42 571 * * 49 29 1 * * * 43 105 91 40 27 () C) C) * *

466 44 569 * * * * * * * * * 45 605 112 39 26 C) 0 C) 5 116 46 666 119 10)0) 43 28 I-) 0 5 103 47 596 103 96 47 32 3 6 121 48 579 104 * * * 4 4 * * * 49 526 * * 50 3 C) * * 50 528 122 92 45 30) 1 C) 0 S 12C) 51 535 * * 43 1 4 * * * 52 544 106 85 39 27 0 0 5 70 .J-. 551 113 96 47 26 C) 1 C) 5 93 54 557 106 85 43 29 1 C) * * ._. -, 55 721 85 76 40 C) C) 0 5 96 56 521 101 94 41 C. 1 4:. C) S SO 57 522 103 87 42 26 0 1 C) 5 106 58 518 * * 43 * * * * * 59 510 * * * * * * * * * 60 511 * * * * * * * * * 61 50:3 * * * * * * * * * 62 4:31 1 oS 83 29 C-) 0 S * 63 437 * * * * * * * * * 64 436 113 * 44 1 C) * * 65 488 * * * * * * * * * 66 493 110 37 41 26 C) 5 * 67 49' * * 44 1 * * * * * * * * 68 -7 * * * * 69 472 * 94 * * * * C) 5 106 70 335 * * * * * * * * * 71 382 104 93 41 26 1 F; 74 72 477 * * 27 C) C) 1 * * (1 .-,- 414 115 .93 1 C) * * 74 563 111 33 42 31 1 C) * * 75 399 109 * 44 C) C) C) * * 76 371 106 81 42 29 () 1 C) 5 * 77 36:3 118 103 39 If-, C) C:) S 78 369 108 45 6 104 79 327 109 :39 43 27 C) C) C) * * E:0 372 108 93 4 . 31 C-) 1 C) * * 81 152 42 29 C) C-) S 295 114 95 40 30 1 1 C) S 99 33 746 111 * 46 31 C) * * C,. 747 * 90) * * * * 0 F; * 85 566 * * 47 30 C) 1 C) * * ,- ._) 104 C, 37 24 C) C) C) * * 87 30:3 * * * * * * * * * 301 100) :37 43 C) C) C-) 5 :34 300 .97 88 43 29 * C) C) * *

4 61 90 750 112 ':' 47 29 (1 0 6 11 6 91 79 * * * * * * * * * 92 867 * * * * * * * * * 93 755 97 * 44 26 () C) C-) * * 94 204 106 86 52 32 6 110 95 272 * * 49 30 6 10:3 885 101 :39 * * * * C) * * 97 776 124 103 45 C) 6 109 98 105 92 42 (-) 1 0 91 4 4 .-. 99 259 L L. 40 1 1 C) 102 100 261 108 79 40 26 C) 0 C-) 1 00 1 C) 1 157 * * * * * * * * * 1(12 134 115 96 40 C) C-) 6 106 103 205 112 93 46 C) S E:4 104 251 107 * * * * * C-) * * 105 137 * * * * * * * * * 106 8:39 105 85 49 31 * * 107 * * 39 27 C) C) * * 1 c: E:02 * * * * * * * * * 109 17 114 * 43 C) C) * 91 1 10 764 * * * * A- * * * * 111 149 113 93 39 26 C) 1 C) b 102 112 176 * * * * * * * * * 113 175 * 35 * C-) C) C) 5 * 114 9:3 112 94 44 31 C) b 106 115 184 103 * 39 29 (1 1 C) * * 116 70 104 86 42 29 () C) C) S 109 117 296 * * * * * * * * * 1 1 8 822 112 * 40 31 1 C) * * 1 19 142 102 :3 1 41 C) C-) C) 5 1 o: 120 263 113 41 1 C) * * 121 169 10:3 94 45 30 6 113 122 243 104 85 39 24 1 C) * * 123 872 113 92 43 C) C-) C-) 6 102 124 7:39 * * * * * * * * * 4 ) i..'-.-1 158 * * * * * * * * * 126 192 105 85 52 I C-) :3(1 C-, 127 4 * * 41 1 * 6 116 128 111 124 106 4:3 C) C) 5 114 129 * * * * * * * * * 130 893 * * * * * * * * * 131 921 * * * * * * * * * 132 920 117 97 43 31 C) C-) 5 133 126 * * * * * * * * * 134 1 08 * :34 55 34 * C) * * 135 708 109 :39 42 29 C-) * C-) * *

4 62

136 604 113 99 41 30 2 2 0 * * 137 '575 105 84 43 28 0 1 0 s 92 138 '540 119 94 56 * * * 0 * *

4 ROW Cli C12 C13 C14 C15 CiG C17 C:18 C19 C20

1. 20 3 2 C) * 0 C) 0 3 1 3 2 * 1 1 1 1 3 25 3 1 2 2 * 1 1 0 0 4 24 3 2 3 0 * 2 2 1 1 5 3C) 3 3 3 2 * 1 1 0 1 6 27 3 i 3 0 * o 0 0 o 7 30 3 1 3 C) * 0 C) 1 C) 324 1 3 C) * 1 C) 0 C) 9 31 3 1 3 C) * 1 1 1 1 10 18 3 1 3 0 * 0 0 C) 0 11 31 3 1 3 C) * C) * C) * 12 19 3 1 3 C) * 0 1 C) 1 13 * * 1 2 0 * 0 2 * * 14 * * 1 3 2 * 0 * 3 15 * 4 1 3 o * 0 0 0 0 11 30 3 1 3 2 * 2 1 2 1 17 * * 1 * * * * * 4 * 18 * 3 1 3 C) * 0 C) 1 * 19 21 3 1 2 1 * 0 C) C) 1 20 23 3 1 3 C) * 1 1 C) C) 21 18 3 1 3 C) * 1 1 C) C) 22 * * 3 3 * * 0 * 0 * 3 1 2 0 * 0 0 0 C) 24 30 3 1 2 0 * 1 1 C) 0 25 * * 2 2 0 * 1 1 C) 0 26 33 3 1 3 C) * C) 1 1 1 27 * * * * * * * * * * 3 1 3 0 * I * 1 * 29 * * * * * * * * * * 30 18 3 2 3 0 * 1 1 1 1 31 * * 3 3 1 * 1 C) 0 C) 32 15 3 1 3 C) * C) C) 1 2 33 * * 1 2 C) * 2 0 1 1 3 1 3 C) * 0 C) 0 C) 35 26 3 2 3 0 * 1 1 1 1 36 * * 1 3 C) * 1 1 1 1 37 * * * * * * * * * * 29 3 1 2 C) * C) 0 0 0 39 19 3 3 0 * 0 0 0 * 40 * * 1 * * * 2 2 1 1 41 * * 1 3 0 * 2 1 C) 1 $2 * * * * * * * * * 43 * * 2' : 0 * o C) C) 0

4 63 44 * * * * * * * * * * 45 16 (.3 * * C) * C) 46 26 1 (.3 * 1 C) () 1 47 24 (.3 * 1 C) 1 (.3 48 * * * * * * 1 1 49 * * 1 * * * * * * * 50 18 1 () * C) C) 1 1 51 * * * * * * * * * * 52 25 1 C-) * 1 1 1 18 1 (-.3 * 1 1 54 * * 1 * 1 cI 15 C-) * C-) C) () C) 56 26 1 (.3 * 1 1 1 57 19 1 C) * C) C) C) C) SE: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 60 * * * * * * * * * * 61 * * * * * * * * * * 62 * 1 C-) * C) 1 1 63 * * * * * * * * * 64 * * * * * * 1 .4- 1 1 65 * * * * * * * * * * 66 * 1 C) * 1 1 1 67 * * * * * * * * * * 68 * * * * * * * * * * 69 * * C-) * 1 * C) * 70 * * * * * * * * * * 71 1 * 1 72 * * * * * C-) 0 * * 73 * 1 * * * 74 * * I C) * 1 1 1 75 * * * * * C) () C) 76 * 1 (.3 * 1 1 C) C-) 77 20 1 C) * 1 0 1 1 78 1 (.3 * C) 0 C) C) 79 * * (1 * (.3 (.3 (1 (.3 (_) * 1 * * 1 1 (3 1 1 31 1 C) * C) 4 1 19 1 C-) * 1 I 1 1 33 * * 1 C) * 1 1 * 34 * * * * * * * 35 * I * * * * 1 C) 4 * * U * * * C-) C) 87 * * * * * * * * * * 21 C) * (•1 C-) C) C) 89 * 1 (.3 * 1 1 C-) C)

4.-

464 90 27 4 1 (-) * C-) C) 1 C-) 91 * * * * * * * * * * 92 * * * * * * * * * * 93 * * * C) * C) C) 0 C) 94 39 1 * * I 1 95 33 1 * * * * * 96 * * 1 0 * C.) C) C) C-) 97 32 1 C) * 1 1 I 1 9:3 21 1 C) * 1 1 1 1 99 17 1 C-) * C-) C) 1 1 100 21 (-) * C) C) 1 C) 1 C) 1 * * * * * * * * * * 102 35 1 1 * 1 * 1 4 103 1 1 * 1 1 1 1 104 * * 1 C) * C-) C) * C) 105 * * * * * * * * * * 106 * 1 C) * C) C-) 1 1 1 C)7 * 1 * * * * C) * C) 1 08 * * * * * * * * * * 109 * * * * * * * * * 110 * * * * * * * * * * 111 34 4 1 C-) * 1 C) 1 1 112 * * * * * * * * * * 113 * * * * * C) * C) 114 24 4 1 C) * 115 * * 1 C-) * 1 1 1 114 20 C) * C-) C) 1 117 * * * * * * * * * * 11 8 * * 1 * * * 1 1 1 1 119 * C-) * * * * * 120 * * 1 C-) * 1 1 121 24 4 1 1 * 1 -7 122 * 1 C-) * 1 1 123 27 4 1 1 * C) C) 0 1 124 * * * * * * * * * * 125 * * * * * * * * * * 126 I C-) * 1 1 1 127 4 1 C) * C) * * * 128 1 C-) * 1 1 1 1 129 * * * * * * * * * * 130 * * * * * * * * * * 131 * * * * * * * * * * J. -..) 1 * 1 I 133 * * * * * * * * * * 134 * 1 C) * 1 * 1 1 135 * C-) * * C) * C)

465

1 1 136 * * 1 2 C) * 3 2 * 0 C) 0 1 137 2.5 3 1 3 . 138 * * * 2 * * * * * *

ROW C21 C22 C:. C:4 C:5 C. C:7 CS C29 C30

* C) C) * * * 1 C) C) C) 68 * 1 45 45 * 2 C) 0 0 57 1 C) * * * * * * 3 1 C) 52 * * * * * * 4 C) 0 0 56 * * * * 5 0 0 C) 70 62 * 21 6 C) C) C) 59 * 1 .5 29 36 1 :3 7 C) C) C> 69 * 1 3 4 C) 14 * IC) 22 44 24 8 () C) 0 60 1 * * * * 9 C) C) C) 64 * * 21 10 C) C) 0 59 * 1 4 30 35 1 1 C) C) C) 46 * 1. 1 C) 19 42 3 C> 27 12 C) 0 C) 69 * 1 2 21 * * 2 * 35 * 13 C) 0 0 1 * * * * * * * 14 C) C) 1 * * * * * * 15 0 C) C> 67 * * * * * * 16 C) C) C) 65 * * 1 38 33 C) 17 C) 1 C) 1 * * * 18 0 0 C> 47 * C) 0 45 19 0 0 0 78 * 1 2 34 40 * 3 36 43 39 20 C) C) C) 67 1 C) * * * * * * 21 C) 0 67 * * * * * 22 C) C) C) * * 23 C) 0 C> 58 * 1 3 34 37 18 34 24 0 C) C) 62 * 1 8 21 * 34 24 25 C) C) C) 62 1 4 27 * 3 26 47 * 24 C) C) C) 61 1 * * * * * * * * 27 * * * * * * 28 C) C) 0 53 * 29 C> * * * * 1 2 :21 26 27 * 20 31 30 C) C) C) 44 1 5 31 C) C) 0 66 * 1 4 19 26 * * 3 33 32 C) C) C) 68 1 * * * * * * 33 C) 0 C> 63 * * * * 34 C) C) C) 65 * * 18 35 C) C) C) 63 * 1 5 29 35 * * 2 26 38 141 36 0 C) 0 1 * * * * * * * * * * C) 69 * 1 3 31 39 45 1 C) * * * * 39 C) 0 C) 65 C) 0 * * 39 25 IC) * * * 1 3 35 C) * * 3 32 1:3 41 C) C) 1 * C) C) * * * * * * * 42 43 C) 0 C) * * 1 1 * * C-)

466

44 * * * * * 1 6 25 47 47

45 0 C-) 0 67 * C) C) * * *

46 (1 C) C-) 59 * 1 11 41 25

47 C-) C-) C) 58 * * * * * *

48 * C-) C-) * * 1 14 C)

49 * 0 * * * 1 1 26 * C)

50 0 C-) C) 53 * * * * * *

51 * C) C) * * * * * * *

52 C-) C) C) * 1 1 * * *

- .53 C) C) 72 * 1 1 22 * *

54 * * * * * C) C) * * *

55 0 0 C-) 60 * C) C) * * *

56 C) C.) C) 65 * 1 I 0 21 45

.57 C) C) C.) 59 C) * * * * *

58 * C-) 1 * * 1 *

59 * * * * * 1 1 34 * *

* * * * * * * * * *

61 * * * * * * * * * *

C) 0 C-) 66 * * * * *

63 0 C) C) * * 1 12 14 27

64 * C) C-) * * * * * *

45 * * * * * * * * * *

66 C) C-) C-) 63 1 15 31 *

67 * C-) C) * 70 1 1 35 * *

6:3 * * * * * 1 1 * 42 *

C-) 1 * * 1 -:!. 27 30 1:3

70 * * * * * C-) C) * * *

71 0 C) C) 81 C) C) * * *

72 C-) 0 C) * * C) C-) * * *

73 C) 0 (-) 62 73 * * * * *

74 C) C-) I 52 52 1 4 44 37

75 C) C) C) 68 63 1 4 29 31

76 C) C) C) 59 60 1 1 * * *

77 C-) C) C) 60 1 4 20 3:3 54

7:3 C-) o C-) 70 * * * * *

79 C) C-) C-) 71 62 1 21 16

e 0 C) C) C) 5:3 62 * * * * *

:3 1 C) 1 C) 64 62 C-) C) * * *

C) C-) C) 61 62 * * * * *

C) 1 1 * 40 1 1 36 C)

:34 U C-) C) * * C) C) * * *

:35 C-) 0 C-) 64 44 1 1 45 45 C)

:36 C.) C) * * I 1 26 26 0

:37 * * * * * C) C) * * *

C) C) C-) 62 1 1 * * *

9 C-) C) C-) 56 62 * * * * *

46 7 * * * 90 0 C) 0 67 64 * * * * * 91 * * * * * C) 0 * * * 92 * * * * * 0 C) C) (1 C) * * C) C) * * * 93 c() * 0 1) C) 40 1 29 43 94 * * 95 0 0 C-) 67 52 C-) 0 * * * * 96 C) C) * * * * * * * 97 C) C) 0 54 * * 25 98 (1 C) 63 57 1 * 43 14 .99 C) C-) C) 62 1 15 21 40 * * * 100 C-) C-) (I 67 * * * * * 1 0 1 * * * * * * * C-) (-I 1 * * * * * 102 * 103 C) C) C-) 65 53 C) C) * * * * 104 C) (_1 C-) * * * * * * * 105 * * * * * 1 19 1C)6 C-) C) C-) 42 43 1 6 31 39 24 1(17 C-) C) C) 75 72 1 h * * * * * 1 :5 36 108 * 109 C) C) C) * 62 1 1 27 * * * * * * * * * * * 11 0 * 111 1 C) C) 61 61 * * * * * * * * * C-) C) * * * 112 * 113 C-) (-I C-) * * C) C-) * * 114 1 (I C..) 63 58 1 4 20 36 61 115 0 C-) C-) 65 57 1 6 37 26 C) C-) C-) 53 66 1 5 19 27 24 116 * 117 * * * * * * * * * C-) (_1 C-) 64 1 36 39 43 118 * C) C-) C-) 67 53 C) C) * * 1 1.9 * 120 * C-) C) 57 .C) 1 6 39 * * 121 C) C) C-) 67 70 C) C-) * 122 C_I C-) C-) 42 I 5 27 34 123 0 C) C-) 63 57 1 4 19 27 * * * * * 1 I-, 21 * * 124 C) 125 * * * * * 1 1 35 35 126 (1 C-) C) 63 hO 1 * 44 * 127 (1 C) * 62 72 1 4 * * (1 C) C) 55 1 4 26 35 34 128 * 129 * * * * * * * * * * * 130 * * * * * * * * * 131 * * * * * 1 * * * 132 C-) C) C) 43 66 * * * * * 133 * * * * * * * * 134 C) C) C-) * * 1 29 46 135 C) C) C) 1 36

469

13€ 0 0 0 68 62 1 3 28 32 26 137 0 C) 0 64 56 1 1 23 23 C) 138 C) 0 0 * * * * * * *

ROW C31 C32 C33

1 * * 0 2 0 C) 3 3 * * C) 4 * * 1 5 * * 0 C) () C) 7 0 C) C) C) 0 1 9 * * 4 1 C) 0 o 0 11 0 C) 1 1 2 C) 0 C) 1 3 0 C) 14 * * 3 15 * * C) 16 * * 3 17 0 C) 6 18 * * 1 19 C) C) 0 20 C) C) 6 21 * * 1 22 * * C) 23 0 C) 6 :24 0 0 1 25 C) C) 3 24 0 0 3 27 * * * 28 * * 1 29 C) C) * 30 C) C) 1 31 1 1 5 32 C) C) 2 33 * * 0 34 * * 0 35 0 C) 1 36 0 0 0 37 * * 1 33 C) C) 1 39 * * C) 40 C) 0 41 C) C) 1 42 * * 2 43 * 0 2

469 44 0 C) 1 45 * * C) 46 () 0 47 * * 1 4: 0 1) 1 49 0 0 * * 51 * * 1 52 0 C) () C) 54 * * 55 * * 2 C) C-) 1 '57 * * 1 5:3 C) C-) 1 () C) * * * * 61 * * '5 * * 1 63 C) C-) 1 64 * * 1 65 * * * 66 C-) C-) 1 67 C-) C-) 6:3 C-) C-) * ,-. w C) C-) 1 70 * * 1 71 * * 72 * * C-) 73 * * 74 C-) C) 75 1 C) C) 76 * C-) 1 77 (-) C) 1 7:3 * * 79 I C-) C.) C) * * C) :31 * * 1 : * * 1 C-) C-) :34 * * C) 85 0 C-) 1 1) C-) :37 * * C-) * * (-) 9 * * C)

470 90 * * 1 91 * * * * * C) 93 * * C-) 94 C) 0 1 9.5 * * 5 96 * * C) 97 * * I-) C-) 99 0 0 C) 100 * * C-) 1 01 * * * 102 * * 103 * * 104 * * 10.5 C) 0 * 1 C) 6 1 1 107 C) 5 1 o:: C) C) * 1 09 C) C-) 1 1 C * * * 111 * * 1 112 * * 113 * * C-) 114 C-) C-) 115 C-) 0 1 16 C-) C-) C) 1 17 * * * 1 1:3 t) C) 119 * * F; 120 C-) C) 121 * * 1 122 C-) 1 123 1 0 C_) 124 C-) * 1 125 C) 0 * 124 C) C) 127 C) * C) 1 2E: C-) C-) 129 * * * 130 * * C-) 131 C.) * C-) 132 * * 1. 1 * * * 134 C-) C) * 135 C) C) C) 134 f) o F; 137 0 C) 1 132 * *

4 71

Re-articulated Pelvis

ROW Cl C:2 C:3 C: 4 C:5 C:e. C: 7 C: 8 C9 C: 1 0

1 752 3 116 104 105 114 1 c>o 85 397 2 751 1 132 109 130 133 104 1 10 3 189 2 129 '94 11 C) 124 1 ci o 104 371 37 C) 4 744 1 123 107 105 117 103 11,9 5 343 2 131 1 08 112 129 105 10 '9 75 342 e. 670 3 118 84 97 125 1 1 C) 1 2'3 122 142 1 00 415 7 956 2 141 9 407 1 129 1 Ci 6 113. 11,9 1 08 122 92 385 * 95 387 9 438 2 132 104 105 123 124 10 809 1 126 1 1 :3 120 129 1 CiCi 129 92 3,93 * * * 11 787 * * * * * * * * * * * * * 12 432 * * 13 467 * * * * * * * * * * * * 14 913 * 139 * * * 1 18 103 7:3 374 15 667 2 117 11 C) 121

681 1 145 11 6 1 o. 133 '.) "I 111 C> 412 14 17 748 * * * * * * * *

* * * * 18 409 * * * * 19 642 1 129 1 16 123 105 1 06 9C) :35 130 647 003 126 114 127 11 : 124 117 113 1 23. 105 391 21 654 2 131 1 C) 1 121 3 '957 * * * * * * * * * 412 23 299 1 137 117 132 144 111 134 127 119 122 i o:> 397 24 309 1 132 104 107 25 470 * 137 * * * 115 1 C> 7 * * 402 26 166 1 14') 106 139 132 113 126 95 * * * * * * * 37 533 * * 28 941 * 134 * * * * 1(13 * * * * * * 33 742 * * * * * * * * 1 1 C> 11,9 * * 30 494 * 120 31 445 * * * * * * * * * 1 OE: 77 392 32 499 1 134 111 124 122 33. 45: * 126 ill * 136 * * * * 33,9 34 45'3 2 1.12 1 08 11 8 '99 121 121 1 08 1:2 1 74 4C)4 35 5t:io 1 142 103 1 Ci 5 34 507 2 130 11 C) * 124 103 112 74 391 * * * 37 581 * * * * * * 39 710 1 132 11 4 133 1 (>4 124 .97 391 353 :9 693 1 11:3 114 93 111 1 C> 120 * * * * * * * 40 565 * * 41 548 * 139 * * * * * * * * * * * * 42 571 * * * * 43 '930 * * * * * *

472 44 569 * * * * * * * * * 45 605 * 120 1 10 104 115 * * * 37C 46 666 * 130 102 114 128 10 129 * 47 596 0 121 116 129 147 R 67 39 48 579 * * * * * * * * 3. 49 526 * * * * * * * * 50 528 2 136 121 102 121 102 123 106 41 '31 535 * * * * * * * * 52 544 * 122 109 124 105 119 * 53 5.51 * 137 * * * 121 132 * * 54 557 * 125 * * * 113 117 * 3. 55 721 * * * * * * * * * 56 521 * 122 * * * 96 86 * * 57 522 * 118 * * * 102 116 * 518 * * * * * * * * * 59 510 * * * * * * * * * 60 511 * * * * * * * * * 61 508 * * * * * * * * 44 481 120 94 * 111 103 112 37 35:1 63 437 * * * * * * * * * .1 C. 64 . '-. * * * * * * * * 65 4:3:3 * * * * * * * * * 66 493 * 129 * * * 105 114 * 3. 67 490 * * * * * * * * * 4::: 4:39 * * * * * * * * 3. 69 472 * * * * * * * * * 70 335 * * * * * * * * 3. 71 3:32 1 135 110 1 19 13:3 117 130 C, -. 390 72 477 * * * * * * * * * 73 414 * 123 92 * 120 102 102 * * 74 563 2 135 118 * 126 102 115 9(1 407 75 399 * * * * * * * * * 76 371 126 102 * 127 1 (13 117 :35 37t 77 368 1 137 :35 125 119 120 126 93 36.5 78 369 1 124 104 112 121 1 00 102 381 79 327 124 117 * 133 117 111 1 00 401 : o 125 113 * 137 112 131 321 I :31 .L .J 128 107 103 121 97 102 375 295 I 133 112 114 127 120 140 402 E3 746 1 124 107 * 126 102 114 92 3 7 84 747 * * * * * * * * :35 566 * * * * * * * * * :36 292 * * * * * * * * * :37 308 * * * * * * * * * 301 1 115 83 1(13 112 109 1 18 326 Oc) 2 120 135 109 1 4() 104 11:3 92 399

4 73 I 90 750 1 137 105 111 .L 4-._ 108 116 423 91 79 * * * * * * * * * 92 867 * * * * * * * * * 93 755 1 1 C)9 :37 * * 77 99 78 325 94 204 * 117 1 C) 1 1C)3 121 75 * * 95 272 * * * * * * * * * 96 885 * * * * * * * * * 97 776 1 146 103 114 130 1 1:3 134 90 41& 98 99 128 105 I 4.. 136 * 117 83 330 99 259 1 132 1 oS 1 19 123 10)4 113 92 334 100 281 1 12:3 97 95 109 102 1 1 C) 75 374 101 157 * * * * * * * * * 102 134 1 14'; 1 C) 4 112 128 114 119 35 395 103 205 1 137 1 1 0 1 1 C) 130 106 112 397 1 C) 4 251 * * * * * * * * 4 -7 * * * 105 1. ._' * * * * * * 106 889 * 116 * * * * * * * 107 882 * * * * * * * * * 108 802 * * * * * * * * * 109 817 1 12:3 105 1 19 * 102 75 366 1 1 C) 764 * * * * * * * * * 111 149 * 126 * 1 C: * * * * * 112 176 * * * * * * * * * 113 175 * * * * * * * * * 114 98 4:. 129 113 119 99 106 73 376 115 184 1 124 102 * 117 * 121 :37 353 116 70 131 1 0:3 127 129 111 120 C' 117 296 * * * * * * * * * 118 822 * 126 * * * * * * * 119 142 2 114 :3 1 93 105 97 106 * 322 120 263 * 136 * * * * * * * 121 169 3 125 93 117 126 112 120 85 365 122 243 1 129 115 * 134 11 0 128 386 123 :372 * 131 * * * 113 133 * * 124 789 * * * * * * * * * 125 158 * * * * * * * * * 126 192 120 .-,, () 113 128 94 105 C, 350i I * I. - 4 * * 114 126 143 * * * 128 111 144 120 134 142 106 121 413 129 902 * * * * * * * * * 130 893 * * * * * * * * * 131 921 * * * * * * * * * 4 .-... 132 920 * 139 * .1 ._._I 140 111 126 * * 133 126 * * * * * * * * * 134 108 * * * * * * * * * 135 708 1 122 94 * 122 105 116 :35 341)

474

136 .O4 1 133 93 * * 107 100 88 36 137 .575 1 123 95 115 1 1 0 119 90 34: 138 540 * 139 130 * 140 * 114 80 38:

ROW Cli C12 C13 c:14 Ci 5 Cl 6 Cl 7 C:18 C:19 C20

1 1 2 49 4:3 67 6:3 91 117 78 153 2 1 2 67 72 104 125 66 157 73 110 64 156 3 1 2 45 62 92 87 4 1 3 55 63 73 c.:' 87 102 85 158 5 1 3 55 67 65 :31 82 107 77 156 156 6 3 3 49 54 43 SE: 76 102 75 7 1 3 62 75 :35 102 :39 90 99 162 8 1 2 61 68 89 93 105 78 158 * 9 1 2 * * 86 79 * 15:3 10 1 2 63 63 100 94 120 78 165 * * * 155 11 * * * * * * 12 * * * * * * * * * 158 * * * * 13 * * * * * * 14 * 2 * * * * * * * 163 * * 149 15 1 2 * * * * 94 14 1 3 57 5:3 87 :30 :30 107 75 170 * * * 163 17 * * * * * * 18 * * * * * * * * * 159 19 1 3 46 65 :37 34 110 80 157 20 1 3 70 66 85 4 79 98 :31 157 21 1 2 71 76 '- 0 77 107 72 151 * * * * * * * * * 161 23 1 2 :30 77 111 113 85 119 71 144 E:9 153 24 1 2 70 66 :34 78 (3 90 25 * 2 * * * * * * * 163 62 154 26 1 3 :34 83 1 :e. 105 74 123 27 * * * * * * * * * * * * * 156 * * * * * * 29 * * * * * * * * * 159 * * * 149 30 * * 47 74 97 31 * * * * * * * * * 153 66 153 32 1 3 63 69 81 125 33 1 2 * * * * :3:3 * * 153 34 1 2 64 64 89 91 110 :30 147 35 1 3 46 61 87 :35 73 97 75 15:3 : * * 148 36 1 2 * * * * 37 * * * * * * * * * 158 1 3 6E: 64 89 95 75 109 69 160 39 1 2 63 60 35 34 97 89 109 149 * * * 160 40 1 3 * * * * 41 * * * * * * * * * 111 * * * 166 42 * * * * * * 43 * * * * * * * * * 154

475 44 * * * * * * * * * 152 45 1 * 7.5 * 104 92 * * 156 46 3 4 64 67 -: 'i 90 79 105 75 1.4 47 3 3 59 51 :31 73 65 170 48 * * * * * * * * * 154 49 * * * * * * * * * 152 50 1 3 51 5:3 77 84 89 100 :39 161 51 * * * * * * * * * 155 52 1 62 63 87 :37 79 104 76 149 .53 * 3 84 :36 101 1 0 1 * * * 154 54 * * * * * * * * * 151 55 * * * * * * * * * * 56 * * * * * * * * * 151 57 * * * * * * * * * 158 . C, * * * * * * * * * 162 59 * * * * * * * * * * 60 * * * * * * * * * * 61 * * * * * * * * * * 62 1 2 * * * * 7:3 * * 152 63 * * * * * * * * * 148 64 * * * * * * * * * * 65 * * * * * * * * * * 66 * * * * * * * * 144 67 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 SC) 70 * * * * * * * * * 150 71 1 3 74 73 :36 102' 79 153 72 * * * * * * * * * 165 73 * * * * * 75 * * 154 74 1 * * * * 86 * * 162 75 * * * * * * * * * 1.54 76 1 * * * * :31 * * 152 77 4 74 :3 92 62 104 1.56 7:3 1 0 76 89 :34 112' 75 15:3 79 1 * * * * 94 * * 158 :3 o 1 * * * * 90 * * 160 :3 1 1 55 5.5 66 70 :34 106 73 157 82 1 73 73 1 00 94 ':15 163 83 1 3 * * * * :36 * * 157 84 * * * * * * * * * 150 85 * * * * * * * * * 157 E:6 * * * * * * * * * 148 87 * * * * * * * * * 1.56 1 70 65 92 :37 72 94 77 145 2 * * * * 113 105 108 162

476 1 69 41 90 77 103 75 159 91 * * * * * * * * * 1 4t) * * * * * * * * * * 93 4 * * * * :30 * * * 94 c_, () 53 74 :31 :34 137 43 156 1 C, 57 * 63 * * * * 152 9 * * * * * * * * * 157 97 1 '49 37 :37 71 97 73 146 98 1 * 43 97 93 C. * * 160 1 70 43 0 114 7C) 154 1 o 0 1 1 F; 9 65 80 :34 74 93 153 1. C) 1 * * * * * * * * * * 102 1 47 74 77 73 9:3 73 152 1 C) 3 1 71 63 91 :34 :3 104 77 153 104 * * * * * * * * * * 105 * * * * * * * * * * 106 * * * * * * * * * 155 107 * * * * * * * * * * 1 08 * * * * * * * * * 156 109 1 63 :37 :3 o 124 157 11 0 * * * * * * * * * * 111 1 7C) 74 c'F; * * * 1.56 112 * * * * * * * * * 154 113 1 * 43 * :37 * * * * 114 1 53 64 L• :34 77 114 68 158 115 1 * * * * * * 159 116 1 77 74 .— F-, 93 114 7.-. 157 117 * * * * * * * * * 157 118 1 * * * * * * * 156 1 19 4 62 41 7:3 75 71 1 0 1 7 C) 142 120 * * * * * * * * * 163 121 1 44 C) 78 104 75 151 12.. I * * * :39 * 160 123 1 * * * * * * * 156 124 * * * * * * * * * 149 125 * * * * * * * * * * 126 63 92 .93 Cr 120 63 143 127 1 72 * 1 C) 7 * * * * 140 12:3 1 74 -. ,—)' 97 9F; 126 161 129 * * * * * * * * * * 130 * * * * * * * * * * 131 * * * * * * * * * * 132 1 65 :34 :39 * 113 * 163 133 * * * * * * * * * 159 134 * * * * * * * * * * 135 1 * * * * 77 * * 156 136 1 * * * * 74 * * * 137 1 62 73 :3 1 77 84 149 138 1 * * * * * 94 * * *

47 7

Male Pelvis

RC'14 Cl C2 C3 C:4 C:5 C:6 C:7 C:E: C:9 C: 1 0

1 0 4 1 632 43 4 1 464 91 4 1 * * 0 4 2 51 4 1 19 C) 0 4 3 602 4 613 46 4 1 o 4 C. 5 173 40 4 1 1 9 C) 0 4 13 C) 4 6 244 64 4 1

C-) C) 1) 1 (3 C) C) 7 185 32 C-) 182 70 4 14 0 4

t) C) C) C) C) 4 1 9 162 61 4 4 19 (-3 0 4 1 10 363 1 C) 0 () C) 11 712 5:3

(3 C) 12 714 34 C) C) (1 C) 1 4 1 13 0 3 13 753 66 C) 254 34 C) (3 C) C) 1 0 14 15 441 47 4 1 4 1 C_I 1

16 381 - 4 1 1 0 1 0 4 1

t-. 13 C) 4 17 443 4 18 610 71 4 4 17 (3 4

19 433 61 (3 C) 0 2 1

C-) (1 C) C) * C) 3 1 20 402 0 C-) 21 554 71 C) (3 C) C)

C: F.JW C:1 1 C: 1 2 C: 13 C: 1 4 C: 1 5 C 16 C:17 C:1E: C 19 1 1 i:1. 5 10 1 C) 105 121 102 1 * 12 * (3 103 114 93 11 5 1.9 1 (1 106 120 103 1 16 16 4 5 18 C) 97 106 121 9:3 97 109 5 4 21 C) () ç 7 109 123 :37 120 4 4 11 * C) 117 103 114 100 () C) 137 1 04 118 98 105 7 C) ç, 15 C) :3 o 92 109 92 117 122 9 5 16 (3 1 (:2 127 107 1 5 10 3 11 C) C) 1 (:'9 1(32 119 106 C-) 9:3 92 125 11 0 (•1 103 1 0:3 125 C) 107 111 12 0 C) 1 117 109 125 103 124 13 7 19 '.3 107 109 133 108 103 * 124 14 0 C) 1 C) * 97 114 110 11 :3 15 3 11 C) C) 11 0 107 124 101 1 0 1 * 117 16 4 11 C) * 110 102 9 11 4 17 2 13 * 138 107 123 98 115 18 2 13 C) 106 106 123 104 * 120 19 5 1.5 C) * 109 129 105 * 1 1 2 20 3 14 * * * 1 0:3 130 93

478

21 0 0 2 0 97 101 121 1 0 1 10 11

F: C' W C:21 C:22 C:23 C:24 C:25 C:24 C:27 C:2 :3

E:41 3 46 2. 4:3 34 145 * 335 3 * * * * 167 90 340 1 50 35 44 36 149 4 343 3 43 31 49 41 165 93 344 3 43 37 42 35 16 * 354 1 * * * * 173 7 81 344 1 43 37 43 35 176 75 320 3 41 36 43 37 162 9 81 357 1 52 40 54 3:3 17 1 0 100 356 1 49 39 54 35 147 11 97 366 1 51 39 44 37 17:3 12 87 365 1 43 35 45 34 172 13 9:3 37:3 3 50 33 5:3 40 162 14 * 351 1 55 * 54 * 1 3 15 73 343 3 49 35 49 1 6: 1 t. * 330 1 50 39 * * 163 17 90 354 3 49 37 54 34 171 1 74 3d4 3 : 29 4.3 27 I 4:3 *19 370 1 * * 39 c11 1 3 .20 * * 1 59 34 * * 1 63 21 * 34:3 3 50 35 * * 15

479

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International Genealogical Index (I.G.I.)

Primar y Source Material

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Trade Directories

The Little London Directory 1677 Kent London Directory 1736 The Intelligencer 1738 Complete Guide to London 1740 Universal Pocket Companion 1741 Complete Guide to London 1744 Kent London Directory 1754 Mortimer London Directory 1763 Kent London Directory 1774 Kent London Directory 1785 Lowndes London Directory 1795 Holdens Triennial Directory 1805/6/7 Holdens Directory 1805 Post Office Annual Directory 1810 Kent London Directory 1815 Robsons London Directory 1820 Kent Original London Directory 1825 Boyles Court Guide 1830 Claytons Court Guide 1830 Robsons London Commercial Directory 1830 Post Office London Directory 1835 Robsons London Directory 1835 Post Office London Directory 1840 ditto 1845 ditto 1846 ditto 1851

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The Hurlin Letters are quoted by kind permission of Mrs E. Fre yne of Chester.

The Benson letters are quoted b y kind permission of Judith MacLeod, Turramurra, Australia.

Traces of our Heritage. is quoted b y kind permission of the author Marie Sander, Long Beach, California.

491 Corrigenda

P.28 & 30 The references (Kapandji, A. Physiology of the Joints.) and (Hamilton, W.J. Textbook of Human Anatomy.) are taken from Philipp E. et Al. 1986. p 87 & 91.

P. 73 John Stow was born in London circa 1525 and entered the tailoring trade after his father. He became an English historian and antiquarian his best known work being Survey of London (1598). He died in 1605.

P.377 CAS 2822 Mrs Mary Edger married William at the age of 32. Her 1st child was born when she was 36 and her 2nd when she was 39. Birth spacing was 3 years 7 months. They lived in Dorset Street.

P.431 The references (Anon. 1758, 74) and (Wakefield 1817, 6) are derived from Hill, B. 1984 p 258 & 263.

492