on the Croatian Adriatic Coast and

Jasenka Kranjčević Institute for Tourism, [email protected]

Research on tourism history has been mainly confined to considering tourism area life cycles (talc). Although destinations with a tourism tradition spanning over a century have undergone various life cycles, their tourism history has rarely been con- sidered in the context of global changes, such as World War I, and how and to what extent these global changes have affected the development of tourism in the tourist area and tourism architecture. Since no direct hostilities took place in the area of present-day Croatia during wwi, the present paper investigates the indirect impact of the war as a global event on the rise of tourism at the time through unbuilt tourism architecture, which may be seen as halting investments in tourism. This research may be used to consider the creation of a model for global tourism life cycle by stages, including also paradigmatic changes in the design of tourism architecture. Keywords: World War I, global tourism cycle, tourism area life cycle, unbuilt tourism architecture, Croatia https://doi.org/10.26493/2335-4194.11.39-51

Introduction especially during the war. Regardless of the potential possessed by a specific Safety is an essential prerequisite for the devel- destination for tourism development (climate, natu- opment of tourism and the choice of the destination ral and cultural heritage, human resources, etc.), an while lack of safety damages the image and compet- often-neglected fact is that its tourism area life cycle itiveness of a destination (Richard, 2003; Frey, 2004; (talc) depends directly or indirectly on global events, Mansfeld & Pizam, 2006). War, the proximity of war, in particular, world wars. In this respect, there is a lack or terrorist events strongly influence tourism, primar- of global interdisciplinary research on the impact of ily reflected through a sudden decline in tourism fig- global wars on tourism development, as well as on the ures (Dragičević, Nikšić Radić, & Grbić, 2018). There paradigm shift on tourism and tourism architecture. is a lack of research in Croatia on the impact of global Only complex interdisciplinary research can yield historical events, such as wwi, on the development an answer to the question of what the Great War of tourism on the Croatian coast at the time through (1914–1918) changed directly and indirectly in tourism. the stagnation of investments in tourism, i.e., through Giventhatglobal (wwi and wwii) andregionalwars unbuilt tourism architecture. (Vietnam, Palestine, Homeland War in Croatia, etc.) The subject of this research is, therefore, the recog- strongly impact all tourism activities (Butler & Sun- nition of increased tourism on the Croatian Adriatic tikul, 2013), there is a lack of research on the impact coast before wwi and a sudden drop in tourism fig- of war on tourism development through halting in- ures due to the onset of war operations in Europe, vestments, that is on building tourism architecture, resulting in the stagnation of investments in tourism.

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That stagnation can be traced through unbuilt tourism 2000; Winter, 2009), which includes the selection architecture.16 The phrase unbuilt tourism architec- and articulation of information on the war because ture, due to the outbreak of wwi, indicates architec- it establishes a connection between the past and the ture projects in the field of tourism (hotels, nautical present. Regarding wwi, between 2014–2018, many centres, sports centres): countries of south-eastern Europe (Bosnia and Herze- • that had been designed and/or prepared for con- govina,Austria,Hungary,Croatia,Sloveniaetc.)or- struction, ganised scientific meetings to mark a century since the beginning or the end of wwi. Presented at these • for which public architecture competitions had been conducted just before the outbreak of the meetings were most frequently the political, historical, war, military and medical aspects of the war. Studies re- lated to the linkage between tourism and wwi mainly • that were prepared by public institutions (e.g., concerned the recognition of events from World War Ministry of Public Works), I and their transformation into a tourist attraction that were discussed during the war, • (Kavrečič, 2016) and how to use it for education (George • that were discussed after the war because they &Das,2017). had not been built. Regarding research on tourism history from the This means that these architecture projects were at interdisciplinary aspect, it is somewhat marginalised a relatively high level of preparation for construction in the literature, although this has slowly started to and can be characterised as investments in tourism change (Walton, 2009) given that the historical aspect that had been halted. Investments in tourism require is increasingly represented at numerous scientific con- years of preparation and several years for construction ferences on tourism (Baranowski & Furlough, 2001; (market analysis, sorting out property ownership is- Berghoff, Korte, Schneider, & Harvie, 2002; Koshar, sues, project development, finding the workforce, se- 2002; Tissot, 2003; Walton, 2005). curing building material, etc.). In the world literature, very few papers focus on The aim of collecting and making an inventory of researching the impact of global political and war unbuilt tourism architecture on the Croatian Adriatic events on global tourism development (Gillena & coast is to link the impact of global events, in this case, Mostafanezhadb, 2019), especially during the very be- wwi, with the development of tourism and the design ginnings of the development of modern and global of tourism architecture, and the reflection on a global tourism. In Croatia, too, little attention has been paid understanding of life cycle tourism. to interdisciplinary research on tourism history, al- Apart from tourism architecture, wwi halted the though a significant number of places boast a tourism construction of new railway lines from Zagreb to Dal- tradition more than a century-long (Blažević, 1987; matia and a railway line from Slavonia via Bosnia and Vukonić, 2005; Vasko-Juhász, 2006). In the context HerzegovinatoDalmatia,buttheyarenotthesubject of tourism history, research on tourism architecture of this paper. is particularly neglected, although it plays a vital role in the range of tourism services. Interestingly, certain Literature Review destinations, as well as corporations, create their iden- In scientific literature, experts agree that war, ter- tity with the help of tourism architecture from the be- rorism, and different types of crises strongly affect ginning of the 20th century (Vasko-Juhász, 2006). The tourism revenue and thus also investments in tourism history of tourism architecture is mainly the subject of (Čorak, Mikačić, & Ateljević, 2013). research of art historians or architects (Flückinger- In the recent literature on tourism, war has often Seiler, 2003; Keck, 2008) and is rarely associated with been considered for creating social memory (Lisle, trends in tourism and how tourism architecture de- pends on global influences (Kranjčević, 2018b). 16A large number of Croatian men took part in wwi. To link tourism and architecture at the beginning

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of the 20th century (i.e., until the outbreak of wwi), arrivals.17 this research mostly used literature (books and maga- From the literature on Croatian tourism history zines) in German and Croatian and available archival (general overview) in the , a book by material from archives and museums. Boris Vukonić (2005) was used. Apart from research Maximilian Krauss wrote on several occasions about at the state level, valuable research on the history of the negative impact of wwi on tourism in Germany tourism also exists at the regional level. The works (1915, 1918 and 1923) and linked it with international useful for the understanding of tourism history at the and domestic tourism figures, as well as with the nega- regional or local level were by Lavoslav Golf (1929) tive impact on the economy.For understanding tourism for and Ivan Blažević (1987) for and circumstances in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as Kvarner. There is also valuable research on tourism well as on the Croatian Adriatic coast before wwi, history of local destinations such as Dubrovnik (Perić, valuable sources include tourism journals Österreichis- 1983), Zadar (Jadrešić & Jurić, 1985), Baška (Šale & che Touristen-Zeitung (1881–1938) [Journal of Austrian Pavlović, 2004), (Zakošek, 2005), Makarska Tourism], Fremdenverkehr (1908–1914) [Tourism] and (Urlić, 2008), Hvar (Petrić, 2018) among others. Their Moderne Illustrierte Zeitung für Sport und Reise [Mod- research does not analyse the impact of wwi and ern Illustrated newspaper for Sports and Travel], pub- wwii but helps to understand how wars represent a lished in , as well as tourism journals published turning point in tourism. Ivan Pederin (1991) analysed in Croatia, specifically in Opatija (Kur- und Bade- Austrian and German travelogues and their influence Zeitung der österreichischen Riviera, 1906–1914) and on the promotion of the Croatian coast. on the Islands (Brioni Insel Zeitung). Tourism However, there are no works that link the impact planning before wwi was the matter of advisors the of global events on tourism architecture and the in- imperial court, but also of their public actions (Schindler, terruption of investments in it. Therefore, this paper 1912). aims at linking the impact of global wars on trends To understand tourism architecture on the Croat- in tourism and on tourism architecture. Although re- ian Adriatic at the time, articles from journals such as search into contemporary tourism seeks to link trends Der Architekt [Architect] and Wiener Bau-Industriezeitungin tourism with the use of tourism architecture, there (a Viennese construction industry newspaper) were has been no research into the impact of the war on used while monographs of individual architects were architecture. Similarly, little research has been done used to investigate hotel projects unbuilt because of on tourism promotion that promoted tourism archi- the outbreak of wwi (Boyd Whyte, 1989; Kranjčević, tecture, in addition to natural and cultural heritage 2013). During the war, architecture journals attempted prior to wwi (Pederin, 1991; Storch, 2013; Kranjčević, to affirm and justify some of the tourism architecture 2018a). projects such as, for example, by architect Alfred Keller on the Croatian coast (Dalmatia), recommending that Research Design and Methods it be finished it as soon as peace is restored (V. F., 1916, To explore the fascinating impact of the global war on 1918). tourism, the present paper relies on the research of un- Prior to the cancellation of the Fremdenverkehr built tourism architecture in 13 tourist destinations on [Tourism], Moriz Band (1914), as a significant author- the Croatian Adriatic. Although there were no direct ity on tourism opportunities on the Croatian Adri- hostilities on the territory of present-day Croatia, the atic, thought in 1914 that the war would soon end. war had a strong indirect impact on tourism develop- A year later, R. E. Petermann (1915) published in the ment. For this reason, the analysis of the impact of the Österreichische Touristen-Zeitung [Journal of Austrian Tourism] a detailed article about the negative impact 17 R. E. Petermann is the author of the famous and extensive of war on nature, the landscape, tourism and tourist guide on Dalmatia Führer durch Dalmatia [Guide through Dalmatia] (1899).

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war on tourism development was embedded on the on the conclusion drawn from quantitative research. example of the Croatian Adriatic coast as a theoreti- The Croatian Adriatic coast, attractive and rich in cal confirming study case based on the so-called most natural and cultural heritage, recorded soaring fig- likely or typical case. ures in tourist arrivals up to wwi. The area under- To investigate the impact of wwi as a global event went significant transformations, with types of build- on the talc of the Croatian Adriatic, the paper relies ings unknown before that time (hotels, guesthouses, on the creation of an inventory of planned architecture villas, etc.) being built, opening themselves towards projects for tourism purposes that had not been built the sun (terraces, balconies), while traditional build- because of the outbreak of the war. ings preferred shade and compactness. Although it The paper first briefly describes the conditions for was the time of intensive building of private villas tourism and the rapid growth of tourism figures from (, Ika, Opatija), it was also the time of the emer- the end of the 19th century until the beginning of the gence of large corporations that, in addition to build- war, that is until the beginning of a sudden decline in ing colonies of villas, also invested in the construc- tourism figures, in order to point out the negative im- tion of hotels (e.g., South Railways Company, Lloyd pact of wwi on tourism development. Numerous in- Steamship Company). Large corporations were ready vestment projects were halted due to the decline in the to speculate on land and investment. Another prob- number of tourists, the insecurity of investment, and lem was that local governments was not prepared for the insecurity of passenger traffic on the Adriatic. tourism development and did not develop land (wa- Notwithstanding the fact that the paper focuses on ter supply and sewage infrastructure) as an essential unbuilt tourism architecture, it should be noted in the precondition for construction. introductory part that the inventory of tourism figures Although war is known to have a substantial im- relies on available statistical data on settlements on the pact on tourism, there is almost no research into how Croatian Adriatic coast, especially those after wwi. wwi influenced tourism development and investments This research on the impact of wwi on the de- in tourism at that time. velopment of tourism on the Croatian Adriatic coast Therefore, the main aim is to show that the Great faced certain limitations because that planned invest- War had a negative impact on the rapid development ments in tourism had not been listed in a table or of tourism on the Croatian Adriatic coast at the time. itemised in any other way; therefore, the research The main part of the research relates to finding data relied on collecting information from journals (of about hotels not built due to the outbreak of wwi. tourism and architecture), biographies of architects, Statistical data and architecture and tourism jour- and materials preserved in archives and museums nals emerging during the Austro-Hungarian Empire (Croatia, Czech Republic). were used for the research, as well as monographs of Prior to wwi, the Croatian coast had been gov- individual architects and tourism travel books. To un- erned from Vienna, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian derstand the context of the time, the research used Empire, whereas after wwi its territory was divided statistical data on tourism figures at the level of the between the Kingdom of and the Kingdom of Austro-Hungarian Empire and the level of individ- Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. ual tourist destinations on the Croatian Adriatic and Based on investments halted in different destina- briefly described the most critical tourism-related events. tions on the Croatian Adriatic, the paper attempts to To ensure an as objective as possible presentation link talc with global events. By observing the con- of unbuilt tourism architecture due to the outbreak of sequences of global events on investments in tourism wwi, the paper relies on a series of primary and sec- on the Croatian Adriatic and on architectural design, ondary sources, including tourism statistics, museum the paper attempts to test one of the most commonly and archival material, tourism literature, and literature used models for the analysis of talc (Butler, 1980). on architecture and construction. Since no quantitative data exist, the research is based The research on the impact of the global war be-

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comes more complex if we take into account that   the end of the war brought about significant socio-   political, economic (changes in power centres, new     territorial divisions, etc.) and cultural changes, so with- drawals from investment projects in tourism were not Figure 1 The Number of Spa Towns in the officially recorded. Austro-Hungarian Empire (adapted from from Several years after the end of the war, the new states Statistisches Jahrbuch der Österreichischen were busy with organising themselves, taking care of Monarchie, 1905, p. xvi) the wounded, and tourism was only secondary in im- portance. the spa town (short description of the location, num- Tourism Opportunities from the End of the 19th ber of inhabitants, how to travel there, etc.) and med- Century to the Beginning of wwi ical characteristics, the inventory helped doctors and By bringing the military, security and socio-political patients choose a spa. The inventory of spa towns was situation in south-eastern Europe in order, the Austro- interesting to (large and small) investors as well when Hungarian Empire wanted to capitalise on its Riviera choosing the location for their investment. in the same way France and Italy had with theirs, In order to attract investors and as many guests although spa tourism was already well-developed in as possible, great efforts had been put into promo- Czech spa towns.18 tion. One could read, for example, in travel books and Because the French and Italian Rivieras were record- tourist guides that Dalmatia was called ‘the land of his- ing increasing tourism revenues year after year in tory and the land of future travels’ (Holbach, 1908) or thesecondhalfofthe19thcentury,itisnotunusual ‘a tourism country of par excellence in Austria’ (Illus- that different investors, as well as the government of trierted Führer durch Dalmatien, 1912). Small and rela- the Austro-Hungarian Empire, saw possibilities for tively unknown tourist destinations added a compar- tourism development on the east coast the ison with the world-famous destinations. Thus, Hvar (today part of Italian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian- was called the ‘Austrian Madeira’ and the ‘Austrian Herzegovinian and Montenegrin coast). Venice,’ among other examples. According to statistics, tourism turnover, as well The pre-war press in Croatia, such as Sloboda from as the number of designated spa towns (German: Split, published articles on tourism development. Thus, Kurorte) in the entire Austro-Hungarian Empire, was Marjanović (1909) discusses tourist arrivals in Dalma- growing seemingly unstoppably.19 Spa tows were des- tia, the organisation of foreigners’ traffic, the organi- ignated according to specific climatic characteristics sation for the promotion, public education, rational and strict and specific requirements for a spa. financing, hotel society, and so on. Marjanović also The growing number of spa towns, not only in the proposed the establishment of a domestic hotel soci- Empire but throughout Europe, required an inventory ety – the Croatian hotel society. (Reimer, 1889). Apart from showing basic data about Asthenumberofspatownswasgrowing,sodidthe number of guests in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The east coast of the Adriatic Sea, regardless of 18 In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, area of the present-day its tourism potentials (climate, sea, sun, culture and Czech Republic recorded highest tourism figures. natural heritage), was the economically undeveloped 19 The operation of spa towns (German: Kurorte) was under part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The economy the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior, and some of them lost that status. Therefore, the number of spas in the of Adriatic coast was based on outdated forms of agri- Empire did not always increase but fluctuated because of the cultural production, sale of raw materials, and a poorly need to meet strict requirements of the Ministry of the Inte- developed manufacturing industry. The economic cri- rior. sis (brought on by the collapse of sailing ship con-

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  the model of Internationale Ausstellung für Reise und   Fremdenverehr [Travel and Tourism Exhibition] in   Berlin in 1911.   TheexhibitioninViennawasofinternationalsig- Figure 2 The Number of Spa Guests in the nificance. Apart from the presentation of the south- Austro-Hungarian Empire (adapted from from ern Austro-Hungarian Empire, the exhibition was at- Statistisches Jahrbuch der Österreichischen tended by Canada, Italy, Turkey and other countries.20 Monarchie, 1905, p. xvi) Although the main objectives of the exhibition were to represent the potentials in culture and economy, and struction, the Wine Clause of 1891 and the Phylloxera thus tourism of the Adriatic region, the educational outbreak, which devastated vineyards in 1894), caused function of the exhibition should not be neglected. the emigration of the population to overseas coun- During the exhibition, there were numerous lectures tries, primarily of young people from the coastal re- (Adria Ausstellung, 1913) and a conference on tourism gion and islands. Not to be neglected is the fact that Adria Fremdenverkehrkonferenz [Adriatic Conference about 90 of the population was illiterate. With the on Tourism] which discussed, among other things, the emigration of the working population, the price of problems of building hotels in Dalmatia (i.e., invest- land dropped, which played particularly well into the ments in tourism on the east coast of the Adriatic). hands of speculation with land for the construction Two large companies that invested in tourism – Süd- of buildings for various purposes. Austrian, German, bahngesellschaft [Austrian Southern Railway] and the English, and even Czech investors were on the lookout Austrian Lloyd, a steamship company – clashed at the for investment opportunities, inter alia, in tourism. conference. The development of tourism, and thus the reflec- The construction of new hotels often faced numer- tion on tourism architecture, was also attributed to ous problems, primarily of an administrative nature, the Technische Hoch Schule [Technical High School] and investors often found it challenging to obtain con- in Vienna. Numerous students chose tourism archi- struction permits. tecture projects on the Croatian Adriatic for their Given that investors encountered numerous prob- diploma theses (Kranjčević, 2017). lems on the Croatian coast of the Adriatic when ob- Investments, education, promotion, and techni- taining construction permits, the Ministry of Public cal infrastructure were the topics (among others) dis- Works presented, at the exhibition, a prototype of the cussed at the beginning of the 20th century. Architects prefabricated hotel Dalmatia which was also used as a were designing larger and more complex buildings catering facility at the exhibition space. The prototype (hotelsaswell)becauseguestsshouldbe,interalia,at- was built with the aim of speeding up the construction tracted by innovative architecture. All these new types of hotels, which often faced problems of administra- of buildings (hotels, boarding houses, casinos, etc.) tive nature at the local level. Hotel design included re- were to be built at the local level. Investors often en- gional design characteristics (Adria Ausstellung, 1913; countered resistance from local municipalities. ‘Das Musterhotel in der Adria,’ 1913). Positive reactions to the exhibition are also evi- Adriatic Exhibition dent from the fact that it was visited by 2,080,000 vis- To make the Austrian Riviera recognisable as suitable itors over 155 business days (Storch, 2013; Kranjčević, for investments in tourism and to attract as many 2018a). tourists as possible, the first sizeable thematic ex- The exhibition generated strong interest for the hibition was organised in 1913 in Prater in Vienna on tourism on the east coast of the Adriatic called 20 Since the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th cen- Adria Ausstellung [Adriatic Exhibition] (Storch, 2013; tury was an era of great technological progress, it was also a Kranjčević, 2018a). The exhibition was organised on time of organising major economic and world exhibitions.

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eastern Adriatic coast by the general public and in- Table 1 Number of Registered Tourists in Opatija, Lovran, vestors alike, and thus also the Croatian coast, and Mali Lošinj, and Veli Lošinj in 1913, 1914 and 1915 should have created preconditions for further tourism Town    development on the eastern Adriatic coast. What tourism Opatija , , , on the eastern Adriatic coast would have looked like Lovran , , – had wwi not broken out a year after the exhibition Mali and Veli Lošinj , , – can only be assumed. Notes Adapted from Blažević (1987).

Ministry of Public Works Table 2 Number of Registered Arrivals of Guests The entire east coast of the Adriatic, owing to its in Dubrovnik, Split, Šibenik, Korčula, Rab, Hvar, favourable climate, rich cultural, and natural heritage, and Kotor in 1913 and 1923 cheap land for construction and poor economic de- Town   velopment, possessed all the prerequisites for tourism Dubrovnik with Kupari , , development. All statistical data (tourism figures) lead Split , , to the conclusion that the end of the 19th and the be- Šibenik , , ginning of the 20th century was the time of dazzling Korčula , , tourism development. The Ministry of Public Works also became in- Rab , , volved in tourism development as well as in improving Hvar  , economic conditions in Dalmatia. It commissioned ar- Kotor ,  chitect Alfred Keller (1911) to 1913) to make projects for Total , , hotels in Susak, Trogir, Split, Dubrovnik, and Trsteno, Notes Adapted from Golf (1929). Kotor was part of the and architect Wilhelm Jelinek to make a project for Austro-Hungarian Monarchy until 1918, more specifically of Makarska (Kranjčević, 2013; Kranjčević, 2016a). Hotel the Kingdom of Dalmatia. It is now part of Montenegro. projects by Alfred Keller were again discussed dur- ingwwi,in1916injournalsDer Architekt and Wiener more unsafe in 1915 when Italy entered the war be- Bauindustrie Zeitung (V.F.,1916,1918),giventhatthese cause Italian submarines and torpedo boats started cases did not concern exclusive hotels but rather the to attack Austrian-Hungarian ships. Voyage by ship category of hotels for the wider public. on the Adriatic Sea suffered a significant setback, and His projects were discussed even a decade after the tourism-related voyages sharply declined. end of the war in the journal Jugoslovenski turizam During the four-year war, about forty vessels owned [Yugoslav tourism] (Ćulić, 1928). by Lloyd and other steamship companies were de- stroyed or damaged on the east Adriatic coast (Tu- The First Impact of War on Tourism Turnover on dor, 2007, pp. 33–34). In short, due to unsafe naviga- the Eastern Adriatic Coast tion on the Adriatic Sea, the number of passengers on Only two and a half weeks after the Austro-Hungarian steamers plummeted, resulting in decreased numbers Empire had officially declared war on Serbia on 28 July of tourists and overnight stays in tourist destinations. 1914, passenger ship traffic on the Adriatic Sea suffered The decline in tourism turnover could not have re- aharshblow.Baron Gauctsch, a passenger ship sail- covered for many years after the war (Table 2). ing on the –Kotor–Trieste express route, ran into a minefield near the Brijuni Islands on 13 Au- Unbuilt Hotel Projects gust 1914. Due to the high number of victims, cer- A prerequisite for the construction of hotels and other tain shipping lines were suspended (Tudor, 2007, pp. types of buildings for entertainment and leisure is the 33–34). Navigation on the Adriatic Sea became even construction of transport and technical infrastructure

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Figure 3 Project for Hotel in (Prokop, 1897, p. 6) Figure 4 Project for Hotel in Dalmatia, Unknown [Please check if the image is copyrighted] Location (Band, 1910) [Please check if the image is copyrighted]

(railways, roads, ports, water supply, sewage, electric- ity, telephone, etc.). resort, by the sea, Österreichische Riviera Gesellschaft The construction of a hotel is known to be a com- [Austrian Riviera Society] planned to build a spa ho- plex and long-term job because it is necessary to de- tel palace and announced an architectural competi- signtheproject,secureland,buildtrafficandtechnical tion in 1911/1912. The first prize was awarded to archi- infrastructure, among other endeavours. tects Hoppe, Schönthal, and Kammerer in collabora- The Society for Economic Development of Dalma- tion with Professor Otto Prutscher. The layout area of tia, founded in Vienna in 1894 (Piplović, 2011), com- the spa palace was to be 11,500 m2.Asitwasahugein- missioned architects to prepare hotel projects to at- vestment, only earthworks were carried out while the tract investors and reduce resistance by municipalities. spa palace-hotel was never built. The size of the invest- Numerous reasons exist why some hotel projects ment is evident from the fact that the sea was filled remain unbuilt. Some projects were not realised be- with 79,500 m2 of material to obtain a surface area of cause there were no more interested investors or the 26,000 m2 (Kranjčević, 2016a). investors gave up because the infrastructure was not The second unbuilt hotel project in Opatija is a ho- developed at certain locations. tel on six floors from 1914 by the already mentioned Then, there is also a hotel project by an unknown Viennese architectural trio of Hoppe, Schönthal, and architect for an unknown location in Dalmatia whose Kammerer. Unlike the previous project, the facade of drafting was inspired by the Society for Economic De- this hotel was to be simpler, that is, designed more ra- velopment of Dalmatia (Band, 1910). tionally (Boyd Whyte, 1989). Problems about making a project for hotels often Because of the increase in nautical tourism in Opatija lead to debates in architectural journals (Lux, 1909). (before wwi), a nautical centre was planned for build- Therefore, just before the Great War, several urban ing by August Belohlavek in 1916 (Belohlavek, 1919). and architectural competitions were held and master This building was never built. plans and architectural projects elaborated, aiming to Likewise,inDobrikaBayontheislandofVeliki reconcile the wishes of investors and the possibilities of Brijun, a hotel project from 1915 by architect Eduard the local community (Opatija, Rab, Korčula, Lošinj). Kramer and investor Paul Kupelwieser also remained Constant increases in the number of tourists called unbuilt (Kranjčević, 2016b). This hotel on five floors for a corresponding increase in hotel room capacity. was designed to have more than 100 rooms, which was In Opatija, the famous Austro-Hungarian health a huge investment for Croatia at the time (np Brijuni).

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Research on unbuilt hotels is certainly just one of the segments that can be used to track the impact of wwi at the then turbulent development of tourism.

Military Spa Resorts and Hotels as Hospitals for Wounded Soldiers in World War I Along with ‘civil’ spa houses (Kurhaus)ontheeast coast of the Adriatic Sea, military spa resorts were also builtundertheauspicesoftheWhiteCrossAssocia- tion. This association built and/or renovated and re- furbished military spa resorts in Opatija in 1888 and Čikat on the island of Lošinj in 1907. During the war, Figure 5 Project for Riviera Zaratina, 1910 in 1916, a new military spa resort Kaiserin Zita Of- fizierkurhaus [Empress Zita Spa Resort for Officers] [Courtesy of Ministry of Culture? Please check if the im- age is copyrighted.] was planned for building, with a larger capacity (60 beds) than the current one (16 beds), after a design by architect Alois Wurm Arnkkreuz (Jahrbuch der K. K. After an architectural competition was held for the Gesellschaft vom Weissen Kreuze, 1917, p. 51). building of a large hotel complex on the island of Rab Therecoveryofalargenumberofwoundedsol- in 1914, the project by architect Karl Lehrmann went diers and disabled workers required large accommo- on to be unrealised. Unfortunately, although the first dation facilities, leading to many hotels being con- prize was awarded, the project was not realised pri- verted into military spa resorts. For example, Hotel marily due to the outbreak of the war (Kranjčević, in (built in 1904) and Hotel Emi- 2016a). granti in (built in 1908) were converted into a One particularly interesting unbuilt project on the military spa resort/military hospital during the war, as east coast of the Adriatic Sea is the project by a Berlin well as some other hotels on the Adriatic Sea. consortium for Borik (Puntamika) in Zadar from the first decade of the 20th century. This project, called ‘Riviera Zaratina,’proposed three luxury hotels, a well- Discussion and Conclusions equipped sand and bathing space, hotel space specially Had the end of the 19th and the beginning of the equipped for guests in winter, maintenance and ex- 20th century not been marked by global development pansion of green areas with the emphasis on the culti- of technology, communication, medicine and trans- vation of Mediterranean plants. portation as well as the surplus of free time, tourism as Sadly, for Lovran (near Opatija), the 1908 project a new social phenomenon could certainly not have de- for a multi-purpose stadium (sports competitions, veloped. Without a doubt, a great impetus to tourism tombola, etc.) remained unbuilt (Fassbender, 1908). development at the beginning of the 20th century This is an indicator that sports facilities were planned came from organised tourism propaganda and the- for expanding the tourist services offered. matic tourism or economic exhibitions. In the continental part of the Empire, discussions TheriseoftourismintheAustro-HungarianEm- were also held on the construction of new hotels in pire, and thus also on the Croatian Adriatic coast, health resorts. For Topusko (continental part of Croa- should be considered in the context of global tourism tia), an architectural contest was announced in 1910. development,notjustthroughtalc. Since the construction of a hotel requires many years There is no doubt that the staggering tourism de- of preparation, the project was not realised (hda, velopment before wwi, manifested through a sud- sg.V.32) den growth in tourism figures, the construction of

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Table 3 List of Some of the Unbuilt Hotel Projects on the Croatian Adriatic Coast Towns Type of hotels Architect Investor Crikvenica Hotel Palace, 1896 Arnold Lotz (Prokop, 1897) – Brijuni Hotel, 1914 Eduard Kramer Paul Kupelwieser Dubrovnik 1911–1913 Alfred Keller Society for Economic Development of Dalmatia Kupari, Dubrovnik Hotel Resort Jiři Stibral and Alois Zima Czech consortium Lošinj Spa resort for royal and state ?AlexanderKrasza1909. officials, 1909 Opatija Hotel Palace 1911/1912. Hoppe, Schönthal, and Österreichische Riviera Kammerer Geselschaft Hotel 1914 Hoppe, Schönthal, and – Kammerer NauticalCentre,1916 JohanAugustBelohlavaek – Rab Hotel Resort, 191[Year?] Karl Lehrmann – Makarska Hotel, 1911–1913 Wilhelm Jelinek Society for Economic Development of Dalmatia Split Hotel Palast, 1911–1913 Alfred Keller Ministry of Public Works Susak Spa hotel (kurhaus) Alfred Keller Ministry of Public Works Trogir Hotel, 1911–1913 Alfred Keller Ministry of Public Works Trsteno Tourist Resort (hotel and villas) Alfred Keller Society for Economic 1911–1913 Development of Dalmatia Unknown location Hotel for Dalmatia From book (Band, 1910) – Unknown location Prototype of the hotel Dalmatia Adriatic exh. in Vienna 1913 Ministry of Public Works Zadar Riviera Zaratina 1904 T. Jaffé German consortium tourism architecture and traffic, had the features of tourism sector required ever faster and simpler con- mass tourism from the very beginnings. struction,21 as tourism encompassed increasingly wider Likewise, there is no doubt that the staggering layers of society. tourism development before wwi in the world, as Although the Croatian coastal area was econom- well as on the Croatian Adriatic coast, caused the be- ically underdeveloped, from the end of the 19th and ginning of the spatial transformation of the Croat- at the beginning of the 20th century, tourism together ian Adriatic coast. A constantly increasing number of with planned industry and agriculture development tourist arrivals called for (demanded) the construction was supposed to facilitate its modernisation, and the of previously unknown types of buildings, such as ho- coast was to become a serious competitor to Italian tels, villas, guesthouses, restaurants, and other build- and French tourism (Piplović, 2011). ings of tourism architecture that, in turn, required spe- The suspension of investment at the beginning of cific infrastructure (electric power stations, a water World War I referred not only to the construction of supply network, roads, a railway network, parks, etc.). hotels but also to the construction of the railway net- Numerous destinations put significant effort into be- ing known on the tourism market. 21 As new time demanded a new approach to architecture, it is The issue of new trends in shaping tourism ar- not unusual for Adolf Loos to publish essays ‘Ornament and chitecture on a global scale before wwi became in- Crime’ 1906–1909 in which he advocated building buildings creasingly pronounced. The inflow of capital into the without ornamentation.

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work, ports, and other facilities used in tourism. itage and presentation of this type of heritage. Investments in tourism required attractive loca- tions for which adequate land and labour force had Acknowledgments to be secured, and therefore their realisation certainly This work has been supported in part by the Croatian required time. Quite quickly, the narrow coastal strip Science Foundation under the project heru-2032. become a large construction site. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommen- wwi did not put a stop to tourism development dations expressed in this material are those of the author only on the coast, but also in the continental part of and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Croatian Science Foundation. Croatia. Given the boom in tourism on the Croatian coast References in the early 20th century, World War I as a global event Adria Ausstellung. (1913). Der Fremdenverkehr, 6(19), 11. heavily impacted investments in tourism and, in turn, Band,M.(1910).Dalmatien – das Land der Sonne, eine Wan- in the economy. This interruption in the development derfahrt an der Adria. Vienna, Austria: Hartleben. of tourism undoubtedly influenced the change in the Band, M. (1914). Der Krieg und der Fremdenverkehr. Der relationship between tourism and space. Fremdenverkehr, 7(33), 1. We can only hypothesise as to what the Croatian Baranowski, S., & Furlough, E. (2001). Being elsewhere: Tourism, coast would have looked like had at least the major- consumer culture and identity in modern Europe and ity of the presented hotels been built. The Croatian North America. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Riviera would have certainly appeared different than Michigan Press. it does now, and the attitude towards tourism would Belohlavek, A. (1919). Projekt für ein Schiffahrtsaufnah- mgebäude am Molo in Abazzia. Wiener Bauindustrie- have undoubtedly been different as well. Zeitung, 34(6), 44–45. This means that talc cannot be observed only Berghoff,H.,Korte,B.,Schneider,R.,&Harvie,C.(Eds.). through the prism of the destination, but should be (2002). The making of modern tourism: The cultural his- viewed through the prism of the impact of global tory of the British experience, 1600–2000. London, Eng- changes that have had a substantial impact on the his- land: Palgrave. tory of tourism, changes in trends in tourism (supply Blažević, I. (1987). Povijest turizma Istre i Kvarnera. Opatija, and demand), the development of destination tourism Croatia: Otokar Kersavani. andthusalsoontourismarchitecture. Boyd Whyte, I. (1989). Emil Hoppe, Marcel Kammerer, Otto Although at the beginning of the 20th century, Schönthal – Drei Architekten aus der Meisterschule Otto Wagners. Berlin, Germany: Ernst. there were indications of changes in architectural de- Butler,R.W.(1980).Theconceptoftourismareacycleof sign and thus the design of tourism architecture, the evolution: Implications for management of resources. approach to tourism architecture design undoubtedly Canadian Geographer, 24(1), 5–12. changed after wwi. Butler, R., & Suntikul, W. (Eds.). (2013). Tourism and war. While archival material about unbuilt tourism ar- London, England: Routledge. chitecture was viewed here as material for consider- Čorak, S., Mikačić, V., & Ateljević, I. (2012). An ironic para- ing the impact of global changes on tourism, undoubt- dox: The longitudinal view on impacts of the 1990s edly this archival material may be used to contribute to homeland war on tourism in Croatia. In R. Butler & W. the rethinking of this material as architectural tourism Suntikul (Eds.), Tourism and War (pp. 161–175). London, heritageandpresentationofthistypeofheritage. England: Routledge. Ćulić, J. (1928). Način za rješenje problema naših pasivnih Tourism recovery on the Croatian coast after wwi krajeva – historijat akcija za podizanje hotela u Dal- was relatively slow. While there is archival material maciji. Jugoslovenski turizam, 1(2), 5–7. about unbuilt tourism architecture as a resource for Das Musterhotel in der Adria. (1913). Der Fremdenverkehr, reflecting on the impact of global changes on tourism, 6(21), 10–12. this material can serve as a contribution to the rethink- Dragičević, M., Nikšić Radić, L., & Grbić, L. (2018). Terror- ing of this material such as architectural tourism her- ism as security challenge in tourism development. In I.

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