AN EVALUATION OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF "SCARS OF PARTURITION" IN TilE CHRIST CHURCH SPITALFIELDS SAMPLE. Volume 2. Appendices and Bibliography. MARGARET J. COX Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. January 1989 Institute of Archaeology, University of London, London. BIEL LOt4DUt UNW 302 Appendix 1. Obstetric data concerning the adult females from Christ Church. Detailed information of each named female aged over 12 years in the Christ Church, Spitalfields sample. The skeletal data was noted during the examination and measurement of each case, which took place in no particular order. The obstetric data was added after the skeletal analysis was complete. The prefix "CAS 2" has not been used, only the last three digits of each woman's identification number are listed. This is followed by her name as it appeared on her coffin plate, the year in which she died and her age at death. Any obstetric data which has been retrieved is then described plus her husband's name and occupation if these data are known. Preauricular sulci are called "grooves of pregnancy" and "grooves of ligament" after Houghton 1974 for types 1 and 2, see chapter 4. Type 3 sulci are called "indistincts" and the type 4 sulci illusion created by an accentuated pyriformis tubercle and bone deposition a "male sulci". The abbreviation DISH is used to refer to the condition diffuse ideopathic skeletal hyperostosis. 32 MRS MARY BALL. died 1819 a g ed 48 year Condition; the pubes are both missing (post mortem), and there is abrasion to the iliac crests and to the lower sac rum. There is no scarring of the sacrum. Both innominates have preauricular sulci. The left is a groove of pregnancy, with several distinct scoops. It is very short and wide, lacking a clear lower margin. The right has been scored 303 as a groove of pregnancy but in certain wa y s resembles an "indistinct". It is very wide and has a grainy floor with definite scoops (hence groove of pregnancy). It also lacks a clear lower margin. There are no abnormalities to the lower limbs or vertebrae, though both are incomplete. Married to Hezekiah, a weaver, they lived in Gre y Eagle Street. Two infants were baptised, the 1st when Mary was 21, the second when she was 27. 642 MRS ELIZABETH BARDOLPH, died 1806 aged 47 years. Condition; very good. There are no pits along the dorsal aspect of the pubic symphysis. The right sacral facies pelvina has a sulcus, extending some l5mms. which is slightly "scooped". The left preauricular sulcus is scooped but the margins are not clearly delineated, the sulcus is very shallow. The right preauricular sulcus has no distinct margins and comprises 2 scoops side by side, neither is very deep or clearly delineated. Both sciatic notches have an accentuated pyriformis tubercle, which makes the notch look "U" shaped. There is no pathology affecting either the vertebrae or the lower limbs. Married to James, an Orange Warehouse Owner/Merchant, they baptised 2 children. Elizabeth was 34 at the 1st and 40 at the second baptism. 407 MARY CADMAN, died 1824 aged 65 years. Condition is good. The left pubis is eroded on its superior aspect. 304 There are no preauricular sulci or sacral scarring. There is pitting of the dorsal aspect of the pubic symphyses and lipping. There is very slight osteoarthritis affectin g the lumbar vertebrae, there is no evidence of any other disease or trauma to the vertebrae or lower limbs. Married to Charles Cadman, a weaver at the age of 22, Mary baptised 10 infants, the first on the same day as she married the last aged 44 years. Birth spacing was 1 year 1 month, 11 months 1 4 years 1 month, 2 years 1 month, 2 years 8 months, 2 years 1 month, 2 years 7 months, 2 years 10 months and 2 years 8 months. 752 MISS SARAH COLLINS, died 1806 aged 17 years. In 1st class condition. There is an "indistinct" sulcus on the right innominate, it is very shallow with no inferior margin. The left preauricular sulcus is a slight groove of pregnancy. It has a rougher floor, with 2 slight scoops and clear margins. The pubes and the sacrum are unscarred. There is no pathology or degenerative change affecting either the lower limbs or the vertebrae. Very little is known of Sarah's history. She did not marry and appears not to have had children. 918 MRS HANNAH DAVY, died 1747 aged 57 years. Condition; the pubes and lower sacrum are eroded. There is scarring along the sacral facies pelvina, the left side being smooth and extending some llmms. , the 305 right is difficult to see clearly because of exostosis but appears to be smooth, though it is lipped. It extends some l6mms. Both preauricular sulci are unusual as they extend right around the articular surface. The left is a groove of pregnancy with one distinct scoop, the rest of the floor has a grainy texture. A lower margin is just discernible. The right su]cus may just be categorised as a groove of pregnancy because it has an uneven lower margin, it also has a grainy floor. DISH disease is evident along the iliac crest, there is moderate upping of both knees and sli ght degenerative change affecting the lumbar vertebrae. Hannah's life history is obscure, no record of a marriage or baptisms exist for her. As her surname is unusual, it is presumed that she is nulliparious. 744 MRS JANE DEARDS, date of death unknown, aged 52 years. The sacrum and left innominate are in good condition, the right innominate has post mortem damage to the pubis and ramus, the superior pubic symphysis is damaged. There are no preauricular sulci. Both sacroiliac joints have slight bony projections at the sciatic notch extremity. Around the left sulci the bone is slightly rough. The right pubic symphysis is damaged, the left is not pitted, though there is a sli ght bony projection at the lower margin. The left pubic ramus has 2 healed fractures. The right has 1, which has not completely healed. See plate 10. 306 Limbs and vertebrae appear normal, although there is evidence of slight osteophytosis and porosity of the lumbar vertebrae. Because Jane's date of death is unknown, it has been impossible to identify her with certainty in the historical records. Consequently her parity status is unknown. 751 MRS ANN DEARNS, died 1784 aged 71 years. In 1st class condition. A "bone former", this might slightly distort the measurements. There are sacral facies pelvina, these are distinctly pitted, the right extends 18mm, and the left 25mm. The right sulcus is deep but not scooped, the lower margin is reasonably distinct and smooth. The floor is smooth yet very slightly grainy. The left sulcus is dee p , the lower margin is curved yet smooth, the floor is not grooved but slightly grainy. Both pubic symphyses are lipped. The texture is porous. Both have pitting, much of which has coalesced into a sulcus. There is moderate lipping of both knees, and osteophytosis of the lumbar vertebrae. Married to John Dearns, they baptised one child when Ann was 45 years old. They lived in Wheeler Street. 667 MRS PHOEBE ANN HILL, died 1829 aged 30 years. Condition; generally very good, unfortunately the base of the sacrum is damaged. There is no scarring of the sacrum. There are no clear preauricular sulci, although there is a slight indentation 307 along each sacroiliac joint and the texture of the area is grainy. There is marked pitting and lipping of both pubes, see plate 5. There is no pathology or degenerative change affecting the vertebrae or lower limbs. A small and g racile pelvis. Phoebe was married to F.Hill a master weaver of Princes street. There are no baptism records relating to them, she is presumed nulliparious. 438 MRS MARY HUMPHRIES, died 1825 aged 56. Condition is slightly abraded, but good. The ischial spines are abraded, as is the left iliac crest. This skeleton is beginning to disintegrate. The sacrum is asymmetrical, twisting slightly to the right. A high assimilation gynecoid pelvis. There are no sacral facies pelvina and no pitting of the pubic symphyses, see plate 19. The left preauricular sulcus is a groove of ligament, but very wide, the floor is smooth but rather grainy, there is a clearly defined lower margin. See plate 2. The right preauricular sulcus is a groove of pregnancy with well defined margins. See plate 1. There is a fracture of the distal end of the right fibula and the medial maleolus of the right tibia. There is degenerative change of both the talus and the calcaneus, presumably a consequence of this injury. See plate 23. Osteochondritis dessicans affects the distal end of the right tibia. Little is known of Mary's history, her marital and parity 308 status are unknown. Plate 23. Fracture of the distal end of the right fibula and the medial malleolus of the right tibia. 670 MRS ELIZABETH JACKSON, died 1809 aged 68. Condition: The right sacroiliac joint is slightly abraded, the rest is very good. There is no pubic pitting, nor scarring of the sacrum. The preauricular sulci are "male" (4) in character, that is the y are not real sulci, but appear to be owing to the presence of an accentuated pyriformis tubercle. A high assimilation sacrum (6 sacral vertebrae) and an android pelvis. This pelvis has male characteristics. There is no evidence of trauma or disease of the lower 309 limbs or the vertebrae. The sacrum is asymmetrical, the lower segments twisting slightly to the right.