Orgreave, Alrewas, Staffordshire

Technical Appendix 4.1 Archaeological desk-based assessment of land at Wychnor Estate (South) Orgreave, Alrewas, Staffordshire

Worcestershire Archaeology for Cemex UK

February 2020

LAND AT WYCHNOR ESTATE (SOUTH), ORGREAVE, ALREWAS, STAFFORDSHIRE Archaeological desk-based assessment

©Worcestershire County Council

Worcestershire Archaeology Worcestershire Archive & Archaeology Service The Hive Sawmill Walk The Butts Worcester WR1 3PD

SITE INFORMATION

Site name: Land at Wychnor Estate (South)

Site code: -

Local planning authority: Staffordshire County Council

Planning reference: -

Central NGR: SK 14815 15258

Commissioning client: Cemex UK

Client project reference: -

WA project number: P4957

WA report number: 2402

HER reference: -

Oasis reference: -

Museum accession number: -

DOCUMENT CONTROL PANEL

Version Date Author Details Approved by

1 08/12/16 Elizabeth Connolly Draft submission Robin Jackson

2 30/05/19 Elizabeth Connolly Revised and updated Robin Jackson and Robin Jackson following additional field visit and change of red line boundary

3 23/10/19 Elizabeth Connolly Revised following changes Robin Jackson and Robin Jackson of red line boundary and completion of geophysical survey

4 20/02/20 Elizabeth Connolly Revised following changes Tom Rogers and Robin Jackson to red line boundary and client comment

This report is confidential to the client. Worcestershire Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

CONTENTS ©Worcestershire County Council

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SUMMARY ...... 7

REPORT ...... 8

1 BACKGROUND ...... 8 1.1 Reasons for the project ...... 8 1.2 Planning background ...... 8

2 AIMS ...... 11

3 METHODS ...... 11 3.1 Personnel ...... 11 3.2 Documentary research ...... 11 3.3 List of sources consulted ...... 12 3.4 Hedgerows ...... 13 3.5 Other methods ...... 13 3.5.1 Site visits/walkover ...... 13 3.5.2 Geophysical survey ...... 14 3.6 Impact assessment criteria ...... 14

4 THE APPLICATION SITE ...... 15 4.1 Location and size ...... 15 4.2 Topography, geology and soils ...... 15 4.3 Current land-use ...... 16 4.4 Historic land-use and archaeological character ...... 16 4.4.1 Palaeolithic (c. 970 ka BC to c. 9500 BC) ...... 17 4.4.2 Mesolithic (c 9500 BC to c 4000 BC) ...... 17 4.4.3 Neolithic (c 4000 BC to c 2100 BC) ...... 17 4.4.4 Bronze Age (c 2100 BC to c 800 BC) ...... 18 4.4.5 Iron Age (800 BC to AD 43) ...... 19 4.4.6 Roman (AD 43 to AD 410) ...... 21 4.4.7 Early medieval (AD 410 to AD 1065) ...... 21 4.4.8 Medieval to early post-medieval (AD 1066 to AD 1799)...... 22 4.4.9 Late post-medieval to modern (AD 1799 to AD 2014)...... 22 4.5 Field observations ...... 24 4.6 Geophysical survey (SUMO 2019; Appendix 2) ...... 24

5 HERITAGE ASSETS ...... 25 5.1 Designated heritage assets ...... 25 5.1.1 Scheduled Ancient Monuments ...... 25 5.1.2 Conservation Areas ...... 25 5.1.3 Listed buildings ...... 26 5.2 Undesignated heritage assets ...... 27 5.3 Potential heritage assets ...... 30 5.4 Hedgerows (Fig 13) ...... 30 5.4.1 Hedgerow discussion ...... 31

6 SYNTHESIS ...... 32

7 THE IMPACT OF THE DEVELOPMENT ...... 33 7.1 Impacts during development ...... 33 7.2 Impacts on sustainability ...... 34 7.3 Residual impacts ...... 34 v

7.4 Unknown impacts ...... 35

8 PUBLICATION SUMMARY ...... 35

9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 36

FIGURES

PLATES

APPENDIX A: HERITAGE ASSETS REGISTERED WITH THE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT RECORD (THOSE WITHIN, OR PARTLY WITHIN, THE APPLICATION SITE ARE INDICATED IN BOLD)

APPENDIX B: GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY

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Desk-based assessment at Wychnor Estate (South), Orgreave, Alrewas, Staffordshire

By Elizabeth Connolly and Robin Jackson

Illustrations by Carolyn Hunt

Summary An archaeological desk-based assessment was undertaken at Orgreave, Alrewas, Staffordshire (NGR SK 14911 15045). It was undertaken on behalf of Cemex UK Operations Limited, to support submission of a planning application for mineral extraction at the site. The desk-based assessment describes and assesses the significance of the heritage assets (and potential heritage assets) that would be potentially affected by the application. The setting of heritage assets is also considered.

The Application Site is located in several fields of arable land in the valley of the River Trent. The landscape is low-lying and agricultural. The Application Site is bounded to the south by the Pyford Brook, while another watercourse runs to the north of the site from west to east. The village of Alrewas is about 1km to the east, and King's Bromley about 2km to the north-west.

Alrewas Causewayed Enclosure, a scheduled ancient monument, is located approximately 800m to the south-east, while there are three Grade II listed buildings recorded in the vicinity, Orgreave Hall, Upper Lupin Farmhouse and a milepost. Several cropmark complexes have been identified both on and in the vicinity of the Application Site, mainly dating from the prehistoric period. The complexes include pit alignments, enclosures, barrows and trackways. There are no designated assets within the Application Site but undesignated heritage assets recorded include a probable trackway and probable enclosure identified as cropmarks on an aerial photograph and through geophysical survey. The 1810 Enclosure map of the parish depicts a roughly circular area of small land parcels close to the Application Site. This is referred to as the ancient enclosure of Micklebroom.

It is concluded that the Proposal will have no significant impact on designated assets within the vicinity but that the Application Site has a moderate to high potential to include heritage assets of prehistoric and later date, waterlogged deposits and/or material of palaeoenvironmental interest. These include sites identified from cropmark, geophysical and cartographic evidence as well as the potential for further yet to be identified sites. The potential archaeological significance of these sites cannot be determined on the basis of currently available evidence.

A Written Scheme of Investigation for a trenching evaluation exercise is therefore presented as part of the application with the intention that this will be completed prior to determination in order to further assess the presence or absence of historic environment assets within the Application Site, as well as the significance of any such assets identified and the potential impact of the proposal on them.

Land at Wychnor Estate (South) Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Report 1 Background 1.1 Reasons for the project An archaeological Desk-Based Assessment (DBA) was undertaken of land at Orgreave, Alrewas, Staffordshire (NGR SK 14911 15045; Fig 1).

It was carried out on behalf of Cemex UK Operations Limited (the Applicant), who intend to submit a planning application for mineral extraction (the Proposal) to Staffordshire County Council (the Planning Authority).

The Proposal is considered likely to affect heritage assets (Cropmarks 01582 – MST1574; 04233 - MST3956) and potential heritage assets, including a possible enclosure and associated internal features and boundaries identified during geophysical survey, the significance of which may be affected by the Proposal.

The project conforms to the Standard and guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment (CIfA 2014), and to the requirements for desk-based assessments set out in Archaeology and Aggregates in Staffordshire (Mann et al 2016).

The initial DBA was produced in December 2016 with a revision undertaken in May 2019 to incorporate the results of a walkover survey (completed in 2017). A further revision was undertaken in October 2019 resulting from a much-reduced Application Area and this also incorporated the results from a geophysical survey (SUMO 2019). This revision (February 2020) results from further alterations of the red line boundary.

1.2 Planning background Present government planning policy is contained within the National Planning Policy Framework (MHCLG, 2019). This is supplemented by guidance accessible at https://www.gov.uk/guidance/conserving-and-enhancing-the-historic-environment.

More specifically in respect of minerals planning, Historic England have issued guidance though Mineral Extraction and Archaeology (HE Advice Note 13; HE 2020) accessible at https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/mineral-extraction-and-archaeology-advice- note-13/.

The Application Site falls within the proposed 'sand and gravel area of search' west of the A38 as depicted on the Key Diagram in the Minerals Local Plan (MLP) for Staffordshire 2015 to 2030 (adopted 16 February 2017) Staffordshire County Council, (https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/environment/planning/policy/mineralslocalplan/mineralsLocalPlan.as px).

Policy 1 – Provision of sand and gravel of the minerals plan relates to the provision of sand and gravel and extensions to sand and gravel sites and indicates that provision will be made to maintain at

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least a 7 year landbank of permitted reserves based on a production capacity of 5 million tonnes of sand and gravel per annum.

In relation to the Application Site, of most relevance is the statement within Policy 1 that proposals for new sites within the area of search to the west of the A38 shown on the policies and proposals map will only be supported where it has been demonstrated that permitted reserves of allocated extensions to the existing sites listed cannot meet the required level of provision (Policy 1.4). Further any proposals to develop new sites within the area of search to the west of the A38 will only be supported where it has been demonstrated that they accord with the Plan policies, including Policy 4 and address the development considerations listed in appendix 1 of the MLP.

The policy goes on to state that:

Policy 1 takes a sequential approach whereby the provision should first be met from the allocated extensions, then from the area of search and thereafter from other sites (either extensions to existing sites or new sites). However as with the old Plan (Policy 38), this Plan anticipates that there may be circumstances when sites not allocated in the Plan will be permitted to secure significant material planning benefits that outweigh any material planning objections. The material planning benefits could include proposals that:

a) secure significant benefits from co-ordinated and comprehensive working and restoration;

b) relinquish permitted reserves in more sensitive areas;

c) demonstrate a particular need for the sand and gravel that cannot reasonably be met from elsewhere;

d) work the sand and gravel prior to other development taking place; and,

e) are required as part of a major infrastructure project.

Policy 4 – Minimising the Impact of Mineral Development relates to the environmental considerations required in minimising the impact of mineral development and states that:

In assessing the impact of proposals for mineral development on people, local communities and the environment where relevant, the following environmental considerations will be taken into account: …

k) historic environment, having regard to the relative importance of designated and non-designated heritage assets and their settings, the potential for previously unrecorded archaeological remains and having regard to the Staffordshire Historic Environment Record, the Staffordshire Historic Landscape Characterisation and the Aggregates And Archaeology in Staffordshire to ensure that the proposals protect and conserve the historic environment.

Land at Wychnor Estate (South) Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

National policy recognises the importance of minimising the impacts on designated and non- designated heritage assets, their settings and historic landscape character and requires a distinction to be made between the relative significance of the heritage assets. (Para 7.37)

Policy 4 requires developers to provide an appropriate level of assessment, evaluation, mitigation and where warranted, preservation in situ, interpretation or enhancement to the heritage asset. The Staffordshire Historic Environment Record provides information on all recorded designated and non-designated heritage assets. This combined with the Staffordshire Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) can inform the potential for the presence of previously recorded archaeological remains. The HLC describes the historic character of the landscape and how it has developed over time. The publication ‘Aggregates and Archaeology in Staffordshire’ sets out approaches to mitigation for the variety of aggregate resources found across the county.

In relation specifically to archaeological assets and minerals planning, the Aggregates Resource Assessment (ARA) completed for Staffordshire (Mann et al 2016) provides an assessment of all known archaeological assets within potential aggregate production areas of Staffordshire. The assessment is one of a series of county-based assessments produced in recent years and establishes an archaeological research agenda for each of the defined landforms associated with aggregate producing areas in the county. The overarching aim is to support the delivery of consistent, evidence-based and question-led archaeological responses to minerals development.

The ARA also identifies appropriate approaches to archaeological desk-based assessment, evaluation, excavation and mitigation for each potential mineral production area in the county based upon those described in Mineral Extraction and Archaeology: A Practice Guide (MHEF 2008) and Mineral Extraction and the Historic Environment (EH 2008). Along with ARAs produced for other local authorities in the region, this is designed to support the delivery of more consistent responses to mineral extraction proposals across county boundaries and ensure that the most appropriate techniques are identified when designing pre-determination evaluation and post-determination mitigation strategies for heritage assets likely to be affected by aggregates development (see also HE 2020).

At district level, the Built and Historic Environment are covered in Chapter 12 of the Lichfield District Local Plan Strategy (2008-2029; adopted 2015), https://www.lichfielddc.gov.uk/downloads/file/235/local-plan-strategy. Core Policy 14 – Our Built and Historic Environment states that:

The District Council will protect and improve the built environment and have special regard to the conservation and enhancement of the historic environment through positive action and partnership working. The historic environment contributes to sustainable communities, including economic vitality, and new development must make a positive contribution to the historic environment's local distinctiveness.

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The significance of designated heritage assets including nationally protected listed buildings and their settings, ancient monuments, archaeological sites and conservation areas and their settings, will be conserved and enhanced and given the highest level of protection. Other heritage assets including locally listed buildings, and locally important parks and gardens will also be conserved and enhanced. In conjunction with Policy NR5, landscapes that form the setting to the built and historic environment will also be conserved and enhanced.

Change will be directed to the most appropriate locations taking into account the District's heritage assets and their settings, including the historic landscape, as informed by the local evidence base. Development proposals which conserve and enhance a heritage asset or its setting will be supported where clear and convincing justification has been provided through an assessment of the significance of the asset or its setting.

2 Aims The general aims of this assessment are to:

• establish the nature and extent of the heritage assets;

• assess the significance of the heritage assets within the Application Site and affected by the Proposal; and

• assess the impact of the Proposal on the heritage assets.

3 Methods 3.1 Personnel The original assessment was undertaken by Elizabeth Connolly MA ACIfA, who has been practicing archaeology since 1999. Subsequent revisions of the assessment were undertaken by Elizabeth Connolly and Robin Jackson.

A geophysical survey of the Application Site was carried out in May 2019 by SUMO Services Limited whose report is attached as an appendix (Appendix B).

The project manager responsible for the quality of the project and who undertook the first revision is Robin Jackson BA ACIfA, Senior Project Manager at Worcestershire Archaeology; who joined WA in 1988 and has been in archaeological practice since 1986.

Illustrations were prepared by Carolyn Hunt BSc PG Cert MCIfA.

3.2 Documentary research All relevant information on the history of the Application Site and past land-use was collected and assessed in 2016. Records of known archaeological sites and monuments were obtained from Staffordshire Historic Environment Record (HER) based upon a study area of 500m radius from the site red line boundary and centred on NGR SK 14815 15258. Historic maps and published sources were consulted at Staffordshire Record Office (SRO). Aerial photographs were consulted at The National

Land at Wychnor Estate (South) Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Monuments Record Centre at Swindon. Following consultation with the County Archaeologist at Staffordshire County Council, it was agreed that for the purposes of revision and in the light of the minor changes entailed that an updated documentary search was not required and thus the results presented in this DBA are based upon this original 2016 research.

The results are mapped on Figure 2 and the details of individual features of the historic environment are given in Appendix A. Event records have been omitted where this would repeat information in other record types, and would not materially affect the assessment. HER references have been used throughout this assessment.

3.3 List of sources consulted Cartographic sources

• Yates' map of Staffordshire, 1775 (on public access at SRO).

• Greenwood's map of Staffordshire, 1819-20; SRO D260/M/E424

• Map of Orgreave, 1806 D615/M/1/35

• Enclosure Map of Alrewas parish SRO Q/RDC/62

• Tithe of the parish of Alrewas, 1840 SRO D4210/1/1

• Book of Maps of several common fields at Alrewas and Orgreave; SRO D (W) 1840/1

• Map of land situated on both sides of the road between Lupin Gate – Orgreave, near Alrewas Hayes SRO D615/M/I/37

• OS First Edition 1887, Staffordshire Sheet XLVI. 16; scale 1;2500

• OS 1902, Staffordshire Sheets XLVI. 16 and LII.4; scale 1;2500

• OS 1923/24, Staffordshire Sheets XLVI. 16 and LII.4; scale 1;2500

• Environment Agency open data: LIDAR Composite Digital Terrain Model (DTM) at 2m spatial resolution; OS tiles SK1414, SK1514, SK1415, SK1515

Aerial photographs

Held by NMR, Swindon

• RAF/541/28, library no 876, frame no 3137, centre point SK 151 156, 17 May 1948

• OS/70361, library no 10014, frame no 30, centre point SK 145 148, 14 Sept 1970.

Sk1515/7, Jap 1153/31, 05 July 1975

Documentary sources

• Bartlett, ADH, 1991 Wychnor Estate, Alrewas, Staffordshire, Report on Archaeogeophysical evaluation, Oxford Archaeological Services, unpublished report, dated 19th May 1991

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• BGS 2019 Geology of Britain Viewer, http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html , British Geological Survey, accessed 28 September 2019

• CIfA 2014 Standard and guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment, Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, December 2014

• MHCLG, 2019 National Planning Policy Framework, February 2019, Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government

• English Heritage 2011 The setting of heritage assets, English Heritage

• Mann A, Blake S, Jackson R, and Taylor D, 2016 Archaeology and Aggregates in Staffordshire, Worcestershire County Council and Staffordshire County Council, unpublished report, 2190

• Mann, A, and Wilkins, J, 2019 Alrewas Quarry, Alrewas, Staffordshire. Archaeological watching brief. Southern Extension. Phase 2 (2016): Archive Statement, Worcestershire Archaeology internal report, 2539

• Network Archaeology, 1997 Audley to Alrewas Proposed Gas Pipeline Unpublished report, for Transco, May 1997

• SUMO, 2019, Geophysical Survey Report. Orgreave, Staffordshire, report ref.11126A, unpublished report, dated May 2019 (Appendix B)

• Wilkins, J, 2019 Archaeological watching brief on Phase 3a (i) 2017. Southern Extension Alrewas Quarry, Staffordshire, Worcestershire Archaeology, internal report 2540

3.4 Hedgerows Consideration of the application of the Hedgerows Regulations 1997 has been undertaken and is intended to be indicative rather than definitive. Searches relating to the information necessary for the regulations are restricted to those that are readily available. For instance, Worcestershire Archaeology will not usually have undertaken exhaustive searches of documents (particularly textual documents) held by a Records Office. Wildlife and landscape criteria are also beyond the scope of this report and have not been considered.

3.5 Other methods 3.5.1 Site visits/walkover An initial site visit was undertaken on 18/11/16 at which time access was not gained to the Application Site itself, but to the surrounding area and into the site from the road running along its northern limit.

A subsequent site visit was undertaken on 18/04/17 when access to the Application Site was available, enabling a rapid walkover survey. This covered the Application Site as well as an area to the north which had previously been under consideration.

Land at Wychnor Estate (South) Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

On both visits photographs were taken of the Application Site and its setting. During the second visit, exposed areas of the field surface were inspected for evidence of surface finds and a check was made for extant earthworks or any other visible signs of archaeological remains.

This assessment is limited to consideration of heritage assets and potential assets that are relevant to the Application Site.

3.5.2 Geophysical survey SUMO Services Limited was commissioned to undertake a geophysical survey of the Application Site. The survey was completed in two phases during 2017 and 2019 (SUMO 2019). This comprised a detailed magnetometer survey conducted over approximately 55ha of arable farmland covering the Application Site as well as a large area to the north. The report is included here as Appendix B.

3.6 Impact assessment criteria The criteria cited in Table 1 have been used in the impact assessment.

Major Beneficial: Demonstrable improvement to a designated heritage asset of the highest order (or its setting), or non-designated asset (or its setting) of archaeological interest of demonstrable significance equal to that of a scheduled monument. Designated assets will include scheduled monuments, grade I/II* listed buildings, grade I/II* registered parks and gardens, registered battlefields, protected wrecks or World Heritage Sites. Improvement may be in the asset's management, its amenity value, setting, or documentation (for instance enhancing its research value). It may also be in better revealing a World Heritage Site or Conservation Area's significance.

Beneficial: Demonstrable improvement to a designated heritage asset (or its setting), or non- designated asset (or its setting) of archaeological interest such that the level of improvement will demonstrably have a minor affect on the area and its heritage resource, either at a local or regional level. For instance grade II listed buildings, Conservation Areas and undesignated heritage assets important at a sub-national level. Improvement may be in the asset's management, its amenity value, setting, or documentation (for instance enhancing its research value).

Not Significant: Impacts that have no long-term effect on any heritage asset.

Minor Adverse: Minor harm to a designated heritage asset (or its setting), or non-designated asset (or its setting) of archaeological interest such that the level of harm will demonstrably have a minor effect on the area and its heritage resource, either at a local or regional level. For instance grade II listed buildings, Conservation Areas and undesignated heritage assets important at a sub-national level. Partial removal of a historically important hedgerow (after the Hedgerows Regulations).

Moderate Adverse: Minor harm to a designated heritage asset (or its setting) of the highest significance, or non-designated asset (or its setting) of archaeological interest of demonstrable significance equal to that of a scheduled monument. For instance scheduled monuments, grade I/II* listed buildings, grade I/II* registered parks and gardens, registered battlefields, protected wrecks or World Heritage Sites. Harm to a designated heritage asset (or its setting), or non-designated asset (or its setting) of archaeological interest such that the level of harm will demonstrably affect the area and its heritage resource, either at a local or regional level. For instance grade II listed buildings, Conservation Areas and undesignated heritage assets important at a sub-national level. Removal of a historically important hedgerow (after the Hedgerows Regulations).

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Major Adverse: Harm to a designated heritage asset (or its setting) of the highest significance, or non-designated asset (or its setting) of archaeological interest of demonstrable significance equal to that of a scheduled monument. For instance scheduled monuments, grade I/II* listed buildings, grade I/II* registered parks and gardens, registered battlefields, protected wrecks, World Heritage Sites or harm to a building or other element that makes a positive contribution to the significance of a Conservation Area as a whole. Substantial harm to, or loss of, a designated heritage asset (or its setting), or non-designated asset (or its setting) of archaeological interest such that the level of harm or loss will demonstrably affect the area and its heritage resource, either at a local or regional level. For instance grade II listed buildings, Conservation Areas and undesignated heritage assets important at a sub-national level.

Severe Adverse: Substantial harm to, or loss of, a designated heritage asset (or its setting) of the highest significance, or non-designated asset (or its setting) of archaeological interest of demonstrable significance equal to that of a scheduled monument. For instance scheduled monuments, grade I/II* listed buildings, grade I/II* registered parks and gardens, registered battlefields, protected wrecks, World Heritage Sites or the loss of a building or other element that makes a positive contribution to the significance of a Conservation Area as a whole.

Unknown: Where there is insufficient information to determine either significance or impact for any heritage asset, or where a heritage asset is likely to exist but this has not been established, or where there is insufficient evidence for the absence of a heritage asset. For instance where further information will enable the planning authority to make an informed decision. Table 1: Impact assessment criteria for heritage assets

4 The Application Site 4.1 Location and size The study area included the Application Site (Fig 1), though heritage assets were considered within a study area extending approximately 1km from the boundary of the Application Site in order to provide a broader understanding of the local context (Fig 2). The red line area including the haul road measures approximately 32.17ha, with the extraction area covering approximately 12.2ha. It is situated within the parish of Alrewas and Fradley.

4.2 Topography, geology and soils Bedrock at the Application Site is of the Gunthorpe Member Mudstone. It is sedimentary bedrock formed approximately 247.1 to 237 million years ago in the Triassic Period, in a local environment previously dominated by deserts. The superficial geology comprises Holme Pierrepont Sand and Gravel member ‘dominated by rounded pebbles of "Bunter" quartz/quartzite (typically c.80%), plus flint, Triassic and Upper Carboniferous sandstone, Lower Carboniferous cherts, etc, and other "exotic" lithogies. Forms a fairly well-preserved terrace typically 1 to 2m above the floodplain in the upper and middle Trent’, (BGS website, 2019).

A geophysical report carried out in the south of the Application Site (Bartlett 1991, 1) quotes borehole data which states that 'the site has a sandy or sandy clay topsoil 25-30 com thick, overlying a sandy gravel subsoil, with Triassic mudstone (Keuper Marl) at depth.'

Land at Wychnor Estate (South) Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

4.3 Current land-use The Application Site is located in several fields of arable land in the valley of the River Trent, about 1km south of the river. The confluence of the River Trent and the River Tame lies 3.8km to the east. The landscape is low-lying and agricultural, with good views in all directions (Plate 1).

The village of Alrewas is about 1.2km to the east of the site, King's Bromley is about 2 km to the north- west. The Application Site is located in fields south of the A513 Alrewas to Kings Bromley Road, a former turnpike road. A Grade II listed milepost is located on the road about 500m to the north.

The Application Site’s southern boundary is defined by the Pyford Brook. Another watercourse runs from roughly west to east (Plate 2) to the north. The Application Site is bordered to the west by a road which runs south from Orgreave towards the Trent and Mersey Canal. The Grade II listed Orgreave Hall and Stables, set within formal gardens is located about 800m to the north (Plate 3).

A trackway runs north-south towards the Application Site and towards the Pyford Brook, this appears as a continuation of the driveway into Orgreave Hall (Plate 4). Orgreave Lodge (Plate 5), is located immediately west of the driveway to Orgreave Hall. Orgreave Farm is to the west of the Hall. A gas compression facility is located immediately to the east of Orgreave Hall. The Grade II listed Lupin Farm is located approximately 400m north-west of the Application Site.

The Trent and Mersey Canal runs within 230m to the south of the Application Site. Section seven of the canal's Conservation Area, from Common Lock to Fradley Junction runs south of the site, and the Conservation Area of Fradley Junction, the junction of the Trent and Mersey Canal with the Coventry Canal, falls just within the study area.

4.4 Historic land-use and archaeological character The Application Site is located in Staffordshire's Historic Landscape Character Area HST5433; fieldscapes; 18th/19th Century planned enclosure, previously heathland.

The following is summarised from the Character Area description from the HER.

The proposed development site is located in Staffordshire's Historic Environment Character Area (HECA) number 13e; Alrewas and the Ridwares. The character area covers 8,042 ha and is dominated by the River Trent which runs west through east through its centre. Four rivers have their confluence with the Trent within the character area: the Blithe and the Swarbourne from the north and the Tame and Mease on the far eastern boundary.

The site is located within Historic Environment Character Zone LHECZ 13; Lichfield: Field Systems West of Alrewas. The zone is dominated by field systems probably dating from the late medieval or post medieval periods, which survive in relatively good condition.

There has been little settlement within the zone during at least the last 200 years, beyond a couple of farmsteads. This is probably due to the historic wet and boggy nature of the landscape, although some drainage has occurred, perhaps associated with the origins of the surviving farmstead. The LHECZ lies within the Trent Valley and numerous sites of mostly prehistoric and/or Roman date have been identified within the zone from aerial photographs. 16

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The following archaeological and historical review for the study area and the Trent Valley is based substantially on a comprehensive review of the history of aggregate production areas in the county presented in the Staffordshire ARA (Mann et al 2016). Text in italics is drawn directly from that review and for each period, the relevant sites recorded on the HER within the study area and vicinity are also noted with those within the study area or immediate vicinity also being shown on Figure 2.

4.4.1 Palaeolithic (c. 970 ka BC to c. 9500 BC) While there are no records on the Staffordshire HER relating to this period within the study area, evidence for Palaeolithic activity has been recorded from nearby river terraces. A possible Late Upper Palaeolithic lithic scatter was recovered during archaeological excavations at Tucklesholme Quarry, Barton-under-Needwood approximately 7.5km north east of the site in 2014. This scatter potentially represents evidence for the only known ‘open air’ site of this period in the West Midlands.

Palaeoenvironmental evidence for the Palaeolithic, has been found in the faunal remains of a woolly rhinoceros and associated fauna from a low Pleistocene terrace of the River Tame at Whitemoor Haye Quarry (approximately 2.5km to the east). The skeleton dates to the Middle Devensian (MIS 3) and was associated with organic rich clasts that contained pollen, insects and plant remains. These suggest that, around 40K cal BP, the braided river channel was flanked by herb rich grassland.

4.4.2 Mesolithic (c 9500 BC to c 4000 BC) There are no records on the Staffordshire HER relating to this period within the study area. There is significant palaeoenvironmental evidence for the Mesolithic in wider Staffordshire. In much of the lowland of the county, glaciation has left numerous waterlogged deposits in features such as kettle holes, which have provided important information on the county’s Mesolithic and later landscapes (Greig 2007, quoted in Mann et al).

There is tentative evidence for funerary activity from this period, with a burial comprising a virtually complete female skeleton and an associated wooden structure recorded at Branston, approximately 10m km to the north-east, which, based on associated lithics, is suggested to have been of Mesolithic date. The burial is thought to have been located on the banks of, or partially within, a palaeochannel that may represent an earlier course of the River Trent.

4.4.3 Neolithic (c 4000 BC to c 2100 BC) The scheduled ancient monument of Alrewas Causewayed Enclosure (list entry number 1002964) is located within the study area, approximately 780m to the south-east of the proposed development site. There is another causewayed enclosure in the wider locality at Mavesyn Ridware. The Historic England Scheduling document states that the close proximity of such causewayed enclosures underlines the importance of this area of Staffordshire in the Earlier Neolithic. These monuments vary considerably in size (from 0.8ha to 28ha) and were apparently used for a variety of functions, including settlement, defence, and ceremonial and funerary purposes. However, all comprise a roughly circular to ovoid area bounded by one or more concentric rings of banks and ditches. The ditches were formed of a series of elongated pits punctuated by unexcavated causeways.

Land at Wychnor Estate (South) Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

A Neolithic stone axehead (HER 01512 - MST1504) was recorded to have been found in in a field east of Lupin Bank, within the study area. The axe was a polished Group VI stone axe of small-medium size with an oblique cutting edge.

Several cropmarks listed on the HER within the study area could date from the Neolithic period. These are listed in the Cropmarks section below.

Most evidence for ritual and funerary activity in Neolithic Staffordshire has been identified from cropmark sites along the major river valleys. These include possible mortuary enclosures at Branston and Pipe Ridware, cursus monuments at Alrewas, Kings Bromley, Hill Ridware, Barton under Needwood and Catholme, and a potential pit circle at the Trent-Tame confluence. A timber circle with potential Neolithic origins has also been identified at Catholme; this site includes a hengi-form monument that may also have Neolithic origins. A second possible hengi-form monument has also been identified at Shenstone.

Within the Trent Valley many Neolithic tree trunks have been identified, occasionally forming log jams in palaeochannels. These may have arisen from increased erosion caused by deforestation of the period and further examples may await discovery in Staffordshire (Knight and Howard 2004). While Neolithic domestic occupation is rare within the county, a hut has been identified at Fisherwick, roughly 7km to the south-west of the proposed development site, associated with pottery and flint remains in a 'cooking pit'.

Further evidence of possible Neolithic occupation has been conjectured from concentrations of flint finds often recovered through intensive fieldwalking (for example at Cotton and Wootton), while most other sites consist of isolated pits or pit groups (for example at Barton Quarry, Whitemoor Haye, Catholme, within the Trent-Tame river valleys). These may be more typical of the temporary occupation sites that characterise this period.

4.4.4 Bronze Age (c 2100 BC to c 800 BC) Several cropmarks listed on the HER within the study area appear to represent barrows and field systems and could potentially date from the Bronze Age. These are listed in the Cropmarks section below.

Analysis of riverine deposits containing clay, alluvium, peat, stones and wood excavated on a meander of the River Trent at Yoxall (approximately 3km to the north of the proposed development site) indicated felling activity upstream during this period (Roseff 1994, quoted in Mann et al 2016).

Bronze Age field systems and enclosures, possibly representing the initial steps to enclose and order the landscape, have also been identified at nearby Whitemoor Haye and Catholme. A series of unenclosed roundhouses have been recorded over recent years at Whitemoor Haye, pre-dating Iron Age and Romano-British enclosures, and these are also liable to represent late Bronze Age settlement activity although dating has yet to be confirmed.

One of the most commonly encountered Bronze Age site types recorded in Staffordshire are burnt mounds. The highest concentrations of these have been identified in the area around Rugeley approx. 10km to the west of Orgreave. Burnt mounds are particularly associated with waterlogged

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environments, often close to running water. Such structures may not have occupied the heart of a settlement or even been domestic in function; rather they represented features that were periodically visited outside the core settlement area. Their true purpose is still hotly contested, but they may represent communal sites for unenclosed settlements within the surrounding landscape.

Three cremation cemeteries dating to this period have been identified in Staffordshire to date, two in the Trent Valley; at Edingale (approximately 7km to the south east) three cinerary urns were recovered in 1874; cropmark evidence indicates that these urns may have come from a cremation cemetery covering a more substantial area.

A cremation cemetery identified at Whitemoor Haye (2 km south east) consisted of unenclosed urned cremations. A number of potential barrow cemeteries have also been identified in the Trent Valley. At Barton-under-Needwood (4.8 km to the north east) the excavation of a series of cropmark ring-ditches and associated features revealed the remains of a Bronze Age round barrow with three ditches and a central pit containing a possible cremation.

Since completion of the ARA, three areas of burnt mound deposits and associated activities and a further unenclosed cremation cemetery have been identified in the Alrewas South Extension to Whitemoor Haye Quarry, the latter comprising a series of urned and unurned cremation burials along with numerous cremation related deposits (Mann and Wilkins 2019; Wilkins 2019; Robin Jackson pers comm).

4.4.5 Iron Age (800 BC to AD 43) There are several cropmarks listed on the HER within the study area some of which may be related to Iron Age activity. These are listed in the Cropmarks section below.

Extensive complexes dating to the Iron Age have been identified along the Trent and Tame valleys at Fisherwick, Catholme and Whitemoor Haye, where both enclosed and unenclosed settlement activity (including evidence for farmsteads, roundhouses and other associated features) has been recorded.

Iron Age farmstead enclosures have been identified at Whitemoor Haye and Alrewas. Farmsteads at Whitemoor Haye include examples where there is evidence to show their increased use and expansion during the Iron Age into the Roman period.

A zoomorphic mount (HER 60892 - MST17022) probably from a vessel such as a bucket is recorded as having been found within the parish of Alrewas. The mount is of probable Late Iron Age or early Roman date.

Three gold torcs dated to the 1st Century BC were found some years ago by a metal detector east of the gas compression station (Network Archaeology 1997).

Cropmarks

A series of cropmark features are visible on aerial photographs both within the Application Site and within the surrounding study area and are considered most likely to be of prehistoric date, although later dated elements within these cropmark groups are also possible.

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These cropmarks include some located to the north and north-east of the proposed extraction area, and in the location of the proposed access to the site (HER 01582 - MST1574). These incorporate features which may relate to some form of double-ditched enclosure. An interrupted linear feature defined by two ditches, with a maximum length of 310 metres has also been mapped in this area (Fig 12). This feature has been interpreted as a possible trackway and is suggested to be of prehistoric date.

Magnetometry carried out at the site (SUMO 2019, 3) has indicated a series of linear anomalies in the eastern part of the proposed extraction area (centred on SK 15267 15077), possibly representing a rectilinear enclosure with associated internal features (Appendix B and No 1 on Fig 13).

A cropmark complex (HER 03569 - MST3343) has been recorded largely lying about 160m to the north- east of the proposed access. The complex comprises of four possible enclosures, all of which are suggested to be of prehistoric date. Curvilinear responses in the west of these cropmarks (SUMO 2019, 3) lack a distinct shape or form, and due to the proximity of a field boundary their extent is not visible, however, it is considered a possibility that due to their sinuous nature they might relate to natural features (Appendix B, No 2 on fig 3). Further to the east a small cluster of weak linear trends may relate to an enclosure. The weakness of the responses in this area make interpretation difficult. They could be of agricultural or natural origin (ibid.)

Cropmark (HER 03570 - MST3344) of unknown date, is also located approximately 440m north of the Application Site.

A cropmark complex (HER 01508 - MST1500) has been recorded just within the study area to the west side of the Application Site. This complex includes features interpreted as a possible ditch, a possible cropmark field system, a possible cropmark prehistoric barrow, a ring-ditch and a pit alignment. Some of the cropmark field boundaries are potentially of prehistoric date, while others within this complex are interpreted as post-medieval.

The complex includes a possible oval enclosure of prehistoric date, as well as a possible barrow with an internal pit, and a cropmark trackway of Iron Age date defined by two lines of pits with a maximum length of 550 metres.

Cropmarks have also been identified approximately 580m to the north-west of the Application Site (HER 04089 - MST3813), these have been described on the HER as a series of parallel linear features. The features run roughly parallel. Two outer features are pit alignments, with a central and wider feature also possibly a pit alignment.

A possible round barrow (HER 03579 - MST3353) identified as a cropmark feature on aerial photographs, is located roughly 600-700m to the north-east of the Application Site. The sub-circular enclosure measures 20 metres in diameter and is defined by a single ditch. Aerial photographs taken in June 2003 show several other sub-circular cropmark enclosures in this area, which may also represent barrows of Bronze Age or later date.

There is cropmark evidence for an enclosure of uncertain date (HER 54674 - MST18443), located to the north-west of Fradley. Cropmark evidence of an incomplete rectangular enclosure measuring 38

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metres long and defined by a single ditch with three sides visible. Possible cropmark pits and a linear feature are also recorded in this complex.

4.4.6 Roman (AD 43 to AD 410) There are several cropmarks listed on the HER within the study area and although these are probably predominantly of Iron Age or earlier date, some may be related phases of Roman activity. These have been discussed in the Cropmarks section above.

Evidence from Late Iron Age Staffordshire suggests a level of indirect contact between Iron Age people across Staffordshire and the wider Roman world; a process known as 'acculturation'. Despite this acknowledged contact through access to the material culture of the Roman world, it is not precisely known at what point the area fell under the influence of Roman administration.

Data from the available palaeoenvironmental studies in Staffordshire suggest that by the arrival of Roman administration, significant elements of lowland Staffordshire had been cleared of woodland for arable and pastoral farming. Archaeological evidence from the Trent Valley suggests a reformation of field systems, but essentially a continuation of existing arable farming techniques. Much of the major road network throughout the county, but in particular in south and central Staffordshire, is likely to have been developed at an early stage to function as part of the northern military infrastructure of what had become, by AD100, Britannia Superior; such roads included Watling Street and Ryknild Street. Many of these major roads survive today.

Fieldwalking evidence from a small early medieval agricultural community at Catholme does suggest an earlier focus of Roman activity (although no structural evidence was found during excavation).

The findspot of a coin hoard (HER 52201 - MST13634) from the Roman period is located within the study area. The hoard of 38 sestertii up to AD169 associated with sherds of a colour-coated beaker was found in the parish of Alrewas in 2006.

Two coins of Roman date (HER 61228 - MST16824) are recorded as having been found within the parish. The coins included a copper alloy sestertius or as, possibly of Lucilla (AD 164-AD 169) and an incomplete copper alloy sestertius or as dating from the late 1st century BC to the mid-3rd century AD.

4.4.7 Early medieval (AD 410 to AD 1065) Evidence for the continuity of post-Roman settlement has been indicated at Catholme on a river terrace of the Trent, where an early medieval settlement and cemetery have been excavated. Fieldwalking around the site also found evidence for Roman activity in the area probably representing settlement, although its precise location and form is currently unknown. The excavators postulated that, although the focus of occupation appears to have drifted, a settlement persisted along this river terrace from at least the 3rd to 9th centuries.

A few 5th to 7th century cemeteries have been discovered, mostly during the 19th century, within the Trent Valley.

The kingdom of Mercia had gained pre-eminence within the Midlands by the mid-7th century and there is some evidence that it incorporated several sub-kingdoms or folk groups. 21

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However, the relationship between them and Mercia is unclear as it is only based on scant documentary evidence. Within Staffordshire these groups include the Pecsaetan, in the area of the Peak District, the Pencersaetan in the area of the Penk and Sow valleys and the Tomsaete who appear to have ruled a large area focused principally upon the River Tame, from which they seem to have taken their name. King Penda and his successors aggressively expanded the kingdom from the 7th century onwards. It is believed that it was during this period that the ‘Staffordshire Hoard’ was deposited within an area of heathland just to the south of the Watling Street Roman road, approximately 1.5km to the west of the former Roman 'small town' at Wall. The reason for its burial is not known although it may represent a particular high status ‘angst hoard’ deposited close to the road at a time of perceived (or actual) threat.

The Danelaw was created in AD 880 following an agreement between King Alfred of Wessex and the Danish leader Guthrum, with the line of Watling Street believed to mark the principal frontier. Parts of eastern Staffordshire, including the settlement at Catholme, certainly lay within the Danelaw, but its precise frontier within the county remains unclear. Stafford first enters the documentary record in AD 913 when Aethelflaed, the lady of the Mercians.

4.4.8 Medieval to early post-medieval (AD 1066 to AD 1799) The settlement pattern and historic landscape character of the study area suggests that open field agriculture was particularly prevalent in the lowlands of the Trent valley.

The open fields were incrementally enclosed (a process known as ‘piecemeal enclosure’) from the later medieval period and this was largely complete within the county by the 17th century.

4.4.9 Late post-medieval to modern (AD 1799 to AD 2014) From the later 18th century, large landed estates, which had existed by the medieval and early post- medieval period, began to build or rebuild their seats in the latest architectural styles. These building programmes were associated with the laying out of landscape parks. Orgreave Hall and attached stables (List entry number 1374275) is located approximately 800m north of the proposed development site. The Hall is a small country house with stables. The buildings date mainly to the early 18th Century, being a remodelling of an earlier house built probably in 1668. The house is set within a landscape park, which it is thought was built at the same time as the remodelling of the house.

Agricultural improvements driven by the estates are still evident within the landscape, and include the enclosure of the majority of the surviving ‘wastes’ under private Acts of Enclosure. This resulted in the creation of new landscapes comprising regular geometric field patterns and straight roads.

Many large estates developed an ‘estate style’ for their architecture and this can be seen in their farm buildings, workers cottages and even entire planted settlements. Within the older enclosed landscapes the agricultural improvements of the early part of the period can be discerned in the re-organisation or extensive re-planning of the fields typified by straight field boundaries.

The construction of water meadows during the 18th and early 19th centuries is an indicator for ‘pastoralisation’. Such systems provided an early ‘bite’ (growth) of grass and could produce several crops of grass a year allowing the stockpiling of fodder to maintain herds over winter.

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The Rugeley to Alrewas Turnpike road (HER 58511 - MST22377) runs to the north of the site.

Map regression

On Yates' map of Staffordshire, 1775, (Fig 3) the area of the Application Site is mostly heath, lying south of the road which runs from Alrewas to Kings Bromley. Orgreave Hall with its distinctive driveway is depicted, as are several buildings to the west. The Application Site appears to be mostly in this heathland with a curving line delineating the boundary of heathland to the north-west of the Application Site.

The enclosure map (1810, Fig 4) shows Orgreave Hall and adjacent farm buildings clearly, with the distinctive avenue leading from the road to the hall.

The Application Site is located within three fields to the south of a watercourse which runs irregularly west-south-west by east-north-east along the northern boundary. The western part of the Application Site appears to be in an area of open ground. The field immediately to the east of this is oblong in plan. The eastern-most field within the site retains an earlier field morphology in common with others in its immediate vicinity and within the wider landscape,

A road which leads south from Orgreave (hamlet/farm) crosses the King's Bromley road to the north of the Application Site and continues through a collection of strip fields which appear to be clustered within a sub-circular enclosure. A curving field boundary in fields to the north of the Application Site appears to define the eastern edge of this potential enclosure. The apportionment which accompanies the enclosure map makes reference to allotments located within an 'ancient inclosure' called 'Micklebroom'. A small farmstead called Lupin Bank is depicted on the western boundary of the sub-circular area.

On the 1840 Tithe map of the parish (Fig 5), the area in the west of the Application Site has been subdivided into several fields. a lane has been created which leads south from the driveway to Orgreave Hall, through fields to the north of the proposed development site. A new trackway runs south from Orgreave Hall through the newly enclosed fields. The outline of the potential enclosure of Micklebroom is still evident. The fields within the enclosure are numbered individually, but are all referred to in the apportionment as 'east part of Micklebroom.' They were owned by the Countess of Lichfield and rented to Samuel Winter.

The fields in the eastern part of the Application Site appear unchanged. No other fields in the site of the proposed development are numbered or referred to in the apportionment.

Several early to mid-century estate and mortgage maps were consulted (not depicted) at Staffordshire Record Office which indicated the existence of this putative enclosure but without naming it.

By the OS First Edition, (1887, Fig 6) more reorganisation of the fields has taken place. The eastern portion of the area referred to on the earlier maps as 'Micklebroom'; that within the Application Site, is now occupied by four larger fields, although two narrow land parcels still survive at the very east end of the area.

No changes are recorded to the Application Site on the 1902 or the 1923 maps (Figs 7 and 8).

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A 1948 aerial photograph (Fig 9) shows that field boundaries have been removed around the area of the Micklebroom enclosure including in the field to the north-west of the Application Site which is closest to the possible enclosure.

A 1970 aerial photograph (Fig 10) shows the fields as they remain at the time of writing.

A series of linear cropmark features (HER 04233 - MST3956) (also visible on LiDAR, Fig 11) have been identified in the south of the Application Site. The cropmarks are intersecting linear features one of which has been suggested to be the possible remains of a former field boundary.

Cropmarks including that of a field boundary have been identified from aerial photography to the west of the Application Site; (HER 56747 - MST20875); one of these follows the line of the putative enclosure 'Micklebroom.' The cropmark of a field boundary (HER 56746 - MST20874) of post-medieval date is a linear feature defined by a single ditch, with a maximum length of 220 metres. This cropmark follows the western line of the above putative enclosure.

A cropmark in the complex (HER 01582 - MST1574) appears to be one of a field boundary visible on all early mapping and on the 1948 aerial photograph. Several weak linear responses (in SUMO 2109, fig 3: 4-8) are visible in which correspond with former field boundaries present on historic maps, including the curving field boundary depicted on the Enclosure map.

4.5 Field observations The site walkover survey undertaken in April 2017 identified little of note. Conditions were restricted for observation of earthworks as a mature rapeseed crop was present to shoulder height.

Observation of field surfaces between crop rows revealed a notable lack of artefacts with very limited quantities of CBM and post-medieval to modern pottery present. A single flint flake was recovered immediately north of the Application Site.

4.6 Geophysical survey (SUMO 2019; Appendix B) No definite archaeological responses were detected through the detailed magnetometer survey; however, several anomalies of uncertain origin are visible (Fig 13). It is possible that these are related to former settlement activity, though their origin cannot be determined with confidence. Of note within the Application Site are:

1. A complex series of strong discrete and linear anomalies (Fig 13:1) is visible in the east part of the Application Site. These lie to the south of the possible trackway and enclosure cropmarks (MST1574). The strength and rectilinear shape of the responses suggests that they could be of archaeological origin, i.e. an enclosure and associated internal features and boundaries; however, similar anomalies present across the site are thought to be of natural origin, hence the ‘uncertain’ classification.

2. A number of linear anomalies (Fig 13: 6, 7 and 8) all of which correspond with former field boundaries present on historic maps.

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5 Heritage assets There are no Grade I listed buildings, registered battlefields, parks and gardens, wrecks or locally listed buildings within the study area.

5.1 Designated heritage assets 5.1.1 Scheduled Ancient Monuments Alrewas Causewayed Enclosure (list entry number 1002964) is located approximately 780m to the south-east of the Application Site.

The list entry description is as follows:-

The monument was discovered during aerial reconnaissance and has been recorded in detail from aerial photographs taken since 1960. The overall dimensions of the enclosure are 220m north to south by 260m east to west. It is oval-shaped in plan and consists of three concentric circuits of segmented or causewayed ditches, which together define an internal area of about 2.6ha. It is clear from the way in which the southern and eastern sides of the enclosure closely follow a low natural scarp that its construction was carefully planned. For the most part the ditches are set approximately 10m apart. Each of the ditch segments is 1m to 2.5m wide and between 2m and 118m long, with the causeways ranging in width from 2m to 6m. Several causeways are defined by ditches with enlarged, rounded terminals, and one causeway to the west is subdivided by a central pit. All these more elaborately defined causeways appear to have served as entrances into the enclosure. Material excavated from the ditches was used to construct adjacent banks. Ploughing over the centuries has resulted in the levelling of these banks and has contributed to the infilling of the ditches. Within the interior of the causewayed enclosure, and cutting across the southern part of the circuit, are a series of ancient field boundary ditches surviving as buried features. Their arrangement and orientation in relation to the causewayed enclosure suggest that most, if not all, are later than the enclosure, and are all possibly of prehistoric date (Staffordshire HER).

5.1.2 Conservation Areas Two Conservation Areas fall within the study area, the Conservation Area of the Trent and Mersey Canal (approximately 450m south of the proposed development site) and the Fradley Junction Conservation Area (approximately 780m south of the proposed development site).

The appraisal for the Trent and Mersey Canal Conservation Area states:

The Trent and Mersey Canal is of outstanding industrial archaeological importance, both nationally and locally. It was the first of the major inland waterways which were to form the main arteries of Britain's canal network, the nation's principal transport and communications system in the late 18th and first half of the 19th centuries. It was essential in promoting the rapid development of Britain as the first industrial nation by providing efficient transport for raw materials and manufactured goods. The Trent and Mersey was also the first canal to be begun

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in Staffordshire, in 1766. It had a dramatic effect on the development and prosperity of trade and industry in the county.

By 1790 England had a network of canals linking the navigable sections of the Rivers Mersey, Trent, Severn and Thames. It became known as the 'Grand Cross'. The principal junctions of the Grand Cross are both on the Trent and Mersey Canal in Staffordshire, with the Coventry Canal at Fradley and with the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal at Great Haywood. Staffordshire thus became the hub of the entire canal system.

On its completion in 1777 the Trent and Mersey Canal was the greatest civil engineering project yet carried out in England. Its construction involved a variety of major works, most notably the cutting of five tunnels. Two of these were in Staffordshire. The longest of them all, James Brindley 's Harecastle Tunnel, was the single greatest achievement not only of the entire canal project but also on a national level. It was a notable first: the first major transport tunnel to be constructed in England; for some time it was also the longest

The appraisal for the Fradley Junction Conservation Area states:

When the Coventry Canal was opened in 1789, it joined with the Trent and Mersey Canal at Fradley. The junction, situated about 4 miles north of Lichfield where the Trent and Mersey Canal makes its northward turn towards Burton, marked the final link in inland waterway communication between the four great estuaries of the Severn, Thames, Mersey and Humber. Staffordshire had become firmly established as the hub of the national canal system…The Conservation Area includes the junction of the two canals and the buildings serving it, comprising both the commercial buildings along their banks and the cottages built for those employed there.

5.1.3 Listed buildings There are three Grade II listed buildings recorded within the study area. Details of all listed buildings within the study area can be found in Appendix A.

Orgreave Hall and attached stables (List entry number 1374275, Plate 3, Fig 2) is located approximately 800m north of the Application Site. The Hall is a small country house with stables. The buildings date mainly to the early 18th Century, being a remodelling of an earlier house built probably in 1668. The house is of red brick with plain tile roofs, a bridge ridge stack and axial valley stacks. The principal range is aligned east-west facing south with flanking wings projecting to the south and aligned north to south. The stables are later extensions to the east. The hall and associated buildings are located some distance from the Application Site and are not visible from the extraction areas or plant site.

Upper Lupin Farmhouse (HER 12509 - MST9193, Fig 2) is located approximately 840m to the north- west of the Application Site. This is a 17th Century farmhouse with later additions. The house is timber framed with brick additions painted in imitation of timber framing; it has a plain tile roof and brick integral end stacks. The farmhouse is located some distance from the Application Site and is not visible from the extraction areas or plant site.

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The third listed building within the study area is a milepost (HER DST4417, Fig 2) located to approximately 400-500m to the north of the Application Site on the A513 Rugeley to Alrewas Turnpike road (HER 58511 - MST22377). The milepost was initially thought to be located on the south side of the road as indicated on the HER mapping but site visits established that it lies in the grass verge, north of the road and immediately south of the boundary hedge to Orgreave Lodge (Plate 6). The location of milepost can be seen from the north end of the access to the Application Site but is located some distance, and is not visible, from the extraction areas or plant site.

5.2 Undesignated heritage assets Full details of undesignated assets within the study area can be found in Appendix A.

The following monuments are recorded on the HER within the Application Site:

A series of cropmark features are visible on aerial photographs immediately north-east of the proposed extraction areas and are crossed by the proposed site access (HER 01582 - MST1574, Fig 2). The cropmarks are described on the HER as including a former field boundary aligned roughly north-south, intersected by two north-east to south-west aligned linear features. To the south of these are further cropmarks which may possibly relate to some form of double-ditched enclosure. A potential cropmark field boundary of unknown date was identified as a linear feature defined by a single ditch, with a maximum length of 75 metres. An interrupted linear feature defined by two ditches, with a maximum length of 310 metres has also been mapped in this area. This feature has been interpreted as a possible trackway and is suggested to be of prehistoric date (Fig 12).

Within this area of cropmarks a potential cropmark enclosure of unknown date has been identified. This is described in the HER as 'an incomplete asymmetric curvilinear enclosure, measuring 20 metres by ?? Metres, with one straight side and defined by a single ditch. '

To the south of these cropmarks, within the eastern part of the Application Site and within the proposed extraction area, geophysical survey (SUMO 2019) has recorded a complex series of strong discrete and linear anomalies (Fig 13:1), the strength and rectilinear shape of which suggests that they could be of archaeological origin,

A series of linear cropmark features (HER 04233 - MST3956, Fig 2) have been identified from cropmarks in the centre of the Application Area where it is proposed to locate lagoons and a silt pond. The cropmarks are intersecting linear features, one of which has been suggested to be the possible remains of a former field boundary. The cropmark which runs east-west could be the remains of a 19th Century field boundary, created between the production of the enclosure map (1810) and the tithe map (1840). The report of a Magnetometer Survey (Bartlett 1991) concludes that 'remains of past settlement activity' at this location' are unlikely to be present'. More recent geophysical survey (SUMO 2019, Appendix B of this report) has found evidence of modern agricultural activity in this area in the form of east-west trends.

The following assets are recorded on the HER within the Study Area but not within the Application Site.

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Cropmarks identified from aerial photographs (HER 56747 - MST20875, Fig 2) are located about 200m to the north of the Application Site and about 200-250m to the west of the proposed access. These have been interpreted on the HER as 'probable cropmark field boundaries of post-medieval date seen as interrupted perpendicular linear features, each defined by a single ditch, with a maximum length of 390 metres'. A weak linear response was detected at this location (SUMO, 2019) consistent with the line of field boundaries on 19th century mapping.

The cropmark of a field boundary (HER 56746 - MST20874, Fig 2) interpreted on the HER to be of post- medieval date is a linear feature defined by a single ditch, with a maximum length of 220 metres. This cropmark is located approximately 500m to the north-west of the Application Site. This defines part of the western extent of the possible enclosure of Micklebroom.

The Rugeley to Alrewas Turnpike road (HER 58511 - MST22377, Fig 2) runs 300-500m to the north of the site red line boundary.

A cropmark complex (HER 03569 - MST3343, Fig 2) has been recorded to the north-east of the Application Site. The features include the remains of a field; a series of discontinuous perpendicular linear features each defined by a single ditch, with a maximum length of 440 metres; an asymmetric polygonal feature measuring 48 metres by 30 metres, defined by a single ditch with four sides visible interpreted as a possible enclosure; and, an incomplete rectangular feature measuring 82 metres long, defined by a single ditch with three sides visible, interpreted as a second possible enclosure. Internal and/or attached features are also present; an asymmetric polygonal feature measuring 28 metres by 20 metres, defined by a single ditch with four sides and a single entrance visible is interpreted as a third possible enclosure; and a single linear feature defined by one ditch with a maximum length of 43 metres is interpreted as a fourth possible enclosure. All the features are suggested to be of prehistoric date.

A cropmark complex (HER 01508 - MST1500, Fig 2) has been recorded 625m to the west of the Application Site. This complex includes a long linear feature interpreted as a possible ditch, a possible cropmark field system, a possible cropmark prehistoric barrow, a ring-ditch and a pit alignment. Some of the cropmark features have been interpreted as field boundaries potentially of prehistoric date; interrupted perpendicular linear features, each defined by a single ditch with a maximum length of 670 metres. Possible cropmarks interpreted as field boundaries of post-medieval date are discontinuous perpendicular linear features, each defined by a single ditch with a maximum length of 250 metres. A possible cropmark feature of unknown date is a linear feature defined by a single ditch with a maximum length of 260 metres. A possible cropmark enclosure oval enclosure measuring 11 metres by 18 metres and defined by a single ditch has been interpreted as being of prehistoric date. A possible cropmark barrow of prehistoric date is a sub-circular enclosure 18 metres in diameter and defined by a single ditch, with a possible internal pit. Cropmark perpendicular linear features are interpreted as field boundaries of post-medieval date. Each is defined by a single ditch with a maximum length of 530 metres. A cropmark trackway of Iron Age date is evident as a discontinuous linear feature defined by two lines of pits with a maximum length of 550 metres.

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Cropmarks have been identified approximately 860m to the west of the Application Site (HER 04089 - MST3813, Fig 2), these have been described on the HER as a series of parallel linear features. Two outer features are pit alignments, with a central and wider feature also possibly a pit alignment.

A probable cropmark dyke of prehistoric date is evident as an interrupted single linear feature defined by three ditches with a maximum length of 330 metres. At its northern end this section of dyke may consist of a central single ditch flanked by pits to either side, although the cropmark is unclear.

A possible round barrow (HER 03579 - MST3353, Fig 2) identified as a cropmark feature on aerial photographs, is located roughly 820m to the north-east of the Application Site. The sub-circular enclosure measures 20 metres in diameter and is defined by a single ditch. Aerial photographs taken in June 2003 show several other sub-circular cropmark enclosures in this area, which may also represent barrows of Bronze Age or later date (HER).

Further cropmarks have been recorded about 400m north of the Application Site; (HER 03570 - MST3344, Fig 2) these are described on the HER as representing linear features of unknown date.

There is cropmark evidence for an enclosure of uncertain date (HER 54674 - MST18443, Fig 2), located to the north-west of Fradley. The evidence is of an incomplete rectangular enclosure measuring 38 metres long and defined by a single ditch with three sides visible. Also, possible cropmark pits evident as two small (1-4 metres) round negative features and an additional pit evident as a round negative feature. A linear feature is also recorded to the east of the enclosures and pits.

Possible post-medieval water meadow systems have been identified approximately 835m north-west and 1km north of the Application Site (HER 54918 - MST18687 and HER56629 - MST20757 respectively, Fig 2).

The Trent and Mersey Canal (HER 02212 - MST2203, Fig 2) runs to the south of the Application Site, and Common Lock (HER 02212 - MST2203, Fig 2) is located at the closest point of the canal to the Application Site approximately 400m to the south. Documentary evidence exists for a plaster mill (HER 05457 - MST4991, Fig 2) located on the canal, approximately 570m to the south east of the Application Site.

Several findspots are recorded within the study area on the HER, however the grid references given are not specific.

The findspot of a coin hoard (HER 52201 - MST13634) is located within the study area. The hoard of 38 sestertii up to AD169 associated with sherds of a colour-coated beaker was found in the parish of Alrewas in 2006.

A Charles I penny (HER 60960 - MST15667) minted as part of the third coinage between AD 1637- 1642.

A complete cast copper alloy strap end of 10th-11th century date (HER 60571 - MST16444)

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Two coins of Roman date (HER 61228 - MST16824). The coins included a copper alloy sestertius or as, possibly of Lucilla (AD 164-AD 169) and an incomplete copper alloy sestertius or as dating from the late 1st century BC to the mid-3rd century AD.

A zoomorphic mount (HER 60892 - MST17022) probably from a vessel such as a bucket is of probable Late Iron Age or early Roman date.

5.3 Potential heritage assets The Historic Environment Record (HER) and overview provided by the ARA suggests that there is potential for Palaeolithic sites to survive upon the gravel terraces of the principal river valleys throughout the study area. Important evidence could include environmental material such as faunal remains, material culture such as flint tools and potentially even working sites. These will subsequently have been masked by the deposition of alluvium and colluvium. Often only the activities of extraction industries will extend deep enough to expose such material as in the case of the woolly rhinoceros found in gravel deposits at Whitemoor Haye Quarry in 2002. However, there does remain the potential for archaeologically significant remains associated with this period to be present relatively close to the surface largely as small unstratified finds. Where deeper excavations are required as part of the development process within the river valleys account must be taken of the potential to encounter Palaeolithic remains.

From: Historic Environment Character Zones HER document -

The Trent and Tame valleys have been the focus of human activity for millennia with many cropmark sites of prehistoric and/or Roman date being identified by aerial photographic surveys. Within the LHECZ there are many cropmark sites, including several possible Bronze Age burial mounds identified as ring-ditches. An alternative interpretation for many ring-ditches is that they represent the remains of round houses and can be associated with a more stable form of settlement pattern. Whichever the case, the presence of these monuments implies that, by the Bronze Age, the landscape of the Trent valley is likely to have been reasonably free of tree cover.

In order to establish the nature of these monuments further research would be required, however such sites would strengthen the impression of a cleared landscape.

Further ritual monuments beyond the LHECZ include a Neolithic causewayed enclosure lying to the south, which suggests that clearance was occurring in the wider landscape at a date earlier date than the Bronze Age. Ryknild Street Roman road lies approximately 1km to the east and the modern A38 follows its line. The influence of the road upon the landscape, as a focus for settlement for instance, during the Roman period is currently not fully understood, although various enclosures and linear features may indicate a settled farming economy during this period.

5.4 Hedgerows (Fig 13) The Hedgerow Regulations 1997 sets out the archaeological and historical criteria for determining ‘Important’ hedgerows (wildlife and landscape criteria are beyond the scope of this report). The hedge must fulfil the first criterion in Table 2 and at least one of the succeeding criteria.

Worcestershire Archaeology Worcestershire County Council

5.4.1 Hedgerow discussion While there are hedgerows within the study area which might be considered to be prehistoric in origin (for example near the Causewayed Enclosure), it is considered that the hedgerows on the proposed development site are associated with enclosure and as such are most likely to date to the post-medieval period. The site is located in Staffordshire's Historic Landscape Character Area HST5433; fieldscapes; 18th/19th Century planned enclosure, previously heathland. On Yate's map of 1775, the area south of Orgreave is generally referred to as Heathland.

The hedgerows that survive on the site, as well as other hedgerows that had been mapped on 19th century mapping but have been removed, functioned as boundaries to fields which were/are rectangular in plan. Cropmarks are evident on the proposed development site which might relate to medieval or earlier fields systems.

Hedge/criteria Hedge 1 Hedge 2 Hedge 3 Hedge 4 Hedge 5 Hedge 6 Hedge 7 Hedge 8

Hedge has existed for Yes – Yes – Yes – Yes – Yes - Yes - Yes – Yes – 30 years or more shown on shown on shown shown Shown Shown on shown shown on 1810 Encl 1810 Encl on 1810 on 1810 on 1840 1840 tithe on 1810 1810 Encl map map map Encl Encl tithe Encl

map map map

On parish boundary (pre-1850) No No No No No No No No

Incorporates a feature which is part of a No No No No No No No No scheduled ancient monument*

Incorporates a feature which is part of a site No No No No No No No No registered with the HER/SMR (pre-24-03-97)*

Marks the boundary of a pre-1600 AD estate No No No No No No No No or manor registered with the HER/SMR (pre-24-03-97), or is visibly related to a building or other feature of such an estate or manor

Marks the boundary of a pre-1600 AD estate No – none No – none No – No – No – No – none No – No – none or manor in a known known none none none known none known document held by a known known known known Record Office (pre-24- 03-97), or is visibly related to a building or other feature of such an estate or manor Recorded in a document held by a On 1810 On 1810 On 1810 On 1810 No – No – none On 1810 On 1810 Record Office (pre-24- Enclosure Enclosre Enclosur Enclosur none known Enclosur Enclosure 03-97) as an integral Map Map e Map e Map known e Map n Map part of a field system predating the Inclosure Acts, or is

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Hedge/criteria Hedge 1 Hedge 2 Hedge 3 Hedge 4 Hedge 5 Hedge 6 Hedge 7 Hedge 8

part of, or visibly related to, any building or other feature associated with such a system (the system must be substantially complete) or part of a historic landscape characterisation adopted for development control purposes pre-24-03- 97) * can be wholly or partly within, or adjacent to, such sites, and must be associated with such sites.

6 Synthesis The Application Site occupies an area which spans four fields of arable land with an access crossing a fifth field to north. These lie south of Orgreave Hall in the valley of the River Trent, just over 1km south of the river itself. A watercourse runs from west to east to the north of the site and the Pyford Brook runs along the southern boundary.

There are numerous monuments recorded on the Staffordshire HER on the river gravels of the Rivers Trent and Tame, the confluence of which is 3.8km to the east of the Application Site.

Within the study area centred on the Application Site the remains of a Causewayed Enclosure (HER 01337 - MST1329) have been identified from cropmark evidence. These are located about 790m south- east of the Application Site, with a further, possible enclosure some 170m to the east. Further cropmarks have been recorded at several locations in the study area, representing the remains of pit alignments, barrows, enclosures and trackways, as well as field boundaries.

Most of the cropmarks are considered to represent prehistoric activity within the study area.

Within the Application Site, assets recorded on the Historic Environment Record and identified as a result of this DBA and associated geophysical survey are as follows:

• A series of linear anomalies possibly representing a rectilinear enclosure with associated internal features have been identified by geophysical survey in the eastern part of the Application Area (Fig 13:1; SUMO 2019; Appendix B).

• To the north of these geophysical anomalies, in the area of the site access, cropmarks (HER 01582 - MST1574; Fig 2) suggest a continuation of the activity. These include a former field boundary aligned roughly north-south, intersected by two north-east to south-west aligned linear features and a double-ditched enclosure. A linear feature defined by two ditches, has been interpreted as a possible trackway (Fig 12) and is suggested to be of prehistoric date. There may also be evidence of a curvilinear enclosure of unknown date.

Worcestershire Archaeology Worcestershire County Council

• Cropmarks in the centre of the Application Site (HER 04233 - MST3956; Fig 2) appear to be the remains of field boundaries visible on 19th Century mapping while geophysical survey of this area identified nothing more than likely agricultural features.

• Linear anomalies identified through geophysical survey in both the proposed eastern and western extraction areas within the Application Site (Fig 13: 6, 7 and 8) are identified as former field boundaries and correlate with boundaries shown on historic mapping.

In the light of the evidence from the study area and the Application Site, there is considered to be a moderate to high potential for the survival of prehistoric remains within parts of the Application Site. These are liable to be affected by the Proposal.

There is also considered to be a moderate potential for the survival of deposits within the Application Site, dating to the Roman period or later. These are liable to be affected by the Proposal.

Based on current evidence, the potential significance of any remains present within the Application Site cannot be established. A Written Scheme of Investigation for a trenching evaluation exercise is therefore presented with the application (Technical Appendix 4.2) with the intention that this will be completed prior to determination. This will provide further information on the presence or absence of historic environment assets within the Application Site, as well as enabling assessment of the significance of any such assets identified and the potential impact of the Proposal on them and thereby support determination of the application.

7 The impact of the development 7.1 Impacts during development The Proposal would affect the following heritage assets and the impact has been categorised as described in Table 1.

• A series of linear anomalies identified through geophysical survey and possibly representing a rectilinear enclosure with associated internal features in the eastern part of the Application Site (Fig 13:1). On the basis of the limited evidence currently available, it is considered that the Proposal would have a Minor to Moderate Adverse effect on these heritage assets.

• Cropmark features (HER 04233 - MST3956, Fig 2) in the centre of the Application Site which are likely to represent 19th century field boundaries. On the basis of the evidence currently available, it is considered that the proposal would have a Minor Adverse effect on these heritage assets and it is noted that the geophysical survey did not support the presence of these assets.

Construction of the access into the Application Site would affect some of the following heritage assets and the impact has been categorised as described in Table 1.

• Cropmark features (HER 01582 - MST1574, Fig 2), which include a former field boundary, part of a possible double-ditched enclosure and a possible trackway of prehistoric date (Fig 12). On the basis of the limited evidence currently available, it is considered that this would have a Moderate Adverse effect on these heritage assets.

Land at Wychnor Estate (South) Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

7.2 Impacts on sustainability The NPPF emphasises the importance of conserving the historic environment (MHCLG 2019, Chapter 16), stating that ‘heritage assets are an irreplaceable resource and should be conserved in a manner appropriate to their significance, so that they can be enjoyed for their contribution to the quality of life of existing and future generations’ (NPPF, MHCLG,2019, para 184).

The historic environment is a non-renewable resource and therefore cannot be directly replaced. However, no designated assets or undesignated assets of equivalent significance to designated asserts are present within the Application Site and mitigation through recording and investigation of undesignated sites of regional or local interest also produces an important research dividend that can be used for the better understanding of the area’s history and contribute to local and regional research agendas (cf NPPF, DCLG 2012, section 141).

7.3 Residual impacts The Proposal will have the following impacts on setting of heritage assets outside of the development area.

Scheduled ancient monument:

• It is considered that the Proposal would have a Minor Adverse impact upon the setting of the Causewayed Enclosure (DST5597, Fig 2).

Conservation Area:

• It is considered that the impact of the Proposal on the setting of the Fradley Junction Conservation Area (DST5613, Fig 2) and Trent and Mersey Canal Conservation Area (DST5720, Fig 2) will be Not Significant.

Listed Buildings:

• It is considered that the Proposal will have an impact on the setting of the 19th Century milepost (DST4417, Fig 2) that can be categorised as Not Significant.

• It is considered that the Proposal will have an impact on the setting of Orgreave Hall and stables (DST4418, Fig 2) that can be categorised as Not Significant.

• It is considered that the Proposal will have an impact on Upper Lupin Farmhouse (DST4416, Fig 2) that can be categorised as Not Significant.

Undesignated assets

The proximity of the Causewayed Enclosure to other cropmarks within the study area points to a complex prehistoric landscape which clearly was of high importance, certainly from the Early Neolithic if not before. Although the various cropmarks date from different periods and appear convoluted, it is clear that they cannot be assessed in isolation from each other, and many of them derive their significance from their association with other monuments in the landscape. The evidence from the cropmarks is supported by the identification of a complex series of strong discrete and linear

Worcestershire Archaeology Worcestershire County Council

geophysical anomalies (Fig 13:1) of potential archaeological origin in the east part of the Application Site.

• The proposed development is considered therefore to have a Minor to Moderate Adverse impact on the wider landscape suggested by the following cropmark complexes HER 03569 - MST3343; HER 01508 - MST1500; HER 04089 - MST3813; HER 03579 - MST3353; HER 03570 - MST3344; HER 54674 - MST18443, Fig 2) as supported by the evidence from geophysical survey (Fig 13).

• The proposed development will have a Minor Adverse impact on the possible enclosure adjacent to the Application Site, referred to on the 1810 enclosure map as the ‘ancient inclosure of Micklebroom’.

• It is considered that the proposed development would have a Not Significant impact on possible post-medieval water meadow systems have been identified approximately 835m north-west and 1km north of the Application Site (HER 54918 - MST18687 and HER56629 - MST20757 respectively, Fig 2).

• It is considered that the proposed development would have a Minor Adverse impact on The Landscape Park (HER 20778 - MST6027, Fig 2) including the distinctive Lodge associated with Orgreave Hall and immediately north of the Application Site.

7.4 Unknown impacts There is a moderate potential for the survival of unknown (undesignated) heritage assets within the Application Site which would be affected by mineral extraction.

8 Publication summary Worcestershire Archaeology has a professional obligation to publish the results of archaeological projects within a reasonable period of time. To this end, Worcestershire Archaeology intends to use this summary as the basis for publication through local or regional journals. The client is requested to consider the content of this section as being acceptable for such publication.

An archaeological desk-based assessment was undertaken at Orgreave, Alrewas, Staffordshire (NGR SK 14911 15045). It was undertaken on behalf of Cemex UK Operations Limited, to support a planning application for mineral extraction at the site. The desk-based assessment describes and assesses the significance of the heritage assets (and potential heritage assets) that would be potentially affected by the application. The setting of heritage assets is also considered.

The application site is located in several fields of arable land in the valley of the River Trent. The landscape is low-lying and agricultural. The application site is bounded to the south by the Pyford Brook, while another watercourse runs to the north of the site from west to east. The village of Alrewas is about 1km to the east of the site, and King's Bromley about 2km to the north-west.

The application site is located to the south of the A513 Alrewas to Kings Bromley Road, a former turnpike road and a Grade II listed milepost lies on the opposite side of the road. The Grade II listed

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Orgreave Hall and Stables, set within formal gardens, is located about 800m to the north while the Grade II listed Lupin Farm is located approximately to the north-west. The Conservation Area of the Trent and Mersey Canal and the Conservation Area of Fradley Junction, the junction of the Trent and Mersey Canal with the Coventry Canal fall within the study area.

Alrewas Causewayed Enclosure, a scheduled ancient monument, is located approximately 800m to the south east of the application site. Several cropmark complexes have been identified both on and in the vicinity of the application site, mainly dating from the prehistoric period. The complexes include pit alignments, enclosures, barrows and trackways. Heritage assets recorded within the application site include a probable trackway and probable enclosure identified as cropmarks on an aerial photograph and through geophysical survey.

The 1810 Enclosure map of the parish depicts a roughly circular area of small land parcels close to the application site. This is referred to as the ancient enclosure of Micklebroom.

It is concluded that the application site has a moderate to high potential to include heritage assets of prehistoric and later date, waterlogged deposits and/or material of palaeoenvironmental interest. These include sites identified from cropmark, cartographic and geophysical evidence as well as the potential for further yet to be identified sites. The potential archaeological significance of these sites cannot be determined on the basis of currently available evidence and thus to support determination of the application, further information will be secured through the undertaking of sample trenching.

9 Acknowledgements Worcestershire Archaeology would like to thank the following for their kind assistance in the successful conclusion of this project, Shaun Denny and Emma Pearman (Cemex UK Operations Limited), Shane Kelleher and Suzy Blake (Staffordshire County Council).

Figures

Staffordshire

ORGREAVE

ORGREAVE 316000

SITE 315000

0 500 1000 m

Location of the site Figure 1 317000

MST18687

316500

MST22377 MST1450

MST937 MST3583 MST20757 MST14248 MST1451 316000 DST4418 DST4416 MST3813 MST16824 MST3344 MST13634 MST16444 MST1500 MST1504 MST3353 DST4417 315500 MST20875 MST3343 MST1574

MST3956 MST15667 315000

Study area MST2887 MST4991

MST2203 314500 MST1329 MST18443

DST5613 KEY

414000 414500 415000 415500 416000

HER search Figure 2 Extract of Yates map 1775 Figure 3 Extract of 1810 enclosure map Figure 4 Extract of 1840 tithe map of the Parish of Alrewas Figure 5 © Crown copyright and database rights 2020 Ordnance Survey 100024230

Extract of OS 1923/1924 of Staffordshire (original scale 1:2500) Figure 8 1948 aerial photograph of the site Figure 9 (RAF/541/28 library no 876, frame no 3137, centre point SK 151 156, 17 May 1948) 1970 aerial photograph of the site Figure 10 (OS/70361 library no 10014, frame no 30, centre point SK 145 148, 14 September 1970) © Environment Agency copyright/or database right 2020. All rights reserved

Environment Agency open data: LiDAR Composite Digital Terrain Model (DTM) Figure 11 of the proposed development site at 2m spatial resolution HER01582 MST1574

Aerial photograph of the site showing cropmark trackway HER01582-MST1574 Figure 12 (SK 1515/7, Jap 1153/31, 05 July 1975) Area 1

4 Area 2

5 Area 3

Area 7

1 Area 8

Area 5 7 6 KEY

Uncertain Origin (discrete anomaly / trend / area of increased response)

8 Former field boundary (corroborated)

4 Agriculture (ridge and furrow / plough) Land drain

Area 6 Natural (e.g. geological / pedological)

Magnetic disturbance

Service Area 4 0 200m Ferrous

Geophysical Survey (based upon SUMO Fig 03) Figure 13 ORGREAVE

Orgreave Hall

316000 Lupin Farm

H6 H5 H7 H4 H3 H2 315000

H1 H1 H1

0 500 1000 m

Hedgerows within the site area Figure 14

Plates

Plate 1: View north-east from west of site

Plate 2: View north towards stream from west of site

Plate 3: View north towards Orgreave Hall, stables and landscape park (from the main road and west of proposed site entrance)

Plate 4: View south towards existing trackway from entrance to Orgreave Hall (the application site is not visible)

Plate 5: Orgreave Lodge

Plate 6: Milepost (MST9194) on north side of the road (The proposed site entrance lies approximately 500m along the road on the right)

Appendix A: Heritage assets registered with the Historic Environment Record (those within, or partly within, the application site are indicated in bold)

HER Site name Grid reference Record Date Description number type (and legal status)

HER 00939 - Oakes SK 1439 1616 Monument Post Documentary evidence for the site of bridge in the 17th century. The bridge is MST937 Bridge, (point) Medieval referred to as 'Oakes Bridge'. Orgreave

01337 - Causewayed Centred Monument Boundary – Causewayed Enclosure: A large, triple ditched enclosure. Apparently a MST1329 Enclosure, Neolithic Neolithic causewayed enclosure. Three concentric ditch circuits interrupted by SK 1539 1441 Fradley numerous causeways. Scheduled Causewayed Monument - enclosure – An oval enclosure consisting of three concentric circuits of segmented ditches 1002964 Middle set approximately 10 metres apart. The enclosure measures up to 205 metres Neolithic to by 250 metres (external dimensions), although it appears from aerial Early Bronze photography that the enclosure is incomplete as the northern and south- Age eastern sectors of the ditch circuit are not visible. The ditch segments are up to 2.5 metres wide, and vary in length between 2 metres and 118 metres. There are several gaps within the ditch segments, several of which are considered to be genuine causeways (between 2 and 6 metres in width). One gap identified in the western quadrant may be a possible constructed entrance. A cropmark boundary seen as a linear feature defined by a single ditch with a maximum length of 215 metres. Although originally interpreted as a post- medieval field boundary, re-examination of this feature has identified it as a boundary of probable prehistoric date. Potential cropmark boundaries seen as linear features in a disordered pattern, each defined by a single ditch with a maximum length of 210 metres. Although originally suggested to be probable field boundaries, re-examination or these features has identified some of the features to be of probable geological origin, with others now considered to represent the remains of possible enclosure and boundaries of prehistoric date.

HER Site name Grid reference Record Date Description number type (and legal status)

01458 - Cropmarks, Centred SK 152 Monument Late A series of cropmarks identified on aerial photography in the area to the north MST1450 North of 163 Neolithic to of Orgreave. The cropmark features include possible prehistoric medieval and Orgreave, Late Bronze post-medieval enclosures, medieval and post-medieval field boundaries and a Alrewas Age; possible trackway and other features of uncertain date. Medieval Three possible enclosures seen as cropmarks. The first comprises an incomplete rectangular enclosure measuring 68 metres by 50 metres, defined by a single ditch, with four sides visible. This enclosure has internal and/or attached features present. To the north-east of this the second possible prehistoric enclosure can be seen as an incomplete rectangular feature, measuring 47 metres by ??m, defined by 1 ditch, with three sides visible. Further to the north-east again are the remains of a third possible enclosure seen as a linear feature defined by a single ditch with a maximum length of 35 metres. Perpendicular linear features each defined by a ditch, with a maximum length of 190 metres have also been mapped in this area. These have been interpreted as the possible remains of medieval field boundaries. Another possible prehistoric enclosure has been mapped to the west of the rectangular enclosures. This enclosure comprises an incomplete subcircular enclosure, measuring 48 metres in diameter and defined by a single ditch with one entrance to the north. Also identified are further possible field boundaries and an enclosure, thought to be of post-medieval date. The field boundaries are visible as perpendicular linear features each defined by a single ditch, with a maximum length of 270 metres while the enclosure is represented by an asymmetric polygonal cropmark feature measuring 50 metres by 20 metres, defined by a single ditch on four sides. Cropmark features of unknown date have also been mapped in this area, including a potential trackway seen as a single linear feature defined by two ditches, with a maximum length of 80 metres and a possible field boundaries

HER Site name Grid reference Record Date Description number type (and legal status) seen as perpendicular linear features each defined by a single ditch, with a maximum length of 145 metres. Cross Reference to Primary Reference Number 56629 and coincidence of some of the linear features with historic drains suggest that some of the cropmark features may relate to the former water meadow.

01459 - Axe Hammer SK 15 16 (point) Find Spot Early Artefact: A grooved basalt axe-hammer, noted by the Trent Valley MST1451 Findspot, Neolithic to Archaeological Research Committee on information provided by Jim Gould. Orgreave, Late Iron Professor Shotton believed the axe to be Polynesian, otherwise possibly North Alrewas Age American? Not a British Prehistoric artefact. The reported find-spot should, therefore be regarded with suspicion.

01508 - Cropmark Centred SK Monument Early Linear Feature: A long linear feature interpreted as a possible ditch. MST1500 Complex, 1375 1559 Neolithic to Possible cropmark field system and a possible cropmark barrow of Prehistoric East of (900m by Late Iron date also mapped from air photographs in this area. Common 1136m) Age; Lane Farm, Ring Ditch: One of two circular enclosures (possibly ring ditches) identified Late King's from aerial photography and slides of the Ashby Sitch area. Neolithic to Bromley Roman; Linear Feature/Pit Alignment: Cropmark linear features: Pit alignments perpendicular, parallel and straight. Bronze Age, Possible cropmark field boundaries of prehistoric date seen as interrupted Medieval to perpendicular linear features each defined by a single ditch with a maximum Victorian length of 670 metres. Possible cropmark field boundaries of post-medieval date seen as discontinuous perpendicular linear features each defined by a single ditch with a maximum length of 250 metres. Possible cropmark linear feature of unknown date seen as a linear feature defined by a single ditch with a maximum length of 260 metres. Possible cropmark enclosure of prehistoric date seen as an oval enclosure measuring 11 metres by 18 metres and defined by a single ditch.

HER Site name Grid reference Record Date Description number type (and legal status) Possible cropmark barrow of prehistoric date seen as sub-circular enclosure 18 metres in diameter and defined by a single ditch, with possible internal pit. Cropmark field boundaries of post-medieval date seen as perpendicular linear features each defined by a single ditch with a maximum length of 530 metres. Cropmark trackway of Iron Age date seen as discontinuous linear feature defined by two lines of pits with a maximum length of 550 metres.

01512 - Stone SK 143 156 Find Spot Neolithic A Neolithic stone axehead recorded to have been found in the Orgreave area. MST1504 Axehead (point) A Group VI stone axe of small-medium size with an oblique cutting edge. Findspot, Orgreave, A polished Neolithic axe (Group VI - Great Langdale), from Orgreave near Alrewas Alrewas. Aquired by Birmimgham Museum in 1954. Found in a field east of Lupin Bank, Orgreave December 3rd 1955.

01582 - Cropmarks, Centred SK Monument Unknown; Linear cropmark features of uncertain date, identified on aerial MST1574 South-East 1523 1539 photography in the area to the south-east of Orgreave. Early of Orgreave, (456m by Neolithic to Some of the features are thought to represent field boundaries and Alrewas 352m) Late Iron enclosures (including a possible double-ditched enclosure), while two Age parallel linear features have been interpreted as a possible trackway of suggested prehistoric date. Further linear cropmarks are recorded to the north-west (PRN 03570), south-west (PRN 04926) and east (PRN 03569). Enclosure/Linear Feature: Enclosures and linear features noted by Stoke on Trent Museum from aerial photographs. Cropmarks include a former field boundary aligned roughly north-south, intersected by two north-east to south-west aligned linear features. To the south of these are the further cropmarks which may possibly relate to some form of double-ditched enclosure. Potential cropmark field boundary of unknown date seen as a linear feature defined by a single ditch, with a maximum length of 75 metres.

HER Site name Grid reference Record Date Description number type (and legal status) An interrupted linear feature defined by two ditches, with a maximum length of 310 metres has also been mapped in this area. This feature has been interpreted as a possible trackway and is suggested to be of prehistoric date. Also, a potential cropmark enclosure of unknown date seen as an incomplete asymmetric curvilinear enclosure, measuring 20 metres by ?? Metres, with one straight side and defined by a single ditch.

02212 - Trent and Centred SK Monument Georgian: Canal: Trent and Mersey Canal authorised in 1766. Engineers James Brindley MST2203 Mersey 0766 2648 built and Hugh Henshall. Opened November 1771. Canal (38484m by between A large set of Ordnance Survey maps at a scale of 1:2500 show the extent of 26497m) 1766 AD to the Conservation Area which covers the whole of the route of the Trent and 1771 AD Mersey Canal through Staffordshire. See also the Conservation Area Booklet. A canal spur was identified running south-west to north-east, parallel to the old salt works buildings at Weston during an archaeological evaluation in 2007. No terminus for the canal spur was identified within the area covered by the excavation.

02900 - Common Centred SK Monument Georgian - A lock on the Trent and Mersey Canal at Alrewas. MST2887 Lock, Trent 1523 1471 (60m 1771 AD and Mersey by 35m) Canal, North of Fradley

03569 - Enclosures Centred SK Monument Early A series of linear features and four possible enclosures, identified as crop MST3343 and Linear 1567 1543 Neolithic to marks on aerial photography to the south-east of Orgreave. The features are Features, (677m by 774m) Late Iron suggested to be of possible prehistoric date. South-East Age Linear feature/Enclosures: Cropmark complex including one or more of Orgreave, enclosures and several linear features. Straddles A513. Alrewas A series of cropmark enclosures and linear features identified on aerial photography. The features include the remains of a field system of seen as a

HER Site name Grid reference Record Date Description number type (and legal status) series of discontinuous perpendicular linear features each defined by a single ditch, with a maximum length of 440 metres; a possible enclosure seen as an asymmetric polygonal feature measuring 48 metres by 30 metres, defined by a single ditch with four sides visible; a second possible enclosure seen as an incomplete rectangular feature measuring 82 metres by ? Metres, defined by a single ditch with three sides visible. Internal and / or attached features are also present; a third possible enclosure seen as an asymmetric polygonal feature measuring 28 metres by 20 metres, defined by a single ditch with four sides and a single entrance visible; and a fourth possible enclosure seen as a single linear feature defined by one ditch with a maximum length of 43 metres. All the features are suggested to be of prehistoric date.

03570 - Linear Centred SK Monument Unknown Linear features of unknown date identified as cropmark features in the area to MST3344 Features, 1508 1580 date the East of Orgreave. Further linear features are recorded to the south. East of (228m by 423m) Orgreave, Alrewas

03579 - Possible Centred SK Monument Late A large sub-circular enclosure identified as a cropmark feature on aerial MST3353 Round 1590 1554 (71m Neolithic to photographs to the south of Overley Farm, which is thought to represent the Barrow, by 70m) Bronze Age remains of a Bronze Age round barrow. Other, smaller features identified in South of this area may also represent barrows of Bronze Age or later date. Overley A probable cropmark enclosure of possible prehistoric date seen as a sub- Farm, circular enclosure measuring 20 metres in diameter 20 and defined by a single Alrewas ditch. Aerial photographs taken in June 2003 show several subcircular cropmark enclosures in this area. The largest of these is the sub-circular enclosure mentioned above and is thought to represent the remains of a Bronze Age round barrow. The smaller features may also represent barrows of Bronze Age or later date.

HER Site name Grid reference Record Date Description number type (and legal status)

03854 - Orgreave SK 147 160 Place First A placename mentioned in documentary sources from the late 12th century MST3583 (Placename) (point) mentioned onwards. Norman

04089 - Possible Centred SK Monument Early A series of parallel linear features, including at least one pit-alignment, MST3813 Dyke, South- 1400 1570 Neolithic to identified as cropmarks on aerial photography. West of (236m by 322m) Late Iron Interpreted as a possible late prehistoric dyke. Linear Feature/Pit Alignment: Lupin, Age Three linear features seen as cropmarks. The features run roughly parallel. Alrewas Two outer features are pit alignments, central and wider feature possibly a pit alignment. A probable cropmark dyke of prehistoric date seen as an interrupted single linear feature defined by three ditches with a maximum length of 330 metres. At its northern end this section of dyke may consist of a central single ditch flanked by pits to either side, although the cropmark is unclear.

04233 - Linear Centred SK Monument Unknown Linear features identified as cropmarks in the area to the south of MST3956 Features, 1491 1501 date to post Orgreave. South of (269m by medieval No trace of the features were identified during a geophysical survey on Orgreave, 257m) the site. Intersecting linear cropmarks to the south of Orgreave, one of Alrewas which has been suggested to be the possible remains of a former field boundary. No trace of the features were identified during a geophysical survey on the site.

05457 - Plaster Mill, Centred SK Monument Industrial to Documentary evidence for a Plaster Mill on the Trent and Mersey Canal to the MST4991 Alrewas 1553 1474 (49m Victorian west of Alrewas in the late 19th century. The mill appears to have gone by the by 43m) (1800-1899 1920s. A plaster mill is shown on the 1st Edition Ordnance Survey 6" map of AD) 1887, however it is not shown on the 1924 Edition. Part of the site had been re-occupied by another building by the 1970s.

HER Site name Grid reference Record Date Description number type (and legal status)

20778 - Landscape Centred SK Monument Established A landscape park around Orgreave Hall, possibly laid out in the late 17th or MST6027 Park, 1505 1589 between early 18th century. Orgreave (604m by 597m) Post Landscape Park: A landscape area around Orgreave Hall. About one tenth of Hall, Alrewas Medieval to the former parkland is now in use as a gas site. The rest, however remains Georgian; undeveloped. 1668 AD to 1734 AD The hall itself is of late 17th origin and was remodelled in the early 18th century and it is possibly that the parkland was laid out around this time.

12509 - Upper Lupin Centred SK Building Built Post A listed 17th century timber-framed farmhouse, with tiled roof and later brick- MST9193 Farmhouse, 1440 1606 (16m Medieval; built alterations and additions. Orgreave, by 15m) 1600-1699 Listed Alrewas building (II) - 1178280

12510 - Milepost, SK 1487 1562 Monument Erected, A listed cast iron milepost of late 19th century date, located at Orgreave and MST9194 Orgreave (point) Victorian - giving distances to Alrewas, Burton, Tamworth, Kings Bromley, Handsacre, 1893 AD Armitage, Rugeley, and Stafford. Listed building (II) - 1374255

12511 - Orgreave Centred SK Building Post A small country house and adjoining stables at Orgreave, The hall was MST9195 Hall and 1499 1601 (41m Medieval to probably originally built in 1668, but extensively remodelled in the early 18th Stables, by 24m) Georgian century. The stables are 18th century in date. Listed Orgreave 1700 AD to Building (II) - 1734 AD 1374275

51070 - Barn, Centred SK Building Industrial to A brick built barn of possible early 19th century date. The building measures MST12730 Orgreave 1477 1609 (10m Victorian 72 ft by 30 ft (externally) and has a gabled and tiled roof of king post Farm, by 23m) construction. There are two large cart entrances to the barn (although only Orgreave

HER Site name Grid reference Record Date Description number type (and legal status) one is now usable), and ventilation slits in the walls. The barn is in fair condition and is used for crop storage and cattle food.

52201 - Coin Hoard, Not displayed Find Spot Roman 120 A mid 2nd century coin hoard with associated pottery vessel, found in the MST13634 Alrewas AD to 169 parish of Alrewas in 2006. A hoard of 38 sestertii up to AD169 was associated AD) with sherds of a colour-coated beaker

52814 - Upper Lupin Centred SK Monument Post An isolated farmstead of probable 17th century origin. The farmstead includes MST14248 Farm, 1439 1605 (40m Medieval a timber-framed farmhouse and a U-plan courtyard range (although this has Orgreave, by 27m) been recently partially demolished). Alrewas An isolated farm with a regular U shaped courtyard and a detached farmhouse located gable side on to the yard. The farmhouse is 17th century with later additions. The timber-framed farmhouse is 17th century, providing a relative date for the origin of the farm. The farmstead has undergone some alteration, with the U shaped courtyard having been partially demolished.

60960 - Charles I SK 15 15 (point) Find Spot 1637-1642 A complete silver Scottish twenty pence of Charles I, minted as part of the MST15667 Penny, AD third coinage between AD 1637-1642. Recovered during metal detecting in Alrewas Alrewas parish before December 2004.

60571 - Strap End SK 15 15 (point) Find Spot Saxon to A complete cast copper alloy strap end of 10th-11th century date, recovered MST16444 Findspot, Norman; 900 during metal detecting in Alrewas parish before October 2006. The artefact is Alrewas AD to 1099 decorated with an openwork design consisting of a series of D-shaped and AD circular holes.

61228 - Roman SK 15 15 (point) Find Spot Roman- 43 Two coins of Roman date recovered during metal detecting in Alrewas parish MST16824 Coins, to 409 AD in January 2008. The coins included a copper alloy sestertius or as, possibly Alrewas of Lucilla (AD 164-AD 169) and an incomplete copper alloy sestertius or as dating from the late 1st century BC to the mid 3rd century AD. Recovered during metal detecting in Alrewas parish in January 2008. (

HER Site name Grid reference Record Date Description number type (and legal status)

60892 - Zoomorphic SK 15 15 (point) Find Spot Late Iron A cast copper-alloy zoomorphic mount, probably from a vessel such as a MST17022 Mount Age to bucket, recovered during metal detecting in Alrewas parish before April 2009. Findspot, Roman; 100 Of probable Late Iron Age or early Roman date. Alrewas BC to 199 AD

54674 - Enclosure, Centred SK Monument Unknown A possible cropmark enclosure of seen as an incomplete rectangular MST18443 Pit and 1518 1440 date; enclosure measuring ? metres by 38 metres and defined by a single ditch with Ponds, (179m by 208m) Victorian and three sides visible. Also, possible cropmark pits seen as two small (1-4 North-West Post war metres) round negative features and an additional pit seen as a single of Fradley medium size (4-15 metres) round negative feature. A linear feature is also recorded to the east of the enclosures and pits. The enclosure and pits described were studied as part of the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England's Industry and Enclosure in the Neolithic Project. This higher level survey re-examined and reinterpreted the cropmarks and assessed the possible enclosure to be of unknown date while interpreting the pits as modern features. The small rectilinear shaped pit at is considered to be an extractive pit while the other two circular `pits' are thought to be ponds.

54918 - Water Centred SK Monument Post The remains of a post-medieval water meadow identified from aerial MST18687 Meadow, 1424 1660 Medieval photography and historic mapping. Aerial photography from 1963 and 2000 East of (817m by 927m) showed that the basic elements of the water meadow (such as the head and King's main drains) survive, with carriers possibly surviving across less than 10% of Bromley the total area of the former meadow.

56629 - Water Centred SK Monument Post A comparison of the historic mapping, 2006 aerial photography and recent MST20757 Meadow, 1547 1628 Medieval to Ordnance Survey Master map data suggests that the area to the north of North of (1160m by Industrial Orgreave originally formed part of a water meadow system. Drains are Orgreave, 663m) marked on the modern mapping and a series of sluices (whose survival is Alrewas unknown) are marked on the late 19th century First Edition 6" Ordnance Survey mapping. The modern aerial photography reveals that the land is in cultivation.

HER Site name Grid reference Record Date Description number type (and legal status)

56746 - Field Centred SK Monument Post A post-medieval field boundary seen as a linear cropmark on aerial MST20874 Boundary, 1424 1561 (65m Medieval to photography to the south of Lupin, Alrewas. South of by 170m) Victorian Probable cropmark field boundary of post-medieval date seen as a linear Lupin, feature defined by a single ditch, with a maximum length of 220 metres. Alrewas

56747 - Field Centred SK Monument Post Probable post-medieval field boundaries seen as a linear cropmark on aerial MST20875 Boundaries, 1472 1549 Medieval to photography to the south of Orgreave, Alrewas. South of (325m by 247m) Victorian Probable cropmark field boundaries of post-medieval date seen as interrupted Orgreave, perpendiculars linear features, each defined by a single ditch, with a maximum Alrewas length of 390 metres.

58511 - Rugeley and Centred SK Monument Industrial to A 19th century turnpike road connecting the towns of Rugeley and Alrewas. Alrewas 1111 1626 Victorian; MST22377 A 9.5 mile toll road which linked the towns of Rugeley and Alrewas. The route Turnpike (13078m by 1800 – 1899 had two main gates and one side gate and was first recorded in the 19th Road 2709m) AD century. This toll road was a separate branch of the Rugeley and Stone turnpike.

HER Event Interpretation An archaeological desk-based assessment of the Audley to Alrewas natural gas pipeline route. Richard Moore and Christopher Taylor (Network EST1203 Archaeology Limited). 1997.

EST1204 Survey Archaeological fieldwalking, field reconnaissance and survey along the Audley to Alrewas Gas Pipeline route.

EST1205 Survey A geophysical survey of the proposed route of the Audley to Alrewas natural gas pipeline in advance of its construction. Undertaken as part of a wider program of desk-based research, archaeological field reconnaissance and fieldwalking. Geophysical Survey Report: L. Harvey (Geophysical Surveys of Bradford). 1997. Audley to Alrewas Pipeline: Report on Geophysical Survey.

HER Site name Grid reference Record Date Description number type (and legal status)

EST1206 Survey A geophysical survey along sections of the route of the Audley to Alrewas natural Gas pipeline, Staffordshire (Orgreave). Geophysical Survey Report: J. Gater and L. Harvey (Geophysical Surveys of Bradford). 1998. Audley to Alrewas Gas Pipeline: Geophysical Survey Report (Supplemental Survey).

EST1207 Intervention An archaeological watching brief along the route of the Audley to Alrewas natural gas pipeline, Staffordshire. An archaeological watching brief during construction works along the 68km length of the Audley to Alrewas natural gas pipeline. Evaluation trenches and full or partial excavation of certain areas was also undertaken as part of the program of archaeological mitigation. This work follows an archaeological desk-based assessment (event (ST1203), field survey (event ST1204) and geophysical surveys (events ST 1205 & ST1206). Watching Brief Report: Claire Lingard (Network Archaeology Limited). 1999. Audley to Alrewas Gas Pipeline: Archaeological Watching Brief.

EST1322 Interpretation Aerial photograph interpretation and transcription of the Neolithic causewayed enclosure at Alrewas. Undertaken by the Royal Commission the Historical Monuments of England as part of the Industry and Enclosure in the Neolithic Project. Desk Based Assessment Report: Yvonne Boutwood (Aerial Survey - R C H M E). 1997. Industry and Enclosure in the Neolithic: A Neolithic Causewayed Enclosure at Alrewas, Staffordshire – Air Photograph Interpretation and Transcription.

EST1527 Survey A survey of a barn at Orgreave Farm, Orgreave as part of the SPAB Domesday Survey of Barns. Survey Archive: Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. 1985. Domesday Survey of Barns for Staffordshire - Survey Sheets.

HER Site name Grid reference Record Date Description number type (and legal status)

EST2256 Survey A visit to the site of the Neolithic causewayed enclose at Fradley in August 1982 by a field monument warden.

EST2257 Survey A visit to the site of the Neolithic causewayed enclosure at Fradley in May 1981. To inspect the condition of the Scheduled Remains of the Causewayed Enclosure.

EST5 Survey An observation of the Scheduled remains of the Neolithic causewayed enclosure at Fradley in 1982.

EST563 Survey A visit to the site of the Neolithic causewayed enclosure at Fradley in June 1978.

EST771 Survey Geophysical evaluation of land on the Wychnor Estate was carried out as part of an archaeological assessment of the area. The survey was commissioned by Oxford Archaeological Associates LTD. Two site visits were undertaken during April 1991 to carry out a magnetometery survey of two adjacent fields south of the village of Orgreave. No substantial evidence for archaeological activity within the area of the survey was revealed. Geophysical Survey Report: A.D.H. Bartlett. 1991. Wychnor Estate, Alrewas, Staffordshire.

EST1958 Interpretation An assessment of the performance of geophysical survey in the Trent and Nene Valleys. The project investigated the effectiveness of geophysical survey as an archaeological technique in the Midlands in the area extending between the Rivers Trent and Nene. The river valleys are two of the most productive areas for sand and gravel extraction in the UK and would allow the effective assessment of geophysics as an evaluation technique. The analysis of the effectiveness of geophysical survey is based upon a study of the geophysical survey reports deposited within the relevant Historic

HER Site name Grid reference Record Date Description number type (and legal status) Environment Records. A total of 2882 survey events were examined (with a total of 566 Trent Valley survey events). The analysis identified a high correlation in both the Trent and Nene valleys between geophysical anomalies and excavation results. There is, however, a less obvious correlation with cropmarks, which suggest that the information they provide is complementary to geophysical survey for predicting archaeological features. David Knight, Mark Pearce and Alison Wilson (University of Nottingham). 2007. Beneath the Soil from Trent to Nene: Assessment of the Performance of Geophysical Survey in the East Midlands: Archive Report.

EST2371 Interpretation Desk Based Assessment for a new pipeline at Fradley Junction, Staffordshire. Oxford Archaeology. 2013. Desk Based Assessment: A new pipeline at Fradley Junction Staffordshire.

Appendix B: Geophysical survey