Document of The World Bank
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY c-a /5S7- so
Public Disclosure Authorized ReportNo. 7270-SO
STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT
SOMALIA
Public Disclosure Authorized CENTRAL RANGELANDS]ESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTPROJECT
PHASE II
September15, 1988 Public Disclosure Authorized
AgricultureOperations Eastern Africa Department Africa Region Public Disclosure Authorized
Thisdocument hasa restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their o.licial duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS
Official Exchange Rate 1/: US$ 1.00 - 100 Somalia Shillings (SoSh) SoSh 1.00 = 0.01 US $
Shadow Exchange Rate 2/: US$ 1.00 = 203 SoSh : SoSh 1.00 = 0.004 US
1/ In effect March 1988, during appraisal. 2/ Estimated for March 1988.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Metric System
CALENDAR
Fiscal Year: January 1 - December 31
Cropping Year: April - June (Gu Season)
October - December (Dayr Season) FOR OFFICIL USE ONLY
ABBREVIATIONS
ADF - African Development Fund CRDP - Central RangelandsDevelopment Project CRDP I - Central RangelandsDevelopment Project, Phase I CRDP II - Central RangelandsResearch and DevelopmentProject, Phase II FAO - Food and AgricultureOrganization FUA - Units of Account of the African DevelopmentFund GTZ - Deutsche Gesellshaftfur Technische Zusammenarbeit ICB - InternationalCompetitive Bidding IDA - InternationalDevelopment Association IFAD - InternationalFund for AgriculturalDevelopment ILCA - InternationalLivestock Center for Africa LCB - Local Competitive Bidding MLFR - Ministry of Livestock,Forestry and Range MOA - Ministry of Agriculture MOF - Ministry of Finance NRA - National Range Agency PPF - Project PreparationFacility (of IDA) RLA - Range and LivestockAssociation UNDP - United Nations DevelopmentProgram USAID - United States Agency for InternationalDevelopment WDA - Water Development Authority WFP - Wnrld Food Program
This documenthas a restricteddistribution and may be used by recipientsonly in the performance of their officialduties. Its contents may not otherwisebe disclosedwithout World Bankauthorization. SOM(ALIA
CENTRAL RANGELANDSUESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTPROJECT, PHASE II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PageNo. CREDIT AND PROJECT SUMHARY
I. PROJECT BACKGROUND AND THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
A. Project Background ...... 1 B. Agriculture and Livestock in the Economy ...... 1 C. Government Institutions and Support Services .... 3 D. Donor Support for Livestock Development ...... 4
II. THE PROJECT AREA AND BENEFICIARIES
A. Agroecological Features Pnd P2 pulations ...... 4 B. Land Tenure and Land Use ... 10 C. Infrastructure ...... 15 D. Marketing ...... 15 E. Institutions ...... 16 F. Results and Lessons from Phase I ... 18
III. THE PROJECT
A. Project Rationale...... 20 B. Objectives and Description . . . 21 C. Detailed Features ... 22 Systems Investigation and Monitoring ... 22 Extension .... 22 Agropastoral Adaptive Trials and Forestry. 23 Animal Health and Livestock Production .... 23 Water and Infrastructure Development ... 24 Conservation ... 24 Training ...... 25 Project Management ...... 25 D. Project Costs...... 26 E. Startup Activities ... 26 F. Financing ...... 27 G. Procurement...... 28 H. Disbursements...... 30 I. Accounts and Audit ... 31 J. Women and the Project ... 31 K. Environmental Impact ... 32
This report is based on the findings of an appraisal mission in March 1988, which included Messrs. J. Coates and H. Walshe (Bank) and Messrs. D. Peden and J.G. Stephenson (Consultants). - ii -
Page No. IV. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
A. Organization and Management . . 32 B. Component Implementation...... 34 C. Technical Assistance ...... 40 D. Planning, Monitoring and Reporting . . 41
V. PRODUCTION, MARKETS AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
A. Incremental Production ...... 42 B. Markets and Prices ...... 43 C. Beneficiary Income Levels ...... 44 D. Cost Recovery...... 45
VI. BENEFITS, JUSTIFICATION AND RISKS
A. Economic Analysis...... 46 B. Non-quantifiable Benefits . . 47 C. Risks and Sensitivity Analysis...... 48
VII. AGREEMENTSREACHED
A. General Conditions ...... 49 B. Dated Covenants ...... 50 C. Conditions of Effectiveness ...... 50
ANNEXES
Annex 1: Estimated Schedule of Disbursements Annex 2: Inflation and Exchange Rate Assumptions Annex 3: Project Cost Tables Annex 4: Cost - Benefit Analysis Annex 5: Implementation Schedule Annex 6: Ministerial Directive Separating NRA and CRDP Annex 7: Organizational Structure Annex 8: List of Supporting Documents in Project File
IBRD Maps No. 20786, 20787, 20788 SOMALII
CENTRALRANGELANDS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTPROJECT, PHASE II
Credit and Prolect Summary borrower: The Peoples Democratic Republic of Somalia
Amount: SDR 14.7 (US$ 19.0 million equivalent)
Termss Standard IDA terms with 40 year maturity
CofinancingsADF FUA 8.6 million (US$ 11.0 million equivalent)
Objectivest This second phase project is designed to maintain and improve the long-termproductivity of the Central Rangelands,and raise the living standardsof pastoralists. This would be pursued by minimizingdegradation of vegetation,improving understanding of rangelandsproduction systems, and improvingthe efficiency of livestockproduction.
Componentss The six year project is estimatedto cost US$ 33.3 million and includes: (i) Systems Investigationand Monitoringto study production systems,formulate management plans and monitor agroecologicalindicators; (ii) Zxtensionto disseminate improved technology,organize RLAs to manage project infrastructure,and supportvillage developmentinitiatives; (iii) AgropastoralAdaptive Trials and Forestry to test improved agriculturalpractices, produce improved seed, and expand forestry activitiesin the region; (iv) Animal Health and Livestock Productionto expand the program of village level examinationand treatment;(v) Water and Infrastructure Developmentto constructand maintain boreholes,dugouts, and wells and improveroads and airstrips; (vi) Conservationto protect key flora and fauna in the project area and the Northern Rangelands;(vii) Training to provide continued support to the Universityand short-termand medium-term training opportunities overseas; and (vAii) Project Management to manage project and NRA activitiesin the region.
Benefits: The main benefitswill come from the reduced degradationof the rangelands,due to: (i) improvedrange managementand the introductionof differenttypes of reserves; (ii) research into rangelandproduction (vegetation, climate, soils, herd dynamics)to design furthermeasures to maintain or increase productivity,reduce erosion of natural resources,and improve living standards;(iii) organizationof pastoralists,resulting in improvedmanagement and maintenanceof common range and water resources;(iv) improvedNRA/CRDP control and management of potentiallyexploitative practices such as charcoal production,and private enclosureof rangeland;and (v) CRDP actions to stabilizedunes, plant trees, grow forage, and disseminateimproved, less erosive cultivationpractices. In addition,there will be productivebenefits due to the - iv -
impact of an expanded animal health program. additional temporarywater points, and disseminationof more productive cultivationtechniques.
Risks: A key risk is that pastoralistsmay be slow to adopt different approachesto range utilization,due to the long term, generalizednature of the benefits. Another risk is that implementationmay be delayed due to shortagesof fuel and supplies,and that inadequatelocal salariesmay reduce local staff effectiveness. The project is designed to minimize these risks.
Local Foreign Total ------(US$ million)---- Estimated ComponentCosts Systems Investigationand Mionitoring 0.4 3.3 3.7 Extension 1.5 2.5 4.0 AgropastoralAdaptive Trials/Forestry 0.4 1.7 2.1 Animal Health/Livestock 0.2 2.1 2.3 Water and Infrastructure 0.6 3.0 3.6 Conservation 0.9 1.7 2.6 Training 0.4 2.1 2.c ProjectManagement 2.0 5.3 7.3
Baseline Cost 6.4 21.7 28.1
Physical Contingencies 0.4 1.3 1.7 Price Contingencies 0.9 2.6 3.5
Total Project Cost 7.7 25.6 33.3 _ l= .. ======w=
FinancingPlan
IDA 1.7 17.3 19.0 ADF 2.7 8.3 11.0 Governmentof Somalia 3.3 3.3
Total Financing 7.7 25.6 33.3
EstimatedDisbursements From IDA Credit (US$ million):
IDA Fiscal Year 89 90 91 92 93 94 95
Annual 0.7 4.6 3.2 2.9 3.5 2.6 1.5 Cumulative 0.7 5.3 8.5 11.4 14.9 17.5 19.0
------__---- Economic Rate of Return: 10o
IBRD Maps No. 20786. 20787, 20788 SOMALIA
CENTRALRANGELANDS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTPROJECT, PHASE II
I. PROXACTBACKGROUND AND TEEAGRICULTURAL SECTOR
A. Project Background
1.1 The Governmentof Somalia (GOS) has requestedthat the InternationalDevelopment Association (IDA) and the African DevelopmentFund (ADF) finance Phase II of the Central RangelandsDevelopment Project (CRDP II). The project will involve a continuationof research to improve the efficiencyand sustainabilityof livestockand crop production in the region, and will establishinfrastructure and disseminatetechniques that contributeto productionmaintenance objectives.
1.2 The Governmentbegan project preparationin October 1985 with the assistanceof consultants,and finalizedpreparation in December 1986 (para 3.2). IDA preappraisedthe project in December 1987 and appraisedin March 1988.
B. Agricultureand Livestockin the Economy
The Economy 1.3 Somalia is a poor country,with a per capita income of about US $ 170 (in 1987 prices), a serious foreign debt-problem,and a harsh physical environmentthat poses major challengesto economic growth. Its 5.7 million people (and an sdditional800,000 refugees)occupy some 64 million hectares of land, and the populationis growing at about 3.0 percent a year. The country is located on the strategicallyimportant Horn of Africa, and shares its borders with Djibouti and Ethiopia to the West, and Kenya to the South. Somalia has a 3,300 kilometer coastlinito the East and North.
1.4 Since the early 1980's, the GovernmentbRs taken steps to relax controls on the economy. These steps includea shift from public to private ownershipand managementof property,adjustments in the exchange rate, liberalizationof trade and the dismantl-i-'gof agriculturalpricing and marketing controls. These steps have stimulatedan increase in production, exports, and per capita GDP. GDP grew an estimated5 percent a year between 1981 and 1986.
1.5 Despite these changes, the country continuesto hava seriots macroeconomicproblems. Between 1975 and 1985, export ear.aingsdid not cover more than half the value of imports. Trade deficitshave been financed by foreign grants, official concessionaryloans, and private transfers. Domestic savingshave been negative. All of the Public InvestmentProgram is supportedby donor funds. The country also has serious external debt problems. Before June of 1987, the total debt was estimatedat US$ 1.4 billion. Large debt service arrears have accumulated, and the current service obligationon this debt is about US$ 160 million a yeir. This obligationis equivalentto over 90 percent of prajectedexports ar.dprivate transfers. Budget deficits are about 10 percent of GDP, and are financed partly by foreign loans and grants. During 1986/87 an adjustment program was put in place, supportedby the IMF and IDA's AgriculturalSector AdjustmentProgram (Cr. 1711-SO). The Government'sdec4sion in September 1987 to stop floating the exchange rate affected IMF and IDA support, and reduced the availabilityof foreign funis for productioninputs. The Governmentsubsequently imposed price controls at the wholesale and retail level, further restrictingsupplies. Recent discussionsbetween the IMF and the Governmentsuggest an agreementmay soon be reac4ed that will allow the economic adjustmentprogram to resume. A second agriculturaladjustment program may be developedfor the medium term. The short-termeconomic problemsmentioned above do not affect the objectivesof this project,which address the productionconstraints and long-termsustainability of the traditionallivestock sector.
Agricultureand Livestock 1.6 The agriculturalsector provides around 58 percent of GDP in Somalia. Livestock,the largest subsectorwithin agriculture,contributes around 35 percent of GDP and 80 percent of exports. 1/ Over the 15 years between 1970 and 1984, agriculturaloutput grew by only 0.4 percent a year, and per capita food productiondeclined by nearly 3 percent a year. During this period, the size of the national livLstockherd increasedat about 1.4 percent a year, consistentwith the possibilitiesof rangelandproduction systems.Growth in the agriculturalsector has improvedmarkedly in recent years. Between '978 and 1984 agriculturalgrowth was 4.3 percent a year, with livestockaveraging 4.4 percent a year. Exports of live animals earned about USS 100 million a year between 1980 and 1982. These earnings dropped to US$ 33 million in 1983 because of problems in the Saudi Arabian market, but since have recovered. Exports in 1986 were valued at US$ 62 million. Each year 1 to 1.5 million animalsare exported;about 47 percent of these are sheep, another 47 percent are goats, and the remaining 6 percent are cattle and camels. Market prospectsfor small ruminantsare good (para 2.33 - 2.35).
1.7 The climate is semiarid.The highest rainfall -- between 400 and 600 mm -- occurs in a small area in the northwentaround Hargeisa and in a much larger area in the south between the Shebelliand Juba Rivers. The rainfall pattern is bimodal, consistingof the Gu (April-June)and the Dayr (October-December)seasons. The moisture produced is barely sufficientto sustaincrop production,and droughts are common. Moderate draughts occur every 3 to 4 years, and major ones every 8 to 10 years. In this harsh environme-t,low input low output crop productiontakes place over about 1 million hectares of land. A large part of the country'sexports of cereals
1/ World Bank, SomaliaAgricultural Sector Surve-,Report No. 6131-SO of December 30, 1987. and bananas export come from the 50,000 to 100,000 hectares of irrigated land along the two main rivers.
1.8 The remaining51 million hectares of the country is rangelands given over to pastoralist,nomadic livestockgrazing. This is the traditionaloccupation of half of the Somali population,and the dominant economic activity in the sector and the economy. The national herd is estimatedto include some 38 million animals: 16 million goats, 12 million sheep, 6 million camels and 4 million cattle. Pastoral livestockproduction is very dependanton climate and ecology. Rangelandsare subject to long, cyclical periods of drought and regeneration. Herds are oriented towards milk productionand making a rapid recoveryafter drought. Females dominate the herds, since males are sold off at maturity and only a minimum f number are kept for breeding purposes. Pastoralistfamilies live off the production of milk; per capita consumptionof milk is estimatedat more than 200 liters per year. The normal diet of milk is supplementedby grain and, occasionally,meat. As the human populationgrows, each new family require3 a basic stock of animals in order to survive. During the growth cycle, overstockingand overgrazingoccur, and range conditionmay suffer. After a drought,vegetation recoversmore rapidly than the livestockpopulation. The limits of the capacity of a range area to sustain animals is determined by the availabilityof fodder within walking distance of a water source at the en4 of the dry season. The rangelandsof Somalia are generally consideredto have reached the upper limits of their sustainable,long-term carrying capacity.
1.9 The short term developmentstrategy for livestockset forth in IDA's recent AgricultureSector Survey (para 1.6) has two primary objectives. One is to expand and diversifylivestock marketing into new areas and new products. The other is to improve ran&e management and animal health in order to increaseofftake and exports. Long term objectivesof the strategy include: (i) establishingsupplemental holding facilitiesto improve export quality and local meat and milk production;(ii) developing pastoral associationsto limit degradationby managing grazing,water points and other communal resources;and (iii) introducingpractices to limit the adverse effect of shiftingcultivation and make it more complementarywith livestockproduction. This project addressesthe production and rangeland management aspects of the strategy.
C. Government Institutionsand Support Services
1.10 The Ministry of Livestock,Forestry and Range (MLFR) and its National Range Agency (NRA) regulate all aspects of range use, animal health, and wildlife and conservationactivities in the country (para 4.1 - 4.2). Since 198C IDA and other donors have provided assistanceto NRA through the Central RangelandsDevelopment Project (CRDP I). Within HLFR, the VeterinaryServices Departmentregulates the importationand distributionof drugs, and maintains a staff of veterinarians,assistants, and vaccinatorsin each of the country's16 regions. The importationand distributionof non-injectableveterinary drugs by merchants (formerlya - 4 -
Government-controlledmonopoly) was sanctionedunder the AgriculturalInputs Program (Credit1612-SO) and the AgriculturalSector AdjustmentProgram (Credit1711-SO), both financedby IDA. The licensingof private veterinariansand decontrolof injectableveterinary drugs will be addressed under a future agriculturalsector adjustmentproject.
1.11 Governmentassistance for crop productionis providec through the Ministry of Agricultureand relatedprojects and agencies.Of key importance are the Central AgriculturalResearch Station and the Bonka Research Station which is supportedby IDA (Credit972-SO). The CentralAgricultural Research Station conducts researchon irrigatedagriculture at Afgoi, and the Bonka Research experimentswith rainfed crops in Baidoa. A national extension service is financedby IDA (Credit1794-SO) and is active in the valley of the Shebelli,located in the southernportion of the project area.
D. Donor Support for LivestockDevelopment
1.12 The livestock sector has not received donor assistance commensuratewith its importanceto the Somali economy. This lack of support stems from the difficultyof improvingon the traditionalpastoral productionsystem. The present system alreadymakes efficient use of the very scarce productionpossibilities in a harsh and arid environmentand marketing is relative..yefficient. Nonetheless,livestock has received some support recently. The Central RangelandsProject, Phase I (CRDP I) with a total project cost of US $ 46.2 million received support from IDA (Credit 906-SO for US$ 8 million), IFAD (SDR 7 million),USAID (US$ 15 million),WFP and GTZ. A LivestockPealth Services Project for US $ 11.6 million received funds from IDA (Credit1647-SO for US$ 4.3 million) and IFAD (US$ 6.3 million). A LivestockMarketing and Health Project for US$ 17 million was approved by USAlD in 1984, and addressessome of the main constraintsto increasedlivestock exports. Over fifty percent of the funds are allocated to the constructionof three quarantinestat.Lons and holding grounds in Kisimeyo,Mogadishu and Berbera. Funds are also prov'ded for studieson the possibilitiesof increasinglivestock exports, and to alleviatebottlenecks n the provisionof transport,credit and fodder production. The main inclusionsof the study on livestockexport markets are noted in paras 2.33 - 2.35.
II. THE PROJECT AREA
A. AgroecologicalFeatures and Populations
2.1 Project interventionsand results are closely linked to climate, soils and vegetation,and many of the project activitiesare focri'.edon land and natural resourcemanagement. In order for Governmentinterventions in this area to be beneficial,a clear understandingis necessary of the way in which pa3toralistsand their herds use this environment. The agroecological,human, and livestockresources of the Central Rangelandsare describedbelow, and the implicationsfor the design of this project are indicated. Much of the informationpresented has been garnered through aerial reconnaissanceand field surveys funded by CRDP I. The second phase projectwill take full advantageof the informationobtained during the first phase.
Location 2.2 The project area covers the three regions of Central Somilias Hiran, Galgudud,and Mudup. These regions encompass149,000 square kilometers and extGnd :onme800 km northeast of the Shebelli River Basin. The Ethiopianborder and the rangelandareas of the Ogaden plateau are located to the West and the coast is located to the East. One fifth of the country and some of its best rangelandareas are included in the project area.
Natural Resources 2.3 The Central Rangelandsis a slightly inclinedplain rising slowly but steadily from sea level northwestto 400 meters above sea level, along the Ethiopianborder. The two major featuresof the plain are the Shebelli River Valley and a 300-500meter high ridge and sand dune. The Shebelli River Valley runs north-southalong the southern boundary of the region and is bordered by a low but abrupt limestoneescarpment. The ridge and sand dune run parallel to the coast about 30 km inland, extendingabout 350 km from the southernborder of the region. The ridge has blocked the otherwise dominant southeastwarddrainage of surfacewater and has forced the Shebelli liver to run parallel to the coast in the south.
2.4 The climate of the area is semiarid. Rainfall occurs during two seasons (para 1.7) and varies between 150 mm a year in the north and nort!o-- and 300 m a year in the south and southwest. Temperaturesrange from 20 to -i-4 aQrees Centigrade. The evaporationrute is more than 2 meters a year, far exceedingprecipitation.
2.5 Most of the soils are sandy and reddish yellow,with an alkaline to neutral pH. Soil depth is relatedto parent material: shallow soils (less than a meter deep) are found over limestonesand gypsum in the central and northern portions of the area. Soils up to 2 meters deep are found overlying limestones. Soils generallyare deep everywhereelse, including the northwesternslopes of the coastal ridge. Natural fertilityis low, and cropping cannot be supportedfor more than two or three years without additionalnutrients. Long fallow periods are required to restore fertility. The soils are composedmainly of rounded particlesof quartz and limestonesand. Their compositionand their location in a zone of strong monsoon winds make them unstablewhen binding surfacevegetation is removed, or when the algal/siltcrust is broken. Deeper alluvial silts and clays occur in the Shebellivalley, along the southernand southwesternedge of the region. These provide better possibilitiesfor cultivation. The 20 to 30 km-wide coastal strip offers fine white sands overlyingcoastal limestoneseast of the coastal fault. Although fairly stabilized,the sands have contributedto the formationof active sarn dunes and partially stabilizedsheets of sand along the slopes of the coastal ridge. -6-
Erosion 2.6 Wind is the principalerosive force in the region. All of the Central Rangelands,and particularlythe 20 km wide coastal strip, is subject to strong monsoon winds during much of the year. The strongest winds blow from the southwestbetwen June and Octuber. Between November and March steady but softerwinds blow from the northeast. Topsoils of fine, unaggregatedsands are easily moved by the winds. The extensivebare areas and stunted plants of the coastal strip are better describedas aspects of a natural wind desert than as the resultsof low rainfall or overgrazingby livestock. Wind speeds are highest during the dry season, reaching 30 km/hour. Wind speeds increasetowards the north, as annual rainfall decreases. This phenomenonproduces a gradientwith distinct characteristicsas one moves from the southeastto the northwest of the project area. Generally,aridity increases,and vegetationcover, vegetationheight and cropping activitiesdecrease.
2.7 The Central Rangelandscontain both major and minor sand dunes. The major dunes are about 10 km wide and cover about 3,000 square kilometers within an area located 40 to 80 km from the coast starting in Ceel Dhere and running nearly 300 km northeast. They are estimatedto have a northerly movement of 20 meters a year. These large dunes are major geomorphological formations,and little can be done to influencetheir size or movement. Minor dunes are located in the neighborhoodof villages and boreholes. These have been caused primarilyby the shifting cultivationpractices in loose sandy soils, and the presence of constant,intensive grazing. The minor dunes are subject to management,and many have been successfully stabilizedand coveredwith vegetationin the past. These initiativeswill be continuedunder the second phase.
2.8 Water erosion is only importantin areas with relativelygreater slope and more silt, where surfaces can be easily compacted. Spectacular gully systemscan be seen on either side of the coastal ridge, some 20 to 30 km inland from the coast in the Haradhereand Hobbyo districts.These gullies appear fairly stable,however, and do not seem to pose a major threat to land use.
Water 2.9 Surfacevater supplies are scarce. The Shebelli river is reduced to a trickle in the dry season (hagai)between January and April, and has limited use for irrigationin the project area, because of its salinity and the poor quality of the soils. Apart from ephemeral streamswhich run for a few hours after rainfall,the principal source of surfacewater is natural or manmade depressionswhich collect runoff. However, high evaporationand infiltrationrates mean that these depressionsare only useful for a few months at a time. The standardproject dugout holds between 2,500 and 3,000 cubic meters of water when full. The 34 dugouts constructedunder CRDP I have been designed to dry out before the end of the dry season, in order to avoid the settlementand overuse patterns associatedwith permanentwater sources (para 4.18). Surfacewater runoff is also channelledinto large masonry-linedtanks that hold about 400 cubic meters of water capacity. These privatelyowned 'burkaads'are locatednear villages and represent - 7-
important sources of water for human consumption. Their constructionand operation is self-financed,and water from them is sold to the population.
2.10 The Central Rangelandsis relativelywell off with respect to ground water sources. Few locationsare more than 20 km from permantnt water pointes shallowwells or boreholes. Under a recen~.program funded by the Saudi Arabian Programmefor Rural Water in Somalia, 21 boreholeswere drilled in villages across the Central Rangelands,in some cases duplicating existing boreholes. Most of the drillingwas successful,as they tapped into aquiferswhich had already been identified. Under CRDP I, attempts were made to locate new boreholesin areas where access was difficult. Only 8 of the 22 wells drilledunder CRDP I were successful,and costs per we" were about US$ 200,000 for each attempt. The well drilling program has een limited to 5 borehole.during the second phase project in order to minimize the degradationassociated with permanentwater points, but still provide access to large underutilizedareas (para 3.13).
2.11 There are about 75 shallowhand-dug wells which also are an important source of permanentwater. These wells are often dug 30 meters deep through limestone. Water from them is dravn using hand-liftedbuckets arndskins, making these wells more reliable than the diesel-powered boreholes. Many wells are located along the coast, and make use of a layer of potable water availablebefore saline water is reached. Efforts to rehabilitat:~well heads and animal watering troughs under Phase I have been well received and vould be continuedunder Phase II (para 3.13).
Human Populationand Project Beneficiaries 2.12 The human populationin these three regions is estimatedat 800,000 and is growing at about 3.0 percent a year, a rate which threatens to outstrip the productive resourcesof the region. 2! Most of the population is rural and nomadic. Health and sanitationfacilities are poor. Infant mortality is estimatedat 15 percent, and adult life expectancyat 46 years. In addition,a number of refugeeshave been settled in Hiran along the Shebelli in recent years. This additionalpopulation increases the pressure on fuelwoodavailability and results in increasedcultivation of unsuitablesoils. The main refugeecamps are located at Jalalaxi (96,900 persons) and Beletwayne (124,000persons).
2/ World Bank, Somalia - Population,Health and NutritionSector Review, Report No. 5468-SO, September5, 1985. Table 2.1: Human Populationin the ProjectArea (1987)
Urban Rural Nomadic Total
Hiran 50 90 124 263 Galgudud 78 128 120 326 Mudug 52 49 112 213
Central Rangelands 180 266 356 802
Somalia 900 2000 1820 5700
Source: Bank Mission
2.13 The populationof the project area depends on livestockhusbandry and cropping activitiesfor subsistence. Of the inhabitantssome 10,000 farm families and 1,500 pastoral families are expected to benefit directly from targetedproject activities.All of the area populationwould benefit from improved roads, additionalwater points, and reduced erosion and degradation(para 6.1).
Livestock Population 2.14 The main economic activity in the region is livestockproduction, which makes use of opportunistictranshumant strategies to raise goats, sheep, camels and cattle on the rangelands. The region supports about 11 m'.llionhead of livestock,as describedbelow.
Table 2.2: LivestockPopulation in the Project Area
Cattle Sheep Goats Camels Total
Hiran 208 360 1,360 364 2,292 Galgudud 129 878 3,209 291 4,507 Mudug 80 1,171 2,613 227 4,091
Central Range 417 2,409 7,182 882 10,890
Somalia 3,775 5,500 16,700 11,700 37,675
Source: SomaliaAgricultural Sector Survey
2.15 The overall stocking rate is estimatedat one Tropical Livestock Unit (TLU) per eleven hectares. 3/ Project experts believe the maximum sustainablecarrying capacity has been reached. Herd expansion is limited by the availabilityof fodder and water during the dry season, and financial and labor constraints. The distributionof livestockvaries across regions and with the season,depending on the availabilityof fodder. Although data
3/ One TropicalLivestock Unit is equivalentto one 250 kg animal. One camel equals 1.2 TLU, one cow, 0.8 TLU, and a sheep or goat, 0.1 TLU - 9 - on the livestockpopulation is unreliable,there appears to have been little change in the numbers of cattle, camels, and goats in the region over the paat ten years. However, the numbers of sheep appear to have increased significantly,reflecting their ability to make the be3t use of crop residues and byproducts. This trend is expected to continue as cultivation increases in importance. Camels are the most migratory of domestic livestockand, togetherwith goats, predominatein the areas where only low browse fodder is available and water is scarce. The density of cattle is uniformlylow throughoutthe area, except in the alluvial soils of the Shebelli Valley,where there are concentrationsof cattle during the wet season. Sheep are prominent in the coastalplains and in the agricultural areas of the southeast. There appears to be a large influx of sheep and goats into the project area during the wet season.
2.16 Herds are structuredto maximize milk productionand to obtain the maximum regenerationcapacity after drought. They look very much like dairy herds. Productioncoefficients are low and mortality is high. The compositionof the herds is primarilyfemale, as Table 2.3 shows.
Table 2.3t Characteristicsof Sheep and Goat Flocks and Herds
X of Sheep Flock Z of Goat Herd
Females: Under 1 yr 26 Z 24 Z Over 1 Yr 52 X 62 Z Males: Under 1 yr 15 Z 7 Z Over 1 yr 7 Z 7 Z
Total 100 Z 100 2
Agropastoral Rangelands
Average Flock/HerdSize 85 256 Crude Death (
Source:GTZ VeterinaryTeam
2.17 Since females are milked, weaningweights for kids and lambs are extremely low: about 8 to 10 kg at 150 days. Only 25 percent of these animals ever appear to reach export weights of 25 to 35 kg liveweight. Weight gains are limitedby the availabilityof feed; the main bottleneck occurs at the end of the dry season. The project addressesthis constraint by includingmeasures to improvenutrition without increasingcarrying capacity. The measures consist of (i) obtainingaccess to underutilized forage throughbetter distributionof temporarywater points (para 5.4); and - 10 -
(ii) increasingthe productionof crop residues and fodder crops in agropastoralareas (para 5.3).
2.18 Camels are excellentdairy animals and make best use of the browse availablein the Central Rangelandsat long distances from water. Daily milk yields of 6-10 liters per milking camel have been recorded in the wet season, and 2 liters per day have been recorded in the dry season. Camels are usually milked, have lactationperiods of 9 to 18 months, and yield 1,000 to 1,500 liters per lactation. Goats initiallyproduce about 200 ml of milk per day; their productiondeclines to about 60 ml per day at the end of the 150 day lactation. Yields of sheep milk would resemble those of goats, but sheep are not usuallymilked and are kept only for meat production. Milk produced by cattle for human consumptionis about 2 to 3 kg per cow per day, over a lactationperiod of 150 to 200 days.
Animal Health 2.19 Experienceunder the GTZ Animal health component indicatesthat herd productivitycan be improvedthrough the use of simple treatments to reduce the parasite burden and improvenutrition. The 14 percent adult mortality rate appears high and will be further investigatedunder the project. Serologicalsurveys on sheep and goat herds have shown that the incidenceof brucellosisand contagiouscaprine pleuropneumoniais below 1 percent, which is surprising. Surveys for theileriosis,anaplasmosis, and babesiosisshowed a prevalenceof less than 1 percent for all three combined. Surveys of camels showed that 50 percent had antibodiesto Trypanosomaevansi, 7 percent had active infections,and 2 percent showed evidence of exposure to brucellosis.
2.20 There is little informationon the incidenceof other diseases affectinglivestock in Eastern Africa: rinderpest,small ruminant pest, foot and mouth disease, contagiousbovine pleuropneumonia.These diseaseswill have to be addressedduring the project. However, during Phase I the GTZ team identifiedthree cases in which veterinarytreatment is profitable,and livestockowners are eager to pursue these. First, there is a major internalparasite problem in young sheep and goats during the early wet season. Liveweightgains during the wet season have been enhanced by strategicdrenching with anthelminticsat the start of the rains and the use of minerals to improvenutrition. Second, trypanosomiasisand other blood parasites,a seriousproblem in camels and cattle along the Shebelli River, can be treated and controlledwith drugs and acaricides. Third, and of less economic importance,antibiotic treatment has been successfullyemployed on small ruminantsafflicted with contagiouscaprine pleuropneumonia. These three animal treatmentswill form the core of the animal health care componentunder the project (paras 3.11-3.12,5.2).
B. Land Tenure and Land Use
Land Tenure 2.21 Although rangelandwas traditionallyconsidered commonly-owned public land, once enclosed it belonged to the person who built the fence. - 11 -
Land tenure regulationsin Somalianow are governed by the AgriculturalLand Law No. 73 of 1975, and subsequentdecrees, notably Law 23 of 1976. Under this law the State owns and controls all land, and the distributionand management of land is the responsibilityof the Land and Water Resources Departmentwithin the Ministry of Agriculture. Access rights are provided by variable term leases which differ in length and degree of restrictiveness dependingon whether the lessee is an individual,family, or corporatebody -- public or private. Individualsand familiescan use the land on the basis of renewable 50 year leases. Lease rights are inheritableby the next of kin. A ceiling of 60 hectares is placed on rainfedholdings for individualsand families. Holdings by corporations,public agencies,and private organizationsare not subject to size limitations. All land must be developedwithin two years, or the lease can be revoked by Governmentand the land repossessed. The leaseholdermay not rent, sell, or subdividethe land without forfeitingthe lease. The Ministry of Agriculturedoes not register leases or monitor land tenure claims in the Central Rangelands; this task has devolved on local government,whose administrative capabilitiesin this area are weak. Enclosureshave been increasing rapidly, and it is not clear whether enclosuresfor private use in the rangelandsstill are legally sanctioned. This question will be studied before Phase II of the project begins (para 3.21).
Land Use 2.22 Surveys conductedduring CRDP I show that livestockare grazed as much as possiblewithin traditionaluse areas known as degaans". These areas provide: (i) a source of permanent water around which dry season grazing is based; (ii) adequate fodder, especiallyin the dry season, for the animals belongingto the family groupingsthat graze together;and (iii) kinship ties. Somali pastoralistsremain within their Idegaans'as long as possible. In the wetter areas, where year-roundwater and fodder are available,herds follow fairly distinct seasonalgrazing patterns within the Idegaan",unless drought (or malfunctionat a borehole) forces a change. In the drier areas towards the North and West, livestockmovements are more varied and movement outside Idegaan'bcamdaries takes place more often. In the existing pastoral system, rangelandsare rested only when they are far frum water, or when access is preventeddue to Government decree or outbreak of biting flies. The 'degaan'has become the base planning unit under Phase II of the project (para 4.11).
2.23 Several importanttrends in range use were identifiedduring CRDP I which have importantconsequences for CRDP II and the future management of the region. First, the orientationof coastal pastoralistsis becoming increasinglycommercial. These individualsare maintainingever larger sheep herds for the productionof export animals, in addition to goats and camels for the normal milk, meat and transportrequirements for subsistence. Second, the number of livestockowners who also grow crops to complpment their and their animals' diets is increasing. Third, there is a related increase in the enclosureof areas of rangelandfor private use. Fourth, the free ranging of livestockin some areas is increasingdue to the removal of predators. As a result, there is less control over animal feeding patterns,and herding costs have been reduced.Fifth, the recruitmentof young pastoralistsinto the traditionalsystem appears to be declining. - 12 -
Research during the projectwould verify these trends (para 3.6) and develop appropriateresponses.
Agropastoralism 2.24 Shifting cultivationof annual grains and pulses by pastoralist families in the better rainfalland soil quality areas in the southeast quadrant of the region has existed for a long time, and appears to be increasing. The CRDP I resource survey in 1979 identifiedabout 370,000 ha of cropped land in the project area. Cropping is more intensivearound permanentwater sources. A CRDP I study on agropastoralismin Nooleye a village in the Ceel Dhere District in the southeastrevealed interesting features of cultivation. 4/ For one, cultivationin Ceel Dhere has increasedas the number of permanentwat'-r points has increased. second, cultivationtakes place within a larger enclosure. The area cuILivatedin any season averages 1.5 hectares,within a subdivisionof the larger 12 hectare enclosure. The subdivisionunder cultivationis shifted around within the larger enclosure every two to three years to take advantageof virgin land. The remainderof the enclosureis used for livestockgrazing. Third, a pastoralistmay have more than one enclosure,to guaranteevirgin land and fodder during the dry season. Fourth, a cowpea-sorghumrotation is the most common, yielding 400 to 600 kg/hectare. Finally, the average livestockholdings by agropastoralistsinclude 135 animals; about 60 percent of these are goats, 25 percent are sheep, and the remainderare cattle and camels. Surveys conductedunder the animal health activitiesindicate that the livestock in agropastoralareas have higher nutritionallevels than pure rangelandanimals.
2.25 Inappropriatecultivation can have serious degradingeffects on rangelands. First, it increasesthe supply of low quality forage plant species in the early stages of successionfollowing farm abandonment. Second, it denudes the fragileand sandy soils, exposing them to wind erosion. The effect of cultivationin increasingthe incidenceof sand dunes can be seen in Ceel Dhere district. Here the increase in the availability of permanentwater has supportedthe sedentarizationof much of the populationincreased agropastoralism. Four simple techniqueshave been developedunder CRDP I to minimize these negative effects. One is strip cropping,orienting the strips across the directionof the prevailingwinds. Another is fodder productionon the non-cultivatedstrips or around the cultivatedareas. For this multipurposetrees and shrubs or perennial grasses such as buffel grass are used. A third techniqueinvolves the use of live fences, to diminish the need for repair and cutt4ng of surrounding vegetation. A fourth involvesthe introductionof higher yield crops and fertilityenhancing rotations;these reduce the need to clear additional areas for cropping. All four effortswill be continuedunder the project (para 4.15).
4/ *Agropastoralismand Desertificationin Ceel Dhere District,Central Somalia. PreliminaryInvestigation and Trial Results',R. Holt, December 1985. - 13 -
Rangeland ProductionSystems 2.26 Seven differentproduction systemshave been identifiedin the Central Rangelandsduring phase I (see Table 2.4). The Coastal Plains system has a deficit in the supply of energy and protein for human consumptionduring both wet and dry seasons. The AgropastoralSands and the AgropastoralClays are characterizedby relativelyhigh levels of residual forage at the end of the wet season. This leftover forage probably is the result of the large human and moderate livestockpopulations. The resulting deficits in human calorie and protein requirementsmay be overcome thrcugh cropping or the purchase of grains. The Western Shebelli and the Interior Shrublandsystems suffer from energy deficiency in the dry seasons. The low rainfallpastoral production system characteristicof the Interior Dwarf Shrub/Grasslandand the Northern Plateau systems has a seasonal imbalance between the demand and the supply of forage. Very little forage remains unutilized at the end of the wet season and this lack of reserve could lead to serious degradationand lower productivityover the long term. Pressure on the forage could be reducedby the strategiclocation of temporarywater points.
Table 2.4: Characteristicsof Central RangelandsProduction Systems a/
Agro- Agro- West- Inte- Nor- Pas- Past- Tern Inte- rior thern Coastal toral toral She- rior Dwarf Pla- Plains Sand Clay belli Shrub Shrub teau
Forage Prod'n: high b/ high high high mid low c/ low LivestockBio- mass in wet: low d/ mid mid high e/ low high v.high LivestockBio- mass(dry/wet): 60Z 70Z 140Z 60Z 70Z 1OZ 3Z Unused Forage in wet: high f/ high high mid high v.low g/ de'icit
Source: CRDP I, D. Herlocker. a/see Annex 8, Document B.1; b/ 72 t/km2; c/ 35 t/km2;d/ 2.1 t/km2; e/6.2 t/km2; f/ 640 kg/ha; z/ 56 kg/ha. 2.27 Seven interventionsaimed at remedyingthe imbalancebetween forage availabilityand livestockwere developedduring CRDP I. These interventionswould be continuedunder Phase II of the project and would include: (i) increasingthe availabilityof water in unwatered areas using boreholes; (ii) using dugouts and shallowwells to better distribute grazing; (iii) increasingforage production in agropastoralareas; (iv) increasingthe efficiencyof forage use by dewormingand other simple veterinarymeasures; (v) selectinghigh water table sites to increase dry season forage production;and (vi) upgradingpoor conditionareas using management reserves. Under CRDP I seven controlledgrazing reserveswere established:two in Hobbyo, two in Ceel Dhere (en the coastal plain) and three in Bulo Burti (in the shrubland). Results have been positive, although not spectacular. The low rainfall limits vegetative response and - 14 - delays the acceptanceof the concepts by pastoralists. Pasture rehabilitationthrough pitting is under trial in Ceel Bur.
Wildlife and Conservation 2.28 Somalia is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna commonly found in arid lands. There is a wide variety of Acacia and Commniphora speciest over 90 specieshave been recorded,including C myrrh. In addition there is the less common frankincensetree Boswellia,the yeheb plant (cerdeauxiaedulis) and terminalia. Some of these species are under severe pressure due to constructionuse and charcoal production. Somalia has been home to the large mAmmals found elsewherein Eastern Africa: elephant, zebra, giraffe, lion, rhino, hippo, and antelope. While these animals can be found in Somalia, only Speke'sgazelle, and various types of dik dik, hyena, and jackal are now common. Some of the very rare species found only in Somalia are threatenedwith extinction. These include Somali wild ass, dibitag, Soemmerring'sgazelle, Pelzen's gazelle, and Beira oryx.
2.29 Conservationactivities are guided by Law No. 15 on Fauna and Forest Conservation. This law was put into effect on January 25, 1969, and amended on August 31, 1970. The law covers forest conservation,grazing and mining, as well as the establishmentand control of protected areas. Its purpose is to protect natural resourcesfrom degradationby regulating their management. The areas defined in the original legislationinclude Game Reserves, ControlledAreas, Partial Game Reserves, and Forest Reserves. New, more comprehensivelegislation covering all aspects of wildlife managementis needed since the present legislationis obsolete and hard to enforce. 5/ The law creates four game reserves,three controlledareas and four partial game reserves. The Bush tash Game Reserve in the Southern corner of the country on the border with Kenya is the only reservewhere antipoachinglaws are enforced.
2.30 The survival of wildlife in Somalia is endangeredby several factors. One is inadequateenforcement of protectionlegislation. Another is the lack of wildlife managementinfrastructure and professionallytrained staff. A third factor is the increasedenclosure of public land and lack of centralizedland use planning. A fourth factor is the large number of firearms owned privately. Fifth, drought and famine cause livestockowners to fall back on wildlife for food. Finally, the boom in livestockprices makes it more worthwhileto sell livestockrather than consume it. The Governmentplaces high priority on preservingits natural heritage and is disturbedby the alarming decline in the wildlife populations. Steps to strengthenconservation will be taken under CRDP II (para 3.15).
5/ 'Directoryof AfrotropicalProtected Areas', IUCN, March 1987 - 15 -
C. Infrastructure
2.31 Within the project area the largest towns are Jalalaxi,Bulo Burti and Beletwayne,located along the ShebelliRiver Valley, and Dusa Mareb and Galcaio located along the Ethiopian border. These towns are served by a surfaced road. Access to the interiorbushland is poor however, and is undertakenvia geologicallines cut by the oil companiesduring exploration. These lines have become rough sand or rock tracks which are impassablein the short rain} seasons and receiveno maintenance. Airstrips are available at Beletwayne,Galcaio, Hobbyo and Bulo Burti. Use is sometimes restricted for military teasons. Only th. Hobbyo strip provides access to the interior of the region. More air strips are needed to improve transportand communications;these will be constructedunder the project (para 3.13). Under CRDP I ten NRA compoundswere built at the district headquarterswhich provide office and living facilitiesfor project staff. Each compound has a radio which provides the only regularcommunication with Mogadishu. There are telegraphand telephonelines along the main road around the southern and western perimeterof the area.
2.32 The three regional towns have a post office, police station, and a branch of the Commercialand Savings Bank of Somalia. Beletwayne,Dusa Mar-b, and Galcaio have large Army outposts. A small port located at Hobbyo is used for exportingsmall quantitiesof livestockduring the few months when weather conditionsare favorable.
D. Marketing
2.33 Livestock is Somalia'smost importantexport. Small ruminants dominat'tthe trade, accountingfor 90 percent of animal exports in 1980- 1986. 6/ The outlook for expanding small ruminant exports is good, if the constraintsnoted in para 2.34 are lifted. Annual recorded shipmentshave fluctuateddramatically -- by about 35 percent around an average of 1.3 million animals. Saudi Arabia is still the most importantmarket for Somali livestockexports, absorbing95 percent of small ruminant shipmentsdespite a recent ban on cattle imports. Other markets includeEgypt, Kenya and the Yemen Arab Republic. Somalia'smain competitorsin the Arab markets are Australia, Turkey, Sudan, New Zealand, and the Common Market.
2.34 RestrictiveGovernment policies representa major constraintto profitableexport operations. Too many exactionsare placed on the export trade, and the business environmentis unstable. At the country level, severalmeasures would improve the export environment. These include: (i) permitting livestockexport earnings to be convertedat the free market exchange rate; (ii) removing the movement taxes on animals destined for export; (iii) dissolvingthe governmentmonopoly on shippingand insurance;
6/ *InternationalMarket for Somali Livestock',RONCO Consulting Corporation,November 1987 sUSAIDContract). - 16 -
and (iv) permitting export sales on an FOB basis. Measures at the trader and producer level would reduce marketingcosts, and improve the quality of the animals exported. Some of these measures include: (i) giving priority to livestocktraders in allocationof fuel and transport requirements;(ii) activatingtelex and telephonelines in Berbera, Burao, and Hargeisa; (iii) putting in place holding grounds and fodder farms at aggregationand export points; (iv) improvinghealth standardson export animals through vaccinationand quarantineprograms, and pastoral animal health schemes; (v) providing credit to support the feeding and holding operations;and (vi) improvingthe road network. The USAID sutpportedLivestock Marketing and Health project addresses some of these points (para 1.12). Others will be improved as the infrastructurein the country is rehabilitated,and the foreign exchange regime stabilizesunder donor supportedadjustment programs.
2.35 The project area includesa large proportionof the small ruminant exports -- about 23 percent of sheep exports and 42 percent of goat exports. The region also contributes10 to 20 percent of the exports of camels and cattle. The traditionalmarketing systemwithin the project area is well developed and responds quickly to market signals. Animals are sold for cash to the larger producers,and for a mixture of cash and goods as producers get closer to subsistencelevels. Prices vary accordingto animal quality. Surveys of herd structureby GTZ show that all availablemales, and even some females, are sold when ready. Offtake appears to be the maximum possible for subsistenceproducers. Larger pastoralistsare able to hold their animals and play the market more. Cattle and camels are usually trekked to market. Sheep and goats are either trekked or trucked to their destination,depending on the availabilitdof feed to support a long march and the timing obligationsof the exportingmerchant. Ceel Bur, Dhusa Mareb and Galcaio are the major animal trading centers. Ceel Bur is located in the geographicalcenter of the area; Dhusa Mareb and Galcaio are on the main road north to Berbera.
E. Institutions
Local Government 2.36 The three regionsof Hiran, Galgudud and Mudug are headed by a Governor appointedby the President. They are divided into thirteen districts,each administeredjointly by District Commissionersand Party Secretaries. In addition,there are local developmentcommittees with appointedand elected officialswho assist in government. At the village level the committeeshave influencewithin five kilometersof the settlement.
Water DevelopmentAuthority (WDA) 2.37 This organizationis chargedwith maintainingdrinking water facilities,including boreholes. Most boreholesuse pumps powered by diesel engines. Village engine operatorsaro trained by the VDA. Fees collected for water use pay for fuel, lubricantsand the operator's salary. WDA is supposedto provide periodicmaintenance. However, the remotenessof - 17 - boreholesand organizationalinefficiencies make the maintenanceservice less than adequate. The lack of fuel and spares causes pumps to fail. Because the continuousoperation of boreholesin the project area is crucial to human and livestocksurvival, Phase II of the project will provide for regularmaintenance services (para 3.13).
National Range Agency 2.38 This agency maintains a presence at each level of local government down to the district, and has responsibilityfor implementingthe Range Law (paras 4.1-4.2).
Range and LivestockAssociations (RLAs) 2.39 RLAs were organizedunder CRDP I to representthe interestsof those families who utilize a given 'degaan'. These families use the same permanentwater points and dry season grazing areas, have kinship relations, and were judged an appropriateunit on which to build a more formalized management structure. The RLAs were designed as the 'pastoralist organization"with which the Governmentand the project could interact in testing range management techniques (reserves)and in designingand locating infrastructure(boreholes and dugouts). The governingcommittees included the local governmentand party authorities,religious leaders, and elders. Membership in an RLA is de facto and includesall those who use a given "degaan". There are between 6 and 13 udegaaDsWper district,and each covers from 1,000 to 3,000 square kilometers.
2.40 The establishmentof these organizationshas been slow due to the time needed to contact the members of the 'degaan'and obtain their acceptanceof the idea. Some 14 RLAs have been established,10 of them since 1987. The two in Hobbyo and the two in Ceel Dhere have been the most successful. Each of these has managed rest-rotationalgrazing reserves on the coastal plain. RLAs also have served as the basis for the creation and training of Nomadic Animal Health Assistants (NAHAs). The use of RLAs will be continuedand expanded under Phase II of the project (para 3.8). However, the formationp:ocedures and structureof the RLAs will be adjusted according to the recommendationsof the study being funded by USAID.
Nomadic Animal Health Assistants 2.41 Under the CRDP veterinarycomponent supported by GTZ, NAHAs have been placed at the degaan' level. Through these individuals,the project has sold imple drugs and providedminimal prescriptiveadvice to pastoralists. NAHAs are chosen from within an RLA, and receive a ten day course in the identificationand treatmentof local livestockdiseases. Drugs and medicines appropriateto the region are then sold to participating RLAs by the MLFR. These drugs are later retailed to pastoralists,who purchase them on the recommendationand under the supervisionof the NAHA. The RLA pays the NAHA's salary, either in cash or in kind. GTZ has financed a rotating fund to finance drug imports. Some 55 NAHAs are active in three districts. This successfulprogram will be expanded under the Pnase II of the project (para 3.11). - 18 -
F. Results and Lessons Learned from Phase I
2.42 CRDP I was approved by IDA in 1979 (Cr 906-SO). Its objectivewas to consolidateand improve range and livestockproduction, ir rease pastoralistincome, and foster gradual concentrationsof pastoral communitiesin the Central Rangelands. Within a total cost of US$ 46.3 million, the US$ 8 million IDA portion and the USS 9 million IFAD contributionwere used for civil works, vehicles, and technicalassistance in project managementand informal training. The USAID contributionof US$ 15 million financed the technicalassistance and vehicles for the range management,soil and water conservation,formal education and livestock developmentactivities. Food provided by WFP supp.rtedwork on shelter belts and sand dune stabilization. GTZ funded the animal health component. A Project Completionreport for CRDP I was finalizedAugust 16, 1988.
2.43 The project got off to a slow start. Activitiesfunded by the different financiersstarted at differenttimes, and delays caused inefficiencyand frustration. GTZ replaced ODA in funding the animal health component. Severe shortagesof fuel and local funding reduced the effectivenessof staff and scaled down accomplishmentsin the field. The original desigr,was overly optimisticin what would be accomplishedand in estimatingthe returns from range and water management. However, the project has been successfulon severalcounts. It has helped to establish an organizationcapable of gatheringand analyzingrange and livestock related information,and to identifyand intervenesuccessfully in areas of key interest to pastoralists:animal health services,water point construction,and sand dune stabilization. Community level organizations have been put in place, and managementtechniques that will help to sustain rangelandproductivity have been tested. The observationspresented throughoutthis chapter are the result of Phase I efforts. Phase II will take advantage of the institutionalbase to further the investigativework and to disseminateworthwhile interventions. Key aspects of Phase I not yet touched on in Chapter II are describedbelow.
Range Management 2.44 Establishingmanagement reserves was an importanttarget of Phase I. These reserveswere to cover 30 percent of the project area, or 50,000 square kilometers. Through them 70 percent of the productionbenefits were to be realized from the returns to rest rotationalgrazing. These benefits have not been achieved for three reasons. First, pastoralistshave been reluctantto accept the idea of grazing reserves. Second, there has not been any pastoralistorganization to manage these reserves,or indeed, any project initiatives. Third, there is no evidence of returns to rest rotationalgrazing in the bush and scrub which covers most of the reg'on. As these problems became clear, activitieswere restrictedto three priority districts:Bulo Burti, Ceel Dhere and Hobbyo. A small but successfulstart was made in establishingpastoralist organizations and associatedrest- rotation grazing reserveson the coastal plain (para 2.40). The reserves on the coastal plain have shown slight imprnvementsin vegetationquality and productionas a resul; of management. Other reserveshave been initiatedto provide relief at the height of drought, or to manage and revitalize - 19 - evergreendry season fodder species such as yeheb (cordeauwiaedulis). Range field surveys covering 55,000 square km have been completed. These include range conditionclassification, the mapping and descriptionof 49 range sites, and the collectionand identificationof some 3,000 plant specimens. Nine reserveew#hich cover 3,800 kilometershave been establishe'. in the three priority districts. Pastoralistsnow acknowledgethat reserves can be beneficialand are willing to engage in range managementpractices proposed under the project.
Formal Education in Range M..aagement 2.45 Under CRDP I, a Departmentof Botany and Range Managementwas establishedat the Somali National Universitywith the assistanceof four expatriateprofessors. This Department,located within the Faculty of Agriculture,provides two years of specializedformal training after a first two years of general agriculture. The degree offered is a Bachelor of Science. So far 26 studentshave graduatedsince courseswere first offered in 1984. Graduateshave been hired by the university and the NRA. Five graduatesare receivingfurther training in the United States and will return to take up teaching positions in 1988. The project will continue to support this activity until the universityis able to continue it unaided (para 3.17).
Midterm Review 2.46 The implementationof Phase I became an importantlearning process for the Governmentand for donors. Many useful interventionswere identifiedand tested. Adjustmentsto the institutionalaspects of the originalproject were consolidatedat the multi-donorMidterm Review of March 1984. There five importantdecisions were taken. First, project activitieswere reduced to only three of the thirteen districts (para 2.43). Second, CRDP I was establishedas a separate operationalentity within the NRA having its own projectmanager. Third, biannual Steering Committee meetings were set up to monitor project implementation. Members of the Committee included donors and Governmentofficials. Fourth, a Field Manager was appointedand given responsibilityfor overseeingfuel and vehicle allocationsand for improvingcommunications between Mogadishu and district offices. Fifth, it was decided that greater attentionshould be given to the issues raised by the presence of agropastoralismin the priority districts (para 2.24). The institutionalchanges were successfulin making the project more independentfrom NRA's other activitiesand more focussed on the Central Rangelands.
2.47 Valuable lessons also were learned on implementation. First, regular supplies of fuel, vehiclee,and spareswere recognizedas an essentialprecondition to all other activities. Second, infrastructure developmentand other modificationsaffecting pastoralists' lives should be preceded by a thorough investigationof the consequencesof these changes on the local environment. Agreement on the nature of the proposed interventionsshould be reachedwith the local inhabitantsbefore the interventionis implemented. Third, the project can only be effectiveif it operates as a separate entity within NRA or MLFR. Fourth, RLAs should play a key role in guiding project activities in the rangelands. These lessons - 20 - have been incorporatedin the design of Phase 'I. A Project Completion Report on Phase I is being prepared.
Other Donor Involvement 2.48 Support for Phase I of the project is coming to an end. The IDA Credit 906-SO closed on December 31, 1987. USAID's financialcontribution under its current project will terminatein mid-1989. USAID is not able to supportPhase II as its funds are fully committedto other endeavours. A USAID review of project implementationin May 1987 concludedthat the projectwas close to meeting its targets but that activitieshad been severely hampered by the failure of the Governmentto provide a dependable supply of fuel. 7/ The Federal Republic of Germany has been supporting the veterinary componentof the project through GTZ since 1983. After conductinga detailed review in 1987, Germany has agreed to continue to support this componentuntil the end of 1990. GTZ representatives satisfiedwith progress under the component, and are very likely to extend their supportbeyond 1990 if implementationis successfuland if IDA and ADF also remain committedto the project. The commitmentof the WFP will terminate in 1989, but WFP representativesindicate that they will probably extend their support for this project into its second phase. Coordination of donor contributionsin supportof this project improved substantially after the Mid Term Review. The continuationof the Project Steering Committee (para 4.6) and the collaborationof all donors in the design and appraisalof Phase II should further enhance cooperation.
III. THE PROJECT
A. Project Rationale
3.1 The CentralRangelands are vital to the maintenanceand increase of livestockexports which form the backbone of the Somali economy. Importantadvances in understandingrange use and in maintainingund increasingproductivity have been made in the first phase of the project. A second phase is consideredjustified because of; (i) the importanceof rangelandsfor the economy; (ii) the need to minimize the negative Cffects of increasedpopulation pressure and cultivation;(iii) the need to take advantage of productivityincreasing techniques; and (iv) the opportunityto use an increasinglyeffective range agency. This projectwill serve an importanttesting and pilot function. Findings in this project are potentiallyapplicable in much of Somalia. The dynamics of range management,operation of agroecologicalmonitoring systems,delivery of low- cost animal health services,and subsistencedryland farming techniques,all have applicationelsewhere in the country. IDA's involvementin this project in collaborationwith ADF, GTZ and other donors provide the opportunityto bring togethera successfuleffort in rangelanddevelpment.
7/ Interim Evaluationof Somalia Central RangelandsProject, Consortium for InternationalDevelopment, June 1987. - 21 -
3.2 breparationfor the second phase of the project began in October 1985 with at.IDA-funded consultant report. This report was completedin February 1986, and served to highlightnew perceptionsof rangelanduse in the project area. The report lays the foundation for the approach adopted in the Phase II. Furtherwork by a Project PreparationCommittee resulted in a Project PreparationReport in December 1986. A formal request of IDA for financingof the second phase was signed by the Minister of State for National Planning on May 30, 1987. This letter reaffirmedthe high priority which the Goverranentplaces on investmentin the rangelands. An IDA preappraisalmission reviewedthis proposal in December 1987, and an appraisalmission was fielded in March 1988.
B. Objectivesand Description
3.3 The second phase of the project is designed to maintain and improve the long term productivityof the Central Rangelandsand the living standardsof pastoralists. This objectivewill be pursued by minimizing the degradationof vegetation,improving on the understandingof rangeland production systems, and increasingthe productiveefficiency of livestockin the region.
3.4 Constraintsencountered in traditionalpastoral productionsystems will be addressedthrough research efforts and specific interventions. The researchwill focus on improvingthe efficiencyand sustainabilityof livestockand crop productionin the region. Interventionswill include setting up infrastructureand disseminatingtechniques that contributeto productionmaintenance.
3.5 The total cost of the six year project is estimated to be US$ 33.3 million. The project includes the followingcomponents (costs include contingencies):
(i) Systems Investigationand Monitoring (US$ 4.3 million) to study production systems,formulate range managementplans, and monitor agroecologicalindicators;
(ii) Extension (US$ 4.8 million) to disseminateimproved technology,organize RLAs to manage project infrastructure, and supportvillage developmentinitiatives;
(iii) AgropastoralAdaptive Trials and Forestry (US$ 2.4 million) to test improved agriculturalpractices, produce improved seed, and expand forestryactivities in the region;
(iv) Animal Health and LivestockProduction (US$ 2.7 million) to expand the NAHA program of village-levellivestock examination and treatment; - 22 -
(v) Water and InfrastructureDevelopment (US$ 4.3 million) to constructand provide initialmaintenance for boreholes, dugouts, and wells and to improve roads and airstrips;
(vi) Conservation(US$ 3.1 million) to rrotect key flora and fauna in the project area and the Northern Rangelands;
(v) Training (USS 3.0) to provide continued supportto the Universityand short-termand medium-termtraining opportunitiesoverseas, and
(vi) Project Management (USS 8.7 million) to manage project and NRA activitiesin the region.
C. Detailed Features
Systems Investigationand Monitoring 3.6 This componentwould bring together the investigativeand planning aspects of rangelandwork. Knowledge gained about the constraintsand possibilitiesof rangelandproduction would be incorporatedinto project investmentactivities through management plans based on homogenous agroecologicalunits, aggregatedto the District level. Investigative activitieswould include: (i) detailed study of broadly identified production systems (para 2.26) by a multidisciplinaryteam; (ii) predevelopmentsurveys of the districtsto be worked in, prior to the formulationof DistrictManagement Plans; (iii) monitoring of trends in livestocknumbers, rainfall,vegetation status,population, and health; (iv) monitoringof the productiveeffects of project interventions:reserves, water points, animal health treatments.
3.7 Implementationof this componentwould be coordinatedfrom the Systems Investigationand MonitoringDepartment of the CRDP II (para 4.7). Items to be funded would include vehicles,equipment, photographic surveys, local salaries and allowances,operating costs, and technicalassistance. Vehicleswould includemobile field centers for the multidisciplinaryteam. Equipmentwould include automaticagrometereological stations for district headquartersand a GeographicInformation System. Enough equipmentand airplane time would be provided to undertakefour bystematicReconnaissance Surveys of the region. Existing photographsand satelliteimagery of the region would be purchasedto monitor changes in resource use. Salaries and allowances for local staff would include the DocumentationCenter and the Herbarium. An internationallyrecruited Agricultural Economist/Systems Analyst would head up the multidisciplinaryteam and coordinatethe collection,organization and use of agroecologicaland socioeconomic information. A Sociologist/RuralDevelopment Expert and a Range Management/EcologySpecialist also would form part of the multidisciplinary technicalassistance team. - 23 -
Extension 3.8 This componentwould provide for the further developmentof an extension serviceto: (i) disseminatethe productivity-increasing(or degradation-decreasing)'messages' developed by the project; (ii) organize RLAs to carry out project interventionsand transmitnew technologies;(iii) work with RLAs in the managementof reserves,dugouts, and other interventions;and (iv) manage a fund to support small, village-level developmentinitiatives. Up to US$ 2,500 could be used per subproject,with up to 3 subprojectsper RLA. Some 24 District ExtensionAgents would work through about 120 Village ExtensionWorkers, one in each of the degaans, contacted. Staff and would be concentratedin the 7 districtswhere enclosureand cultivationare greatest (and returns to improved techniques highest). Staff from the ExtensionDepartment would provide village-level guidance and facilitatecontacts for the field work necessary in all project activities,including the formationof NAHAs. An internationallyrecruited Extension/TrainingSpecialist would help to establishthe system and train CRDP II staff. The projectwould provide financingfor the vehicles, equipment,salaries, allowances and per diems, materials and operating costs, and technicalassistance needed to carry out the above activities.
AgropastoralAdaptive Trials and Forestry 3.9 This componentprovides for a trials program, a seed multiplication program, and continuationof seedlingproduction and dissemination. The trials program initiallywould be centeredat Bulo Burti and Nooleye. It would test improvedhusbandry methods, water harvestingtechniques and crops suitable to arid areas, with the objectiveof increasingthe productivity and sustainabilityof cultivationin a pastoral environment(para 4.15). In particularthe adaptationof cereal/legumeassociations would be pursued. This would reduce farmers' need to shift locationsand also reduce the area required to produce sufficientgrain to cover subsistencerequirements. New techniqueswould include strip croppingwith strips sown to permanent fodder such as buffel grass. This approachwould reduce wind erosion and degradationand provide additionaldry season fodder for livestock. The seed multiplicationprogram would use a production site funded by the project, and contract growers to bulk up the seed of improved crops and forage species for disseminationthrough the extensionservice. Seedling production,distribution, and other forestry related activities in the region would continue.
3.10 The program would be managed out of the AgropastoralDepartment and would have two field centers, located at Bulo Burti and Nooleye. Trials and seed productionwould be focussed at these centers. A study on dryland agriculturein combinationwith rangelandpastoralism (agropastoralism) and private enclosureswould be initiatedunder the PPF (para 3.21). An internationallyrecruited Dryland Agronomist would set up the first series of trials, establish the seed multiplicationoperation, and participatein the multidisciplinaryteam analyzingprzduction (para 3.6). The project would provide financingfor the simple civil works at Bulo Burti and Nooleye and for vehicles, equipment,operating costs, salaries,allowances and per diems, and technical assistanceneeded to carry out the above activities. - 24 -
Animal Health and LivestockProduction 3.11 This componentwould provide basic animal health services at the village level. Major diseases and parasitesaffecting herd productivityin the project area would be addressedas follows. The NAHA system (para 2.41) would be expanded to cover the seven districtsnot covered by the existing GTZ program. A fund to be operated by CRDP would be establishedfor the importationand resale of drugs to RLAs with NAHAs. The herd monitoring program initiatedunder CRDP I would be continued.
3.12 This componentwould be directed from Beletwayne(para 4.18). It would include a team consistingof an internationallyrecruited veterinarian,two local veterinarians,and three veterinarians'Assistants. The team would be responsibleto the head of the existing animal health team. The project provides financingfor the civil works, includinghousing for the expatriateveterinarian at Beletwayne. Vehicles and equipment, salaries,allowances and per diems, operatingcosts and technicalassistance would also be funded.
Water and InfrastructureDevelopment 3.13 Under this componentfunds would be provided for infrastructure developmentand water point maintenance. The constructionof water-related infrastructurewould follow recommendationsin District ManagementPlans. Provision in this componentwould be made for the constructionof up to 70 dugouts, 5 boreholesand 56 shallowwell head rehabilitations. The initial maintenancephase of existing CRDP I boreholes,dugouts, and wells will be carried out while RLA personnelreceive instructionin maintenance. Five airstripswill be constructedat key district headquarters:Ceel Dhere, Ceel Bur, Harardhere,Jiriban, and Jalalaxi. There will also be regular grading of priority tracks through the region.
3.14 Activitieswould be managed out of the Soil and Water Conservation Department (para 4.20). Dugoutswould be constructedutilizing the existing CRDP constructionunit with its two crawler tracto.s and grader. One more grader would be purchased for road improvementand airstrip construction. A transportertrailer would be purchased to increasethe mobility and utilizationof the dugout constructionunit. New boreholeswould be constructedunder contract. An externallyrecruited Rural Engineer would be brought in on short term consultanciesto provide guidance in the location and design of dugouts, and in borehole construction. Funds would be provided for civil works contracts,vehicles, constructionequipment, salaries,allowances, per diems, operatingcosts, and technicalassistance.
Conservation 3.15 The objectiveof this componentis to assist in the conservationof key flora and fauna. Within the project area the goal would be to establishand guard four Flora and Fauna conservationreserves to protect key flora and fauna. The reserveswould be located at Bud Bud/Hobbyo (4,000 square km), Harardhere (3,000 square km), Haxaas in Eastern Bulo Burti (3,000 square km), and Derihow in Western Bulo Burti (3,500 square km). In the Northern Rangelandsthe goal would be the protectionof the Somali wild ass, the Beira antelope,Pelzeln's gazelle, and other fauna and flora. Reserveswould be located in the Dalo Forest Reserve, and important - 25 - wild ass habitats. The latter have still to be identifiedand may include portions of the Nogal depression.
3.16 The ConservationDepartment within CRDP would supervise implementationof this componentin close collaborationwith the Wildlife Departmentof MFLR (para 2.21). The projectwould provide funding for an internationallyrecruited Range Management/WildlifeSpecialist. This person would live in Galcaio and provide leadershipand training in the early identificationand reserve establishmentstages. The project also would fund a system of wardens and guards to prevent the harvesting of wildlife and extractionof protectedtrees and bushes from protected areas. Arrangementswould be made to permit pastoraliststo continue grazing the protectedareas. The project would provide funding for minor civil works, vehicles,equipment (includingradios), salaries,allowances and per diems, operatingcosts, and technicalassistance.
Training 3.17 Project staff and pastoralistswould be provided with training to increase their awarenessof new techniquesand approachesto rangeland management (para 4.22). Under this componentsupport would be prcvided for the undergraduateprogram at the Departmentof Botany and Range al.the Faculty of Agriculture in the Universityof Somalia. This supportwould cover recurrentcosts, vehicles,and an internationallyrecruited Range Management Professor. Local scholarshipswould also be provided to the Faculty of Agricultureand the Afgoi Forestryand Wildlife Training School. Training courses and seminarswould be held by project personnel and expatriates. Several overseascourses would be offered, includinga limited number of two year MSc courses. A study tour would be undertaken at the beginningof the project to provide firsthandinformation on agropastoralism and rangelandmanagement techniquesin other countries. Funds would also be provided to permit publicationof research and other papers, includingthe Somali Journal of Range Science, produced under the project. Finally, a Training Center would be establishedin Bulo Burti District.
Prolect Management 3.18 The project would support a project management team and a workshop dedicated to maintainingthe project fleet. The management team would coordinateproject funded activities,ensure that project goals are met, promote cost effectiveness,minimize duplicationand enhance coordinationof effort. The existing NRA representationwould be maintained at the regional and district levels. Project activitiesbe directed and adherence to the Range Law monitored by regionaland district range officers. District level compoundswould be constructedat Abudwak, Beira and Galdogob. Fuel storage tanks would be provided at all districtheadquarters. Two additionalfuel tankerswould be purchased to ensure fuel supplies at the district level. The project General Managerwould be assisted by a FinancialController and a TechnicalManager. The internationallyrecruited Financial Controller would assist the Directorsof Administration,Finance and Field Services and oversee internationalprocurement. The TechnicalManager, also recruited internationally,would provide guidance on the technicalaspects of the project: rangeland research&nd monitoring,extension, agropastoral trials, animal health. The projectwould provide funding for civil works, vehicles - 26 -
and equipment,salaries, allowances and per diems, operatingcosts, and technicalassistance. Project implementationis discussed further in Chapter IV.
D. Project Costs
3.19 The project is estimatedto cost USS 33.3 million (SoSh 8,333 million) includingphysical and price contingencies. The foreign exchange component is US$ 25.7 million (SoSh 6,176 million), or about 77 percent of total cost. Project costs are summarizedin Table 1.1 and presented fully in Annex 3. These cost estimatesare based on March 1988 prices and exchange rates.
Table 3.1 Project Cost Summary
(SOSH '0001 oUS, 1000)
. Total 7 fotal X foreign Base fforeign Base tocal Foreign Total Exchange Costs local Foreign Total Exchange Costs A. SYSTEMSINVESTIGATION AND RONlTORING 39S247.3 330 144.7 369.392.0 89 13 392 5 3,301.4 3.693.9 89 13 8. EXTENSION 147 694 6 254. 175 9 401,870 5 63 14 1.476 9 2.541.8 4.018.7 63 14 C. AGROPASTORALADAPTIVE TRIALS AND FORESTRY 38,651.2 167.855 8 206,507.0 8t 7 386 S 1.678 6 2.065 1 81 7 D. ANIMALHEALTH AND LIVESTOCKPRODUCTION 26.029. 1 198,993.9 225.023.0 88 8 260.3 1.989 9 2.250.2 88 8 E. WATERAND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMIENT 58.067 6 299,666.4 357.734 0 84 13 580 7 2.996 7 3.577 3 84 13 F. CONSERVATION 91,750.7 172. 171.3 263.922.0 65 9 917 5 1.721 7 2.639.2 65 9 G. TRAINING 44.276.2 214.687 9 258. 964 0 83 9 442 8 2. 146 9 2.589 6 83 9 H1. PROJECTMANAGEMENT 194.681.7 533,873 8 728.555.5 73 26 1,946 8 5.338 7 7.285 6 73 26 Total BASELINECOSTS 640.398 32.171.569 7 2.811.968 0 77 100 6.404 0 21.715 7 28.119 7 77 100 Physical Contngencies 36.243 7 132,513.4 168.757 1 79 6 362 4 1.325 1 .687 6 79 6 Price Contingencies 1.480.072 4 3.872.582 1 5.352.654 5 72 190 950 2 2.527 5 3.477 7 73 12 lotal PROJECTCOSTS 2,156.714 4 6. 176 665 1 8.333.379 6 74 29b 7 716 6 25.Si68 4 33.285 0 77 118
3.20 Physical contingenciesfor civil works are 15 percent, and between 5 and 10 percent for all cther items. Altogether,physical contingencies represent some 6 percent of baseline costs. Price contingenciesfor foreign costs are based on expected increasesin world prices. Local price contingenciesreflect anticipatedlocal inflation,as shown in Annex 2, togetherwith expected exchange rate adjustments. Over six years, price contingencieswould amount to 12 percent of baseline costs. ho taxes are included in the project costs. All imports for developmentprojects are tax exempt.
E. StartupActivities
3.21 The first phase of the project closed on December 31, 1987. In order cover the gap in fundingbefore the second phase begins, and to undertake preliminarystudies, a Project PreparationFacility (PPF)number P 485-SO for US$ 1.3 million was approvedby IDA in a letter to the Minister of Finance of February 12, 1988 . This funding covers 87 percent of the - 27 - proposed activitiesbudget. The PPF programwould support preliminary studies to detail Phase II plans in the systems investigationand monitoring,extension, agropastoralism, and project managementcomponents. The PPF would also support the initiationof agropastoraltrials and seed multiplication,and provide for two study tours. The funds would be used to purchase vehicles and equipment,minor civil works, operatingcosts, salaries and allowances,per diems, and technicalassistance as needed for these activities. The breakdownof PPF costs is shown below:
Table 3.2 PPF ActivitiesBudget ( USS Dollars '000)
Systems Agro- Exten- Project Investig'n Pastoral sion Mgmt/Trng TOTAL
Civil Works - 182 - 6 188 Vehicles 18 54 36 - 108 Plant/Equipmt 206 116 22 18 362 TechnicalAssistance and Training 70 140 100 220 530 Operating Costs 25 31 56 - 112
Subtotal 314 523 214 245 1,300 (IDA financed)
Local Salaries & OperatingExpense 72 52 48 28 200 (Governmentfinanced)
TOTAL 391 575 262 272 1,500
F. Financing
3.22 The US$ 33.3 million projectwould be financedby an IDA credit of US$ 19.0 million equivalent,an ADF loan of US$ 11.0 million equivalent,and a governmentcontribution of USS 3.3 million equivalent. IDA and ADF would be financing100 percent of the foreign exchange cests and 57 percent of local costs.
Table 3.3 FinancingPlan Percentage US$ Millions SDR Millions 1/ Contribution
IDA 19.0 14.7 57 ADF 11.0 8.5 33 Government 3.3 2.5 10
Total 33.3 25.7 100
1/ At the US dollar/SDRexchange rate at negotiations:SDR 1.0 = US$ 1.2965 - 28 -
3.23 IDA and ADF each would finance the foreign exchange costs and a proportion of local costs in separate disbursement categories, as described in para 3.30. Donors would participate in financing local costs in the following categories: vehicle and other operating costs, -er d.Lemsand allowances. The Government would finance salaries and contribute towards local expenditures in the cost categories mentioned previously. The government contribution in local currency would be provided from the Development Budget, as is currently done. Assurances were given that adequate funds to cover the Government's share of local costs will be budgeted each year and made available at the start of each quarter. An initial deposit of SoSh 50 million will be made into the project account by June 30, 1989, and replenished every six months. It is a condition of effectiveness for the IDA credit that the Government have met the conditions for effectiveness of the ADF loan.
G. Procurement
3.24 Table 3.4 below summarizes the amount each donor would finance from each expenditure category. and the procurement procedure to be followed.
Table 3.4 Proposed Procurement Method
Project Item ICB LCB Other Total X Foreign
Civil Works 2.6 2.4 5.0 85 (ADF) (2.6) (2.4) (5.0) Vehicles 6.8 0.8 7.6 95 (IDA) (6.8) (0.8) (7.6) T.A./Studies/Training 9.3 9.3 100 (IDA) (9.3) (9.3) Salaries 1.7 1.7 Allowances/Per Diems 3.2 3.2 0 (IDA) (1.2) (1.2) (ADF) (1.2) (1.2) Fuel/Vehicle Op'n 0.6 1.3 1.9 85 (IDA) (0.6) (0.3) (0.9) (ADF) (1.0) (1.0) Other Operating Costs 0.S 1.8 1.8 4.5 70 (ADF) (0.9) (1.8) (1.1) (3.8)
Total Project Cost 8.3 5.2 19.8 33.3 77
IDA Financing 7.4 0.8 10.8 19.0 ADF Financing 0.9 4.4 5.7 11.0
S.25 TUnder the parallel cofinancing arrangements agreed at negotiations, IDA would finance all eligible technical assistance, training, vehicle and - 29 -
equipmentcosts. It also would participatein vehicle operatingcosts by financing fuel and lubricants. IDA would also finance allowancesand per diems, contributing50 percent of the amount financed by donors. The ADF would finance all eligible civil works and other operating expenditures. It would also participatein expendituresfor allowances,per diems, and vehicle operatingcosts. Procurementprocedures for each type of item would follow the requirementsof the donor agency financingit.
3.26 Civil works for buildingsand district compoundsare small scale and scatteredthroughout the project area. The constructionof the 70 dugouts, the grading of project roads, and the constructionof five a'rstripswould be undertakenby force account by the project,which already owns the heavy machinery and equipment,and has developedthe expertisein this type of cnnstructionduring the first phase project. Borehole constructionwould be contractedout. Procurementfor the differenttypes of civil works will be done accordingto proceduresagreed with ADF at negotiations.
3.27 Vehicles, equipmentand spares,and fuel and lubricantsunder the vehicle operatingcosts would be financedby IDA. These items would be bulked into packages of USS 150,000 or more, and procured under internationalcompetitive bidding (ICB) procedures satisfactoryto IDA. Purchasesof less than US$ 150,000 equivalentwould not attract foreign bidders because of their smaller contract value and the availabilityof local bidders. These items would be purchasedunder local competitive bidding proceduresup to an aggregatemaximum of US$ 700,000 over the life of the project. Purchasesof less than US$ 50,000, and purchases of certain specializeditems such as spare parts, would be undertakenunder prudent shoppingprocedures vitn at least three bids, and through direct contract respectively. These purchaseswould be allowed up to an aggregatemaximum of US$ 500,000 over the life of the project. Vehicles would be purchasedin three separate bids to be executed in 1989, 1991, and 1993. Prior to approvingvehicle purchases, IDA would ensure that vehicle administration and use was satisfactory,and that annual vehicle audit recommendationswere being implemented(para 4.24).
3.28 Assuranceswere given that, for IDA financed items, IDA would review all ICB, LCB, prudent shopping and directlynegotiated contractsof more than US$ 20,000 equivalentprior to terderingand award. Under these procedures 95 percent of all contracts to be financedby IDA (US$ 8.5 million) would be subject to prior review.
3.29 Internationallyrecruited technical assistance and consultantsto be financedby IDA would be selected accordingto IDA's Guidelinesfor the Use of Consultantsby World Bank Borrowers'published August 1981. Contracts for consultantservices would be grouped. The SIMP team (para 3.6) would be grouped with the TechnicalManager (para 3.18). The Professorand other short term consultantsat the Faculty of Agriculture (para 3.17) would be obtained via a twinning arrangementnegotiated with an appropriateoverseas University. The Extension/TrainingSpecialist (para 3.8) would be grouped with the Dryland Agronomist (para 3.9). The Veterinarian(para 3.11) would be hired separately. The remainingpositions and short term consultancies would be awarded as appropriate. Assuranceswere given that terms of - 30 -
reference,qualifications, arid terms and conditionsof employmentwill be satisfactoryto IDA. Governmentand IDA would ensure that items listed in para 4.27 are included in the terms of referenceand contracts.
H. Disbursements
3.30 The IDA credit and the ADF loan would be disbursedover eight years, the average period for projects in Somalia. Table 3.5 shows the loan and credit allocationsby category of expenditureand the percentagesof expenditureto be financed.
Table 3.5 DisbursementsSchedule (US$ million equivalent) IDA ADF 2 Expenditure Total Disbursed Credit Loan 21 Financed
Civil Works 4.2 - 4.2 90
Vehicles and 6.4 6.4 - 10C of foreign Equipment 85 of local
ConsultantServices, 7.7 7.7 - 100 Studies and Training
Allowancesand Per 2.0 1.0 1.0 85 declining Diems to 45 17
Fuel and Vehicle 1.6 0.8 0.8 100 of foreign OperatingCosts 95 of local
Other Operating 3.4 - 3.4 100 of foreign Costs 45 of local
RefundingPPF 1.3 1.3 - Disbursedamount plus charges Unallocated 3.4 1.8 1.6
TOTAL 30.0 19.0 11.0
1/ For IDA: 432 until June 30, 1992; 38Z until June 30, 1993; 33Z until June 30, 1994; and 23Z until June 30, 1995. ADF will disburse at the same rates. 2/ ADF disbursementdata estimated.
3.31 IDA disbursementswould be made against full documentation,except for disbursementscovering vehicle and other operatingcosts, allowancesand per diems for governmentagencies, and all contractsof less than US$ 20,000 equivalent,which would be made against statementsof expenditure. The Closing Date for this project is June 30, 1995.
3.32 In order to expedite the disbursementof IDA funds, a SpecialAccount would be establishedin an off shore commercialbank in favor of CRDP. The - 31 - authrizedallocation of the accountwould be US$ 500,000. The account would be managed by the project FiuancialController. All eligible expenditures under IDA-financedcategories would be eligible for payment from the account. Assuranceswere given that the Special Accountwould be operated on terms and conditionsacceptable to IDA. Replenishmentapplications documentingexpenditures from the SpecialAccount would be submittedon a regularmonthly basis.
I. Accounts and Audits
3.33 The PMU would be responsiblefor the control and use of project resources. The FinancialController is already in place, with financing from the PPF. A satisfactoryaccounting and record keeping system was establishedunder Phase I. Assuranceswere given that: (i) recordswould be kept permitting identificationof all receipts and payments under the project. These recordswould be made availableto IDA or ADF cn request; (ii) financialstatements including a balance sheet, income and expenditure statement,and sources and uses of funds statementwould be prepared by the PMU at the close of the fiscal year; (iii) independentauditors satisfactory to IDA and ADF would audit project accounts and the SpecialAccounts at the Central Bank, and provide IDA and ADP with certifiedcopies of the auditor's opinion, the long form of the audit, and a management letter,within 6 months of the close of the fiscal year; (iv) a separateaudit opinionwould be provided on records and accountsused to support disbursementsagainst statementsof expenditure;(v) the CRDP would retain a FinancialController with qualificationsand experienceacceptable to IDA and ADF. Assurances were given that the audit reports for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 will be deceivedby IDA and ADF by June 30, 1989. It is a conditionof effectivenessthat project auditorshave been hired by Government.
J. Women in the Project
3.34 The projectwill work with the family productionsystem in the rangelands,and women are an integralpart of this system. In livestock husbandry activitieswomen and childrenare often responsiblefor the care and milking of the small stock (sheep and goats). Men and the older boys care for the camels and cattle. In the agropastoralareas, women provide much of the labor associatedwith land preparationand weeding. The onerous task of taking the camel trains to and from the water source is shared within the family. Although the woman plays an importantrole in the family's productiveactivities, the man has the major role in deciding on the allocationand use of the family's resources. More informationwould be gathered on the role of women in this pastoral society as part of the multidisciplinaryinvestigation of pastoral production systems (para 4.8). A rural sociologistwould be hired to address issues such as this, and guide project interventionsaccording to the findings of these studies.
3.35 It is difficult for males to communicateextension mesaages to women. Using female extensionagents would help to overcome this problem and to - 32 - establish importantlinks establishedwith the people doing much of the actual work. Assurances were given thrt the Governmentwill include an adequate number of qualified female extensionagents in the project.
K. EnvironmentalImpact
3.36 The project wil' have a positive effect on the rangelandenvironment. Preventing the degradationof the long-termproductive capacity of the Central Rangelandsis an importantproject objective,and is congruentwith national programs to prevent desertification. The project would test agroecologicalmonitoring techniques,and generate a lot of new information to use in formulatinga national anti-desertificationprogram. The intensivemultidisciplinary study and monitoring program supportedby the project (para 3.6) would lead to a much broader understandingof the factors causing a deteriorationof the rangelands. Soil conservationwould be enhanced from the proposed strip cropping techniquesin cultivated areas, live fencing of cropped areas and reserves,the establishmentof town shelterbelts,tree planting,and sand dune stabilizationsites, and the setting aside of grazing reserves. Stricter applicationof the laws governing conservationof flora and fauna, and management of rangelands (para 4.2) will reduce the extractionof endangeredwood species for charcoal and improve the protectionof wildlife. The conservationcomponent (para 3.15) would establishreserves within the Central and the Northern Rangelands. These reserveswould protect endangered species of wildlife, trees, and shrubs.
IV. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
A. Organizationand Management
4.1 Execution of the second phase of the project is the responsibilityof the Central RangelandsDevelopment Project organization. Implementationof the first phase was the responsibilityof the NRA, which has a presence in all regions of the country. In order to streamlinethe administrationof rangelandsdevelopment in the CentralRangelands, the staff and infrastructurecorresponding to the three regions of Hiran, Galgudud,and Mudug were separatedoff from NRA and given separate status as a project implementationorganization, known as the Central RangelandsDevelopment Project (CRDP). This separationwas sanctionedby MinisterialDirective of February 21, 1988 (Annex 6) and has strengthenedCRDP's financialand administrativeindependence which existed since the Mid Term Review of March 3984 (para 2.46). CRDP has to implementall the laws which come under the responsibilityof the MLFR, includingthose referringto Range Management and Wildlife Conservation(para 4.2).
4.2 Activities pertainingto range managementand fauna and flora conservationin Somalia operate under four differentpieces of legislation: Law No. 15, Law No. 23, Law No. 68, and Law No. 3. Law No. 15 was signed in - 33 -
January 1969 and addressesFauna and Forest Conservation(para 2.29). Law No. 23, signed in August 1976, created the NRA. Law No. 68, of October 1970, provided further regulationon forestry range and wildlife activities. This Law was supersededby Law No. 3, signed in February 1979. Law No. 3 is an Act for the conservation,development, and management of rangeland,and the fight against desertification(Annex 8, Document C.7). This law gives the Minister of Livestock,Forestry and Range the power to create grazing reserves.It also permits the NRA, and hence CRDP to manage these reserves, create Rarge and LivestockAssociations, control and use water supplies in the rangelands,take measures to promote rangelandconservation, manage a Range Fund, and penalize all infractions.
OrganizationalStruzture 4.3 The organizationalstructure of CRDP is depicted in Annex 7. The project GeneralManager heads the organizationand reports directly to the Minister of Livestock, Forestry and Range. The General Manager is assisted in his duties by a Field Manager and an internationallyrecruited Technical Manager. The Field Manager ensures that the logisticalapparatus is functioningsatisfactorily. This function includes: (i) managing the fuel supplies,particularly for Mogadishuand the field offices; (ii) maintaining field offices and equipment; (iii) facilitatingcommunications between field offices and headquarters,and (iv) monitoring the allocation,use, and repair of vehicles. The TechnicalManager oversees the many research and investigationactivities in the project. This person also is directly responsiblefor the coordinationand implementationof the multidisciplinary team to investigateproduction systems. A Somali director heads up each of the departmentswithin CRDP: Systems Investigationand Monitoring, Agropastoralism,Extension, Water and InfrastructureDevelopment, Conservation,and Administrationand Finance. All directors report to the General Manager and are supportedby a team of local and expatriate staff. Assuranceswere given that the General Manager, TechnicalManager, Financial Controller and Field Manager will be in place by June 30, 1989.
4.4 At the field level, regional and district range officerswill continue to handle the logisticaland administrativearrangements for all field personnel. Technicalguidance in specializedfields will be provided by the appropriatesenior technicalstaff. Extension,agropastoral, animal health, and forestrypersonnel will report to the ExtensionDepartment, based in Mogadishu. District range officerswill handle follow-upand supervisionof project initiativesin their districts.This function covers village shelterbelts, forestryplantations, seedling production,sand dune stabilization,monitoring information,maintenance of dugouts and boreholes, and interactionwith leaders and local officials.
4.5 A Project ManagementCommittee will meet once every two weeks to discuss policy questions,review problems,and improve awarenessand coordinationacross components. This committeewill be headed by the GeneralManager and will includeall the DepartmentDirectors, the Technical Manager, and the FinancialController. The committeewill make decisions on: (i) the assignmentof staff to training courses; (ii) proposals submittedunder the RLA DevelopmentFund; (iii) the annual work program and budget; (iv) District ManagementPlans; and (v) technologiesfor - 34 - disseminationth,ough the extensionservice. Minutes of the Project ManagementCommittee meetings would be reviewedby IDA and ADF supervision missions. Assuranceswere given that the ProjectManagement Committeewould be establisedby June 30, 1989.
4.6 A Project Steering Committeewas establishedunder Phase I and meets every six months to review project implementation,work plans, and budgets. Assuranceswere given that this committeebe chaired by the Minister of Livestock,Forestry and Range, and include the project General Manager, representativesfrom each of the concerneddonors and a representativefrom the Ministry of Finance.
B. Component Implementation
Sysrems Investigationand Monitoring 4.7 Implementationof these activities (paras 3.6-3.7)would be the responsibilityof the Systems Investigationand Monitoring Department. This departmentwill be headed by the TechnicalDirector and receive technical advice and support from the TechnicalManager. The departmentwould include: (i) the multidisciplinaryteam for production systems investigation and surveys; (ii) the ecologicalmonitoring unit; (iii) the documentat..on center; and (iv) the herbarium.
4.8 The multidisciplinaryteam for production systems investigation would be headed by the TechnicalManager, who would provide guidance,and direction,and partial field assistance. The field team would include internationallyand locally recruitedstaff. Internationallyrecruited staff would include a Range Manager/Ecologist,a Sociologist,and a Dryland Agronomist. The Agronomistalso would lead in the Agropastoral investigationwork. Locally recruitedstaff would includea Livestock Specialistand range managementpersonnel. The internationallyrecruited SystemsAnalyst/Agricultural Economist, would assist the team in des:igning surveys and analyzingdata. He would also head up the ecologicalmonitoring unit. The multidisciplinaryteam for production systems investigation would carry out simple studies of the most importantaspects of the production systemstentatively identified in para 2.26. Two production systemswould be surveyedeach year, so that all systemswould have been studied over a four year period. In surveyingeach productionsystem, the investigationteam would be assisted by a team of locally recruited extension staff, who would then stay on as permanent staff in the district surveyed. Extensionstaff already placed in districtswould be incorporated into the multidisciplinaryteam for the survey. One function of the multidisciplinaryteam would be to design and initiatemonitoring systems to study: (i) returns to range management, (ii) methods to improve soil and water conservation;(iii) useful interventionsin livestockproduction and health; (iv) pastoral productionsystems; (v) pastoral husbandry systems, and (vi) the agropastoralsystem. The EcologicalMonitoring Unit would follow up on the collectionand analysis of this data. - 35 -
4.9 Under the supervisionof the SystemsAnal st/AgriculturalEconomist, the EcologicalMonitoring Unit would be responsiblefort (i) collecting, receiving,and analyzingall ecological,agricultural, sociological, and economic data collectedby permanentdistrict staff; (ii) implementingfour SystematicReconnaissance Flights to estimate livestockand vegetation biomass during sequentialwet and dry seasons; (iii) interpretingsequential stages of satelliteand aerial photo coverage of the project area; and (iv) compilingand analyzingdata gathered by the automaticmeterological recording stations. Informationobtained from these four sourceswould be utilized to produce maps and charts and determinetrends, changes and correlationswith other phenomena. A key tool in the manipulationof this data would be the computer-basedgeographic information system to be purchased by the project. Assistance in operatingthis system from the Global EnvironmentMonitoring System at UNEP in Nairobiwould ensure that the informationstored is compatiblewith UNEP's Global Resource Information Database (Annex 8, Document A.2).
Management Plans 4.10 The productionsystem survey may only cover a small proportionof a given district. In each district includedby the project, the district range officer and the district extensionteam would undertake a predevelopmentsurvey of the whole district.Based on the characteristics identifiedfor the production systemsprevailing in the district,management proposalswould be developed for discussionwith CRDP and local authorities. Once approved,these proposalswould become the DistrictManagement Plans and would be used to guide project interventionsand activitiesin the district. Assuranceswere given that no dugouts or boreholeswould be constructedin the Central Rangelandsthat had not been approved by the ProjectManagement Committeeand incorporatedin the relevantDistrict Management Plan.
Extension 4.11 Under this component,extension work done under the non-formal educationcomponent in Phase I (para 3.8) would be continued. Responsibilityfor implementationwill rest with the Director of the ExtensionDepartment in Mogadishu,assisted by the Extension and Training Specialist. The structureof the extension servicewould be as follows. A village extensionworker would be hired to work at the 'degaan' level with local pastoralistsand help form an RLA in priority districtswhere the project is active. In agropastoralareas, a visitation schedulewould be establishedduring the two growing seasons.A district extensionofficer, while working with the members of the Odegaan,' would superviseand train village extensionworkers. One district extensionofficer would be assigned to up to three 'degaans',depending on the intensityof the work and local receptivityto the project *messages.' Monthly training sessionswould be provided to the district extensionofficers by subjectmatter specialists from the Mogadishu-basedExtension Department, the agropastoralprogram, or the animal health and livestockproduction program. Three training sessions would be run per month, one for each of the regions. The training facility at Aborey would be rehabilitatedand used for some of the courses. - 36 -
4.12 The extensionservice would serve as a vehicle for project community developmentand technologytransfer activities. Initial contactswith district communitieswould be establishedduring the pre-developmentsurveys (para 4.8) and the formulationof DistrictManagement Plans. Low key interventions-- village shelterbelts, stabilizatiornof small dunes, improvementof shallowwells -- would be coordinatedthrough the extension service. At the same time the extensionservice would be working towards the formationof communitygroups and RLAs. The extension servicewould have to (i) organize the community supportneeded by the animal health and livestockproduction staff in their herd surveysand for the identification and training of NAHAs; (ii) help to establishthe demonstrationfarms under the agropastoraltrials program; (iii) transfer the improved cultivationand water harvestingtechniques developed under the trials program; (iv) negotiate on the size, location,and purpose of grazing reserves,or flora and fauna reserves; (v) negotiateon the locationof dugouts and boreholes, and organize and sustainthe eventual RLA operationand maintenanceof this infrastructute;and (vi) administeran RLU 'velopment Fund (para 4.13).
Range and LivestockAssociation Development ad 4.13 A fund of USS 300,000would be establishedunder the project to support village-levelinitiatives sponsored by RLA's requiringsmall but importantcash outlays. Potentialuses of this fund might include grants for community infrastructureor loans for small productionentei,rises. Community infrastructuremight include schools,community buildings, pumps, wells, market places, and hand pumps where labor and some materials would be obtained locally. Small productiveenterprises might include fodder production,honey or ghee production or marketing,production of improved implements,or harnessesintroduced under the project. Proposalswould be reviewed and vetted by the extensionservice. Final approvalwould rest with the ProjectManagement Committee. Assuranceswere given that the fund would be establishedby December 31, 1989 and would be used only to support proposalswhich: (i) supportedan RLA which could have received up to two prior grants; (i') had a contributionof at least 25 percent of the value from local sources (in labor or materials);and (iii) did not involve a CRDP cash contributionof more than US$ 2,500 equivalent. Tn the case of support to privatelyowned productiveenterprises, assurances were given that funds would be provided as loans, at interest rates consistentwith those charged by local commercialbanks. Repaymentterms shall not exceed five years.
AgropastoralAdaptive Trials and Forestry 4.14 The AgropastoralDepartment would be chargedwith the adaptive trials program (para 3.9). Most of the work would be in the Bulo Burti and Ceel Dhere districts,the focus of water harvestingand agropastoralactivity. The team running the trials would use the extensionservice to set up demonstrationplots with the improvedcrops and techniques. New technologieswould be disseminatedby the extensionservice once they are tested and approved for distributionby the Project ManagementCommittee (para 4.5). The annual agropastoraltrials program would be clearedwith the Directorateof Research at the Ministry of Agriculture. The project team would periodicallyvisit the dryland agriculturalresearch station at Bonka in Baidoa in order to ensure a sharingof results and experience. - 37 -
4.15 The initial agropastoraltrials program would be designed by the Dryland Agronomistand Soils Specialistbrought in under the PPF (para 3.21). The prominentfeatures of this program are as follows. Live fencing trials using varieties of Commiphorawould be implementedto reduce tree cutting for fences. Agroforestrytrials would be implementedusing multipurposefodder, wood, and shade trees mixed with local species such as Terminalia Spii.osa,Acacia Senegal, and Acacia Albida. Strip clearir.g trials would be done to determinethe most appropriatewidth and placement of the cropping strips being proposed in lieu of the circular areas cleared now. Species eliminationtrials would serve to test the growLh rates and usefulnessof local trees, bushes, and grasses. Tests would be run on the suitabilityof different crops -- millet and mungbean show promise -- and on soil fertilityand returns to fertilizeruse, rotationmeasures, plant densities,intercropping systems, and weeding rates. Water harvesting trials would test means of making better use of rainwaterrunoff for cultivation. Finally, trials would be run to make more effectiveuse of the high water table that exists in certain locations.
4.16 A seed multiplicationand storage facilitywould be establishedto support the trials and extensionprogram. The site chosen for this facility would have irrigationpotential close to the Shebelli River in Bulo Burti. The detailed program would be designed by a Seeds Specialistand Irrigation Engineer to be brought in under the PPF (para 3.21).
4.17 The forestry componentwould complementthe GTZ-supportedforestry activitiesin Beletwayne,Dusa Mareb, and Galcaio. In these areas large nurserieshave been establishedand successfulforestry trials are under way using irrigationand water harvesting. Nurserieswould be establishedin the priority districtsas these are extended. An Arid Land Forester would be hired to design a seedlingproduction, village tree planting, and shelter belt program, and to superviseit periodically. This consultantalso would advise on the forestry aspects of the agroforestryand high water table trials.
Animal Health and Livestock 4.18 Leadership for this componentwould remain with the GTZ Veterinary Team in Beletwayne. The additionalveterinarian to be hired under Phase II would live in Beletwayneor Bulo Burti. The herd monitoring and NAHA program would be expanded in the priority districts,and graduallyextended over the CentralRangelands (para 3.11). The same strategyused in Phase I in the herd monitoringand NAHA programwould be followed in Phase II (Annex 8, Document A.1). Preliminarysurveys would establishthe incidenceof disease, productioncoefficients, and husbandrypractices. This information would be used to establisha disease preventionand control program and to develop improvednutrition and husbandrypractices.
4.19 The supply of veterinary drugs and medicines is a chronic constraint. Supplies can only be insured if the full cost of drugs and medicines is recoveredfrom the pastoralists,and if suffIcientforeign exchange is made availableto ensure that stocks can be replenishedby imports. A provision has been made for a US$250,000revolving fund to be managed by the Financial Departmentof CRDP. This fund would be replenishedin local currency from - 38 - the sale of drugs to the RLAs and lAHAs. Assuranceswere given that veterinary drugs and medicines from the CRDP revolvingfund are sold to RLA's at wholesale free market prices. The CRDP will prepare a regulation satisfactoryto IDA to govern administrationof this fund by June 30, 1989.
Water and InfrastructureDevelopment 4.20 The availabilityof water affects all activities in the project area and is a key determinantof degradationpatterns. The implementationof this componentwould be the responsibilityof the 'Waterand InfrastrucLure DevelopmentDepartment. Techniquesfor dugout constructionhave been tried and tested, and a satisfactorystandard design for a 2,500 to 3,000 cubic meter pond has evolved (para 2.9). Because the pond is temporary,the year- round carrying capacity of the range would not be affected, and the nutritionalstatus of animalswould be improved. Successfulfilling and water holding is still very much conditionedon skill in location and choice of soil quality. Techniquesto seal the more porous soils would be investigated. The rehabilitationof wellheadswith concrete and the constructionof watering troughshave been well received by herdsmen and will continue. As many as five boreholescould be funded by the project, in cases where large expanses of forage are underutilized,and access to alternatewater sources is not possible. These boreholeswould be constructedunder contract (para 3.26). All other civil works included in this componentwould be undertakenusing the heavy equipmentalready owned by the project entity. A borehole serviceunit also would be funded under the project.
Conservation 4.21 A small CRDP ConservationUnit would be establishedin the Systems Investigationand MonitoringDepartment. This uni* would work with the MLFR Wildlife Department in implementingconservation activities (para 3.15). The purpose of these activitieswould be to establish reserveswhich protect select speciesof wildlife and vegetation from human exploitationand destruction. Preliminarywork in defining the boundariesof reserveswithin the Central Rangelandswould take place under the leadershipof the Range Management/WildlifeSpecialist. The Specialistalso would establish agreementswith local communities. In all these activitieshe would receive the support of the extension serviceand range officers. Armed guards and wardens would not be put in place until the reserveswere establishedand demarcated and infrastructureput in place. In the Northern Rangelands,the Wildlife Department,under the leadershipof the Range Management/Wildlife Specialist,would identifyand demarcatereserves, and conduct the community work needed to declare the reserveand the establishguards. The CRDP ConservationUnit would include the wildlife specialistmentioned above and two locally-trainedassistant wildlife specialists. Funds would be provided from the Training component (para 3.17) to train personnelat the Afgoi Forestry and Wildlife Training School and the Hweka Wildlife Training Center in Tanzania. To the extent feasible,the conservationreserves to be establishedwould not infringe on the grazing and watering rights of the pastoralistswho normally use the land. This provisionwould not apply to reserves set aside for climax ecologicalenvironments. - 39 -
Training 4.22 Project training activitieswould be coordinatedby the Technical Manager and personnel to be trainedwould be approved by the Project Management Committee (para 4.5). Assuranceswere given that a proposal, satisfactoryto IDA, for a project training facility in Bulo Burti district be submittedby June 30, 1989. Assuranceswere also given that the training program would be run under the followingguideliness (i) only CRDP personnelwith more than a year's experiencein the project are eligible for training; (ii) personnelonly will be trained if they and the Government agree they will return to work in a position that is predeterminedprior to their departure.
Prolect Administration 4.23 Fuel The availabilityof fuel affects all project activities. Fuel for project use is normally provided by the Government'sNational PetroleumAgency. The project will need about 400,000 liters of diesel and 80,000 liters of petrol a year. Headquartershas storage capacity for 40,000 liters of fuel. UTnderthe second phase of the project, an additional 20,000 litre tank will be installedin Mogadishu,and 3,000 litre tanks will be placed at each district compound. In order to simplify the logisticsof fuel supply and reduce fuel consumptionall vehicles purchasedunder the second phase will run on diesel fuel. Assuranceswere given that, in the event fuel is not availablefrom Governmentsources, the projectwill be authorized to purchase fuel from alternatesources, includingdirect importation.
4.24 Vehicles The carefulmaintenance and use of a large fleet of four wheel-drivevehicles and heavy trucks and tractors is essential to a successfulproject. Distancesare long, and roads are in bad need of repair. Under the second phase, the workshop and vehicle maintenance facility establishedduring CRDP I would be consolidatedand expanded. Vehicle purchases under the projectwould occur in three groups (para 3.27. In order to improve conservation,assurances were given that an annual audit be undertakenof vehicle use to verify the use of sound management practices in vehicle maintenanceand operation. This audit would certify that, among other sound managementpractices: (i) log books be kept on vehicles used in the project; (ii) project vehicles are only be used on official business;and (iii) drivers are held responsiblefor the condition of their vehicle, tool kit and spares,which would be ascertainedevery 20,000 km. At these inspectionpoints, driverswhose vehicles are in better conditionthan the norm would receive an increase in remuneration. The vehicle use audit report would be provided to IDA and ADF by June 30 of each year. Continued funding of vehicle purchasesfor the project will be contingenton the use of sound managementpractices in vehicle maintenance and operation (para 3.27).
4.25 Salaries,Allowances and Perdiems Inadequate remunerationof local staff has affected implementationof Phase I. To address this problem, IDA and ADF would provide funding for allowancesand perdiems. Assuranceswere given that (i) the Governmentwill put in place a revised structurefor project staff remuneration(including salaries, allowances and perdiems) by December 31, 1989. The new structureshall be based on the one provided to - 40 -
IDA and ADF at appraisal (Annex 3, Table 12); (ii) that remunerationfor locally hired staff will be adjusted annually in order to maintain the purchasingpower of the salary structuresubmitted to IDA and ADF as of March 1988; and (iii) staffing levels will not exceed those indicated in the appraisal cost tables (Annex 3), without IDA and ADF authorization.
4.26 Office Space The Governmenthas agreed that adequate offices and other rooms in the NRA headquartersbuilding would be allocated to CRDP staff during Phase II.
C. TechnicalAssistance
4.27 Technicalassistance requirements for the project are heavy. Some 45 person-yearsof technicalassistance would be provided for ten positions TechnicalManager, FinancialController, Systems Analyst/Agricultutal Economist,Sociologist, Range Management/EcologyExpert, Extension Training Specialist,Dryland Agronomist, Veterinarian, Range Management/Wildlife Specialist,and Professorof Range Management. Requirementsare heavy for several reasons. First, the research,systems investigation,and monitoring work to be undertaken is sophisticatedand local expertise for this work is not available. Second, guidancewill be needed in new undertakingssuch as agropastoraltrials, wildlife conservation,and the rangelandsextension system. Third, a short period of specializedinput is needed to perfect techniquesin financialmanagement, and to teach range managementin the University. In order to ensure that as much expertiseas possible is transferred,consultant contracts (to be reviewed by IDA (para 3.29)) would include paragraphsto ensure that (i) trained local staff are assigned to work with the expert; (ii) training priority is given to those local staff who do work with an expert; (iii) each expert teaches and produces documentationon his contributionto the project. The experts would be expected to teach one short course each year, involvingone week of preparationtime and 2/3 days of lecturetime. Experts also, would produce a short paper on the applicationof the concepts in their field to the Somali situation. In addition,each expert would write a final report that would be due before he received final payment. This report would review his contributionto the project, summarizepapers produced and research conclusions,and provide clear guidelinesfor the continuationof work initiateddu.ring his tenure. Conditionsto this effect would be included in all technicalassistance contracts negotiated under the project.
4.28 Technicalassistance staff would be hired either individually,or as a team (para 3.29), as determinedby the nature of the task to be undertaken. In the case of the technicalassistance to the Faculty of Agriculture,the most appropriatetype of supportwould be a twinning arrangementwith an appropriateoverseas University, so that a long term teaching and training relationshipcan be established(para 3.29). Draft terms of referencehave been drafted for each of the positions (Annex 8, DocumentA.6). All matters pertainingto the managementof technical assistancewould be handled by the General Manager and the Technical Manager. - 41 -
D. Planning,Monitoring and Reporting
4.29 A small Planning Departmentwould produce the annual work program and monitor its implerventation.A system for doing this already is in place. It is used to build up an annual budget based on submissionsfrom each district. Satisfactoryindicators of performancehave been defined and are in use. The definitionof each district'simplementation targets is used to determine the annual budget. The budget then is used as the basis for submittinglocal funding requirementsto Government. In order to provide Departmentalmanagers with the informationon the resourcesavailable to them, assuranceswere given that a budget for operatingcosts and a fuel budget will be prepared. The shillingbudget for operatingcosts would cover per diems and supplies and would be prepared quarterlyby each department.The budget would be presented in shillings. It would includea breakdownof funds availableand funds expended as the fiscal year progresses. The fuel budget also would be prepared by each departmenton a quarterlybasis. Managers would be advised of the fuel availableand expended each quarter as the fiscal year progresses. Assuranceswere given that the Governmentwill submit drafts of the annual work program, the annual budget, and the shillingbudget for personal and operatingcosts to IDA and ADF by November 30 of each project year. The documentswould be examined and revised before they are submittedto the Ministry of Finance. The final versionswould be submittedto IDA and ADF on approval by Government.
4.30 Monitoringinformation would be collectedby the Planning Department and compiled into semi-annualprogress reports. Assuranceswere given that semi-annualprogress reportswith both physical and financialinformation will be provided to IDA and ADF by July 31 of each year, and annual progress reports by January 31. Evaluationof project impact would be assessed under the systems investigationand monitoringcomponent, and periodic reports would be provided as studieswere completed. Assuranceswere given that project managementwill prepare a mid-term review report after the first three years of implementationassessing the progress and impact of the project, identifyingmajor problems and constra'.nts,and making recommendationsfor modificationsin organizationand design. This report will be prepared under terms of referenceagreed with IDA and ADF, and will be presentedto IDA and ADF by March 31, 1992. After the report is reviewed,a joint mid-term review mission would be conducted,to ratify the recommendedchanges. The mission would include representativesfrom all participatingdonors and governmentagencies.
4.31 The indicativeImplementation Schedule in Annex 5 shows when each of the districtswould be considereda priority for project interventions. Precedenceis given to those districtsalready worked in. Bulo Burti, Ceel Dhere, and Hobbyo are all priority districtsfrom Year 1. Jalalaxi, Harardhere,and Ceel Bur are included in Year 2. Full project intervention in a district could not take place however, until the DistrictManagement Plans were agreed to (para 4.10). The CompletionDate for the project would be December 31, 1994. - 42 -
V. PRODUCTION,MAURKETS AND FINANCIALANALYSIS
A. IncrementalProduction
5.1 Incrementalproduction from this projectwould result from the effects of the expanded anihialhealth assistanceprogram, the agropastoral trials and extensionprogram, and the strategicdugout constructionprogram. Expanding the animal health assistanceprogram would result in additional animal and milk production. The agropastoraltrials and extensionprogram, which would contain desertification,would reduce clearing activities and increase the productionof pulses, grains, and forage. The dugout constructionprogram would improvenutrition by making additionalforage available for consumptionat the beginning of the dry season. This in turn would boost animal offtakeweights and milk production. Estimates of these increasesare based on investigationwork undertakenin the first phase, includingdetailed surveysby the GTZ veterinaryteam. Detailed tables supportingthe estimatesare presented in Aunex 4.
5.2 The incrementaloutput from herds due to veterinary interventionsis as follows:
Table 5.1: Annual Increase in Animal Production from Animal Health Activities
Sheep/Goats Milk (No.) ('000 1)
AgropastoralHerds 1,070 193 Pastoral Herds 3,670 975
This increase in productionwould be the result of a fairly modest program under which some 120 NAHAs are trained and 1,800 herds assisted. Each NAHA would be able to assist 15 herds. Two standard sheep\goatherds, one for agropastoralareas 85 animals, and the other for pastoral areas with 256 animals. An adoption rate of 85 percent means that about 1,530 herds, half agropastoraland half pastoral,would respond to project interventions. This includes some 261,000 animals, or 3 percent of the region's sheep and goat population. The animal offtake rate would increase from 26-27 percent of the average herd size to 28 percent a year, an increase of 6 to 7 percent. The exact rate of increasewould depend on whether agropastoralor rangelandsherds are considered. Increasesin milk of 250 liters a year per agropastoralherd, or 1,275 liters a year per pastoral herd are posited. These would result from biannual dewormingand the provision of mineral supplements(para 2.19). The increasedweight and health of animals sold would yield additionalbenefits estimatedat 15 percent of the selling price. The dewormingtreatment is easily given, requires little additional labor, and is actively sought by pastoralists. The treatmentof sheep and goats for pleuropneumoniaand the treatmentof camels and cattle for trypanosomiasisand clamydiosiswould generate additionalbenefits which have not been quantified. - 43 -
5.3 The estimatesof incrementaloutput from agropastoralactivities are as follows:
Table 5.2: Annual Increase in Crop Production (tons)
Sorghum 3,400 Cowpea 11,800 Mungbeans 1,800 Forage Dry Matter 93,400
These estimatesassume that 70 village extensionworkers in agropastoral areas work through some 2,800 contact farmers and are able to reach some 14,000 farmers. Of those farmers reached, 75 percent, or 10,500 are assumed to adopt the improved technology. Productionincreases are the result of techniquesalready in use (para 2.25), some of which will be further refined in the trials program (para 4.15). Forage productionis valued at a sale price of SoSh 5 per kg of dry matter to includebenefits resultingfrom the availabilityof additionalfodder during the dry season. Benefits to live fencing from reduced erosion and have not been included,nor have benefits from introducingmillet and other crops, and increasedfodder production.
5.4 The incrementaloutput from the water developmentcomponent are estimatedusing the livestockherds analyzed for the veterinary component. The increasesare as follows:
Table 5.3 Annual Increase in Animal Production from Water DevelopmentActivities
Sheep/Goats(animals) 6,900 Milk (liters) 185,000
The increase in areas availablefor grazing is assumed to take place within a 10-km radius of the water point to be constructed. The increasewould amount to about 15 percent of the project area when the target of 70 dugouts and 5 boreholes is completed. The additionalgrazing area utilized has been reduced by 60 percent to reflect the overlappingcoverage of water points, difficultyof access, and variations in forage quality. The carrying capacity of these areas is calculatedbased on the current average of some 15.7 TLU per square kilometerover wet and dry seasons. Improvednutrition and reduced stress from lack of water would increase offtake from 26 percent to 26.5 percent. Concurrent increaseswould take place in milk production.
B. Markets and Prices
5.5 The nature of the marketing system in the project area has been described in paras 2.33 - 2.35. No problems are foreseenwith having the market absorb the additionalofftake. Pecent analyses of the Middle East market indicate that, even with increasingcompetition from Turkey, Sudan, Australia and New Zealand, there is still an unsatisfieddemand for Somali sheep and goats due to their unique meat and fat characteristics. Peak - 44 -
demand for small ruminantsoccurs during the Haj religiousfestivals. Some of the constraintsto livestockmarketing noted previouslyare being addressedunder the USAID LivestockMarketing Project (para 1.12). Other difficultiesin livestockmarketing should be taken up under future agriculturalpolicy adjustmentprojects.
5.6 The project area has a deficit in grain foods. Incrementalpulse and grain productionwould be consumed by the producingfamilies, or it would be sold to supplementthe meager supplies availablein the region. Milk forms a large part of the pastoral4 st diet and provides a large proportion of the necessary calories and protein. It would be consumed locally.
5.7 Prices fluctuateduring the year accordingto the availabilityof fodder and water and changes in internationalmarket prospects. Changes in the exchange rate regime, taxationpolicy, and snipping alternativesall affect the prices receivedon the range. The marketing system,which is traditional,responds rapidlyto price signals. Although sales are made on a per animal basis, a premium is received for quality. The price levels prevailingat appraisalduring the middle of the long dry season (March 1988), have been averaged across locations.They are presentedbelow.
Table 5.4 FinancialPrices at the Farmgate (per animal)
(US$) (US$) (SoSh) (official) (market) Sheep 3,900 39 19 Goat 2,900 29 14 Camel 24,000 240 118 Cow 14,400 144 71 Cow milk (litre) 104 1.04 0.51 Camel milk (litre) 70 0.70 0.34 Goat milk (litre) 89 0.89 0.44
These prices seem reasonablewhen are comparedwith a standard sheep/goat CIF price of US$ 42 per animal in Saudi Arabia or Yemen as indicated in a recent study (para 2.33). When translatedto the rangeland,the export parity price per animal is between SoSh 2,800 and 6,100, dependingon the exchange rate used.
C. BeneficiaryIncome Levels
5.8 Family incomes are hard to estimate in the absence of surveyswhich might characterizeproduction systems. Because each agropastoralfamily engages in a combinationof cropping and animal husbandryactivities, it is difficultto come up with estimatesof incrementalproduction as was done for crop and livestockactivities. While pastoral families concentrateon herding they will have herds of varying compositionand size, the characteristicsof which are still conjectural. Financialreturns to the - 45 - differentactivities are calculated in Annex 4 and the results are shown below:
Table 5.5 FinancialReturns to ProductiveActivities
Without Project With Project SoSh US$ SoSh US$
AgropastoralFarm 70:200 700 108,200 1,100 Per Cap 10,000 100 15,500 1,550 Per Day 250 2.5 330 3.3
AgropastoralHerd 185,400 1,850 222,100 2,200 Per Cap 26,500 260 31,700 320 Per Day 340 3.4 400 4.0
Pastoral Herd 548,800 5,500 696,500 7,000 Per Cap 78,400 780 99,500 1,000 Per Day 330 3.3 420 4.2
These results should be taken as only indicative,as the data are rough. Home consumptionof milk, cereals, and occasionalanimals is included as income. Returns appear to be well above the going wage of SoSh 150 per day. Family size is estimatedat 7 persons, although some surveys have shown family sizes averaging15 persons. The higher number would reduce per capita earnings,which appear high. Some 1.5 persons per year are considerednecessary to care for the agropastoralherd, and 4.5 persons for the pastoral herd. The surveysundertaken in the project will permit a refinementof this analysis.
D. Cost Recovery
5.9 To the extent the project is successfulin maintainingand increasing current levels of offtake, Governmenttax revenueswill increase. Sales of sheep and goats at local livestockmarkets are taxed as follows: the buyer pays 15 percent and the seller pays 5 percent on the value of the sale. In addition,if the livestockis exported,Government receives an export tax of 5 percent on the FOB price. Sheep and goats from the Central Rangelands represent20 and 40 percent respectivelyof the country'sexports of these animals (para 2.35). If livestockexports grow at only 1 percent per annum from the 1985-87 levels, the additionalrevenues generatedfrom increased offtake from the project should cover recurrentcost requirementsafter the project investmentperiod has finalized (Annex 4, Table 8). As donor disbursementsfor local expendituresdecline, the Government capacity to absorb them will increase,as tax revenues from livestocksales go up.
5.10 An objectiveunder the project is to create RLAs capable of maintainingproject infrastructure(para 4.12). At present pastoralistspay for water from boreholes and burkaads (para 2.9). Under the extension component,RLAs would be encouragedto take over the administrationof the - 46 -
water points (dugouts,boreholes) constructed under both phases of the project, and to charge suifficientto cover operationand maintenancecosts. Current borehole water charges of SoSh 3.0 per camel, SoSh 2.0 per cow or bullock, and SoSh 0.5 per sheep or goat are adequate to cover the cost of administeringand maintaininga water point. Assuranceswere given that charges adequate to cover maintenancerequiremente -ill be assessed for the use of water from dugouts and boreholesconstructed under the project
VI. BENEFITS,JUSTIFICATION AND RISK
6.1 The main benefits from this projectwill come from the reduced degradationof the rangelands.This stabilizationwill be brought about through several efforts. First, improved range managementpractices and the gradual introductionof reserves of differentkinds. Second, research into rangelandproduction factors (vegetation,climate, soils, herd dynamics, human populationdynamics and characteristics)will permit the identificationof furthermeasures to increase sustainableproductivity, and or reduce erosion of natural resources and improve living standards. Third, organizationof pastoralistswould improvemanagement and maintenanceof common range and water resources. Fourth, improved NRA/CRDP control and managementwould limit exploitativepractices such as charcoal production, wood harvestingfor construction,and private enclosureof rangeland. Finally, CRDP actions to stabilizedtuies, plant trees, grow forage, and disseminateimproved, less erosive cultivationpractices would prevent further erosion. The impact from these activitieshas not been quantified. The effect of these activitiesis difficultto measure since it takes place graduallyover long periods and can not be substantiatedby reliable data. The productivereturns from interventionsin animal health, crop production, and water distributionhave been modeled to derive an estimate of econo:ic benefits.
A. Economic Analysis
6.2 Returns from the followingimprovements have been quantifiedin an effort to portray the minimum conditionsunder which a 10 percent rate of return could be attained: Mi) increasedproductivity from agropastoral cropping in the agroclimaticallymore advantagedSouth and Southeastof the project area; (ii) improvedproductivity from sheep and goat herds in agropastoralareas and in purely pastoral areas, resulting from minimal improvementsin animal health; and (iii) enhanced nutrition in sheep and goat herds due to the availabilityof additionalwater and pasture in the first months of the dry season, associatedwith dugout construction activities. The critical productionassumptions have ueen discussed in paras 5.1 - 5.4. It should be noted that the returns to animal health activitiesdo not include the treatmentof camels and cattle for trypanosomiasisand other diseases, for lack of adequate data.
6.3 The economic analysiswas undertakenin constantMarch 1988 prices. A shadow exchange rate of SoSh 203 to the US dollar was applied to traded - 47 -
commodities,yielding a Standard ConversionFactor of 0.5. Sheep and goat output was valued CIF Saudi Arabia/Yemenand translatedback to the Central Rangelandson an export parity basis. Sheep and goat prices were projected to rise along the trends forecast by the Bank in its Half Yearly Forecast, published in January 1988. The output of sorghumwas priced on an export parity basis, assuming export to a neighboringAfrican country. Prices and real price trends were taken from the Bank forecastsmentioned previously. Milk was valued at the local trice of SoSh 70 per litre, USS 0.34 per litre at the shadow exchange rate. Labor was valued at the market wage of SoSh 150 per day. Farm costs includedthe cost of tools for farming, occasional hired labor, and medication and mineral supplementsfor the livestockherds. All of these costs were includedwhen incrementalbenefit streamswere derived (Annex 4).
6.4 Off farm costs includedall project investmentcosts with the exceptionof the Systems Investigationand Monitoring,and Conservation components. These two components,whose costs represent23 percent of total project costs, are justifiedby their research and conservation objectives. The ProjectManagement and Training componentswere adjusted downward 23 percent to reflect the overhead requirementsof the two componentsmentioned abcve. All remainingproject costs, includingphysical contingencies,were adjusted to reflect the value of traded items. Recurrent costs equal to 50 percent of the recurrentcosts incurred in Year 6 were applied to the remaining19 years of the 25-year stream. This figure provides an estimate of the continuedeffort needed to maintain project benefits.
6.5 The economic rate of return of 10 percent could be attained if three conditionshold. First, at least 10,500 farmersneed to adopt the improved agropastoralpractices. The efforts in extension,trials, and seed multiplicationunder the project should achieve this result. Second, a minimum of 1,530 sheep and goat herds must adopt the improved animal health practicesput forward under the project. This representssome 260,000 animals -- less than 3 percent of the sheep and goats in the project area, an attainabletarget. Third, the utilizationof at least 15 percent of the project area must be improved. This improvementwill take place through the strategiclocation of new temporarywater points, and also appears attainable.
B. Non-quantifiableBenefits
6.6 In addition to the benefitsmentioned in paras 6.1 and 6.2, the project will generate further importantbut unquantifiablebenefits to the country. These include:
(i) clarificationof the environmentalsituation in the Central Rangelands and of the dangers of overuse and desertification;
(ii) furtheringunderstanding of the interactionamong pastoralists,range resources,and livestock,and identifying areas for governmentalintervention to improve productivity, living standards, and sustainability of production; - 48 -
(iii) conservationof endangered species of wildlife and plants and developmentof wildlife canservationactivities in Somalia;
(iv) testing of an environmentalmonitoring system which, if effective,may be extended to other rangelandsareas;
(v) improvementof urban areas and villages through tree planting, shelterbelt establishment,and containmentof incipientor encroachingsand dunes; and
(vi) establishmentof the prevalenceof livestockdisease through continuedepidemiological studies.
C. Risks and SensitivityAnalysis
6.7 There is a risk that the productionbenefits foreseen in this evaluationwill not materializeif implementationmechanisms are slowed, and the project is unable to meet minimum assistance levels for animal health, agropastoralactivities, and water development. There is also the risk that adoption of project proposalsby pastoralistswill not proceed as quickly as planned. Project targets are based on the implementationcapacity demonstratedin the first phase, and are achievable. Many of the technologiesto be used have been tested under the first phase. The capacity of the project orgarizationwill be strengthenedto carry out the proposed plan and obtain the projected results. The effect of variations in the cost and benefit streamson the economic rate of return is outlined below. Table 6.1 Economic Rate of Return
Baseline 10X Costs up 20 Z 7? Costs down 20 3 14? Benefits up 20 Z : 13 Z Benefits down 20o : 7X Benefits down 50 X : 0X
6.8 Productionbenefits also would be affected if the Government or the pastoralistswere unable to maintain the services needed to secure benefits beyond the project investmentperiod. The profitabilityof the proposed interventionsin cultivation,water development,and animal health are expected to motivate enough private support and maintenanceto sustain the projectedbenefit stream. Although the availabilityand pricing of foreign exchangewill affect the availabilityof key veterinary inputs, the adjustmentprocess initiatedby the Governhientin the mid-1980s should allow for adequate suppliesand incentivesfor the livestocksector.
6.9 The attainmentof key environmentaland conservationobjectives could be negatively affected by a proliferationof permanentwater sourcesand an acute increase in cultivationand livestocknumbers. The continued presence of the project regulatorystructure and constant monitoringof - 49 - changes in ecologicalcharacteristics will control for phenomenawhich threaten the sustainableproductivity and human carrying capacity of the rangelands.
VII. AGREEMENTS TO BE REACHED
A. General Conditions
7.1 The followingagreements were reached at negotiations:
(a) adequate local funds will be provided to cover Government's share of local costs (para 3.23);
(b) procurementof IDA financed items will be undertaken accordingto proceduresoutlined in paras 3.27 and 3.28; and internationallyrecruited staff will be selectedaccording to IDA Guidelines (para 3.29);
(c) physical and financialrecords will be maintained as set forth in para 3.33; audits of the project accounts,the SpecialAccount and Statementsof Expenditurewill be provided within 6 months of the close of the fiscal year (para 3.33);
(d) an adequate number of female extensionagents will be hired (para 3.34);
(e) a Project SteeringCommittee will be maintainedas indicated in para 4.6;
(f) no dugouts or boreholeswill be constructedin the project area until agreed by ProjectManagement after surveys and incorporationin the DistrictManagement Plan (para 4.10);
(g) the RLA DevelopmentFund be utilized as indicated (para 4.13);
(h) veterinarydrugs financed from the project revolvingfund will be sold at wholesale free market prices (para 4.20);
(i) the project training program will be administered as indicated in para 4.22;
(j) adequate fuel will be made available,and in the event supplies are short, the project is authorizedto import its own requirementsdirectly (para 4.23);
(k) an annual physical audit on the operationof project vehicles will be undertakenas indicatedin para 4.24;
(1) salaries for locally hired staff will be adjusted to maintain their purchasingpower, and there will be a ceiling on the hiring of new staff (para 4.25); - 50 -
(m) quarterlyfuel and shillingoperating budgets will be prepared,and the preliminarydraft of the annual shilling operatingbudget will be submittedto IDA by October 30 of each year (para 4.29);
(n) that six month progress reports be provided (para 4.30);
(o) that water charges adequate to cover maintenance requirements be assessedby project completion.
B. Dated Covenants
7.2 Agreementwas reached that:
(a) by June 30, 1989, SoSh 50 million will have been paid into the project account (para 3.23);
(b) by June 30, 1989 the project audit reports for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 have been provided to IDA (para 3.33);
(c) by June 30, 1989, a ProjectManagement Committeewill be established(para 4.5);
id) by June 30, 1989, satisfactoryrules for administeringthe veterinary drug fund had been submittedto IDA (para 4.20);
(e) by June 30, 1989 a satisfactoryplan for a Training Facility in Bulo Burti districthad been submittedto IDA (para 4.22);
(f) by December 31, 1989 the revised salary structureagreed at appraisalhad been put in place (para 4.25); and
(g) by March 31, 1992, a Mid Term review report be provided to IDA (para 4.30).
C. Conditionof Credit Effectiveness
7.3 Agreementwas reached that prior to credit effectiveness:
(a) auditorshave been hired (para 3.33);
(b) the ADF loan effectivenessconditions be met (para 3.23);
7.4 With the above assurancesand conditionsthe project is suitable for an IDA credit of SDR 14.7 (US$ 19.0 million equivalent)on standard IDA terms with 40 years maturity. -51 - Annex I
SOMALIA CENTRAL RANGELANDSRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTPROJECT, PHASE II
Estimated Schedule of Disbursements
(USS million equivalent)
IDA Quarter Quarterly Fiscal Year Ending Disbursements Cumulative
Total IDA ADB IDA ADB
1989 September 1988 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 December 1988 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 March 1989 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 June 1989 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.1
1990 September 1989 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.9 0.2 December 1989 0.6 0.4 0.2 1.3 0.4 March 1990 0.7 0.4 0.3 1.7 0.7 June 1990 0.8 0.5 0.3 2.2 1.0
1991 September 1990 0.9 0.5 0.4 2.7 1.4 December 1990 1.0 0.6 0.4 3.3 1.8 March 1991 1.2 0.7 0.5 4.0 2.3 June 199i 1.2 0.7 0.5 4.7 2.8
1992 September 1991 1.2 0.7 0.5 5.4 3.3 December 1991 1.3 0.7 0.6 6.1 3.9 March 1992 1.4 0.8 0.6 6.9 4.5 June 1992 1.6 0.9 0-.7 7.8 5.2
1993 September 1992 1.7 1.0 0.7 8.8 5.9 December 1992 2.0 1.3 0.7 10.1 6.6 March 1993 2.1 1.5 0.6 11.6 7.2 June 1993 2.1 1.5 0.6 13.1 7.8
1994 September 1993 1.5 1.0 0.5 14.1 8.3 December 1993 1.5 1.0 0.5 15.1 8.8 March 1994 1.2 0.8 0.4 15.9 9.2 June 1994 1.2 0.8 0.4 16.7 9.6
1995 September 1994 1.1 0.7 0.4 17.4 10.0 December 2/ 1994 1.0 0.6 0.4 18.0 10.4 March 1995 0.8 0.5 0.3 18.5 10.7 June 1/ 1995 0.8 0.5 0.3 19.0 11.0 ------..------1/ Project Closing Dates June 30, 1995. 21 Project Closing Dates December 31, 1994. - 52 -
Annex 2
SOMALIA CENTRAL RANGELANDSRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTPROJECT, PHASE II
Inflation and Exchange Rate Assumptions
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
International Inflation (Z) 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
Domestic Inflation (1) 43.0 33.0 28.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0
Constant Purchasing Parity Exchange Rate 119.7 159.3 201.3 244.6 291.7 347.8 414.6 Annex 3 Table 1 (1)
SOMALIA CENTRALRANGELANDS RESEARCH ANO OEVELOPMENTPROJECT. PHASE It SUMARY ACCOUNTSCOST SUMMARY
ISO.SH I0001 (USS 0001 I Total S Total S foreign Base S Foreign Bass Local foreign Total Exchange Costs Local Foreign Total Exchange Costs
1. INVESTMENTCOSTS
A. CIVIL NORMS 61.747.5 349,902.5 411,650.0 85 IS 617 5 3.499.0 4, 116.5 85 IS B. VEHICLES/EQUIPMENT 33. 000.8 627?014.7 660.015.5 95 23 330 0 6. 270. 1 6. 600.2 95 23 C. TECHNICALASSTANCE ANDSTUDIES - 798. 295.0 798,295.0 100 28 - 7,983.0 7.983.0 tOO 28 Total INVESTMENTCOSTS 94,748.3 1.t75. 212. 2 1.869.960.5 95 67 947.5;. 752. T8.699. B 95 67 Physical Contingtncies 7,824.8 106,255.7 114.080.5 93 4 78.2 1.062.6 1, 140.8 93 4 Price Contingencies 150,000.7 2.938.264.8 3.088.265.5 95 110 98.9 1,928.4 2.027.3 95 7
Total INCLUOINGCONTINGENCIES 252.513.7 4.819.732.8 . 072. 306.5 95 180 1. 124.6 20. 743. 1 21.867.7 95 78
11. RECURRENTCOSTS
A. SALARIES 140.487.0 - 140.487.0 - 5 1.404. 9 - 1.404.9 - 5 S. ALLOANCES/PEROIEMS 267. 765.0 - 267.765.0 - 10 2. 677. 7 - 2, 677. 7 to C. FUEL/VEHICLE OPERATINGCOSTS 22,728.6 128.795.4 151.524.0 85 5 227.3 1,288.0 1,515.2 85 5 *. OTHEQP0DERATIN1i (tlqTq 114.669. 5 267. 562. 1 382.231.5 70 14 1. 146.7 2,675.6 3,822.3 70 14
Total RECURRENTCOSTS 545.650. 1 396,357.5 942. 007.5 42 33 5.456 5 3,963.6 9,420. 1 42 33 Physical Contingencies 28.418.9 26.257.6 54.676.6 48 2 284.2 262.6 546.8 48 2 Price Contingencies t.330.071.7 934,317.3 2.264.389.0 41 81 851.3 599.1 1.450.4 41 5
lotal INCLUDINGCONTINGENCIES 1.904,100.7 1,356.932.4 3.261.073.1 42 116 6.592 0 4.825.2 11,417.3 42 ;I =::::: ::- :::======z======:zzz ::z:z :======- ======z=-=:= == -z=:: Total BASELINECOSTS 640,398.3 2.171.569.7 2.811.968.0 77 100 6.404.0 2-. Ii.7 28,119.7 77 100 Physical Contingencies 36.243.7 132,513.4 168.757.1 79 6 362 4 1.325.1 1.687 6 79 6 Price Contingencies 1,480.072.4 3.872.582.1 5.352.654.5 72 190 950.2 2,527.5 3.477.7 73 12
Total PROJECTCOSTS 2, 156,714.4 6, 176,665. 1 8.333.379.6 74 296 7,716.6 25.568.4 33.285.0 77 118
August 30. 1988 14: 19 August 30, 1988 14: 19 -Table 1 (2)
CENTRL NMKMau RKSEAS Of OEVELOAPENFPROJECT. PHASE11 PrOect Coewta by letr
Totals Including Continpncies (SO.SNI 000
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Total ;s:a:n;;t ::=t::ste== =:: S;z:tsn ss:ss;st:n;t:swt t.±tsz. s: ..t;.snt .sasntst.t.t: = =:.;s.; A. SYSTEMSINVESTIGATION a =z-Zx AND tNITORING 1t 791.9 1851 82.9 146,002.0 144.010. 2 216. 372.9 195.810.5 173.777.3 1 076.947. 6 S. EXTENSION 17. 922.4 149.618.4 1359950.2 186,944.0 245. 076.9 234.145.9 300. 466.3 1.270. 124.0 C. AGROPASTORALADAPTIVE TRIALS AND FORESTRY 69. 630.4 75, 004.1 55. 279. 6 75. 001.8 118,743.2 63. 665. 9 68. 028.3 525. 352.6 0. ANINALHEALTH ANo LIVESTOCKPRODUCTION - 119.668.2 88,933.0 98. 450.2 133.771.9 140. 997.2 77.168.3 658. 98.&8 E. WATERAND IFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPIIENT 1,530.9 172.354.8 144.377,6 188,551.6 311,851.1 179,023.0 66.646.5 1.060.335.6 F. CONSERVATION - 94.537.0 165.211.7 86.307.7 191,692.3 110,696.9 160.080Q5 808.526.1 G. TRAINING 8,037.2 116,381. 9 142.523.0 164.568.0 140,324.4 69, 871. 9 70 764.2 708. 470. 7 N. PROJECTNANAGENENT 15,957.2 369,443.8 279,964. 1 304,845.5 379,018.3 413.863.7 461,541.6 2.224.634.3 Total PROJECTCOSTS 128.869.9 1.282.191.0 1.158.,241.2 1,248.679. 1 1.736.850.9 1.400.074.5 1.378.473.0 8.333.379.6 ats..:;:: 2.tt t;s;nt ;:;.;:tt:;s .nnn..: ... .m ...t n. .... _ ......
Auest 30. 1988 14: 19
Totals Including Continge is lUS$ '0001 988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Total
A. SYSTERSINVESTICATION ANDMITORIN 131.9 1. 162. 1 725. 1 588.7 741.8 563. 1 419. 1 4.331.8 a ESTENSION 149. 7 938.9 675. 2 764.2 840.3 673.3 724. 6 4. 766. 2 C. AOASTOItAL APTIVE TRIALS ANDFORESTRY 581.7 470.7 274.5 308.6 407. 1 183. 1 164. 1 2.387.8 0. AINIAL HEALTHANO LID ESTM PROUCTION - 751.0 441.7 402.5 458.6 405.4 186. 1 2,645.3 E. MATERAND INFRAST4 CTURE NVEtOPRAUT 12. A 1,081.6 717.0 770.8 1,069.2 503.3 160.7 4, 315.4 F CONSERVATION 9593.3 820.5 352. 8 657.2 318.3 386. 1 3.128.2 6. TRAINING 67. 1 730.3 707.8 672. 7 481. 1 189.4 170. 7 3 019. 2 N. PUWECT_ttM T 133.3 2.318.4 1.390.4 1.246.2 1.299.5 1.190.1 1.113. 1 8,691.0 ag Na mot 1t,076.6 8.046.3 5.752.4 9. 104.4 5.954.8 4,026.0 3.324.5 33.285.0 =..ssaa. a...... S=n=... z . .=.=.:a Z. ; a-a.... =.Z --. Z..:.
...... ------..---..-----. ... Annex3 55~~~~~~~~T Sb le 2
CENTRALRAEtLANDS RESEARCN AMD DEVELOPNENT PROJECT. PH4SE II Sm4ry Account by Project Coqonhlnt ISO.SR I 0001
AINIAL HEALIN SYSTIENS AGROPASTO1AL AND HATERAND INVESTIGATION ADAPTIVETRIALS LIVESTOCK INFRASTRUCTURE 4110 ONITONINS EXTENSION A140FOESTIT PROOUCTION DEVELOPNENT 4S$3$l...... ;U$Jt1Z:$t$8 ...... 8.4* ...... =,,...... zss
1. INVESTMENTCOSTS
A. CIVIL WORKS -- , 150.0 6. 150. 0 197, 98.0 S. VEHICLES/EQUIPNENT 90. 443. 0 208. 111.5 46. 823.0 35. 512.0 79, 654.0 C. TECHNICALASS4tCE ANDSTUDIES 211.220.0 56.470.0 58.229.0 107.877.0 16.600.0
Total INVESTNENTCOSTS 301.663.0 264. 581.5 123.202.0 149,539.0 293. 952.0 11. RECURRENTCOSTS
A. SALARIES 6. 048.0 60. 915.0 6. 195.0 1, 386.0 4, 428.0 S. ALLOIUNCES/PERDIEHS 17.028.0 76.374.0 10. 320.0 1, 386.0 10. 688.0 C. FUEL/VEHICLE OPERATINGCOSTS 11,645.0 - 19,763.0 8. 364.0 35. 228.0 D. OTHEROPERATING COSTS 33. 008. 0 47,027.0 64,348.0 13. 440.0 Total RECURRENTCOSTS 67,729.0 137.289.0 83.305.0 75.484.0 63. 782.0 Total BASELINECOSTS 369.392.0 401.870.5 206.507.0 225.023.0 357. 734. 0 Phylsical Contingencios 19051.9 20,093.5 12,221.0 11,976.9 29,533.0 Price Contingncgems 688. 503.8 848. 159.9 306,624.6 421 988.9 673,063.6 Total PROuECTCOSTS 1.076. 947 6 t.270 124.0 25. 352.6 658.9U8.8 1.060.335.6 z- ...... a-z ...... t...... = ...... , * s: Foreign Exchange 948. 916.1 734,874.0 407.795.0 573.620.0 874,075.4
Augut 30. IOU 14: 19
Physic I Cont gnonaies PROJECT ------CONSERVATIONTRAINING NANAGEILNT Total I7 Omunt
1. INVESTMENTCOSTS
4. CIVIL MORSS 19.050.0 25,000.0 145,602.0 411.650.0 10.0 41. 165.0 I. VEHICLES/EQUIPIIENT 63,247.0 11,389.0 124,836.0 660,015.5 S.0 33.000.8 C. TECHIlCALASSTA4CE AND STUDIES 62. 000.0 145.899.0 140.000.0 798,295.0 S. 0 39,914.8 Total INVESTMENTCOSTS 144.297.0 182.288.0 410.438.0 1.869.960.5 6. 1 114.080.5 lI. RECURNT COSTS
A. SALARIES 26. 136.0 3, 069.0 32, 310.0 140,487.0 5.0 7.024.4 f, ALLOANICES/PEROIERS 46. 890. 0 22.149. 0 82,932.0 267. 765.0 S. 0 13.388 3 C. FUEL/VEHICLE OPERATINGCOSTS 8,4 99. 0 4. 658.0 63, 367.0 151,524.0 10.0 15. 152.4 D. OTHEROPERKTING COSTS 38. 100.0 46.800.0 139.508.5 382.231.5 S. O 19, 111. 6 total RECURRENTCOSTS 119, 625.0 76. 676.0 318. 117.5 942.007.5 5.8 54, 676. 6 aotal USELINE COSTS 263.922.0 258. 964. 0 728.555.5 2, 81 1, 968. 0 6. 0 168. 757. 1 Phytsical Contingenct.t 14. 573.6 14. 431. 1 46. 876.2 168,757.1 0.0 0.0 Prico Contingncies 530. 030.5 435.075.6 1. 449. 202.6 5. 352. 654. 5.6 300. 748.6 Total PROJECTCOSTS 808. 526.1 708. 470.7 2.224. 634. 3 8. 333. 379. 6 5. 6 469, 505.7
Foretig Eachas 489. 486. 7 570, 530. 1 1, 577. 367.8 6. 176, 665. I S. 8 355.903.3
...... ------...... - 56 - Annex 3 Table 3
CENTRALRANGELANDS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTPROJECI. PHASE 11 Sumary Accounts by Year
totals Including Conitngenc as (SO.SH 0001
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 !993 1994 Total
. INVESTMENTcosTs A. CIVIL WORKS 25,059 4 251,568 1 180.619.5 204, t65.9 258.387.3 162.932.5 40,080.2 . 122.812 8 B. VEHICLES1EQUIPIIENT 47. 905 0 506. 097.4 221. 968.3 135.512. 1 404,300.9 162.336.3 204.916.0 1. 683. 036. 1 C. TECHNICALASST"CE ANOSTUDIES 43. 795.2 295. 544. 1 398. 075. 0 449. 144.8 494,257.5 380.965.2 204. 675.8 2.266. 457 6 Total INVESTMENTCOSTS I16, 759 6 1.053.209 6 800. 662. 8 788.822.9 I, 156.945. 6 706.234.0 449. 672.0 5.012. 306. s
It. RECURRENTCOSTS
A. SALARIES 279 4 29,578.9 43. 870. 1 66, 575. 1 88. 112 4 115.413.4 150,645.3 499.474.6 S. ALLOIANCES/PERDIEMS 398 0 60.412.9 94.866.0 127.818. 1 166.886 6 215,444.0 276.451.8 942.277 5 C. FUEL/VEHICLE OPERATINGCOSTS 678 9 36.977 1 55,675.0 75.040 5 99.283.3 127,349.4 161.046.9 556.051 1 0. OTHEROPERATING COSrS 10.753. 9 102.012. 6 158. 167 3 190,422.4 225,622.9 235.633.7 340.657.0 1.263.269.9
Total RECURRENTCOSTS 12. 110 3 228.981.S 357,578.4 459. 856. 1 579,905.3 693,840.5 928,801.0 3.2611.073. I :::z::::: ::::::::z ::::::::::: _:=::=::: :::======z=====:==:: :::::: Total PROjECTCOSTS 128,869.9 1, 282. 191. 0 1,158. 241.22, 248. 679. 1 1, 736,850.9 1. 400, 074.5 1.378.473.0 8. 333. 379. 6 .
August 16. 98u 12. 46
totals Including Continginncis (USS '0001 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Total
I. INVESTMENTCOSTS
A. CIVIL WORKS 209 3 1.578 7 897.0 834 6 885.9 468.5 96.7 4,970.7 B. VEHICLES/EQUIPMENT 400 2 3, 176.0 1, 102.4 554.0 1. 386. 2 466.8 494.2 7, 579. 7 C. TECHNICALASSTANCE ANDSTUDIES 365 9 1.854.7 1.977 0 1,836.0 1.694.6 1.095.5 493.6 9.317.3 Total INVESTMENTCOSTS 975.4 6.609.3 3.976.5 3,224.6 3.966.6 2,030.8 1.084 5 21.867.7 =:zm::: ===:=:: :===:=:= :====z-z -::::: :::::: :::::_ ::::::::=
H. RECURRENTCOSTS
A. SALARIES 2.3 185 6 242 7 272. 1 302. 1 331 9 363. 3 1 700 1 S. ALLONANCES/PERDIEMS 3 3 379 1 471 1 522 5 572.2 619.s 666.7 3.234 5 C. FUEL/VEHICLE OPERATINGCOSTS 5. 7 232 0 276 S 306.8 340.4 366 2 388.4 . 96. 0 0. OTHEROPERATING COSTS 89 8 640 2 785 5 778 4 773.6 677.6 821 6 4.566.7
TotalRECURRENT COSTS 101 2 1.437 0 1.775.9 1.879.8 1,988.2 1,995.2 2.240 0 11.417.3 :~~~~~~~~~= == =z = z=z=z--- = z.__._. z=- = === TotalPROJECT COSTS I.076. 6 8.046. 3 5. 752.4 5. 104.4 5.954.8 4.026.0 3. 324.5 33. 285.0 Augus 30.=:8 ::4. ::=== ::::::: ::::: : ==:::= =:==:==:
August 30. 1988 14.1l9 - 57 - A"3 NEW (1)
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DOCUIIIMIAlIC"0dM181
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Sub-folal 6001P6161 DocUNiWIIIION ((MIRE 9860 19 60 29 40 3 LOIJIPNENI (1100510KI
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Su tta 101*1(91166(6 (RIENSIOU 33 68 94 82 4 00 Is 00 10790 4. P8511U81R(11A8 ARIAS
PASIUREP111(8 (A I sea8 88 98*
Sub-total PASIUREREHARB AREAS 98as988 5 VILlAGE 511(11(88(115
SNAIL 8(R8t8O0 S14931 EA 3 3 3 2 It it8 3 S4 394 194 2 46 12 98 0OMRE?AMOCA8F 0811 3 3 3 2 - it 24 - 0712 0 77 0 72 0 46 264
Sub (otil VILLAGE S11(L1E6 81( 4726 4 26 A476 2*94 19 62
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II RECURREMIcosts
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Su'oaND C5100 tA1(5YAI 60 00 204 10 130 00 130 00 SO000 564 70
IHEAD oIIICI
01866108 lIlOESIONsERVICIs II - I I 6 48 0 48 0 48 0 48 0 48 0 48 0 48 2 88 SENIOR 18818180o1116(1 II 6 36 0 38 0 35 0 36 0 .36 0 36 0 36 2 16 RANGE/IIVFSIOCNSPOCIAtISTS IV I I 2 2 2 2 10 30 0 30 0 30 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 3 00 808088510886tSPLCIA1IISI IV I I 2 2 2 2 10 30 0 30 0 30 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 3 00 FAMILYASSISIA8E IV I I 2 2 2 2 10 30 0 30 0 30 0 60 0 60 0 60 0fi0 300 FAMILY EIIENSION V I I I I I I 6 30 30 0 10 0 30 0 30 0 30 030 I80 5N8 RURAL 01866 OaInCEs III I I I 6 16 0 38 0 36 0 35 0 36 0 36 0 16 2 16 socio CO0INISI IV - I I I I I 1 6 30 0 30 0210 0 30 0130 0 30 030 1so $88 comm8. OFFICERI III I I I I I I 6 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 3b 0 36 2 lb PuBLIC81108S$OFFICER IV - I I I I I I 8 30 03 0oo30 0 30 0 30 0130 eio Iso Fit" OfiSiCR IV I I 1 I I I 6 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0.J0 0 30 030 180
TECHNIC"I I I I 6 240 24 0 24 0 24 0 24 0 24 024 144 0118$ I I I. I I I 6 24 0 24 0 24 0 24 0 24 0 24 024 144 AUDIO VISUAL AIDSV I I I I I I 8 24 0 24 0 24 0 24 0 24 0 24 024 144 -RADIO/MASSRIDIA V2 2 2 2 2 2 12 24 -0480 48 0 48 0 48 0 48 048 288 -PRI8TI8G V I I I I I ~~~~I6 24, 024,0 074 0 24 0 24 0 24 024 144 NIJICVIUALPRODUCIIONISf IV I I I I I 6 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 10 0 30 I 80 COIIPUIIROPEBAICR IV I I I I I I 6 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0J0 Iso ftoIEENOONERA1oR$ VI 4 4 4 4 16 is 0372 0 72 0 72 0712 28s 100153 VI 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 la 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 03lb 036 2lb 081HERS VI 9 9 9 9 9 9 64 is t 62 I 62 I 62 I 62 I 62 I 62 '3 2 SECRIIARY/CiERK VI 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 t8 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0136 036 216 6118818$ VII 2 2 7 2 2 2 12 12 0 24 0 24 0 24 0 24 0324 024 I44
Sub,-total HEAD0OFIICE 9 00 900o 9 90 9 90 9 18 9la 56616 2 01(10 OFFICES
DLSIRICI ARID tAND FoRtSIER$ IV 3 6 7 0 II 13 48 30 0 90 1650 2 10 2 70 3 10 390 14 40 01S181C1 (XIERSIONOFFICERS IV a 13 IA 20 22 24 106 30 2 40 3 90 6 40 6 00 6 60 7 20 31 60 (I1(RSIWOOIICER V 8 12 i8 20 22 24 106 24 1 92 3 12 4312 4 80 6 28 676 26 20 VILLAGE EAt'l8S108118188 V - 6 68 81 94 307 120 626 72 39 00 48 96 6832 67 68 71 04 86 40 378 00 SIllFIECIIICI USV 12 16 is 21 22 23 I 24 2 88 3 60 4 32 6 04 6 26 6,62 26 64 (88086RS IVURSIRIES(IC) UC 54 67 79 91 106 II7 SI16 It 8 10 t0 06 it 86 13 96 IS 76 1? 66 77 26
S4,6.totsiFIELD OFFICES - 6 80 71 13 86 31 100 17 113 26 126 33 562 99
Sub,-totalSAIARIFS 64 80 80 13 96i 21 110 07 122 43 136 S1 609 16, C SLIOIINCLsAND PER DullS
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06 65 0£ OL % oS0 0£S O5O;0 0£SOL o 055 I I I I I I I I OA ONIlIlad133941103 SC5go 0£ O055 %I£s0£ ; 05£ 05£ I£ OSS 59 I I I I I 50 8A 534399555)9918)0 of445£ L 81 LI8 £4I 48It £ £4 8Li 60s£ £18t 9 I I I I I I 5 0 HA 53119d5n5835903 ficliviol1113fol II415 L54 t48 LII £11i £4 4 6fI00£c £it 94I I I I I 4 50 OA91ldn 5149 050a 89 59 It El F EFI Et(F Er(4 5 (E Et(1 £9 4 1 9 I5 I I 4 4 5 0 NA 53559905905195090 954419d40 S4S03 910111195d908a1140 I 55503 094199090811150 I VIP06E fit 089191585 (9£ 8859 Li54 600O8 139981494993134111A/515n 4140l -s5 £5 Sb0 SLO £50 I50 550 I510 114 85 8 I1 8 8 8P 8 lo 8140035 59 £t II F It5 1 LI Lo I 5£tS itL lit1 9 I I I4 I I if 4955S40OIOAV ON I8 80589 414 94l84 e848s945 IelV 894l fe 9480 60 L £ VIM£ II O1N51515908 9t 004 9 41le EC l 0' b, i Is4 954 Is £i 14.4 55 54 II 0 6 9 8 9VI d4551d1909 04 814 '4 85 '4rVI 91 Vs 01,it It, 4£ 0£ El 85£t 59 84 84 IPI l04 8 $ 909994495NM ONO 33999348499113I5A11413I4 0 VI(9£ 1 594gIII 141 P4 61148554 £8400085ot $11310aid9999 543999045 49404CPS
£805 £04 98ttV141 0£ (54 Os 96 806£i 90 09 5405ii450 544 48404 (0S £6 65i 9, 94 88 54 £1 541 4. £5 08 01 1S99 £ III Et a£ It el SI el A sm9941584fl4I455 00 941 09 49 10 it 9 159 LIN8$ 96o, 01465 IL 51$ 014 504 06 49 99 55q A S949811NS114549455 41154A 05 5£ 95$ S951 $ 08 8 54 is5 £6 4b VI 504 8£ £5 0£ I 14 8 A 8354440lo04591454i 0% 85b 09 II 09 fit 00 94 0£ 94 0£ II 0£L O0 %04 Pt it 0£ el El 9 Al 59135440904594454 41494549 0£ 48, 01 45 06b6 04 9 O0 9 0$ 8 1 05 up08 .l (I I f. A 5. 1 Al 5934549 044940489 :149555.0
to4 be 0 1le0 III0 lo 0 Olt0 80 ss £l £ £ £ I £ lift 591911 84 I 94 0 91 0 9 0 91.0 0 0 91 0 VI £4 I £ I £ £ I IA 15443/AVWI5531 916St 8g 998o 988 i998 to8 988 15 1; pi 6 5. 6 4. 6 IA SVIA*II0 S4£ St109t0 940 it50940 It0 el s £ £ £ £ £ IA 454dA5
veo saklsin mig " oio w - 63 - Ann*x 3 Tab!;, 6 (1)
SOFAIA£ ca.wummimouslam 8816416 amet uII 841 Isls pacso fam m em
SI Ill low
4w_t lty ttls et s in1 S ...... unit IOU Ii INS S1S, 1H92 1193 5104 total Unit Cost Stl tO ISW H91 I992 'S1i IStS foQIl ...... 4 ......
INVESTMENTCOSTS
A. CIVIL tOtS ...... I ADAPTVIETRIALS HOOtEETE
STOTtE/tSttOR/SHELTER tt2 400 . . . . 400 8 24 00 24 00 OFFICE t2 100 ...... 00 - - a- 00 2 SR HOUSE121 IO t2E t2 100o - 100 7 7 00 - -oo SINGLEQUATERS 121 170 1t2 Elb t2 140 - 140 7 96t - -so SJSH SHEtIER la I - - 200 2.00 - 2 00 HtTER SUPPLY SET I I So00 00 5 00
Sb-Total ADAPTIVEIRIALS tOOLEETE s80 - 55 o 2. AAPTIVE TRIALS SWLOtURII ...... STOE/MRSINOISKELIER tt2 400 . .400 6 24.00 - - 24 00 OFFICE 312 t00- 00 6 6 00 -c - A800 2 SR HOUSE121 t0S2O E2 100 - - - 00 1 1 00 - - - - 7 00 SItGL.CQUATERS 121 ti7 1t2 E8I 12 140 .40 7 9SO - - - - 96 0 BUSHS'ELTER Ea 1.1 200 2 00 ------200 WATERSUPPLY SEIT 00 5 00 5 .00
S.*-Toll aDurttt(E TRIALS SULOBUIITI 55.60 Sot 3. SULOSOTII SEED mJLTtPLICATIOS
2 6R HOU.ES (21 1101t2 EA6 t2 100.- 0 8 6t00 ------8.00 I SR HOUSESf4t 140 32 EA) 1t2 I10.160 8 12 80 - - 12.80 TRACTORA ItPS SHED 112 100 ISO 7 10 50 - - - -Q 10.SO M ttRESA t2 100 100 7 700 - - - - 100I OFFICEAlO ABLUTIOHS 2 100- 100 9 9 00 - - - - 9.00 GENERALSTORE t'2 90 -t 7 6 30 . 230 SEEDSTORAGE SHED t12 90 90 1 630 - - - 630L- POHERA WATERCOIRECTIOU SEIT I 100 00 - - - - 100 CLEAR. LEVEL. BUILDtIOANISELS L S I I 100 00 5.00
S%A-Total SULO8URTI SEED ULIPLICAT IOI 6S SO - - - E60.90
SlA-TotalCtVit HOSRtS 181.;0 a ; s0 S. VEHICLESANO EQUIPNERT/a ...... I HEAD QUARTERS - 4 O SH/1,1111 EA 1 2 I 4 1.916 9 16 8 32 - 19 16 - - 6.64 2. ADAPTIVETRIALS ...... -4 NO tti EA 4 - 2 - 6 t 916 - 76 64 -38 32 114.96 ROTOR BIKE EA 2 2 225 - 4 50 - ; 4 0
S.b-TotalADAPTIVE TRIALS 81 14 8-8 32 - - 11945 3 TRACTOR.TRAItER. SCtET E8A 2 2 t.141 42 82 *42 2 4. SOLO SURTI
-4 tO PICtuP EA I -I 2 1.691 169t - -'6 iS - - 3 62 SOIL TESTIHGOtTS ES 4 4 4 12 100 4.00 4 00 - - 4.00 - - 12 00 SURVEYINGEQUIP la - 3 3 200 6 00 - 6.00 FIRSTS AID IITS EA t t5 150 - 2i0 - - - - 22.50 - 64 - Annex 3 Table 6 (2)
agting suIm m as uwg mutI PSMACW.iUSn I1 SSN*MP%IOI aAp3I ISIAL11isas .QKStm Ilesd l Cost lbi. SiftSil '
Sub lotl RlltO 8UR11 4 0o 49 41 20 93 74 12 $ lEAD QUAII8 MICRO COMPUTEER/SOITUtR( tA I t 491 4 91 4 91 6 ADAPIIVfIRitS 800113731 2 W7AR8OI0 Sit I 1 491 4 91 4 91 $014R POttO GCf'4ERAIOR (A I 7q42 2 94 7 ¶4 fURtilIURL [4[ - I 1.SOO IS 00 5 00 rRDGit IA t I too I 00 I 00
St fIoil ODltPIIV IIRIALS NOOLEEYEE 23 85 23 as 8SOLORUIIII SEED ttilitiC4110!4
IRA4CORAND IRAIIFR EA tI 1,803 i8 03 I1 O CUIIIVAFIONtQOtIPtN4SI $33 I 1 686 6 86 56 tEVEllfR Is 1 1 19b I 96 1 9b SPRAYIOUIPtFNI Sl l t I 294 2 94 7 94 FIRIIIISiR tCUlPtttit tA I I 294 7 94 2 '4 1ttClitC l S I I Sil 568 *Sas IRRIGAIIONC1 ttPP AND EQUIPHttit sty I I 2.940 2? 40 29 40 S3UPIE GRINDERS Sit I t 49 v 4'1 0 49 SEED CtEAtNR EA t - t 491 4 91 4 91 3EI Of SlfVES SET I - 196 1 96 I 96 CEMIN MIIER (A I I 98 098 0 O98 SCARIfYINGEOUIP SEI I I 294 2 94 2 94 DIOISIURECOtlROI EQUIPtENt SEt I I 491 4.91 4 91 SEE0 EISl ROO 1EWIP Sit I 1 2.039 20 39 20 39 CUPBOARDSAND 6tNCHtS SEI I I 200 200 2 00 GENERAIOR1tV8 Sfl I - I 493 4 91 4 9t ORYINGovE1N Sf1 2 2 491 9 82 9 82 CUP8OARDSAND 8tNCHES SEI I 1 4S1 4 91 4 91
Sub-total W10 EIURII SEEO MUtIIPtICAIDON 326 23 126 23
Subtotl VEHICMESAND EQUIPftEl /a 154 30 235 S4 78 39 468 23 total INVEtSTitENtCoSIS 33S 80 23554 78 39 649 73
It RtCURRtNI COStS
A. ItECH1ICAASSISIANCE AND stIDlES
I E80DAGROPASI IDRTUANDAGR. I ItI UC 0 $ I I I 3 S 10.000 SO 00000000 30000 30 00 350 00 2 IAIFRMARV ISHORI TERN)1 6 0e7 1 2 2 6 ? 1.000 7 00 10 00 10 00 2090 20 00 b7 00 3 COtSUttANCIES ...... 8GRON801IS to 3 ' 3 1.000 30 00 - 30 00 IRRIGAIEtOUW I I 1.000 30 00 to 00 SOIt SCIlNIISY 6t 2 t 3 1.000 20 00 10 00 - 30 00 SEEDPRDDPON 3ItOlttS PR I - I SOO $ 00 S 00
Sub 10181 C00SUIT3ACIES 65 00 10 00 7T 00 4 PRIVATE ENCLOSURESUD'f
GCOCRRPHER 8 3I 3 1 000 30.00 30 00 ANIHROP0IDGISII SOCIOECSI. O 3 13.000 30 00 - - 30 00 RtttOt SEN51NGSPtCCIAISI l 2 2 1.000 20 00 20 00 loCal COutRACI $Slll I I - I 353 3 $3 3 53 RAPSAND PR8INiIN Si- I 500 5$00 -- - 00
Sub falal PRl41tV ENCtOSURESIUDY 88.53 68 53 S oi0R toca0 CioNIRACr S8fF 6 S 3 - t768 76 I t6
Sub total IICEICAI Afi'tSlAIICF
M8D SlUDltS ISS 29 57 00 0 00 120 00 120 00 20 00 H^i 29 -65 - Annex 3 Ta-ble6~ (3)
sof u,a lsisam: we wwiaeemui .WeCD. maSt ii 0*. WSISIIOM.IA "oil" IM Isain10I1401U Sufa.il Cool IIbe
"INVCIo O8AGASIDUL I II I 6 45 0456 045, 045 045 0486 0486 24816 SI An510LAND FontsII IIII I I 35 0 3 0 36 035 0 36 01 0 3 2 I 1oiORSIONVO0FIFI'cER [itI I I I I I 6 35 0 36 0 36 0 35 0 35 0 36 0 36 21IS CORpIIL OP NIOR "I I I I I 6 10 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 10 0 10 0 30 I NO ERIS VII I I 6 i 010 06 OIl09 090 090 090 40£ DRIVE VI 5 5 5 S 5 5 30 IS 090 00 00 00 9 9 4
SubIotal HEAD OFfICE 2SS 258 258 258 258 255 4 i~48 2 SEED NEILI AND SIDRAGECENTR
SEED I'NOD4JCIIDNAGRFDIIDISF IV I I I I I I 2 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0JO1 0 30 2 10 FARM MANAGER IV I I I I I I I 2 30 0 30 0.30 0 30 0 30 0 10 0 30 0 30 2 10 SEED IFCIINICIAN V 1 I I I I I I 2 24 0 24 0 24 0 24 0 24 0 24 0 24 0 24 I 68 sLit SIOAl1ASSISIANI VI I I I I I I I 2 is 0la8 0lIa 0 Ia 0la8 0 Is 018 0iIS I 6 SEEDLS ASSISIANF V I I I I I I I 2 24 024 024 0 24 024 024 024 024 1fi8 TYPISI/ClERR VI I I I I I I I I Ia 01£ 0 is 0 is 0Is 0 Is 0Is£ 0l 1£ I26 PUMPOPERA*IR VI I 1 1 I I I I 2 to 01a Ois 01la 01o 018 01£ 0to 126 MORK(RS UC I 6 6 6 6 6 6 32 Is 0Is 090 090o 090 090 090 090 s55 DIFIVER VI I 2 2 2 2 2 2 13 Ia 0is 0lb, 0 36 0.35 036 036 0.36 734 GUARDS VII I 3 3 3 3 3 3 19 12 012 0.15 0 36 0 36 036 036 036 228 CLEANERS VII 1 2 2 2 2 2 -2 13 12 012 024 0 24 0.24 024 024 024 156
SLhibotsISEED PEIUL AMC StORAGE CENIRE 2 19 348 3 48 348 346 34£ 348 *23 07 3 ADAPIIVE IRIASS I 80 ADAIPTIVE. TR'IA1 AIGRWONIST IV - I I I I I I 6 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0.30 0 30 0 30 OFFICERINCFARG*. IRIALS V 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 24 048 0 48 048 0 48 048 048 288 TECHINICAIOfFICERS VI - 3 3 3 1 3 3 is is 054 0.54 054 054 0.54 054 324 GUARDS VI$ to 10 t0 t0 10 10 60 12 120 1.20 120 120 1 20 120 720 CLANERS ViI 6 6 6 6 6 6 35 12 072 0272 012 072 0172 022 432 DRIVER VI - 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 Ia 036 0.36 036 036 036 036 216 MORSElS UC - 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 is 030 0.30 030 0.30 030 030 Igo
Sub-toi:aI:ADAPIVE IRIAES 3.90 _3_90 .3.90 _3.90 .3 90 _3.90 .. 23. 40
Sub~totla SARIS 2 19 9 96 9.96 9 96 9.96 996 996 6it95 C AtLON8NCESAND PEN DIENS
IHEAD OFFICE
OIRECTOR AGROPAStORAt III I I I I 6 156 1 56 1 56 1.56 1 56 I56 156 036 SR ARIO LANIDFORESTER III - I 1 I I I I 6 150 9 50 Iso Iso I so Iso Iso 900 VORLEStaOROPFIFEE III - I I I I I 6 ISO IS I 505 1 s .50 ISO Iso 900 COMPUTEIROPTRAIOR IV I I I I I I 6 42 0.42 0.42 042 0.42 042 042 252 Typist VI I I I I I I 6 la 015 018 0'a 018' 01£ 01 lOS'0 DRIVEN VI 5 5 5 S 5 3 41 270 2 10 220 210 210 220 16 20
S..b-lo.alHEAD OfFICE 286 7686 256 786 786 786 47216 2 SEED NEIL?.ANm StORAGECENTRE
SEED PN0DuctIoNAGOONNISE IV I I I I I I I 7 54 0.54 0 54 0 54 0 54 0 54 0 54 0 54 3725 FAR"MNRAIGR IV I I I I I I I 7 54 054 054 05S4 054 054 054 0St 378 SEED tEECNICIAN V I I I I I I I 7 36 036 036 0 36 036 036 016 036 252 SlED SIORE ASSISTANI VI I I I I I I I I Is 0 IS 0IS 0 15 0 Is 0 in 0Ia 0 IS I26 SEEDLtAS ASSISTANT V I I I I I I I 7 36 035 036 0 35 0.36 036 036 036 252 IVAIST/CIERS VI I I I I I I I ? ISo2 018 0s 015 i0s OIa 0is 018 126 PUqPOPfNAIER VI I I I I I I I 7 is 0.1£a 01£ 05s 01£a 0to 0is 0la 1.26 DNIVEN VI I 2 2 2 2 2 2 13 54 0 54 106 I08 IOSlO IOS I08 I08 7 02 GUARDS VII I 3 3 3 3 3 3 19 12 0 12 036 0 36 036 036 036 036 2 25 CELANERS VII I 2 2 2 2 2 2 13 12 0 12 024 0 24 024 024 024 024 1is
Sub-IotaI SEEDNEULI AND SIONAGEQENIRI 3 12 4 02 4 02 4 02 40' 4 02 4 02 27 24 3 ADAPIIVE INIAiS
ADAPIIVE 1RIA1 AGRNOMDIST IV - I I I I I I 6 54 - 0 54 0 54 0 54 0 54 0 54 0 54 3 24 OfFICER INCIIARGE. IRISES V 2 2 2 2 2 2 I2 36 0 72 0 72 0 72 0 72 0 72 0272 4 32 - 66 - Annex 3 Table 6 (4)
IICHNICA11 OFfICERS VI I 3 1 1 3 3 la Is 0 64 0 64 0 54 0 64 0 64 0 64 9 24 G.ARDS vil 10 10 tO to go 10 60 12 1 20 1 20 1 20 1 20 120 270 720 CtLAEANS VII 6 6 I, 6 6 6 16 12 0 72 0 72 0 72 0 72 0 12 0 72 4 32 DRIVER VI 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 64 1 08 I0Os S I 0A IOB I08 648
Sub-lot&IADAPTIVE TRIALS 4 80 4 80 4860 4890 480 480 2880o
Sub-foistALLOWANCES AND PER DI18S 3 12 16689 16 68 1668i lb68 168b 16fi68 103 20 0 IU6I/vtlICL6IIAIRlIEIAICO
4 NOSIATION WAGONI /08 6 b 6 b 6 6 36 274 1644 16 44 16 44 1644 16 44 16 44 98 64 4 MDPICNUP /1,1 I I I I I I 6b 8 193 1 93 1 93 1 3 99g 1 91 193 1I1-i TRACTORARD TRAILER /TR I 3 3 3 3 3 3 19 371 3 71 it 13 It 13 It 1I TI 13 TI 1i II TI 70 49 NOTORIIIKE IR - 6 b 6i 6 6 36 41 2 82 2 82 2 82 2 82 282 282 16 92
Sub bloal IUEI/VTHICIEMIAINTENANCE 3 71 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32.32 12 32 197 63 OIlIER OPt8AlINJLGCOSTS
I MATERIAL1SUPPLIES. ADAPTIVE TRiIAS
ftWIING NATRIRAIS I 5 0 6t I 1 256 88 2 94 6 an 'j 88 14 70 toots AND LIGM INPtEREIEIS sit 0 6 I I I I 456 647 3 24 6 41 6 47 6 41 6 17 29 12 UIISPECIIIID. IN(: COMIPENSATION IS5 065 I I I I 46, So0 2606 %0065006.3 Jo 600 22 60
Sub Total IIAIERIAI SUPPIIES. ADAPtIVE TRIAlS 8658 17 35 11 47 17 36 11 47 16632 2 BUILDING NATNIENANCE/b TR 0 6 I I I I I I 6S 5 40 2 70 6 40 6 40 6 40 6 40 6 40 6 40 36 TO 3 HOUSERENTAL IVTSTIING6STAFFI OR I I I I I I 6 200 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 200 200 12 00 4 PLANt AROEQUIP 111AT1NT*1CE/IC R 065 I I I I I I b6 1.233 6 1712 33 12 33 1233 12 33 12 33 1233 go0is 6 PlANT AND SoIL, ANAI7SIS /d 78 065 I I I I I I 66 1.000 50do10 00to00 10 00 1000 to00 to00 65600 6 CONTRACT SEED PRODUCTION/a YR 0 5 I I I I I I 6b6 1.000 6 00 Io 00 ID 00 to 00 to 00 10 00 to 00 6ib 00 7 RFPIACERfIIISEED SUPPEiES 78 0 6 I I I I I I 6 6 491 2 46 4 9I1 R 4 91 4 VI4 91 4 91 I31 92 A REPtACERNINCHEMICAES TR 0 6 I I I I I I 6 6 491 2 46 4 V1 4 91 4 91 4 91 4 91 4 91 31 92 9 NURSERYOPERATION
MtATERIAlS TR 0 5 I I I I I I 6 6 392 I 96i 3 92 3 92 3 92 3 q2 3 92 3 92 26 48 LABO0UR/I EAIY 3 6 9 13 13 13 13 70 82 2 46 4 92 7 38 1066 1066b 1066b 106b6 b740
SubkTolaI NURSERYOPERATION 4 42 8 84 II 30 14 68 p4 68 146So 14658 82 88
Sublotai OtHEROPERATING COSIS 36 81 76i74 72132 81 48 76 60 64 13 64 II 470 27
loIal RFCURRENT1COSTS 201 IA 191 702741 28 260 44 264 66 143 09 123 09 1.416i34 total 5 16 98 42? 24 241 28 260 44 332 96 143 09 123 09 2.065 07
/a aLlOCATION OF I VEHICLES DRYtANDAGRONOMIST I 4110 (NO DIRECTORAGROPASTORAL I 4WDtwo SR ARID tltNDFORESITR I 4WD0INB SEEDPRODUCI ION I 4WD0Pt ADAPTIVE TRIALS 2 AND ENS CONsLIETtANIS I 4WD SU4 /b 21 OF INVE5StM68TCOSTS. /C 1010Of INVESTMENTCOSTS /d 400 SAMPLES/YEARP AVERAGE01 USS 30 00/SANPtF /a 67 EOtAL AGROPASIORAIISIS IT 3 tABOURLRS/NURSLH7P S5160/DAT. 312 DAYS/YEAR.fIOAE/IIURSERY. SS140.0DO
Auqunt IS. 1988 12 46 - 67 -Ane3
50 Al1IA utITRAt RANGItAIiDS111%TAMIll AND 0tvTlOP4jt0I PRIJJICI. 1iHASI If 1.bl. 400 ANMA fliiAlIll AND I [VI '.101:K l'lROOIlLt1(1 Detailed l.ostlablo ISO 541'0001
Quanl sly Blase Costs iS
Unit 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 total Unit Cosl 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Total
INVESTINE11icosts
A Civil WORKS 410058FOR ETPAIRIATI I8N/BNAYNIKI 112 ISO ISO 41 61 60 61 so Sub~Total Cl VII WORKS1 61 60 Si 50 6 01T1itils/1OUIPME18N PURJCHiASE01 GOAMIt/IUP /a fA ISO ISO 300 0 04 0 06 0 06 0 I? CANiISIOO1111YS M4OF EACH)I EA 8 8 40 120 3 20 CAMFItS (SCOOPDENO)1 FA 30 30 it 21 30 2i 10 CAHILS IlIDING914101 EA 16 lb 71 II 16 it 16 GEINRAiI 1VES10c88QuIP41 lb TR 2 I I I I I 7 9410 I160 9 80 9860 9 80 9 80 vao0 68 60 CANIt 5018AI PUJRCHI*SIDl [A 8 a 141 i04 3 04 CANIt SADDLESINANUFACtUR8EII EA a a 25 2 00 2 00 CAMEL SCOOPS IA Ist IS Si 7 65 7 65 CAIIt PIOUGN4SANDiiIMI'84 SIFF I I 100 I00 - - I 00 CAMEL AND0004188 CARIS SI 2 2 4 too 2 00 2 00 4 00 GUTIFRING/IANKSIOR 01S1 NO EA I 3 2 2 2 I Ii 246 7 18 7 38 4 92 4 92 4 92 2 46 ii qa 1NoV41to1114WD)1 o EA I - 4.283 -42 83 - 42 83 PICKUP i4itOl FA I 1 2 l.69i 16 91 -16 91 33 812 4410ii. f* I -I - 2 1.961 19 61 19 61 39 22 (RIRA SPARES (OR tiLEIMADNE EA I I 2 2.000 20 00 20 00 40 00 GENERATORIDOR TRUCII-E1AVAI EA I I so0 5 00 5 00 REFRIGERAIORBOXES 140L FOR IN I EA 2 2 250 600 5 00 CAPPINGTOJIPWIONI Ie is I I I.S00 Is 00 Is1 90 T8StINGILASLOUIPW(INT Id I5 I I 2.000 20 00 20 00 SiAtTotal VEHiCLEsIIOIJIPM8NI 222 94 19 18 148 71 I24 14 72 12 25 35- I" total IN41FSIMINIcosts 284 44 19 IS 14 78 71 24 14 72 12 26 416 62
11 RICEIRRIENtCOSTS A IICHINICAtASSISI /S1U018S
VFtFRIWARIUN TR I I ' I I 6 17 647 116 47 176 47 176 47 176 47 176 47 882365 CAMEl ROIDIG J!CA41EtUSE 41 3 3 1.176 36 28 - - 36 28 ANiiAl TRACtION Om I I I 000 t0 00 tO 00 01UGOUISCUP MM 2 2 I. 176 23 52 2J 62 MI11 UEiEisAIIOWSTUDY Nm 3 3 I.176 35 28 36 28 LCA. R.APIONEROll APPRAESAI 414 3 2 2 7 illO? 35287 23 52 236?2 41232 'SIsiANC . (CA COMIPIJiER TR I I I I I I 6 167 I b7 I67 I 67 t 67, I 67 I 67 to 02
Syb bloat IECHNICAI ASSISI IStUMIS 272 22 246 94 201 6b 178 14 74114 I bl 1.078 77 6 SAIARIES
WETTIFNIARIAMS [A 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 42 084 084 0 84 0 84 0894 0 84 6 04 Wit ASSISIAMIS (A 3 3 3 3 3 3 is 36 I 0s I 06 I OS I 06 I 06 I 06 6 30 ORIVER EA 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 21 042 042 0 42 0 42 0 42 0 42 2652
Sit lotal SALARIES 2 31 2 31 2 31 2 II 2 31 2 31 13 86 C AILOIiAC(SIPtR DI(MS
WEtINRIMARIA41S EA 7 2 2 2 2 2 12 42 084 084 0 84 0 84 0414 0864 6 04 VEt ASSiStANtS LA 3 3 3 3 3 3 to 36 I 06 I 05 I 0s I OS I OS I 06 8 30 DRIVER 08 2 2 2 2 2 2 I? 21 042 042 0 42 0 42 0 42 0 42 26$2 Subloa AtLOM4ANES/PFRDI8415 2 i 2 31 2 31 2 31 2 31 2 31 13 86
tRUCK 10ION)lt IYR I I I I I ' 34 834 834 8 34 8 34 8 34 8 34 60 04 - 68 - Annez 3 Table 7 (2)
cfti6t _If *eS *itStUl An KvtIOPNlFI 9WJCI. 5iASE11 a*1 4ec. AIit i UIStINN tilVSI8CI PIONCII1 tats led Cost fTeb ISO. slt I O
490SflOllDtIO /ToItNAM I I I I 6 274 2 74 2 74 2 74 2 74 27 4 27 4 If 44 PICKUPt 4fi /7r It I I I I 6 7?7 2 27 721 2 77 72? 277 7 77 11 h2 Ct8tft 106 /75 I I I S I 1 6 69 09 09 0 S9 O 59 0 9 0 9 Ji4
S.F lolcl #UEI/VIHICLE H414t'A4CIt 11 94 13 94 15 94 11 94 13 94 13 94 83 64 I OlHtR OPIIAIIUGCOSIS ...... I .. HOUSINGRt'4At1 lOCAt 5IAII /7R I I I I I 1 6 529 5 29 6 29 6 29 6 29 S 29 S 29 It 74 VtI ORJG PURCHASElUltD /ER 0 S O I I I I S S.000 2 00 25 00 soS 00 so 00 6o 00 0 26000h00 SUPPitS&/11ltilltS /TR I I I I I I 6 1.176 it 76 II 76 It 76 11 76 11 7b 11 76 10 Sh FitiOS ttSTING COtSollt,1ES naR I I I I I I 6 2.945 29 41 29 41 29 41 29 41 29 41 29 41 176 46 OFFICE 5JItR1*15 OH0tR /7R I I I I I 1 6 1.116 11 76 it 76 11 76 Of 76 11 76 11 76 70 56 AItINIItCE Of PROtECI CREtIS RIDI'4C CUEtS LA 16 16 32 48 7C8 7I68 Is 16 CAMEt SCOOPCAtLS (A * 30 30 60 48 l4 40 14 40 28 80
Ssh total OfNER OPERATINGCOSIS t05 30 t05 30 1082 2 508 22 108 22 108 22 643 48
Total RECURR52I COSFS 396 W 370 80 328 44 304 92 304 92 128 45 1.833 fil lIatl 680 52 389 98 343 22 376 56 319 64 140 71 27.20 23
/a I5FRDS/ftOCKStO OE 1IID1100REDY TIHEPROJECT /b GCtiR4t vilI!4R5 "O 16t0SIOC8 NHUSS6OR7 Ic Sil 10i 6 PEfSONS 10 CAMP IDES.6 CHA1INS3 IU1IIS. I MAIER fill SR. 10 JERRYCAMS. 10 ESiSOf WIIER57AND C0OKINGUE4ISIL /d SENH5CEN4RlFSiC. HtHIOIRII CENIRIfIUGE. TUBES. tICOSCOPE. PIPEIIls StlDi WtES ,ugsl56. .6 2 46...... Auwst 16. 19U 12 4S -69 -Ane3 Ta~bleI (1)
CENTRALRANGELMADS RtESEARCH AND OEVELOPNIENTPROJECT, PHASE 11 Table 500. MATERAND INFRASTRUCTUREDEVEI.aPVSNT Detai led Cost table ISO.SN '0001
Quantity BaseCosts in S
Unit 1938 1989 1990 1991 1132 1993 1994 Ttotl Unit Cost '9SU 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 total ...... s ...... m...... t,tSa. .... I.... .1S4...... niS n I. INVESTNIENTCOSTS
A. CIVIL MONS
CONSTRUCTION SaREmoLEs (A - I I I I I - 13.000 -130.00 130.00 130.00 t30.00 130.00 - 650. 00 DUGOUTSIs EA - 10 Is Is Is IS 70 g00o 80.00 120.00 120.00 120.00 120.00 - 560.00 DUGOUTSEINTENCE INECN.) CA 5 t 10 10 10 10 to 5S s0o 2.50 9.00 5.00 5 00 5 00 9.00 2? so DUGOUTMtIST EQUIP ICANELI EA 10 t 10 10 I 10 10 s0 10 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 I 00 1.00c 6 00 MIELLREHABILITATION FULL EA - 5 5 5 5 5 3 28 100 -5.00 5.00 5.005S00 S00 300 28 00 PART EA 5 5 5 5 5 3 28 49 - 2.45 2.45 2.45 2.45 2.45 : 47 :3.12 NURSERYBURKAADS EA I I I I 4 1.000 - - 0.00 lO.gO 10.00 10.00 40 00 AIRSTRIPS /b EA - - 3 2 S 50o - 15.00 10.00 - - 25 00 ROADREHABILITATION /RN - - 200 300 500 - 1.000 60 - -120.00 180.00 390 00 - 600 00 PULLEYSYSTEMS IEOIJIP A CAIIELI (A - 3 3 - - - 6 151 4.53 4.53 - - - 9.06 RIVER ACCESS POINTS EA - - S S S - - is II$ - 5.90 5.90 5.90 - I 70
s-ij-totalciviL MORsS - 225.48418. BA 469.35 579.35 273.45 10.47 1.976. 98 B. VEHICLES AND EQUIPME1r
CONSTRUCTIONEQUIPVIENT Ic GRADER/d CA - I...... 12.961 129.61 - 129.61 SPARE GRADER BLADES SET - 2 2 -4 200 4.00 - - 4.00 - .00 R116ER TYlEO FRONTEND LOADER CA - I-I 15.000 -150. 00 -- ISO1900 DOZER BLADES FOR LOADER EA 2-2 200 - 4.00 - - 4.00 LON BOY TRUCK/TRAILERI. CA I-i 13.524 1 35.24 - - 135.24 4WD PICKUP N/SOIL SAIIPLEDRILLER CA - I.I 3.000 - 30.00 - - - - 30.00 JACK NAINNER/CDNPRESSOR EA - I-I 2.000 -20.00 - - - 20.00 TRUCK (4WD 10 TOM) /I EA - I - - 2 - 3 4.283 -42.83 - -85.65 - 28.49 MAIER TANK 110001.1 EA - 2.2 135 - 2.70 - 2 .70 FUEL TANKI6O00LI EA - 2.2 12S 2.90 - - 250o 4WD PICKUP Ig EA - 2 2 2 6 1.691 - -33.82 33.82 33.82 - - 101.46 4MD PICKUP H/TOOLS/SERVICE EA I - I 2 1.691 16.91 - - 15.91 33.82 tRUCKtTANKER IbOOOLIlh CA I-I 5,072 -50.72 - 50.72
Sub-TotelVEHICLES AND EOUIPUEMT - 588.5: 33.82 33.82 140.39 - 796.54 total INVESTRENICOSTS - 13.90 452.70 503.17?119.74 273.45 10 47 2.773 52 lI. RECURRENTCOSTS
A. TECIINICAtASSISTANCE/STUDIES
SOIL A MATERENGINEER IEXPI - 4 4 2 2 - 12 1.000 40 00 '0.00 20 00 20 00 1,0 00 SHORTTERNS CONSULtANCIES U 2 2 0.6 - - . 4 6 1.000 -20.00 20.00 6.00 - - 46 00
Sub-Tota I TECKINICALASSI STANCE/STUDIECS -60.00 60 00 26.00 2000 - - 66 00 B. SALARIES
CHIEF MATERAND INFRAST. III I I I I I I 6 36 0 36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 2 16 HEAVYEQUIP CONTROLLER IV I I 1 I I I B 30 0.30 0230 0 30 0.30 0.30 0.30 1.80 ROVINGHEAVYEQOUIPKRECHAIC V - 2 3 3 3 3 3 Il 24 - 0 48 0 72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0 72 4.08 NECHANICHELPER V 2 3 3 3 3 3 I? is 0 36 0 54 0 54 0.94 0.54 0954 3 06 DRIVERS VI - I I I I I I 6 is 018s 0.18 01la 0.18 0.18 0.18 I108 NEAVYEWUIPRENT 0CME V - 10 2 9 9 9 9 55 24 - 2 40 2 16 2.16 2.t6 2:16 2.16 13.20 sURVEYERS V aB 8 8 a a 48 24 -192 1.92 1.92 1.92 :92 1.92 11 52 FORENN. CAINELDUrOUT NTCE V 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 24 - 0.48 0.48 0 48 0.48 0 48 0 48 2.88 LABORERS UC S S S 5 5 5 30 IS 0.75 07is 0.75 0.75 0 75 0 75 4950
Sib-Total SALARIES - .23 7. 41 7 41 7 41 7 41 7 41 44 28 C. ALLONACESAND PER RICKtS
CHIEF WATERAND INFRAST. [ifI - I I I I 6 ISO - I so IS ISO5 1.50 150 I so 9 00 - 70 - Asex 3 tabl 8 (2)
HEAVYEQUIP CONTROLLER IV - I I I I I I a 50 0.S0 0.S0 0.80 O.SO0 0SO 0tO 3 00 ROVINGHEAVY EQUIP NECHM4IC V - 2 3 3 3 3 3 17 72 - I44 2.16 2.16 2.16 216 2 16 12 24 4ECHANICHELPER V - 2 3 3 3 3 3 I 18 - 6. 36 0 54 0 54 0.54 0.54 0o4 3 06 DRIVERS VI - 1 I I 1 I 1 6 54 - 0.54 0.54 0 54 0.54 054 054 3 24 HEAVYEQUIPENT CREW V - 10 9 9 9 9 9 55 72 - 720 6.48 6.48 6.48 648 648 39 60 SURVEYERS V - 8 8 8 8 8 a 48 72 - 8.76 S.76 S. 76 8 76 816 S76 34 56 FOREMA. CANELOUGOUT !TCE V - 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 Is 0.36 0.36 0.36 0. 36 036 036 2 16
Sub-Totel ALLOANtCESAND PER DIENS - 17.66 17.84 17.84 17. 84 17 84 17.84 106 86 0. FUEL/VEHICLEMAINTENANCE
LOWBOY TRUCK/iTRAILER /YR - I I 1 I 1 I 6 1.513 - 18.13 18. 13 18.13 18. 13 1. 13 18. 13 90 18 4140PICKUP /YR - 2 2 4 6 6 6 26 193 - 3.86 3.86 1.72 11.88 It.S8 11 88 SO 18 4WDPICKUP it/SOIL DRILL EA - I I I I I I 6 193 - 1.93 1.93 1.93 1.93 1 93 1 93 it s8 JACKtHAU4ER/CO'PRESSOR EA - I I I I I t 6 300 - 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 200 300 18 00 TRUCK 14W010 TON) E4 - 3 3 3 3 3 3 Is t09 - 21.27 21.27 21.27 21.27 21.27 21.27 127 62 4ttO PICKUPH/TOOLS/SERVICE EA - 1 1 1 I I 1 6 193 - 1.93 1.93 1.93 1.93 1.93 1.93 11 58 TRUCRTANKER t600tlI EA - I 1 1 1 1 6 709 - 7.09 7.09 7.09 7.09 7A9 7.09 42.84
S-- Total FUEL/VEHICLEMAINTENANCE - 84.21 54.21 58.07 61.93 61.93 61.93 352.28 E. OTHEROPERATING COSTS /1
REPAIRS.SORES A PUiPS YR I I I I 1 I 6 100 - 1.00 1.00 1.00 1. 00 1.00 1 00 6. 00 BOREHOLEMAINTENCE 1/80REI /i YR - 18 20 25 25 25 25 138 30 - 8.40 6.00 7.80 7 80 7.80 7 80 41 40 PUtIPINGFUEL AND OIL YR - I I I I I 6 SO - 0.80 0 SO 0 0 O.SO 0 SO 0.0 3 00 TOOLSAND FIELD SUPPLIES YR I I 1 I 1 I 1 7 1.200 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12 00 84.00
Sub-Tot*l OTHEROPERATING CdSTS /i 12.00 18.90 19.80 21 00 21.00 21.00 21 00 134.40
Total RECURRENTCOSTS 12.00 158.00 188.96 130.32 128 18 108.18 108.18 803 82
Total 12.00 971.99 611.66 633.49 847.92 381.63 118 65 3.5t7 34
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~sz.. z .. z ..-...... -.
1* THE CONSTRUCTIONCOSTS FOR DUGOUTSARE BASEDON THE OPERATINGAND MAINTENANCECOSTS OF THE 2 DOZERSAD I GRAOER ALREADYOiRNEt BY THE PROJECT. /b ROADREHABILITATION AND AIRSTRIP COSTSARE BASEDON OPERATIOtANDO MAINTENANCE OF PROJECTGRADER. /c TOOWORK UNITS: III TWOEXISTING OC HITH EXISTING GRADER;121 GRADERAND FRONTLOAGER. /d COMPONENTSOF IEA RtICH WOULDMUAE STRIPS. MAINTAIN DUGOUTS,REPAIR ROADS. I. FOR MOVINGEXISTING DOZERSAROUND. /f PROVIDESUPPORT TO HtELLREHAtILITATION WORK. /g PICKUPtItTH MECHANIChOULD PROVIDE PERIODIC LIGHT MAINTENANCEIN THE FIELD. /h TANKERMOULO SUPPORT THE tiiO COiNSTRUCTIONTEAMS. hI ROADREHABILITATION AND AIRSTRIP COSTSARe BASEDON OPERATIONAND MAINTENANCE OF PROJECTGRADER. /j BOREHOLEMAINTENANCE UNDER CONTRACT. UNTIL RLASAND GCATAKE OVER.
August 30. 1988 14: 18 - 71- ~~~~Annex3
riNIRAl 11*4.111*10*,11101*r11 "a 1190DVIIapoPIIIUI 'UJ1Il I 11* II I.1,14 b00 flu0solliVAIlofIo 01**4 DIII*14
U- 1404 1911919940 1991 11192 11011 1q944 latal II.,lCo%I 1919 1q09g 1490 19111 '192 1-111 P114 1-.
IUVISINiUI 1.10%10
KA: 1014 1101191 I7042 Wo'0/1,121 /112 I I 400 14 00 14 00 .000 "oust 0*16*10 1100142P5200i421 '42 1 3 So00 10 00 P' 00 GUARD 141 11CH1I -20142IN S?0/421 '12 IS laI lb 1010 27 110 1` 0I 0u4 00 IN 40111I111RU 4141. /b, 11*10O111 III M111 JI117011)0/2102 '142 I I I 400 42 00 42 00 1,11111141 "Oust1 120192ti 1170/42' 142 2' 1 It O. II 10 II 'o
S$16 101*1 civil M10840 70 00 114 SO 1140
:ml0 P1(4011 la 2 4 I 691l 31 6' it 812 II 1,4 .11I.H la I I 2 1 q14 19 16 1-111, 10 12 4110Si 11*.04G4 I 2 2 lo* 22 00 .2) 00 44 00 SPARE$/I00Is SI' 10 100 is 00 l,00 10 00 2 11* RADIO$1 . 491 9 'lb 29 4 $011111Powell11 6141 11*11110 E. 1, 294 ? 04 It 0,4 (*40s 11191111*111 sit is Is J0 b0 9 00 q 00 11 00 (*4010 111111U*SIS 11111111414 til IS 101 10 10 4 '10 4 S0 '100 OFFIICI 100111904 10*1(1111 tIl I I 0100 '1 00 0 00 HINOCUIA114 Id I& 10 to 60 I 2 10 2 '0 4 .0 IU1IUIG R R*U 11PR1 I II o 0 00 1100 1014141., 11*011 1*110141 S1Is,I I 2 200 2 00 2 00 400 6II111RUIIU l0I.IIISI Sit InI is lb 100 0.4 00 04 00 '00 00
S.h lotl IN (14111111 RANGE6 214 oS 71 I,0 I1' is1 1800 2 to1 4011141NRU 1*11,
I'll,PIC`""1 1A I I1141 SOI ',ifSO 101 41, .P*RI/1000 is I I 7 10 9 00 7 00 I100 21 00 21MAY RADIO OIl 0 1, 491 "4146 2-1 41, 001 *1 PO011110G14(1R1J10 la 0l 11 2. 17 64 t704 1114IS11p0 Ito1111 "11 12 I) 00 7 20 I.1 r E1111411" IIRRUIOS iP111*194 til 12 12 to I h0 IIO, ofII1 (1 (IPI9SRI0 sit I I 20 0 Is 0is' 01,N(1Cull,", IA 10 00 I '9 2 '0 911R111U111011111101111*10141 '.11 I 1 200 ,00 1, 00 h 1111111011 IscoIJISI sit 2' 21 t00 6. 00 bI100
S'hlo,I 14 401194111 RARGI 1110 411 SIf ?I 00 J202.
4l Sob loI6l 0141C110 &4O 19UIP1901 ?111 019 21,1 0R 144 11 I 00 01.:' 1401014141iliaC0010 .194 019 17% SS 14-1 71 I 00 *212 917
t1C1141(41 ASMIAIOLI/010011
11Il0llII/ErO100v 111P111 ut I I I I 0 S 4 '1 10 000 100 00 '00 00 '00 00 100 00 00 00 400 00 %P,1(111 S10011% -2 I I 3 I I I? I 000 'I0 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 t0 00 10 00 110 00
%Ob ITll 11(C1111(114S,1011A4(I/SlU0ll$ 120 00 110 00 110 00 110 00 00 00 10 00 02 000
I 1N rtHIOAI 11A146
011R11101 LON%1R0111101/s 11 I I I I 6 411 0 411 0 48 0 40 0 40 0 411 0 d1, 2 As -72 - Annex 3 Table 9 (2)
auIinO iiuln as m m NuwuUi ""Cl. fm Is Imaift *.41# we .lO Csui #la m isautt eae rtt
ECtSiATlls mt itO It 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 is 0* t 02 0U12U 0e12U @ 1 4 32 SEI664T GIU IV 2 9 2 2 2 2 12 20 - 0 U o N e UNo 0 soU 0o U g COOAIAL WM - v 1; 36 32 36 36 36 216 24 664 .64. 6 64 64 8.64 664U St 4 GUANO VI 54 1" IOA ION I"4 I"8 554 1 e912 1 44 19 44 1944 19U44 19 441 106St2
S.*-Tosal ttt CENTRAL*16 - 2016 29.e 24 296 6 29 8s 29SU 's96 2 Is NHOlU"4 to"6
CONSE6ttIOttUMAI III - - 3 3 2 3 3 is 26 ce I e06 I I I 08 40 sE6iIcAUTGua IV - 3 3 1 3 IS 32 - O. @0 0 so .0 0.90 so 4 so cot6 c6GUMA V 21 21 21 21 21 I" 24 S 04 5 04 04 5 04 2 04 25 20 GuA* VI - U 6 63 62 62 21 la 11.U4 1134 11.t4 11.U4 It 34 6 70
s-Totatel 1 NoTIIEfS r6 16.26 U6.26 16.'6 16.36 Is 26 St 6O
s5b-Total SALA sIES o201i 48. 24 46.24 48 24 46 24 46.24 261 39 C. ALLOtNICESAD PEnRDliNS ...... 1. IN CENtRALNAVA
DIRECTORCOHSERV6tt" I t - I I I I I 6 156 - S o I 526 I 26 I 2S I 26 I 56 9 36 COASEVSTINMARKS Iull - 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 ISO - 00 2e00 2.00 2.00 I 00 300 is 00 SERGE6TGUA6O IV 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 90 I 60e1 I 1.0gU 0 6oI 100 CORPORAL M V 26 36 32 326 26 2 216 12 - 2.92 2 92 25. 92 252.2 25 92 252 2 '55 52 CUUDo VI 106 IN108 IO I"8 594 16 - 912 19 44 IS 44 19.44 19 44 1944 106 92
sb-folal It CETUBL A8mu1 42. 00 51.72 S1.;2 51 72 52172 51 ;2 300 60 2. In 0OT11ER161U1 ...... cushnAvlmT KAI 111 Ill 3 3 3 3 J is ISO 4.20 4.0 4.* 0 4.20 4 20 22.20 SERUT GUANO IV 3 333 3 is 90 - 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.0 2 10 13.20 CORPO6AGUANO V - - 21 21 21 21 21 "05 t2 - - 1.12 12.12 15. 12 15.12 15. 12 7526 0UD vlVI f9 63 63 63 63 315 t8 11.34 11.43 11.34 11.34 t 324 56 7o
Sub-lotol IN NHOTHE R6AM633 2 U Et U2.96 33 69 22.96 22.96 168 30
Sth-Total ALLOM6CtES4D PKR OIENS - 422 00 3 1865.6 6ss 2.536 62.23 496 9O D. FUEL/VEHICLEIaHINTEIItACE
Io CENTRAL9*116 4MI SItGN1/. nR1 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 274 5 S24 S42. 8 246 24 2 4 6 3228 4WDPICKUP /ye - 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 193 - 32.6 2 86 326 3.66 32. 6 2. 16 In mosltErtt RawtC 4IO PIcIUP /ye - 3 3 2 3 J is 193 2. 9 2 19 5 79 S. 79 79 26 92
St-T-otal FUEL/VEHICLENAINTENMCIE 9 34 12 13 12 13 12.t3 1.123 t2 13 84 99 i. OIHEROPERATING COSTS ...... 1. IN CENTRAL9MU*6
UNIFORNS'e SET 94 24 148 14 444 30 - 28 20 19 20 -44 *4440 40 133 20 INFORNATIONGANrHEING SET I I I I II 6 200 - 200 2.00 2 00 2 00 2 00 200 12 00 TRAININGPERSONNELSTUDENTS 2h SET I I I I I 6 400 4*00 4 00 4 00 4 00 4 0 400 24 00 SUPPLIES.MATERIALS MO teo9TS SET I I I I I S o s000o s S 00 So00 s2 00 oo 30 00
s5b-TotalIN CENtRALRlGCE 3920 27 20 ;;00 S240 11;00e 240 199 20 2. IN NORTHERNRANGE
UIIIFORMS SET - - 90 - 148 - 14 386 30 27 00 - 44 40 - 44 40 115 80 INFORItATIONGATHERING SET I I I I I 6 200 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 200 12 00 tRAININGPERSONNEL/STUDENTS SE - I I 1 1 I t 6 400 - 00 4 00 4 00 4 00 4 00 4 00 24 00 SUPPLIES, ATERIALSAD REPORTS SEt - I I I I I 1 6 s0o s00 2 00 5 o00 5 o s 0o0 2000 Sub-Total ltt tlORTHEU RAN4C 5th-Total IN NORTHEE08*01 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1100 26U.o...o5s..tlo.s.ots 00 11 00 ....22 40 ....11 00 ....52.40 lot1s0 5h-fetal OTHEROPERATINGICitOSTS -20 20 6S 20 22 00 110 50 22 00 110 80 381 00 Total IEtuJIEIN Cr T5 241 70 333 95 290 25 379 22 290 75 279 22 1.816 25 : W:- . :...... - ...... - fotal t36 J 109 53 20 75 529 26 290 75 282 22 2.939 22
rb FUTEElfIOM0F MILD A$S 6t6 ECOLOITIt LASus 600 A0 SURROUNIJNGS.ERIGAVO "D COAST /C CHIEL IN LASA*e. OTHERS1i CEERIGCAiO.LAASGORAT ION COASTI /d SINMOULAISFOR MAIoENS. SEREUTS. CORPOURLS.8O I PER POSTPLUS INCENTIVES /* IN GALCAIO WITH EXPATRIAtE. /f STATIONEDAT BULO tBURNIMO HOs6O. /g GROItOSHEET.*LAtEI. SAOALS. 1TWOSORTS. TWOBUSH JACKETS. MATEROOttLE.HAVERSACK /h TRAININGOF PROJECTStIfF AT AFGOI. AND FIELO TRIPS FORSTuDENTS FROMt AFGOt FORE'TRT8*0 IiltDLIfE SCCOOL...... tlrA 1. 19U1 11,03 - 73 - Annu 3 Table 10 (1)
awls pgg~muK Elaf :: agg Oma. .mm as Wlte Cia ^l. QUt.0. lowtAg
Wa...... XZ lu...... l"O baatgtp X > eo tattttt...... Ba.. ceste .nXStt i o !SUgi ISM. gigig 1011 Ills41 191. Itota Urnt Cast 1W INS 1919 11111 19 11) I1194 total SS 5*3 4*82 4*4 848 882 *4 3*-- *88* 88--- -5*888- 5*fi882 244* :s4*ss 4 4*sn. I INVIfSfETaNTcosrs
...... oncimtim cilia. tultittc CENTER It LuAlIaO NILODINS I - as - - - - - 240 2*0. 00 250 00 ...... Sth-totel CiviL MGtS - - 250 00- - - 20 00 9. VElICLES P0 E0ulPKNT
4I ttt fIOf * STUOSI l I I -. s s* - ltt 19.16 - - - 38 32 4U NSo I6 1 Ea - -.. 1.916 19St 19 It
S11-Totel VEHICLES - 3J.32 1.10 - - - - 5748 2 TROININGCENtER EQUIP ...... CLAS1000NIUUITUI Ls -I 2.o 20.0ee0 - - 20 00 OFFICE FUIINITUOt LS I 1.00 1*.oe - - - 10 00 4o0o SSEN. EA I - - 4.41 4- 41 GOIEEUTOIITIVA EA.I - I*- 7 O0 RtFIOEBATONS f -. I 1.0 IS.00 I100 s
S.*-lotIl ITAINING CENtEi EQUIP - -S.t - 56 41
SAt-Totl VEIIICLESAND QIulJPUISI - A32 75 5? - - 1 13
Total INVISTNElT COSIS - 2U .32 15151 - - 363 89
If Riacum!l COSTS .. __...... A. TECHICAL ASSISItaCtUtUlAliNG ...... 1. OPTOF SOTANYIRAME
OFVESSOUOF UrACENA EtNtN TO - 0. s I I I 3.0 10. N o o 00 100.00 10 00 1oo 00 350 00 cUoSULtAciEs TEJTBooll PREPAIAIOlt t 0 6 5 - Is *Igo0 0 00 60 00 I SO00 Sth-total OPTOF OT80NYu*tACA Ito 00 IIS 00 160 00 '00 00 S30 00 2. LOCAL10-SEnVICE TRAINItG ...... tlPAT ASSISTtD LOCAL CRSES Ea 1 2 2 2 2 2 11 1.000 10 00 20 00 20 00 20 00 20 00 20 00 110 00 sCatOto SOMALIPAT UNIV EA - 4 4 2 2 - 12 262 11 2t 11 28 S 64 5 64 - 3 84 SCaOL. TO AFttC IA E8A * 5 S - Is 141 7 0o 7 05 7 Os 211S0
S,6-Total tOCAL1N-SEOVICE fTUINIOt a 00 38 33 38 33 32 69 25 64 20 00 164 t9 3 EXTERNAL TRItNING . .. , ...... SitOElt T IPE COURSEI EA 3 5 S 5 i s1 1.000 30 00000 0 00 00 00 - ISO 00 NEOIU Itt OIPENCOURSEI Ea 3 3 t I 12 2.000a Go 00 00 60 00 6000 240 00 LONGIERN PRP ENGLISH COIRSt EA - I I I I I I 6 400 00 * 00 * 00 * 00 *00 00 24 00 NasTESOGE C P 2 2 I I 3.000 30 00 30 00 60 0 60 00 30 00 30 00 240 00
$%&-totalEXTERNAL TRAINING 124 00 14400 174 00 174 00 3400 34 00 634 00 4. PUiLICATIONS
SUUSCRIPTIOSCROP OC CENTER To I I I I t 150 - 10 SO T 1I sO00 SO 9 00 SUtSCRIPtIOtS FAC A t - I I I I I I S ISO t I 50 1I0 0 s IISO s 0S 9 00 IULTIPtICATI CROPTEat RPTS Tis - I I I I I 5 SO I s0 10 10so0 0 so0 I s0 9 00
Sb-Totai PItILICAtIONS - 410 SO 4 0 SO 4 SO 4 10 27 00 ,a-b1* T0 (2)
ones" meS.?stvStso "a.Itint 1g
STUDY~Touts /a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ utu ar
FARES ToT to.t n 150iso . is- 00 FEES rytot.0 toI so1S.0 SO 100 TRuNSPOol TOT to.tO 1 I, t - I0 00 ?ER 0lENS TOT la.to Is# Is 00 -is 00 SMSsaOu*8A.S ETC toT to.0 2 2.00 2 00
Su*-TtatoA6ROpastoIAL tRAliING 5300 - S3 00
SublTot. TECHNICALASSISTANcE/tRAtNING 02.00 210.03 346.03 371 to 304.14 S4110 38 10 1.450 09 B. SALO.IES
ICEPT OF sOTANY/RANGE ALL STAFF (SEE GETAILI ye - I t I I S Si16 S. to S.to S. 10 S 10 1 to 1 to io 60 2 TRAINING CENTER STAFF
DIRECTOR IV - I I I I I S 0.0I 0 01 0.01l 0.0of 0.0GI 0.01 0 01 0 01 SECNTTANY/cLERU VI 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 OIla 0 00 0.00 0.00 0 00 0 00 000 0 02 CLEANERS wit 2 2 2 2 2 2 t2 0.12 - 0.00 0.00 0 00 0.00 0 00 0 00 00GI
Sub-Ttot* TRAININGCENTER STAFF 0.02 002f 0 02 0 02 0 02 0 02 0 00
S,&-TotalSALARIES - .12 1.12 S1t2 51t2 S1t2 112 30 69 C. ALLOWANCES600 PERDIE1S
I OEPTOF SOFANY/RAmGE ALL STAFf ISEE OETAILI YR 1I I S 3.6S"0 26.0 26.90 25.00 2 g36.03690 26.90 221 40 2 TRAININGCENTER STAFF
onigctam IV . I I t I 6 0.9 *00I 001l 0.01 C of 0 01 0 01 0 01 SECRITARV/CLERI VI 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 OIla 0.00 0.00 0 00 0 00 000o 0 00 0 02 CLEAxERS VII 2 2 2 2 2 2 II 0 12 0 00 00 000 0G 00G 0.0Of0 000 0OO
Sub-TotalTRAINING CENTER STAFF 0 02 0.02 0 02 0 02 0 02 0Of 0 09
Sub-Total ALLONACESANO PER OLENS 20.92 36.92 30.92 36.92 36.92 30. 12 221 49 0. FUEL/VEHICLEMAINTENANCE
4HOLI Y 2 3 3 3 3 3 I? 274 . .40 6 22 6 22 8 22 6 22 6.22 46158
&*-Totet FUEL/VEIIICLEMAINTENANCE 1 46 2 622 28 22 822 8.22 46158 E OTHER OPERATINGCOSTS-
I EPT OF BOTANY
BuItLOIGMAINTENARCE yRe I t S 900 9 00 900 9 00 900 900 9 00 54 00 SuPPLIESRESEARkCH YRe a 10o 100 S00 1 00 S00 100 1 00 30 00 SONALt.iOUREAtALR SC[ ye 6 BoO - 900 900 9 00 900 900 9 00 14 00 LOCALSUPPOOT ye I G so~ S00 S00 000 1001500100 30 00 ENGLISHfLANGUAGE YR - I 1 I I I 6 1.250 .12 10 12 S0 12 .0 12 S0 12 10 12 10 7S 00 TEATISMS PURCHASE SET is II 30 110 - 112.10 III 5t217 221 00
5ke-Tot0l OEPT OF BOTANY - 40150 15300 113 00 40150 40150 40150 468 00
5*b-ToltlOTHER OPERATINGCOSTS 40.10 153 00 lIZ 00 40150 40150 40150 468 00
TotalRECURRENY COSTS 62 00 364.64 110 08 114 44 394 80 140 21 129 21 2.225 71 total 620611616 61;;;S114 a4 3,9,4,69l 49 g 21 12'9312182,g9,6,4
/a TWOSTUDY TOUR$. ONE FOR AGROPASTORAL. AND ONEFOR RANGE rONITORING. At StARtUP.I PEOPLEOn ECH touR.
Au~gustI, 1988 77 03 - 75 - Annex 3 T bPl 11 (1)
Tale SW. einaCi _ tma hoeS led Ceet Ta le
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=~~- *-s- a-I - 79 - Annex 3 Table 1 2 (1) SOMALIDEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC CENTRALRANGELANDS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT, PHASE II STAFFSALARIES, ALLOVANCES ANDPER DIEMS
DAYS PER TtJTAL ALLINCEALLUNCE TOTAL TOTAL MONTHLYANNUAL MONTHLYPER DIEM PERDIEMPERDIEM PERDIEM PACKAGE PACKAGE SALARYSALARY ALLWNCEDIEM RATEPERMNTH PERMNTH PER YR PERYR PERYR 6RADEPOSITION (SS) (SS'OOO) (SS) IMNTH(SS) (55) (SS) (SS'000) (SS'OOQ)(US S)
I PROJECTMANAI.ER 7000 84 ! 8000 10 500 5000 13000 156 i 240 2400
II REsIONALDIRECTOR 4000 48 ! 5000 20 400 8000 13000 156 ! 204 2040 TECHNICALDIRECTOR 4000 48 ' 500 20 400 8000 13000 156 ! 204 2040 DIRECTORFIELD SERVICES 4000 48 5000 20 400 8000 13000 156 ! 204 2040 DIRECTOREXTENSION 4000 48 ! 5000 20 400 8000 13000 156 204 2040 DIRECTORPLANNING 4000 48 ! 5000 5 400 2000 7000 84 132 1320 DIRECTORADMINISTRATION 4000 48 i 5000 S 400 2000 7000 84 132 1320 DIRECTORVEHICLE MAINTENANCE 4000 48 ! 5000 5 400 2000 7000 84 132 1320 ! ! IIISR SOCIOECONWRURAL BEVOFFICER 3000 36 ! 4500 20 400 8000 12500 150 ! 186 1860 SRRANGE MANAGER 3000 36 ! 4500 20 400 8000 12500 150 i 186 1860 NDREMOTE SENSING UNIT 3000 36 4500 20 400 8000 12500 150 ! 186 1860 SRLIVESTOCK OFFICER 3000 36 ! 4500 20 400 8000 12500 150 ! 186 1860 REMSENSING MONITORINg OFFICER 3000 36 4500 20 400 8000 12500 150 i 186 1860 SENIORTRAINING OFFICER 3000 36 ! 4500 20 400 8000 12500 150 ! 186 1860 SENIORCOMMUNICATIONS OFFICER 3000 36 ! 4500 20 400 8000 12500 150I 186 1860 SENIORAGROPASTORAL OFFICER 9000 36 4500 20 400 8000 12500 150 i 186 1860 ARIDLAND FORESTER 3000 36 4500 20 400 8000 12500 150 i 186 1860 SRFORESTRY OFFICER 3000 36 ! 4500 20 400 8000 12500 150 ! 186 1860 DISTRICTRANGE OFFICER 3000 36 ! 4500 20 400 8000 12500 150 i 186 1860 HEADOF ADMINISTRATION 3000 36 ! 4500 5 400 2000 6500 78 ! 114 1140 FINANCIALACCOUNTANT 3000 36 ! 4500 400 4500 54 ! 90 900 SENIORMECHANIC 3000 36 ! 4500 10 400 4000 8500 102 ! 138 1380 i i IV PROFSTAFF HERBARIUM 2500 30 ! 3500 20 200 4000 7500 90 i 120 1200 LIBRARIAN 2500 30 i 3500 200 3500 42 ! 72 720 PHOTOINTERPRETER 2500 30 i 3500 5 200 1000 4500 54 i 84 840 OBSERVERS- RANGE 2500 30 ! 3500 20 200 4000 7500 90 i 120 1200 FLIGHTMONITORS 2500 30 ! 3500 20 200 4000 7500 90 ! 120 1200 DATAANALYST 2500 30 ! 3500 5 200 1000 4500 54 ! 84 840 COMPUTEROPERATOR 2500 30 3500 200 3500 42 ! 72 720 SUBJECTMATTER SPECIALIST 2500 30 ! 3500 20 200 4000 7500 90 ! 120 1200 SOCIOECONOMIST 2500 30 ! 3500 20 200 4000 7500 90 ! 120 1200 AUDIOVISUAL OFFICERS 2500 30 i 3500 5 200 1000 4500 54 ! 84 840 DISTRICTFORESTER 2500 30 3500 20 200 4000 7500 90 ! 120 1200 DISTRICTEXTENSION OFFICER 2500 30 3500 20 200 4000 7500 90 i 120 1200 AGRONOMISTS(SEED/FARM/TRIALS) 2500 30 ! 3500 5 200 1000 4500 54 ! 84 640 REGIONALACCOUNTANT 2500 30 ! 3500 5 200 1000 4500 54 ! 84 840 COSTACCOUNTANT 2500 30 3500 200 3500 42 ! 72 720 ADMINOFF (PERS/SUPPLY/CLEAR) 2500 30 i 3500 200 3500 42 ! 72 720 HEAVYEQUIPMENT CONTROlLER 2500 30 ! 3500 20 200 4000 7500 90 ! 120 1200 ! ! U HERBARIUMASSTS 2000 24 ! 2000 20 200 4000 6000 72 ! 96 960 SMPSUPPORT STAFF 2000 24 ! 2000 20 200 4000 6000 72 i 96 960 FAMILYEXTENSION AGENT 2000 24 ! 2000 20 200 4000 6000 72 ! 96 960 AUDIOVISUALTECHNICIAN 2000 24 ! 2000 5 200 1000 3000 36 ! 60 600 - 80- Annex 3 Table 12 (2) SMALIDEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC CENTRALRANGELANDS DEVELOPHENT PROJECT, PHASE 11 STAFFSALARIES, ALLOUANCES ANDPER DIEHS
DAYS PER TOTAL ALLINCEALL NCE TOTAL TOTAL MONTHLYANNUAL MONTHLYPER DIEN PERDIENPERDIEH PERDIEH PACKAGEPACKAGE SALARYSALARY ALLWNCEDIEN RATEPERMNTH PERN1NH PER YR PERYR PERYR GRADEPOSITION (GS) (SS'O00) (S6) /XNTH(SS) (GS) (6S) (SS'OOO) (S5'000)(US S)
VILLAGEEXTENSION UORKER 2000 24 ! 2000 20 200 4000 6000 72 96 960 FARMFOREMAN/SEED TECHNICIAN 2000 24 2000 5 200 10V 3000 36 60 600 AGROTRIALS OFFICER 2000 24 2000 5 200 1000 3000 36 i 60 0OO SITETECHNICIANS 2000 24 2000 20 200 4000 6000 72 ! 96 960 HEAVYEQUIPMENT MECHANIC/CREU 2000 24 20007 20 200 4000 6000 72 ! 96 960 SURVEYORS 2000 24 ! 2000 20 200 4000 6000 72 ! 96 960 ASSTACOUNTANT 2000 24 ! 2000 200 2000 24 ! 48 480 DISTRICT/CENTRALSTOREKEEPERS 2000 24 ! 2000 200 2000 24 ! 48 480 MECHANICCENTRAL WORKSHOP 2000 24 ! 2000 200 2000 24 ! 48 480
VI DRIVERS 1500 18 ! 1500 15 200 3000 4500 54 ! 72 720 TYPISTS 1500 I8 1500 200 1500 18 ! 36 360 FIELDENNUHERATOR 1500 18 ! 1500 15 200 3000 4500 54 ! 72 720 CLERKS 1500 18 ! 1500 200 1500 18 36 360 TELEXOPERATOR 1500 18 i 1500 200 1500- 18 36 360 PUMPOPERATOR !500 18 1500 200 1500 18 36 360 TECHNICALOFFICER (AGP) 1500 18 i 1500 20 1500 1E ! 36 360 TRAINEESSIMP 1500 18 1500 15 200 3000 4500 54 ! 72 720 ASSISTANTMECHANIC 1500 18 i 1500 200 1500 18 i 36 360 TOOLKEEPER 1500 18 ! 1500 200 1500 18 I 36 360 ! ! VIIMESSENGER 1000 12 ! 1000 200 1000 12 ! 24 240 CLEANER 1000 12 i 1000 200 1000 12 24 240 UATCHHAN 1000 12 ! 1000 200 1000 12 24 240 SPANNERBOY 1000 12 ! 1000 200 1000 12 ! 24 240 GUARDS 1000 12 1 1000 200 1000 12 ! 24 240
07-Jun-88
Dollar/Shillingaxchange rate: S 100 -81 - Annex 4 Table 1
SOMALIA CENTRALRANGELANDS RESEARCH ANDOEUELOPMENT PROJECT Calculationof EconomicCosts and Benefits
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 OFFFARM BENEFIT STREAMS: ------
AgropastoralFa: ns -2722 -6027 8117 43622 101077168489 233619 283117 309754 AgropastoralHerds 1025 3809 9146 13024 15670 16202 16646 16912 16912 PastoralHerds 4774 18013 43563 62547 74715 75911 76799 77283 77283 WaterRelated Benefits 15550 63286 101258139230 177202 177202 177202 177202 177202
Total 18628 79082 162084258423 368664 437805 504266 554515 SB1151
ADJUSTEDPROJECT COSTS a/b/d/ Extension 23808 143210100662 109011 126561 90471 93683 AgropastoralTrials 104335 91367 44938 48660 60806 23916 23916 AnimalHealth & Livestock 159551 74354 64866 76322 64854 b4355 Waterand Infrastructure 2416 197731119135 108228 1' 9 64763 23891 Training c/ 9475 74602 93024 86171 58318 22221 19213 ProjectManagesent c/ 17813 300549J82387 159841159812 111144 106978
TOTALOFF FARM COSTS: 157847967010 614500 575777626377 377370332036 265629 166018 111232
NETBENEFIT STREAM -157847-946382 -535418 -413692 -367954 -8706 105769238637 388497 469919
InternalRate of Return: 10I
NOTES: a/ Off farmproject costs include physical contingencies. b/ SystemsInvestigation and Monitoring and Conservation components (23S of projectcosts) not includedin productiveanalysis, as theyare justified for research,conservation and production maintenance objectives, whose benefits are verylong term and not easily quantifiable. c/ Trainingand Project Managesent components reduced by 232to deductoverhead attributable to SystemsInvestigation and Monitoring, d/ Otheradjustment parameters include Official ExchangeRate 100 ShadowExchange Rate 203 RecurrentCosts 672 of Year6 projectcosts. Of Year6 RecurrentCosts, 502 neededto maintainbenefit stream. LongRun Recurrent Costs are 342 of Year6 projectcosts. Systems/Conservationas Proportionof ProjectCosts: 232
__-- -- -... ______------_ ------_------82 - Annex 4 Table 2 (1)
(EconomicPrices) S1IRLIR CENTHRLRWilELRNOS RESEARCH RNODEUELOPRIEHT PFRECT,PHASE lI
IncremntalOnfarn Benefits from Rgropastoral farmers
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 199t 1995 1996 1997 1998
INCREME11RLBENEFITS frombne Agropastwral farm: -3630 2852 13154 21033 30912 30912 30912 30912 30912 30912
COUERRSEFACTOR UillageExtension Ucikers In AgropastoralRreas: Incrementul 5 15 15 15 10 10 CwWlative 5 20 35 50 60 70
ContactFamers per UEU: 10 Influencedfamers per Contact farmer: S rarnersInfluenced: (Incret) 1000 3000 3000 3000 2000 2000 (Cumul) 1000 1000 70 10000 12000 1N00
Rateof Rdoptionof Technology: 751
farmersAdopting Each Yr: 750 2250 2250 2250 1500 1500
IncinsientalBenefit Stream frm Rgropastoralisn
(SoSh'000)
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 199 1995 1996 1997 1998
Year1 farers 750 -M2 2139 9865 15775 23181 73181 23181 23181 23181 23181 Year2 farers U250 -8166 6118 29596 17321 69551 69551 69551 69551 69551 Year3 rarners 2250 -8166 6118 29596 17321 69551 69551 69551 69551 Yeari farrrs 2250 -8166 6118 2959617321 69551 69551 69551 Year5 Farmers 1500 -Sll 1278 1973131519 16367 16367 Year6 f'a rs 1500 -511 1278 19731 31519 1636?
Totalfarers 10500
TotalIncreental Benefits fron fgropastoralInterventions: -2M -6027 8117 13622101077 16N89 233619 283117 309751 321572 - 83 - Armex 4 Table 2 (2)
(EconomiicPrices) #IsLIR CENTRALRANSELANDS RESEARCHRAD DEUELOPhEHT PROJECT,PHASE 11
Returnto Ogropastoraland Extension Pcitvitaes
(SoSh'000) UNROJUSTEDOffFA F COSTS: 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1991 1995 1996 1997
RgropastoralBaseline 53698 17021 23128 25011 35127 12309 12309 UithPhysical Contingencies 6X 56880 19810 21198 26528 37208 13038 13038
ExtensionBaseline 397 13751 82716 58111 62963 73100 52255 51110 UithPhysical Contingencies 5Z 1113986852 61048 66111 76755 51868 56815
AOJUSTlENTFRCTORS: foreignExchange Content Ogropastoral Conponent: 81X foreignExchange Content Extension Cwnp nt: 63X ShadoweExchange Rate: 203 Official ExchangeRate: 100 ShareYear 6 CostsNeeded to NaintainBenefits: tOX
ADJUSTEDCOSTS: 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1991 1995 1996 1997
RgropastoralTrials 10133591367 11938 18660 68252 23916 23916 Extension 23808113210 100662 109010 126561 90171 93683
TotalOff fam Costs 12811323157? 1S5599 157671 194813 111388 117599 91079 17040 17010
NETBENEFIT STREM1: rromAgropastoral Rctiuities -128113-237299 -151627 -119554 -151191 -11310 508901395t0 236078 262711
EconmicRate of Return: 162 - 84 - Annex 4 (Financial Prices) SOMhLIA Table 2 (3) FARAHAANE IRRIGATION REHABILITATION PROJECT 1/ Agropastoral Farm: Financial Analysis ______Consolidated Farm Budget
W/O Yr I Yr Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5
Gross Value of Production SoSh 94,750 94,283 107,981 121,080 130,878 140,677 3,14I5 / Losses SoSh 13,950 18,857 21,596 24,216 26,176 28,135 Consumption SoSh 46,200 48,279 48,589 48,899 49,208 49,518 ------Cash Sales SoSh 29,600 27,147 37,796 47,965 55,495 63,024
Seeds SoSh 3,060 3,010 2,938 2,938 2,938 2,938 Tools ScSh 1,000 1,000 1,000 Hired Labour SoSh 1,518 1,490 1,463 1,435 1,408 1380 ------Net Cash Income SoSh 24,022 22,647 32,396 43,592 50,149 58,706
Value of Consumption SoS,h 46,200 48,279 48,589 48,899 49,208 49,518 ------Return to Family Labour SoSh 70,222 70,926 80,985 92,491 99,357 108,224
2/ Labour (Imputed Cos+) SoSh 41,712 46,014 49,559 50,733 49,689 48,645
Net Benefit Including ------Value of Consumption SoSh 28,510 24,912 31,425 41,758 49,669 59,579
Incremental Net Benefit SoSh (3,598) 2,915 13,248 21,159 31,069
Cash Income/Labour Day SoSh 86.4 73.8 98.1 128.9 151.4 181.0 Total Returns/Labour Day SoSh 252.5 231.2 245.1 273.5 299.9 333.7
NOTES: 1/ Model represents agropastoral farmers in Ceel Ohere, 8ulo Burti, Ceel Bur 2/ Labour valued at SoSh 150/day. 3/ Forage and crop residues valued at SoSh 5/- per kg dry matter. 4/ Losses at 20% of gross production include risk of inadequate rainfall. 5/ Family size of 7.0, and grain consumption going from 150 to 175 kg per capita per annum. - 85 Annex 4 Table 2 (4)
SOMALIA CENTRAL RANGELANDS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENI PROJECT
Farmgate Prices
Financial Farmgate Prices Unit Prices
CROPS: SS
Sorghum q 2,000 Cowpea q 5,000 Mungbeans q 3,370 Forage Strips kg dm 5
Forage Residues kg dm 5
INPUTS:
Improved Seed: Cowpea q 5000
Mungbeans q 3370 Forage Strips kg 1800
Labour: Financial day 150 Shadow day IS0 - 86 - Annex 4 Table 2 (5)
SOMALIA
Central Rangelands Research and Development Project ------
Export Parity Price: SORGHUM
1988 1995 2000
FOB Gulf Ports US$/ton (1987 const) 58 89 92 US$/ton (1988 const) 62 95 99
Freight and Insurance 27 31 32
CIF Africa Destination 89 126 131
Freight and insurance from Mogadishu 24 28 28
FOB Mogadishu US$/ton (1988 const) 65 98 103 SS/ton (1988 const) 13243 19995 20851
Port Handling 2720 2720 2720
Transport Farm - Store 1200 1200 1200
Farmgate Value 9323 16075 16931
1/ SS to the US Dollar (Shadow) 203 203 203 - 87 - Annex 4 Table 2 (6) SOMALIA CENTRAL RANGELANDS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PHASE II Physical Crop Budget3 - Model I
CROP: Sorghum
Unit W/O Yr I Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr S
YIELD: Grain q 3.50 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 Forage Residue kg dm 1,050 1,080 1,110 1.140 1,170 1,200
SEED: Local q 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
LABOUR: Total days 75 73 72 71 69 68
MARGIN: Cash SoSh 12,190 12,540 12,890 13,240 13,590 13,940 Inc. Labour SoSh 970 1,524 2,078 2,632 3,186 3,740
RETURN TO LABOUR: SoSh/day 163 171 179 187 196 205
CROP: Cowpea
Unit W/O Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5
YIELD: Beans 9 3.00 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 Forage Residue kg dm 750 800 850 900 950 1,000
SEED: q 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
LABOUR: Total days 51 50 49 48 47 46
MARGIN: Cash SoSh 18,000 19,250 20.500 21,750 23,000 24,250 Inc. Labour SoSh 10,377 11,766 13,154 14,543 15,931 17,320
RFTURN TO LABOUR: SoSh/day 354 386 419 453 488 525
CROP: Mungbeans
Unit U/O Yr I Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr S
YIELD: Gr.in q 3.15 3.41 3.68 3.94 4.20 Forage Residue Ig dm 630 683 735 788 840
SEED: Improved q 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.1$
LABOUR: Total days 57 56 54 53 5
MARGIN: - Cash SoSh 13,260 14,407 15,554 16,701 17,849 Inc. Labour SoSh 4,730 6,071 7,412 8,753 10,094
RETURN ro LABOUR: SoSh/day 233 259 287 315 345 - 88 - Annex 4 Table 2 (7) SOMALIA CENTRAL RANGELANDS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PHASE II Physical Crop Budgets - Model I
CROP: Forage Strips ______Unit W/O Yr I Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 YrS
YIELD: q 600 960.0 1,320.0 1.680.0 2,040.0 2,400
SEED: Improved kg 0.04
LABOUR: Total days 30 30 29 28 28
MARGIN: Cash SoSh 3,000 4,728 6,600 8,400 10,200 12,000 Inc. Labour SoSh 3,000 190 2,166 4,069 5,972 7,875
RETURN TO LABOUR: SoSh/day 156 223 291 362 436
------__------_ - 89 - Annex 4 SOMALIA Table 2 (8) CENTRAL RANGELANDS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PHASE II FARM BUDGET IN PHYSICAL TERMS Agropastoral Farm: Total Area Cultivated: 2.5 ha ------Land Use Pattern
CROP Unit W/O Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5
Sorghum ha 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Cowpea ha 4.00 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 Mungbean5 ha 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Forage Residue ha 2.50 1.00 2.00 2.50 2.50 2.50 ------Cropped area 7.S0 6.00 7.00 7.50 7.50 7.50
Physical Area ha 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
Cropping Intensity 150% 120% 140% 150% 150% 150%
Gross Production
CROP Unit W/O Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5
Sorghum q 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 Cowpea q 12.00 11.20 11.90 12.60 13.30 14.03 Mungbeans q 0.00 1.58 1.71 1.84 1.97 2.10 Forage Residue kg dm 5550 5155 7066 8858 9989 11120 ------..------Total Grain q 15.50 16.38 17.31 18.24 19.17 20.10 Value of Production: SoSh 94,750 94,283 107,981 121,080 130,878 140,677
Seed Requirements
CROP Unit W/O Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr-'
Sorghum q 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 Cowpea q 0.60 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 Mungbdans q 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 Forage Strips q 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ------0.63 0.67 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63
Value of Seed SoSh 3,060 3,010 2,938 2,938 2,938 2,938 -90- Annex 4 SOMALIA Table 2 (9) CENTRAL RANGELANDS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PHASE II FARM BUDGET IN PHYSICAL TERMS Agropastoral Farm: Total Area Cultivated: 2.5 ha ------.------
Consumption Requirements ______
CROP Unit W/O Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5
Sorghum q 2.10 2.31 2.52 2.73 2.94 3.15 Cowpaa q 8.40 8.26 8.12 7.98 7.84 7.70 Mungbeans q 0.00 0.70 0.88 t.05 1.23 1.40 ------Total 10.50 11.27 11.52 11.76 12.01 12.25 Market Value of Consumption 46,200 48.279 48,589 48,899 49,208 49,518
------__------
Production Available After Losse3 and Consumption
CROP Unit W/O Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5
Sorghum q 0.70 0.57 0.44 0.31 0.18 0.05 Cowpea q 1.20 0.70 1.40 2.10 2.80 3.50 Mungbeans q 0.00 0.56 0.49 0.42 0.35 0.28 Forage Strips q 4,440 4,124 5,653 7,086 7,991 8,896 ------Total Grains q 1.90 1.83 2.33 2.83 3.33 3.83
Losses of 20% of gross production (inc!udes drought risk) ------__------
Value of Marketable Production ------CROP Unit W/O Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr S
Sorghum SoSh 1,400 1,140 880 620 360 100 Cowpea SoSh 6,000 3,500 7,000 10,500 14,000 17,500 Mungbeans SoSh 0 1,887 1,651 1,415 1,180 944 Forage Strips SoSh 22,200 20,620 28,265 35.430 39,955 A4,480 Tota-Maret-S-e--9,60-27,47-3,79647,95-5-495-3,02 Total Market Sales 29,600 27,147 37,796 47,965 55,495 63,024 - 91 - Annex 4 SOMALIA Table 2 (10) CENTRAL RANGELANDS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PHASE II FARM BUDGET IN PHYSICAL TERMS Agropastoral Farm: Total Area Cultivated: 2.5 ha ------
Labour Requirements
CROP Unit W/O Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5
Sorghum days 75 73 72 71 69 68 Cowpea days 203 175 171 168 165 162 Mungbeans days 0 28 28 27 26 26 Forage Strips days 0 30 59 72 70 69
278 307 330 338 331 324
Farm Model Parameters Unit W/O Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5
Family Size persons 7 7 7 7 7 7
Consumption Sorghum q/cap 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.45 Cowpea q/cap 1.20 1.18 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.10 Mungbeans q/cap 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.20
Total 1.50 1.61 1.65 1.68 1.72 1.75
Losses 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% (across all crops) -92- Annex 4 SOMALIA Table 2 (11) FARAHAANEIRRIGATION REHABILITATION PROJECT Farm Labour Budget by Crop By Hectare ------At Full Develooment
J F P A M J J A S 0 N D Total
Maize
Prep/Plant - - 15 8 ------23 Weeding - - - S 7 5 10 - - - - - 27 Fencing ------Harvesting ------5 5 Threshing ------7 - 7 10% Conting. - - 2 1 1 1 1 - - - I - 6
Total 17 14 8 6 11 13 s8
J F M Al M J J A S 0 N 0 Total
Cowpea
Prep/Plant------6 7 4 17 Weeding ------5 8 13 Fencing ------Harvesting 8 ------8 Threshing 4 ------4 10% Conting. 1 1 1 1 4
Total 13 7 13 13 46
J F M A M J J A S 0 N 0 Total
Mungbeans
.______Prep/Plant - - 5 5 5 4 ------19 Weeding - - - - 5 6 5 - - - - - 16 Fencing ------Harvesting ------8 - - - - 8 Threshing ------4 - - - - 4 10% Conting. 1 1 1 1 1 1 5
Total 6 6 11 11 6 13 52 - 93.- Annex 4 SOMALIA Table 2 (12) FARAHAANE IRRIGATION REHABILITATION PROJECT Farm Labour Budget by Crop By Hectare
At Full Development
J F M A M J j A S 0 N 0 Total
Forage Strips ______Prep/Plant - - - 8 ------8 Weeding - - - 3 8 6 ------17 Fencing ------Harvesting ------Threshing ------10% Conting. 1 1 ' 3 ------__--__- Total 12 9 7 28 ------
Actual Labour Use on Farm Model 1 at Full Development ------
J F M A M J ' A S 0 N 0 Total ------
Maize 16.5 14.3 7.7 5.5 11.0 13.0 68 Cowpea 46.2 23.1 46.2 46.2 162 Mungbean 2.8 2.8 5.5 5.5 2.8 6.6 26 Forage 30.3 22.0 16.5 69 ------Requirement 46.2 19.3 47.3 35.2 27.5 13.8 6.6 23.1 59.2 46.2 324.3
Available fr/family 50 58 SO SO 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 600
Hired 9 9
------__--__- - 94 - Annex 4 iable 3 (1) 01-Jun-88 5011WL CENTIMIWELMN OVEILOPET PIOJCT, PIS 11 ACAPASTOR.S1EP/GT OER (10 MU106AUCE SIZE O5 EACH)
191 1988 199 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
OpeningStock: 640 640 640 640 640 640 640 6h0 640 640 Births 406 06 06 408 *08 40 408 408 408 408 Deatils((1 yr) 181 177 172 167 167 167 16? 167 167 167 ClosingStock: 640 640 640 640 640 640 640 640 640 640 Total Sales!Conusuption 227 232 236 241 241 241 241 241 241 241
Offtake (AvgeHerd of 86) 272 27S 282 282 282 282 28 2 2826t 28B Mortality (0-1) 232 21S 20S 192 192 192 192 192 192 192
Incresental Sales Animals: 5 9 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 Price of one sheep/goat (SoSh): 6172 6600 7027 7455 7882 8310 8737 9165 9083 Incresental ValueOfftake (SoSh): 29132 62300 99504 105559 111613 117668 123722 129776 128615
Incr. Milk Prod'n (litres per herd) 84 168 252 252 252 252 252 252 252 UValueof I litre milk (SoSh/D) 70 Inc. lilk value (I herd) (SoSh) 5880 11760 17640 17640 17640 17640 17640 17640 17640 Inc. Milk Value(10 herds) (SoSh) 58800 117600 176400 176400 176400 176400 176400 176400 176400
Increase in Ueightin YoungAnimals: Price Effect of 152 4370 9345 14925 15834 16742 17650 18558 19466 19292
Cost Medecines/ignerals Per herd (SoSh) 1190 5127 9064 906t 9064 9064 9064 9064 9064 Per 10 herds (SoSh) 11900 51270 90640 90640 90640 90640 90640 90640 90640
Net IncrementalBenefits 10 AgropastoralHerds (SoSh) 802 13797T 200190 207153 214115 221078 228040 235u03 233668
De:iveryNechaniisms and Phasi--. Additional NAHAsini------agropastoral Areas: 10 20 30 (umulativeNAHA's available: 10 30 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 HerdsAssisted per NANA: 15 IncrementalHerds Assisted: 150 300 450 Cuaulative HerdsAssisted: 150 450 900 900 900 900 900 900 900 AdoptionRate: 85S IncrementalHerds Adopting: 128 255 383 CumulativeHerds Adopting 128 383 765 765 765 765 765 765 766
Increeental BenefitStreaus from AgropastoralSheep/Goat Herds
(SoSh'000) Accumulatior,of Benefit Stream 1988 1983 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
YearI Heras 128 1025 1759 2552 2641 2730 2819 2819 2819 2819 iear . Herds 255 2050 3518 5105 5282 5460 5637 5637 5637 iear 3 Herds 383 3075 5278 7657 7924 8190 8456 8456 Total 765 Total Incrementa!Senetit, 1025 3809 9146 13024 15670 16.02 16646 16912 16912
Note: All estimates ot benefits and coefficients supplied by UTZVeterinary Team, and represents what they felt was reasonable to achieve given their experience. 9.5 _ Anuex 4 Table 3 (2)
531W CENTRRLRRHEELAMOS DEUELOPIIETPROJECT. PMMGE 11 RROPRSTORfLSNEEP/6OAT IOEL(RU6E SIZE 85) UITNOUT PROJECT
UIIHOUEI rENLES AI 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-t 4-S 5-6 6-? 7-8 8-9 9-10 OREEDX 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.00 DERIHX 0.23 0.1t 0.1 0.1 0.1t 0.1t SALESI 0.05
IRLES IILE DERTHX 0.23 0.1t 0.1t 0.1t RATIO SALtSt 0.6t 0.30 0.2? 0.85 0.!5
rECRLES A6E 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-t t-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 TOTRL OpeningNtmler 8 13 16 13 9 59 Purchases NaturalIncrease 20 20 Deaths 5 2 2 2 1 13 Sales 0 8 ClosingHtmber 16 7 11 11 11 0 59
NALES AGE 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-t t-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 TOTRL Openingfumber 2 2 1 5 Purchases NaturalIncrease 20 20 Deaths 5 0 0 0 5 Sales 13 1 1 1 15 ClosingKumber 3 1 1 0 5 HALESREQUIRE! - 3 IMLESWlRILULE * 3
TOARL AGE 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-t t-5 5-6 6-? ?-8 8-9 9-10 IOTRL OpeningHNuber 10 15 17 13 9 6t Purchases NaturalIncrease t1 tl Deaths 9 1 2 2 2 1 18 Sales 13 1 1 1 8 23 ClosingIhuber 19 8 12 1l 11 0 6t
Sources:61Z Ueterinuy Tetm S,ve s of ProjectBrea Herds - 96- Annex 4 Table 3 (3)
SLTIR CENTRALRRINELAIIOS DEUCLOWlENT PROJECT,PHRSE II R6ROPRSTORRlS(EP/60RT NlOOEl (AU6E SIZE 85) UIIN PROJECT
UIIH fElRLES R6E 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 1-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 OREEOZ 0.dO 0.80 0.80 0.80 E"THlRX 0.19 0.14 O.1t 0.14 0.11 0.14 SALESZ 0.05 0.85
HALES HALE OERIAX 0.19 0.11 0.14 0.14 0.1 0.1 RRTIO SOLESX 0.66 0.50 0.30 0.85 0.05
rMIRLES R6E 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 TOTRL OpeningNwtber 8 13 16 13 9 59 Purchases NaturalIncrease 20 20 Deaths 4 1 2 2 2 1 12 Sales 1 8 8 ClosingNwber 17 7 11 14 11 0 59
HALES ROE 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-1 1-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 T8T181 OpeningNukber 2 2 1 5 Purchases NaturalIncrease 20 20 Deaths 4 0 0 0 5 Sales 13 1 1 1 16 ClosingNuiber 3 1 1 0 5 tRLESREQUIREO' 3 HlLESRURILR8LE - 3
TOTAL R6E 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 I-S 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 TOTAL OpeningNuber 10 15 17 13 9 61 Purchases NaturalIncrease 41 41 Deaths 8 1 2 2 2 1 17 Sales 13 1 1 1 1 8 24 Closingimber 20 8 12 14 11 0 64
Sources:6TZ Ueterinary Tem Surueys of Project Area Herds - 97 - Annex 4 Table 4 (1) 01-Jun-08 SOMALIA CENTRALRANGELANDS DEVELOPtENT PROJECT,PHASE II RANGELANDSHEEP/GOAT MODEL(10 HERDS AVGE 6IZE 256 EACH)
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
OpeningStock 1730 1730 1730 1730 17q0 1730 1730 1730 1730 1730 Births 1194 1194 1194 1194 1194 1194 1194 1194 1194 194 Deaths((1 yr) 534 518 502 486 486 486 486 486 486 486 ClosingStock: 1730 1730 1730 1730 1730 1730 1730 1730 1730 1730 Total Sales/Consueption: 660 676 692 707 707 707 707 707 707 707
OfftakeRate (AvgeHerd 256) 262 262 27S 282 28S 282 282 282 282 282 Mortality(0-1) 232 222 202 192 192 192 192 192 192 192
IncrementalSales (sh/gts): 16 32 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 Price of onesheep/goat (SaSh): 6172 6600 6966 7280 7549 7780 7978 916S 9083 IncrementalValue Offtake (SoSh): 98085 209761332114 347091 359928 370931 380362 436951 433041
Incr. MilkProd'n (litres per herd) 425 850 1275 1275 1275 1275 i275 1275 1275 Valueof I litre milk(SoSh/1); 70 Inc. MilkValue (1 herd)(ScSh): 29750 59500 89250 89250 89250 89250 89250 89250 89250 Inc. MilkValue (10 herds)(SoSh): 297500 595000 892500 892500 892500 892500 892500 892500 892500
Increasein Veightin YoungAnimals: Price ef'ect of 152 14713 31464 49817 52064 53989 55640 57054 65543 64956
CostMedecines/Minerals Per Herd(SoSh;) 3584 17234 30884 30884 30884 30884 30894 30884 30884 Per 10 Herds (SoSh) 35840 172340 308840 308840 308840 2'08840 308840 308B40 308840
Net IncrementalBenefits 10 RangelandsHerds (SoSh): 374458 663885 965591 982814 997577 10112311021077 1086153 1081657
DeliveryRechanises and Phasing
AdditionalNAHAs: 10 20 30 CumulativeNAHA's available: 10 30 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 RangelandHerds Assisted /NAHA. 15 IncrementalHerds Assisted: 1SO 300 450 CumulativeHerds Assisted: 150 450 900 900 900 900 900 900 900 AdoptionRate: 852 IncrementalHerds Adopting: 128 255 383 CumulativeHerds Adopting 128 383 765 765 765 765 765 765 765
IncrementalBenefit Streams from Rangelands Sheep/Goat Herds
(SoSh'000) Accumulationof BenefitStreams 1988 1989 1990 1991 19°2 1993 1994 1995 1996
Year1 Herds 128 4774 8465 12311 12531 12719 12880 12880 12880 12880 Year Herds 255 9549 16929 24623 25062 25438 25761 25761 25761 Year3 Herds 383 14323 25394 36934 37593 38157 38641 38641
Total IncrementalBenefits 4774 18013 43563 62547 74715 75911 76799 77283 77283
Note:All estimatesof benefits and coefficients supplied by 6TZVeterinary Team. - 98 - Annex 4 Table 4 (2) CENTRAIR16ElRHN SDEUELO NIINPROJECT, PNMSEII SI6EElOSHEEP/GORT NOMCL(RU6E SIZE 256 ERCH) UJliNUT PROECT
! ~~UITHOUT ERLES j R6E 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 EREEDI 0.91 0.9" O.9 0.9 OERTHX 0.23 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 SRLESX 0.07 0.07 0.85
|ALES IfLE OERTH5 0.23 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 EtIO SRLESX 0.7 0.65 0.05
FBMLES R6E 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-I I-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 910 TOTAL OpeninglW,r 21 29 12 35 21 151 Purchses NaturalIncrease 60 60 Oeaths 14 t I 6 5 3 36 Sales 3 3 18 23 ClosingNluer 16 20 25 33 27 0 151
HALES R6E 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-1 1-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 TOTRL OpeningNmber 9 6 i 2 1 22 Purchases NaturalInrease 60 60 Deaths 1I 1 1 1 0 0 17 Sales 42 1 I3 ClosingfNuber I 0 5 3 2 0 22 ALESREIJIRED 6IRES RURfLRLE - 13
TOTRL R5E 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-I I-5 5-6 6-? 7-8 8-9 9-10 TOTRL Open1ngNuber 33 35 6 37 22 173 Purchases Ntual Increase 119 119 Deaths 27 5 5 7 6 3 53 Sales 12 3 3 19 66 ClosingNwber 50 28 30 36 29 0 173
Source:6tZ Uetwinry Tem Sureys of ProjectNerds. Annex 4 99 Table 4 (3)
SMKIR CITIL fKIIIS EUELIIENPROJECI, NUE l hAN6EWL1SIEWP/OfI MIOL (RUE SIZE 256 ERN) UlIN PRlJECT
UIIN TRLES ME 0-1 1-2 2-3 31- 1-5 5-6 6-? 7-8 8-9 9-10 EOD1 0.9 0.9 0.N 0.91 KRIEI 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 SOLES1 0.1 0.11 0.85
IIRTIA 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 RfIlO SILES? o.1 0.85 0.05
VfqRLES R6E 0-I 1-2 2-3 3-N 15 5-6 6-? 7-8 8-9 9-10 TOTIL Openinglbier 21 29 12 35 21 151 Purchdses NaturalIncrase 60 60 Deaths 11 1 q 6 S 3 34 Sales 1 4 18 26 ClosingIkber is 26 25 32 26 0 151
hALES R6E 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-1 1-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 0ITRL Openingb uber 9 6 t 2 1 22 Puchas trdt Increae 60 60 Deaths 11 1 1 1 0 0 15 Sales 11 1 is ClosingNubr I 8 5 3 2 0 22 MMRESAIREI 6hNES RURILR8LE = 13
TOTRL ROE 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-N 1-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 TOTAL OpeningKwber 33 35 46 37 22 173 Purchas Naturl Increase119 119 Deaths 23 5 5 7 6 3 49 Sales I 4 19 71 Closinglber 53 28 30 35 28 0 173 Source:612Uetriar Teas Surueys of ProJectHerds.------.-. Source:6IZ Uetenryw 1e Suwvesof ProJectHerds. - 100- Annex 4 SOIAI.IA Table 5 CENTRALRANCELANDS DEUELOIIENT PROJECT, PHASE 11 8ENEFITSFROMI ATER DEUELOPIENT
YEAR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11-20
LIMITSOF INCREMENTAL NATERAVAILA8ILITY (to support access to newgraing areas)
PHASEII BORE HOLES (INC NO. 1 2 3 4 5 MATERPRODUCTION (000M3/`YR) 20,000/UNIT 20 40 60 00 100 100 100 100 100 100
PHASEII DUGOLTS (INC. NO.) 10 25 40 55 T0 TO 70 70 70 70 70 MATERPRODUCTION (000W3M2MO) 3,000/UNIT 30 75 120 165 210 210 210 210 210 210
Estimationof AnimalsAffected by Additional 2 Monthsof Ougout6dter Availwility:
ADJUSTEDINC. MATER AVAILABLE ai ('000 113) 18 45 72 99 126 126 126 126 126 126 S/C(000! SUPPORTED BYMATER: .110 13/2 MO/S-G ci 164 409 655 900 1,145 1,145 1,1451,14S 1,145 l 1,15
Increnanta!Animal Support Capacity from a Yearof BoreholeWater Availability:
ADJUSTEDINC.MATER MAILABLE b/('000 M13) 16 32 48 64 80 80 80 80 80 80
INC. S/GQ .66QM3/YR/S-G c! ('000 S-C) 24 48 73 97 121 121 !21 121 121 121
ANIMALSBENEFITING FROMINCREMENTAL MATER(000 S-G) 188 458 727 997 1,2671,267 1,267 1,267 1,267 1,267 S PROJECTAREA POPULAT'N (S-6 equivalent) 23510 0.8t 1.91 3.1S 4.22 5.42 5.42 5.42 5.42 5.4 5t.4
EFFECTOF INWREMENTALFORAGE AVAILABILITY
AdditionalForage Available:
INC.AREA AvAILABLE FORCRAZING (SQ KM): AREA/DUGOUT:314K1H2 (ASSUMING 10 KM RADIUS) ADDITIONALFORAGE ACCESSIBLE (LAGI YR)SQKM): 3142 7854 1256617279 21991 21991 21991 21991 21991 21991 2 OFPROJECT AREA: -:SQ KM) 149000 2t S 8t 12S 152 15t 152 152 15 152 ADDITIONALFORAGE USED (040 t OFACCESSIBLE): 1257 3142 5027 6912 8796 9796 8796 8796 8796 8796
Calculationof AnimalsWhich Use Newly Accessible Area:
AVERAGESTOCKING RATE IN TLUPER SQ KM:d.' 15.7 TLUIN NEWLYACCESSISLE AREA ('000 TLU) 20 49 79 109 136 138 138 138 138 138 SWEEP'/OATEUITuALENT ('000 S-6) e! 197 493 789 1,085 1,381 1,3811,381 1,381 1,381 1,381 t PROJECTAREA POPUL.hT'N (S-6 equivalent) 23510 0.82 2.12 3.42 4.62 5.92 5.92 5.92 5.9t 5.92 S.92
Eftect on Offtakeof NewlyAccessible Fnrage
INC.TURNOFF I 0.52 (LAGGED I YP) f/ ;000 S-6) 0.99 2.47 3.95 5.43 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 INiBENEFITS (MEAT:) ECON' g (SS'000) 9041 2260236164 49725 63296 63286 63286 63296 63286 63286 INW.MILK PRODUCTION (ECON) hi 'SS'000) 6509 4066465095 89505 113916 113916 113916 113916 113916 113916
TOTALECON BENEFITS (SS'OP.0 155 63286101258 13923Q 177202 177202 177202 177202 17,7202 17772Q a' ALLOMANCEFOF MASTA'E, EVAPORATION ANDUSE BY PEOPLE, FROM DUGOUTS 402 bI'ALLOVANCE FOPMASTAGE ANDUSE BY PEOPLE, FROM BORENOLES: 202 c: SHEEPAND OAT WATER rONSUMPTION IS ESTIMATED AT SOhE 55 L'MO,OR 0.11013 FOR2 MONTHS(0.660 FOR YEAR). d/ FPOMPIIP ENSUS 1979, SAR TABLE 2.2, ANDPPODUCTION SYSTEMS ANALYSIS (PREPARATION REPORT, ANNEX 8) e' I TLU: 1.2 CAMELS,0.1 SHEEP'6OAT, 0.dCOW. fP INCREMENTALTURNOFFREDUCED FROMSHEEP/GOAT MODEL(22) TO0.52. TUPNOFF LAGGED BYI YEAR. g! EYPORTPARITY PRICE FOP ALL CLASSES OFSHEEP/GOATS (SSANIMAL': 9165 h;IMILK BENEFITS SAME PROPOPTION OFMEAT BENEFITS ASIN RANGELANDSSHEEP;GOAT MODEL: 180P -101 - Annex 4 Table 6 (1)
SOMALIA
Cent.ralRangelands Research and Development.Project.
SHEEP AND OLATS . Export.Parity Price Calculation
1988 1995 2000
CIF Satdi Arabia/Yemen (US$/Hesd) 3/ 42 S8 56
Freight/Feed(US$/Head) 6 6 6
FOB Berbera (US$/Head) 36 52 5s
FOB Berberm (88/Head)1/2/(S8 203 (U8$1.00) 7308 10633 10177
Int.ernalTransport. 4/ (Hobyo to Berbera) 450 4S0 450
MerketingMargin/Mort.alit.y 10% 686 I0s8 373
Liveweight in Range (88 per head) hl72 9165 8755 ------_------____---__---_-_------__------__- NOTES: 1/ Offical exchange rate SS per US Dollar: 100 2/ Shadow exchange rat.eS8 per US Dollar: 203 3/ Projectedusing same rate of increaseas World Bank projectionsfor beef, from Guidelinesof January27, 1988. 4/ Burao-Berbera (per sheep/goat)88 100 Galcaio-Burao (per sheep/goat)88 200 Hobyo-Galcalo (per sheep/goat)88 150
------..------__-----__-- -102- Annex 4 Table 6 (2)
SOMALIA
Central Rengelands Research and Development.Project. ------
SHEEP AND GOATS : Financial Export. Perity Price
1988 1995 2000)
CIF Seudi Arabia/Yemen (US$/Head) 3/ 42 58 56,
Freight/Feed (US$/Heed) 6 6 6
FOB Berbere (US$/J!ead) 36 S2 50
ill (40% at 8S 100) 1440 )095 2102 2/ (60% at, SS 203) 4385 6380 F6935 FOB Berbers ('S/Head) 5825 8475 8097
Expor+..Tax (per heed) 5/ 291 424 40s
Internal Transport 4/ (Hobyo-Berber-) 450 450 450)
Marketing Margin/Mortality 10% 508 760 724
Buyers Tax (per head) 6/ 570 825 825 Sellers Tsx (per head) 7/ 1930 275 275
Liveweight in Rang, (58 per head) 3815 5741 5413
1/ Offfica1exchange rate SS per US Dollar: 100 2/ Shadow exchange rate S8 per US Do 113r: 203 3/ Projected l,sing same rate of in-rease as World Bank projections for beef, from Guildelinesof Janaery 27, 1988, 4/ Bvrao-Berbera (per sheep/goat.)SS 100o Galcalo-Burao (per sheep/goat.) SS 200 Hobyo-Galcaio (per sheep/goat) SS 1SO 5/ Export. Tax 5% 6/ Seller Tax 5% 7/ Buyer Tax 15%
------__------__--- - 103 - Annex 4 Table 6 (3)
SOHALIA Cent.ralRangelands Research and DevelopmentProject, Phase II
LivestockPrices at Appraisal (March 1988) ------
Item Unit Gelcaio Jiribon Hobbyo HaradhereCeel Dher Average
Goat medium 3,500 3,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 2,900 Sheep medium 4,000 3,500 4,000 3,000 5,000 3,900 Camel medium 20,000 15,000 30,000 2S,000 30,000 24,000 Cow medium 15,000 9,000 1S,000 13,000 20,000 14,400 Cow milk litre 200 140 70 80 30 104 Camel milk lit-re 120 100 40 60 30 70 Goat milk litre 160 120 60 80 25 89
April 1988 Source: Bank mission -104 - Annex 4 Table 6 (4)
SOMALIA
Central Rangelands Research and Development Project.,Phase II ------
Export Parity Price: MILK ------1988 1995 2000
Skim Milk Powder US$/ton (1985 const.) 784 835 465 FOB Evrope U1$/ton (1988 const) 1100 1172 652
Coconut Oil US$/tcon (1985 const) 390 589 530 CIF Rotterdam US$/ton (1988 const) 547 826 744
Freight ane Insurance 27 31 32
Milk FOB Mogadishv U8$/ton (1988 const) 1127 1203 684 88/ton (1988 const.) 2287. 244109 138932
Oil FOB Mogadishu US$/ton (1988 const) 574 857 776 88/ton (1988 const.) 116557 174046 157445
Port Handling 88/ton (1988 const) 2720 2720 2720
Milk Powder In Fact.ory 88/ton (1988 const.) 231491 246829 141652 Oil in Factory 88/ton (1988 const) 119277 176766 160165
SMP per lit.remilk 9% Oil per litre milk 3.5% Processing Costs/litre L18 0.15
Reconst. Milk in Mog 88/kg (1988 const) 55 59 43
Transport.Cent-ral Range 58/kg (1988 c:onst) 6.2 6.2 6.2 (600 km) 1/
Premium for Camels Milk 15% (5-6 % fat) Farmgate Value 71 75 63
I/ Transport at SoSh 200/ton plujsSo5h 10/ton/km -105 - Annex 4 Table 7 (1)
SOMALIA CENTRALRANGELANDS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT, PHASE II PastoralistIncome Analysis
Without With Project Project
Annval Offtake (animals) 66 71 Annual Milk Production(1) 4,258 5,533 Increase in Weight 15%
Annual Income BoSh 548,790 696,482 (inclvding consumption) Cash ProductionCosts: Medecines/Minerals SoSh 30884
Family Labour Inpute days 1,643 1,643 Imputed Labovr Costs SoSh 246,375 246,375 j Total ProductionCosts SoSh 246,375 277,259
Net Benefit/Income BoSh 302,415 419,223 Us$ (off) 3,024 4,192 US$ (mkt) 1,490 2,065
Income per Capita 13/family 233 322 Income per Capita 7/family 432 599
NOTES: Sheep/GoatPrice (SoSh/animal) 3,800 3,800 Milk Price (BoSh/litre) 70 70 Labour Cost (BoSh/day) ISO 150 Mil!./GoatLactation (litres) 40 40 Breeding Females per Herd 142 142 Goats per herd 75% 75% ExchangeRate So8h/US$ (official) 100 100 Exchange Rate SoSh/US$ (market) 203 203 - 106 - Annex 4 Table 7 (2)
SOMALIA CENTRAL RANGELANDSRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTPROJECT, PHASE II AgropostoralIncome Analysis ______
Without With Project Project
Annual Offtake (animals) 23 24 Annual Milk Production(1) 1,416 1,668 Increase in Weight 15%
Annual Income Bosh 185,365 222,129 (including consumption) Cash Production Costs: Medecines/Minerals BoSh 9064
Family Labovr Inputs days 548 548 ImputedLabour Costs BoSh 82,125 82,125
Total ProductionCosts SoSh 82,125 91,189
Net Benefit/Income o80h 103,240 130,940 US (off) 1,032 1,309 UBS (Mkt) 509 645
Income per Capita 13/family 79 101 Income per Capita 7/family 147 187
14OTES: Sheep/GoatPrice (BoSh/animal) 3,800 3,800 Milk Price (SoSh/litre) 70 70 Labour Cost (BoSh/day) 150 ISO Milk/GoatLactation (litres) 40 40 Breeding Females per Herd 47 47 Goats per herd 75% 75% Exchange Rate SoSh/USS (official) 100 100 Exchange Rate SoSh/US* (market) 203 203 Labour Requirments: (person/year) 1.5 1.5 SOMA-IA CetAL RANCSJPNS DEVE.OPMENlPROJET - PHASEII Calculation of Potential Inc.,santal Tax Receipts and Recurrent Expenditures from Project (in constant March 1988 pries)
1996 1999 2000 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1095 199 1997 TAX REVENlE ESTIMATE 198S 1986 1987 1966
1319 1195 1206 1219 12S1 1243 1255l 2 16 1298 lM06 Sheap/Qoet Exports ( 000 hd) 1457 1143 912 1171 1183 392 396 355 356 362 366 369 373 377 360 38A 366 Sheoapoat Exp fr Central Range 301 437 843 274 851
Sheop/Goat Export Prie (US6 F08 636 SoSh/hd 3600 Export Tax from Central Range aS 7122 64503 65146 S800 66466 67122 67793 68471 6916 69S48 70546 (SoS% thousends) 7669 61738 49270 68262 6S366 Incroemntl Export Tax from Central Range 7314 019 32 1271 .1916 2567 3225 3890 461 62S9 5924 6615 (SoSh thousands)
2613 2639 2360 2389 2413 2437 2461 246 2511 2536 2561 2567 Internal Cost Saler at Marcet. 200S 2914 2267 1625 2342 784 792 710 717 724 731 736 748 753 761 766 776 Sheep/Oat Sales (ntralt Range 80 874 666 547 703 Goat Pricc slcaio (bSh/hd) 2900 484631 49177 415667 419844 424042 4262S6 432568 436691 441260 445673 450130 Solee Tax Contral Range Mrket. 20 307106 397868 317515 407496 411571 Incremental Sales Tax from Central Range 1238 16146 20786 25069 29395 33764 32176 42638 47134 5166l (SaShthousends) 4075 6191
54448 59700 4707 9462 14264 19113 24012 26959 33956 39006 44100 49249 Ineremntal Tax Receipt. from CDP Cost Production (SeSh 000 of March 1918)
R.ECUt COSTAM FIMWCII ESTIHATES 69 6900 6900 16909 21460 23254 24820 26218 27596 22076 13799 600 69 CROP II Recurrant Cost Expenditures Salaries 219 12662 41670 44646 47010 46942 W646 40517 25323 12662 12662 12662 (in constant March 1966 pricc ) Allowances/Per Diem 312 34586 2S163 22530 14062 7041 7041 7041 7041 Fual/Vahicle Oparations 50S 20178 23344 25020 26696 27615 62409 4C927 12482 1S602 1S602 15V2 15602 Other Operating Cost. 8429 68318 69476 66514 636S6 SS29
42204 42204 129941 169586 1594S4 162092 156304 Imi lSS063 65685 42204 42204 Total Recurrent Costs 9466
______-.______-______---______Coat export gracth rate: 1.01 per annumfrom 1969 on. 4 Recurrent costa reduced to 25S of Ycnr 6 expend tu-no.
______..____-.______Ooavrnent Contributions to First Phase Pro;ect: (UN '000) 11 1064 1434 (SoSh '000 of MarcF 1988) 115300 10400 143400 Financing Schedule 66651 5939 655 42204 42204 42204 42204 C------Governmnt 2120 34919 43001 44584 45854 55124 84616 84236 72847 76630 56425 n (Note: In 1988 tho IDA financed African DevelopmentFund 6987 71264 84740 X 30234 31992 26333 25335 17229 project only picks up a portion IDA 361 23758 28215 CD I of CP operating costa) 168616 185063 65665 42204 42204 42204 42204 Total 9468 129941 156956 159434 162082 156304
Source:------Mission------Estima---______es______------. Source: Mission Estimates - 108 -
Annex 4 Table 8 (2) SOMALIA
CENTRALRANGELANDS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTPROJECT - PHASE II
Calculation of PotentialIncremental Tax Receipts and RecurrentExpenditures from Proiect - Key Assumptions
Export Tax Revenue: Tax receipts are based on numbers of animals exported,and assume an improvementin the efficiencyof tax collection. The tax of 5 percent is applied to the FOB price of the sheep/goatbeing exported.
Export Levels: The average for 1985-87 is taken as the base year for sheep and goat exports. The project is expected to have an effect on sheep and goat exports from the project area equivalent to a growth rate of 1 percent per annum.
Sales Tax Revenue: It is assumed that the sales of sheep and goats in the Central Rangelandsare equivalentto tvice the number exported. Sales tax paid by both seller and buyer totals 20 percent. The current average animal price in the Central Rangelandsis used for valuation.
RecurrentCostst These are based on the project cost tables shown in Annex 3. After the investmentphase of the project is completed (Year 6), the number of staff is allowed to decrease to the level which will be needed to maintain and supervisethe managementof the investmentsand activitiesinitiated under the project. This is equivalentto some 25 percent of the recurrentcost expendituresin Year 6 of the project. This level of expenditurecould be sustained from the incrementaltax revenue received from the project. It is also well below the level of Governmentcontribution to the project during Phase I. As is shown in the Financingplan for annual recurrentcost expenditures,although Governmentcontributions increase to some SoSh 60 million a year by Year 6 (in March 1988 shillings),this is well below the annual Governmentcontribution to the first Phase project (1985-87).
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4. 3 2L - 1) I - ,<;J~*j .RiJ' ^4 SAnnex 6 Page 1 of 2
JAMHUURIYAODADIMOQRAAOIGA 8dLIYASOOMAAIG Wasearadda X. Xoolah. Dhirta & Daaqa 1,)I ,WI . ;,,; ;
WASIIRKA WASAARADDA o
Lam.
Ujeeddo:
2 1 FEB1988 Date/ 11/2/88
TO/ Governors, and Regional Party Secretaries, Mudug, Galgudud, Hiran. Regional Directors, NRA/CRDP, Mudug, Galgudud, Hiran. Permanent Secretary, Ministry Livestock Forestry & Range District Commissioners & District Party Secretaries, Mudug, Galgudud, Hiran. District Range Officers, Mudug, Galgudud, Hiran.
cc. Resident Representative, World Bank World Food Program GTZ Mission Director USAID Department Directors, NRA, CRDP.
Suolect/ Ohanr3e in Administrative Arrangements
With tne recent administrative separatlon of the Central Ran- gelanas Development Pronect from the National Range Agency, and the Degining soon of another 6 year phase of this Project, it has become necessary to revise the implementation procedure within the Ministry. - 112 -
g JAMHUURIYADDADIMOQRAADIGA SOOMAALIYA 1 l 4..p1 WasaaraddaX. Xoolaha Dhirta & Daaqa 1 ,WI ; ;;,:it ; WASIIRKA WASAARADDA j,.i , o Lam. UJ.ddo: m Within the 3 central regions of Somalia, Mudug, Galgudud and Hiran, the General Manager of the Central Rangelands Development Project will be responsible to the Minister of Livestock, Forestry and Range for administration and implementation of all laws which come under the authority of this Ministry. These laws include those which concern the conservation and wise use of the range, forestry and wildlife resources, the establishmont and operation of reserves including, range, seasonal and rotational grazing reserves, famine, absolute, forestry, flora and fauna reserves, prevention of illegal tree cuttinU, poaching, licensing of water points, establishment of rangeland conservation areas, fodder farms, and all associated matters which come under the authority of the Ministry of Livestock, Forestry and Range. The second phase of the CRDP will soon begin, which will bLild on the knowledge, experience. infrastructure, and successes of the fire- pnase to ext-en oeve2opment activities to all of cern'--3ma13. v;.r :ctzve support of tnis important national resltr-ieve' pmnent nr,-oqIect \ equested. rn ~e'^era BiS RafIe- 4aled \ Y~~r bahir ;Ar>Dy, Farah D=0,1 med Elm,, ~. ~tr. General M nager of CRn p G -&neral Manager of NRA ~. v. -113 - Annex 7 Ta'ble1 SOMALIA CENTRALRANGELANDS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTPi.O.ACT, PHASE II Organization Chart of Ministry of Livestock, Forestry and Range Minister of Livestock Forestry and Range Vice Minister General General Manager NRA Manager ----- _ ------NTTCP | General Manager CRDP ------I Department of Department of Department of Department of Administration Animal Health Animal Production Planning and and Personnel Research SOHALIA CENTRAL RANGELANDSRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTPROJECT, PHASE II CRDP Organization Chart Minister of Livestock Forestry and Range General Manager CRDP Project I Project Management ------Management Committee I Unit Departments Exten- Agro- Systems Water Regional Field Admini- Animal Conser- Planning sion pasto- Investi- and Offices Services stration Health vation and ral & gation Infra- and Fi- Moni- I Forestry and Mo- struc- I I nance I toring I nitoring ture I i I I I I t I I I I I I I. Units Audio Ecological I I Vehicle _ Visual Monitoring I I Workshop _ I I I Subject Matter Specialists I I I Regions I Regional I Beletvaynel R|ange I Bulo Burti | Officer | Teams Districts District District Bulo Laboratories Extension Range Burti Officer Officer Training o I Center I Villages Village Nomadic Extension Animal Worker Health Assistants - 115 - Annex 8 SOMALIA CENTRAL RANGELANDSRESEARCH DEVELOPMENTPROJECT - PHASE II List of DocumentsAvailable in the Proiect File A. DocumentsRelatins to Proiect Appraisal 1. Livestock,Pastoralism and Agro-pastoralism 2. Systems Investigationand MonitoringProgramme (SIMP),Range Management,Data Base Managementand Remote Sensing Components,May 1988 3. Conservationof Flora and Fauna Component B. Proiect PreparationDocuments 1. Project PreparationReport, National Range Agency, Central RangelandsDevelopment Project, Project Preparation Committee,December 1986 - Main Report/Annexes. 2. A Study of the Future Developmentof the Central Rangelandsof Somalia,National Range Agency, CentralRangelands DevelopmentProject, February 1986. C. Sector Related Documents 1. Somalia AgriculturalSector Survey Main Report and Strategy, World Bank, December 1987. 2. The Principlesof Pasture Improvementand Range Managementand Their Applicationin Somalia, Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations, 1985. 3. InternationalMarket for LivestockSomalia, RONCO ConsultingCorp., November,1987. 4. Somalia PopulatioutHealth and Nntrition Sector Review, World Bank, September1985. 5. Interim Evaluationof Somalia Central RangelandsDevelopment Project, Consortiumfor InternationalDevelopment, June 1987. 6. A Donor Assisted ConservationStrategy For The Endangered Wildlife of Somalia - PreliminaryReport, J.G. Stephenson, May 1988. 7. Somali Law on Fauna and Forest Conservation 8. Somali Law on Flora and Fauna SAUDI ARAE .'.l 'T,Gu,c As. / YEMEN o ARAB )' REPUBLIC .0lo 0 u , w<;5 SUDAN J ,1 0r. N4 / < 0 E T H I P I A/ \ 1 ,N uluEirb ( E T H I O P I A ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/H * Qfboo-cb -cj _-"-5 Ny_ f'-r .- -fEUt - UGANDA I Mod..h/ KENYA Atuud.Aud _ _ i \ / _ < A Y~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AO >X X ¾ E 3L10300 tw / } > I 4 TANZANIA K.I.0METE.S I / S g D / /I>/ -er~~~~u~~r / odrde DrX/tr C AOAA DO coreb 5T0cO rcp m. / / .W oh_ / / / / > \lled|. ./ / \_ltDU~SAMAREB \I, /\ / ; USA MARE9 / / \8i>1cS-Lebs D,81e1 \ ~ElI#// eL BUR _ 7 _ O Y Gr L,/C7 U D U D / ER FER J t--1- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'J 1 HAR5E9e j 5 / ~~~~~~~~~D..dd..i. T.OSYl.l L°' ,,, ~^CXH- .B3E LETrWE I NE ) _ )1OP Gn SO MA LI A E ~~~~~~~~~~~~~CENTRALRANGELANDSRESEARCH H I R A N R XI R AG-bl. N t z 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~DA~~~RARtUEND DEVELOPMENT PHASE11 PROJECT 0 ------~~~~~~~~~~~PHAj'- h PROJECTINSTALLATIONS O <41it8 \ BULO r BUR Itm outit.'igPIo1 - ,[A\RLOENS OB c D=// E L/ D E R E / Welt retoDILWto . >. r 1 S \ / ~~~~~~~~~~~~ST W O J: X O S3nD dLLnn~~~~~~~~~W.-hilSittn it Send dueFi.toI-o nEci- .C flUID BUIRII / \L DERE BituminOUS Surf-Ced roadsSd ut,ptiu center __DENY___BALH __ _ DroJVe- / norih oftOd ro1, 3 Speies elimieatiar trials / -O~W /O J- O -X> Other ro0o.d, - Rnge -Irinton5 tice /OZZEYO \ / AS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~------I-At TD ".kDO/G-iUIe /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Mc)/esitn5rs lodrLngsineS (rougse) penoasnt JA WHAL ^ / _ _ 7 _ _ { \// *-*- InlLcacl t:w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~RgO-i.,Y1. Prioriydiotriuts 225 todlN S I Uo som 7 a ur Sti l C2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~R~ 3 r>N~~~~AHATLDA5W0tEYE _ uNRICstENIO / CADA-E iCi /ARAb A'' ° K |,------/- *f~-~.-- 'lolAro- - ) / OMENREU81 >/ tA/'>oI> / V ARAS SUDAN / / D:Or / )/. /No V ~~~ETHIOPIA Boll db o ( \\ E T H I O P I A / ~~~~~~~~e ooonybo>~~~~~~/ SOMALIA E T H I O P I A / oCroob Solo o'oooon- OKALKAYO |A UGANDAANO A)/ M d hE / ;• /a Xf KE Now A |su / / M U D U G , Go _* _ ( I~~~~~0 3 N/ / ' G_ TANZANIA N OI II/I / ______~_ //odlcle ,% 4b' D...Saddb.lHaboot / I AB S.0 toRt 'fOO IYIaoI00to Ih /boo,d /wWff v 1hO'fOIIAO o'ttt /y / C es / C DAgeyyls/ Sl A' fo_' ,_ 0' _ ABUDW4 -_ -- BU___t_ HOY h~ ~~~~~-0 ., (j-__ _i_ e'fo~~~~~/o.t.nereXts,vital | ./ -- /- - _ . / \ DUSAM*LRE/G / D SO MA LIA CENTRAL RANGELANDS RESEARCH 42E G~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ^ ., bclle bL)tTI 'foSfo//XAS e RE rds BihmLmuslmE IId * sud4bS , Lc hP 17^ +_7mrLPHASE LAND CAPABILITYAND / ,/Yr•, Coacoada GoIondbo ~~~POTENTIALFOR DEVELOPMENT a A /- -/-t/---- \ iM>Molop_7n rLand Copablity and Potntial for eD-Ip. e d JC -td < BodRod\ERE / EL ------Accss Irod - f leoo eI'cAfkro t oY ,D'oH .- 00 -oCA be 0/ % gO I V I' ne~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~dlot fo'0ddn,podoo hy~t P,tent hgo lFer ftson o ,o Wl -oppEon -Id be I /ItI - Jitniooos oraodAiwb S r _ 2Neo oekd byto etop.-- itoto, to todl 'fosetotb G- I- ufoe.-deI Rngod ao ' ot/ t. Vlh; ~.ea , ob.tfe Yeib lo be testd _ _Ab-ooo/aA trades CI.AIooI Y/nobL -o _n JALALAV~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l~~~~e Regionapitals -- P-eur Lao detom ol 'im tW etopo -Id be Otit- lon and oilIges L .. p-de land otttendl by ptornofgtnrto ----Dit6dio b-astae Noi t leW Wrpp'g - -ood toppoo 0~~~~~ ---- booseen ~~~~~~~~~Region Pa- deselonefn I--lost& eapoosofisleY ______*- Intetnat~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~fwiane baoekay denelpto an --eII,ll toti-s II ~~ ~~~20 ~~~40 ~~~00 ~~~ g0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0tOO ~.1. ~ ~ ~ MHADIDAYWEYNE AAIURAI / CAC)ALE t ToMo00I..lt/ 40 /~~~~Tfo e 7 A IBRD 20788 UTI P.D.R. YEMEN -12 /DJIBOUTI D.Loyads Boaa o 0 Seyla Adado Molt 0 0 Berbera -~-0L z Biora - UScuseluban oram/ 0 SOMALIA ba d /'Duba Tug O ' /Jr B°& CENTRAL WaJaler OHargelaa0 '/erdo r RANGELANDS AburinarkaYl RESEARCHAND LA* DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Bo°wtl.h A0od -PHASE 11 Garo, Central Rangelands 0 Towns DevelopmentProject Area Northern Rangelands National Capitals DevelopmentProject Area 0 Proposed Northern Rangelands Areas for Wildlife and Ports Vegetation Conservation Pruposed Flora and Fauna Airports LiConservationReserves l nternatlonaI District Boundaries + Airports Region B3undaries International Qwobyo Boundaries ' 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ * Baldoa~O ~ Wlnd(orea~ 0 Dloso 0 Zt u °uimaOchalabot Bur OUTI /0~~~ 0 SoiaHar mAJaaeod0 loNYA c MOOAOI SHU < Bies ~~ko/ ~ ~~~~~Burav ar arank Kolb~~~~~~~dAk aba WOl \S -tKDinmaor r 6 < oa MOGADISHUISH \Badade S¢EPTEMBER 1988