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Faculté Des Arts Et Des Sciences Essai Sur La Université de Montréal Département de sociologie – Faculté des arts et des sciences Essai sur la radicalité politique – les violences faites contre soi Margaux KLEIN Dirigé par Valérie AMIRAUX Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de maître ès sciences (M. Sc.) en sociologie Résumé : Je me suis demandée dans ce travail comment l’étude des violences auto sacrificielles pouvait nous aider à comprendre la radicalité politique. Je me suis concentrée sur trois idéal-types : celui de la violence mystique, de la violence ascétique et enfin de la violence charismatique. Pour appréhender ces types de rapport à la violence, j’ai développé l’idée de « façon d’être au monde » qui désigne un cadre de pensée particulier, une façon de comprendre le monde et de le façonner. La notion englobe, entre autres, un imaginaire politique, une échelle de valeurs, une cosmogonie particulière, mais aussi un ensemble de choix et de gestes et, notamment, d’actions violentes. Pour développer ce point et le faire dialoguer avec les différents types de violence faite contre soi, j’ai sélectionné trois cas : Mohammed Atta illustre la violence mystique, Bobby Sands et Catherine de Sienne me permettent de questionner la violence ascétique et enfin, la violence charismatique est celle dans laquelle s’engagent les membres du PKK. Mots clefs : Violence – radicalité – attaque suicide – grève de la faim – immolation – idéal-type Abstract : This thesis aims to understand political radicalism through the study of self violence. I worked with three ideal types of violence : the mystical, the ascetic and the charismatic one. In order to analyze these types of political violence, I developed the idea of « way of being in the world » which refers to a particular set of mind, a way of understanding the world and shaping it. The notion gathers, among other things, a political imaginary, a scale of values, a specific cosmogony and a set of choices and acts, which can be violent or not. To elaborate this point and to link it with the concept of self violence, I selected three cases : Mohammed 2 Atta embodies the mystical violence, Bobby Sands and Catherine de Sienne illustrate the ascetic violence and the PKK pictures the charismatic violence. Keywords : Violence - radicalism - bombing attack - hunger strike - immolation - ideal type 3 Remerciements : Je souhaite remercier ma professeure Valérie AMIRAUX qui m’a soutenue et apporté une aide et des conseils précieux tout au long de ces années de maîtrise. Je suis véritablement reconnaissante du temps que Madame AMIRAUX m’a consacré et de la confiance dont elle a témoigné à mon égard, à plusieurs reprises. Je souhaite particulièrement remercier Christiane LAVAQUERIE-KLEIN pour sa relecture attentive et son soutien indéfectible. Je souhaite remercier chaleureusement mes parents Christiane et Jean-Marie KLEIN qui soutiennent ardemment mon projet de recherche depuis le début et le rendent possible. Enfin, je souhaite remercier mon compagnon Ali Kais HENIA pour ses encouragements, sa relecture critique, ses conseils et son soutien quotidien qui ont été pour moi un véritable réconfort. 4 5 SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION P. 9 PARTIE I – RADICALITE ET FACON D’ETRE AU MONDE P.15 Chapitre 1 – Radicalité, radicalisation : état de l’art P. 16 1.1 Les différentes approches de la radicalité et de la radicalisation P. 18 1.2 La question de la violence et de la pureté P. 41 1.3 Un objet et une littérature genrés P. 48 Chapitre 2 – Les violences faites contre soi P. 52 2.1 Le sacrifice de soi et la notion de martyr P. 53 2.2 Le suicide P. 57 2.3 Les martyrs veulent-ils forcément mourir ? P. 60 Chapitre 3 – Façon(s) d’être au monde P. 63 3.1 Deux illustrations de façons d’être au monde P. 63 3.2 Le rapport au temps et à la mort P. 65 3.3 La question de la rationalité P. 69 PARTIE II – METHODOLOGIE P. 77 Chapitre 1 – Parler d’individus que l’on ne rencontre pas P. 77 6 Chapitre 2 – La méthode pour l’analyse de cas P. 80 Chapitre 3 – La grille d’analyse P. 84 PARTIE III – ETUDES DE CAS P. 91 Chapitre 1 – Mohammed Atta : la violence mystique P. 91 1.1 Mohammed Atta, parcours de vie d’un kamikaze P. 91 1.2 La violence mystique P. 95 1.3 « Les martyrs : l’engagement, le corps, le temps » P. 101 Chapitre 2 – Bobby Sand et Catherine de Sienne : la violence ascétique P. 104 2.1 Bobby Sands, « the people’s own MP » P. 104 2.2 La violence ascétique P. 109 2.3 L’anorexie mystique : l’exemple de Catherine de Sienne P. 114 Chapitre 3 – Le PKK : la violence charismatique P. 121 3.1 Le PKK et son projet P. 121 3.2 La violence charismatique : l’embrigadement et la question du leader P. 127 3.3 Le choix d’un mode d’opération violent P. 130 CONCLUSION P. 137 7 ANNEXES P. 140 BIBLIOGRAPHIE P. 151 8 INTRODUCTION « Mohammed s’éloigna. Il enfourcha sa mobylette et retourna en direction de la mairie. Une fois arrivé, il attacha la mobylette contre un poteau, demanda de nouveau à être reçu par le maire ou par l’un de ses adjoints. Le concierge était encore plus furieux que la veille. Mohamed pensa à la bouteille de gazoil dans sa sacoche, arrangea sa tenue blanche et fit le tour de la place. Les gens ne le remarquèrent pas. C’était un matin de décembre ensoleillé. Un 17 décembre. Dans sa tête beaucoup d’images se précipitèrent dans une grande confusion : sa mère alitée, son père dans le cercueil, lui à la faculté de lettres, Zineb souriante, Zineb en colère, Zineb le suppliant de ne rien faire, sa mère qui se lève et le réclame ; le visage de la femme qui l’a giflé ; qui le gifle de nouveau ; son corps penché en avant comme s’il se donnait à un bourreau ; le ciel bleu ; un arbre immense qui le protège ; lui dans les bras de Zineb sous l’arbre ; lui enfant en train de courir pour ne pas rater l’école ; sa prof de français qui lui fait des compliments ; ses examens à la faculté ; le diplôme montré à ses parents ; le diplôme accroché à un pancarte sur laquelle on écrit «chômeur» ; son diplôme qui brûle dans l’évier chez lui ; de nouveau l’enterrement de son père ; des cris, des oiseaux, le Président et sa femme avec d’immenses lunettes noires ; la femme qui le gifle ; l’autre qui l’insulte… un cortège de moineaux traversant le ciel ; Spartacus ; une fontaine publique ; sa mère et ses deux sœurs qui font la queue pour prendre de l’eau ; de nouveau les flics le brutalisant ; des insultes ; des coups ; des insultes ; des coups… Une dernière fois, il demanda que le maire le reçoive. Refus et insultes. Le concierge le poussa avec son gourdin et le fit tomber. Puis Mohamed se releva en silence. Il alla se poster juste en face de l’entrée principale de la mairie, sortit la bouteille de gazoil de sa sacoche, s’aspergea de haut en bas, jusqu’à ce que la bouteille soit vide. Ensuite, il alluma son briquet Bic rouge, regarda une seconde la flamme et l’approcha de ses habits. Le feu prit tout de suite. Quelques minutes. La foule accourut, Le concierge de la mairie hurlait. Essayait d’éteindre le feu avec sa veste. Mohamed se transforma en torche. Lorsque 9 l’ambulance arriva, le feu était éteint, mais Mohammed avait perdu toute ressemblance avec un être humain. » (Ben Jelloun, 2011, p.22) Cet extrait de l’ouvrage Par le feu écrit par l’écrivain marocain Tahar Ben Jelloun retrace les derniers moments de Tarek Bouazizi – plus connu sous le nom de Mohamed Bouazizi – et devenu célèbre pour s’être immolé le 17 décembre 2010 devant le gouvernorat de Sidi Bouzid, en Tunisie. Âgé de 26 ans, Mohamed Bouazizi est vendeur de légumes et lutte contre une corruption féroce qui l’empêche de travailler. Ce jour-là, la police lui confisque ses légumes et une balance qui représentent la totalité de ses outils de travail, au prétexte qu’il se trouve dans l’incapacité de présenter une autorisation de vente. De désespoir et de colère, le jeune homme enflamme ses vêtements et décède 18 jours plus tard à l’hôpital Ben Arous de Tunis. « Comme la plupart des Tunisiens le savent, Bouazizi était un homme désespéré qui s’est senti réduit à l’impuissance, plus exactement à rien, à la suite d’un double tort qu’on lui a fait subir : la confiscation de son étalage ambulant, son moyen de subsistance ; et une humiliation, cette gifle donnée par un représentant de l’autorité, qui plus est une femme, ce qui est grave sur l’échelle de l’outrage pour un homme dans son milieu. La vie, désormais, n’était simplement plus vivable pour lui, il ne voyait plus comme possibilité que cette protestation radicale par l’auto-immolation. Pas seulement la mort, l’anéantissement. » (Benslama, 2011) écrit le psychanalyste Fethi Benslama à propos de l’évènement. Le geste de détresse déclenche une série de manifestations en soutien à Mohamed Bouazizi mais aussi en opposition au gouvernement et à son leader, Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, qui dirige le pays depuis 1987. S’en suit une véritable révolte qui entraîne la fuite de Ben Ali en Arabie Saoudite et marque le début d’une ère d’insurrection dans les pays arabes. Pour Fethi Benslama, Mohamed Bouazizi est devenu l’exemple de l’individu réduit à l’impuissance totale et qui préfère s’anéantir que de vivre indigent.
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