Illocutionary Act of Grug Utterances in the Croods Movie
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
ILLOCUTIONARY ACT OF GRUG UTTERANCES IN THE CROODS MOVIE Lisnani, M Bahri Arifin, Setya Ariani English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies Mulawarman University email: [email protected] Abstract Illocutionary act is performing an act by saying something. There were five types of illocutionary act, namely: assertives, directives, commissives, expressives and declaratives. The Croods movie is a story about the journey of a family who wants to find a safer place for them to life. The aims of this research were to find out the types and to know the context of illocutionary act of Grug‘s utterances in The Croods movie. This research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method, because the data of this research were from the utterances containing the types and the context of illocutionary act of Grug‘s utterances. The data of this research were taken from 38 sample utterances of Grug‘s conversation. From the analysis can be concluded that they were 13 utterances in the form of assertive which can be categorized into stating, concluding and asserting. Thirteen directive utterances in the form of commanding, requesting, ordering, questioning and forbidding. Commissive appeared in six utterances in the form of promising and refusing. The last types of illocutionary act was expressive which appeared in six utterances in the form of thanking, apologizing, praising and stating anger. Key words: The Croods movie, illocutionary act, types, context Abstrak Tindak ilokusi adalah melakukan suatu tindakan dengan mengatakan sesuatu. Ada lima jenis tindak ilokusi, yaitu: asertif, direktif, komisif, ekspresif dan deklaratif. Film The Croods adalah kisah tentang perjalanan sebuah keluarga yang ingin mencari tempat yang lebih aman bagi mereka untuk hidup. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis dan untuk mengetahui konteks tindak ilokusi dari ucapan Grug di film The Croods. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif, karena data penelitian ini berasal dari ucapan-ucapan yang berisi jenis tindak ilokusi dan konteks tindak ilokusi dari ucapan Grug. Data penelitian ini diambil dari 38 sampel ujaran percakapan Grug. Dari hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat 13 ucapan dalam bentuk asertif yang dapat dikategorikan ke dalam menyatakan, menyimpulkan dan menegaskan. Tiga belas ucapan direktif dalam bentuk memerintah, meminta, pemesanan, mempertanyakan dan melarang. Komisif muncul dalam enam ucapan dalam bentuk menjanjikan dan menolak. Jenis terakhir dari tindakan ilokusi adalah ekspresif yang muncul dalam enam ucapan dalam bentuk berterima kasih, meminta maaf, memuji dan menyatakan kemarahan. Kata Kunci: film The Croods, tindak ilokusi, tipe, konteks Jurnal Ilmu Budaya, Volume 1 Nomor 2 Edisi April 2017 85 A. BACKGROUND In communication, context is important because the context is needed to help the listener understand speaker‘s intention. /eech (1983) stated that context was any background knowledge assumed to be shared by S (speaker) and H (hearer) which contributed to H‘s interpretation of what S means Ey giving the utterance. :ithout context, the listener would find the difficulty in interpreting the meaning of the speaker‘s utterance. :hen there was no context, the communication between the speaker and the listener would fail. The listener might be confused or misunderstood the speaker‘s intention. Furthermore, Hymes (as cited in Wardhaugh, 2006) explained the eight aspects in communication, namely setting and scene, participants, end, act sequence, key, instrumentalies, norms and genre or SPEAKING context. These elements are very important in daily communication, because the different aspects can influence the meaning in communication with others. 3ragmatics is one of linguistics‘s branches. ,t means that pragmatics is also study about the language. It deals with how language used in context. However, in order to convince or expressing themselves, basically people do not only produce utterance that grammatically structured or meaningful words, but also do some actions so that what that utterance can be accepted by their partner. Those actions are called speech acts. Movie is one media that reflects the social life of human. One of the important aspect mostly occurred in movie is the dialogue (conversation) among the characters. Utterances can be found on dialogue in movie. In analyzing illocutionary act, the researcher chose the data from the main character‘s utterances in that movie. To analyze the types of illocutionary act and the context of illocutionary act, the researcher chosed the data from Grug‘a utterances as the main character in The Croods movie. The Croods was written and directed by Kirk DeMicco and Chris Sanders with the voices of Ryan Reynolds, Emma Stone, Nicolas Cage, Catherine Keener, Cloris Leachman and Clark Duke, and was released in the United States on March 22, 2013. The Croods movie is a story about the journey of a family who wanted to find a safer place for them to life. After their cave destroyed by earthquake, they decided to adventure to find a new place. Grug as father and leader who has full authority in the family, he was in charge to keep his family safe. As the most powerful person in the croods family, he used this power to make the family to not try something new because he thought that new thing is bad for them. To avoid misunderstanding to interpret Grug‘s utterances, researcher used SPEAKING model by Hymes (as cited in Wardhaugh, 2006) to know the contexts of illocutionary acts of Grug‘s utterances The Croods movie. B. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Pragmatics Pragmatics is the study of how to use language in communication. Pragmatics is also one of the fields in linguistics that studies about meaning. The meaning studied in pragmatics is influenced by contexts. Mey (1993) stated that pragmatics is the study of condition of human language uses as these are determined by the context of the society (p.42). 86 Jurnal Ilmu Budaya, Volume 1 Nomor 2 Edisi April 2017 Then, Thomas (1995) stated that the most common definitions of pragmatics were meaning in use or meaning in context (p.2). Pragmatics also can be defined as study talking about the relationship between language and context, in which contextual meaning of utterance can be different from the grammatical meaning. According to Leech (1983) pragmatic is the study about the meaning of the context between the speaker and the listener and also the meaning of their communication. Pragmatics studies meaning in relation to speech situation (p.6). Pragmatics is a branch in linguistics which discusses the meanings of utterances and their functions, what is for and used for. In other words, pragmatics is not only study on the speaker meaning of word, but it also study the meaning of word on context. It is involved such as interpretation for what people mean in the right context and how that context impact what is said. 2.2 SPEECH ACT Yule (1996) believes in order to express themselves, people do not only produce utterances containing grammatical structures and words, but they also perform action via those utterances (p.47). Thus, action which are performed via utterances are generally called speech act. Austin (1962) stated that in uttering a sentence, one is not merely saying something but he is also doing something (p.22). The notion of speech act is fairly well understood in Searle, Kiefer and Bierwisch (1980) who stating that theory of speech act start the assumption that the minimal unit human communication is not a sentence or other expression, but rather the performance of certain kinds of act, such as making statement, asking question, giving order, describing, explaining, apologizing, thanking, congratulating (p.vii). Austin (1962) classifies speech act into three categories namely locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act (p.16). 2.2.1 Locutionary Act Yule (1996) stated that locutionary act (preposition meaning) is the basic act of utterance or producing a meaningful linguistic expression (p.48). It is represented by a sentence with a grammatical structure and a linguistic meaning. The locutionary is the act of saying something, producing a series of sounds which means something. Moreover, locutionary act is the act simply uttering a sentence from a language. It refers to factual meaning of the sentence, that is, the literal meaning of actual word. Locutionary act is the basic act of utterance there is no intention of speaker. 2.2.2 Illocutionary Act Yule(1996) stated that illocutionary act is performed via the communicative force of an utterance, such as promising, apologizing, offering (p.48). Mostly people do not produced an utterance with no purposes, they perform an utterance with some kind of function. Illocutionary acts are acts performed by the speaker in saying something with an appropriate intention and in appropriate context, rather than by virtue of having produced a particular effect by saying something. This types of speech act is also called as the act of doing something. Jurnal Ilmu Budaya, Volume 1 Nomor 2 Edisi April 2017 87 2.2.3 Perlocutionary Act Austin (1962) stated that perlocutionary act refers to the effect the utterance has on the thoughts or actions of the other person (P.6). Perlocutionary act concern the effect of an utterance may have of the listener. Perlocution is the act by which the illocution produces a certain effect in influence the listener. In perlocutionary act, there is an influence affect because the speaker tries to influence the listener to do what he or she want to do. 2.3 Types of Illocutionary Act There are five types of illocutionary act of utterance that one can perform in speaking which are promoted by Searle (1999), namely assertives, directives, commissives, expressives and declaratives. 2.3.1 Assertives Searle (1999) stated —The point or purpose of the members of the assertive class is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of the expressed proposition“.