Uses of Perfluorinated Substances
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Analytical Standards for Human Exposure Analysis
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc. isotope.com Analytical Standards for Human Exposure Analysis Human Personal Care Industrial Products Pollution Dermal Inhalation Ingestion Food Tobacco Products Drinking Water Pharmaceuticals Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc. North America: 1.800.322.1174 [email protected] | International: +1.978.749.8000 [email protected] | fax: 1.978.749.2768 | isotope.com Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc. | Analytical Standards for Human Exposure Analysis Analytical Standards for Human Exposure Analysis Exposomics is the study of the exposome and is a field that has been gaining attention as researchers focus not only on identifying contaminants present in the environment, but their effects on humans. The exposome encompasses an individual’s lifetime exposure to internal and external stresses, including environmental, dietary, and metabolic factors, to name a few. Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc. (CIL) has and continues to produce standards that are used in many leading biomonitoring research projects, such as the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) “National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)” and the Japan National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) “Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS).” The CDC’s NHANES program is focused on assessing the health and nutritional status of both children and adults in the United States. There are several studies involved in this program, which is notable in that both interviews and physical examinations are factored in when compiling data. The first NHANES study was conducted from 1971-1975 and subsequent studies are continuing to this day. Additional information about the NHANES program can be found at www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/index.htm. -
Priority Pollutant, Endocrine Disruptor, and Chemical Contaminant Standards Solutions for a Greener World Introduction
Priority Pollutant, Endocrine Disruptor, and Chemical Contaminant Standards Solutions for a Greener World Introduction Priority Pollutant, Endocrine Disruptor, and Chemical Contaminant Standards isotope.com Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Product Halogenated and Substituted Benzene Standards and Phenol Standards Concern about environmental and human exposure to Many industrial and consumer products are composed of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has grown chemicals that contain halogenated or substituted benzene significantly. This classification encompasses a broad range of or phenol functional groups. Resistant to decomposition and chemicals, ranging from antibiotics to hormones to pesticides. metabolism, these chemicals may persist even after the parent One common theme among these groups is the need for molecule has undergone partial decomposition, or they may high-quality isotopically labeled standards to strengthen the exist as a product or an industrial byproduct. The increased analysis of PPCPs in difficult matrices such as sewage sludge use of brominated compounds is expected to lead to more and wastewater. CIL, with guidance from leading laboratories brominated benzenes and phenols in the environment, and around the world, works diligently to produce representative the continued presence of chlorinated compounds ensures standards for the analysis of PPCPs. that chlorinated benzenes and phenols will be found in the environment for years to come. Food and Drinking Water Analysis Standards Bisphenol Standards Increased attention to possible contamination of food and Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic compound that has long been water has caused analysts to broaden the scope of trace food used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy and water testing by IDMS. -
The Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals 124
1998:12 The Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals 124. Thermal Degradation Products of Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Polystyrene, Polyvinylchloride and Polytetrafluoroethylene in the Processing of Plastics Antti Zitting Nordic Council of Ministers arbete och hälsa vetenskaplig skriftserie ISBN 91–7045–472–8 ISSN 0346–7821 http://www.niwl.se/ah/ah.htm National Institute for Working Life National Institute for Working Life The National Institute for Working Life is Sweden's center for research and development on labour market, working life and work environment. Diffusion of infor- mation, training and teaching, local development and international collaboration are other important issues for the Institute. The R&D competence will be found in the following areas: Labour market and labour legislation, work organization and production technology, psychosocial working conditions, occupational medicine, allergy, effects on the nervous system, ergonomics, work environment technology and musculoskeletal disorders, chemical hazards and toxicology. A total of about 470 people work at the Institute, around 370 with research and development. The Institute’s staff includes 32 professors and in total 122 persons with a postdoctoral degree. The National Institute for Working Life has a large international collaboration in R&D, including a number of projects within the EC Framework Programme for Research and Technology Development. ARBETE OCH HÄLSA Redaktör: Anders Kjellberg Redaktionskommitté: Anders Colmsjö och Ewa Wigaeus Hjelm © Arbetslivsinstitutet & författarna 1998 Arbetslivsinstitutet, 171 84 Solna, Sverige ISBN 91–7045–472–8 ISSN 0346-7821 Tryckt hos CM Gruppen Preface The Nordic Council is an intergovernmental collaborative body for the five countries, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. -
Recommendation on Perfluorinated Compound Treatment Options for Drinking Water
Recommendation on Perfluorinated Compound Treatment Options for Drinking Water New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Institute Treatment Subcommittee June 2015 Laura Cummings, P.E., Chair Anthony Matarazzo Norman Nelson, P.E. Fred Sickels Carol T. Storms Background At the request of the Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection the Drinking Water Quality Institute (DWQI) is working to develop recommended Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL) for three long-chain perfluorinated compounds (PFC): Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). The Treatment Subcommittee of the Drinking Water Quality Institute is responsible for identifying available treatment technologies or methods for removal of hazardous contaminants from drinking water. The subcommittee has met several times over the last year beginning in July 2014 to discuss and investigate best available treatment options for the long-chain (8 – 9 carbon) PFCs identified above. The subcommittee decided to research and report on treatment options for all three compounds, as the treatment options are not expected to differ from compound to compound due to their similar properties (e.g. persistence, water solubility, similar structure, strong carbon-fluorine bonds, and high polarity). This approach contrasts with the other two subcommittees which will address the three compounds separately. The subcommittee has gathered and reviewed data from several sources in order to identify widely-accepted and well-performing strategies for removal of long-chain PFCs, including use of alternate sources. This report is intended to present the subcommittee’s findings. At this time, there are no Federal drinking water standards for PFNA, PFOA or PFOS; however in 2009 the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 2009) established a Provisional Health Advisory (PHA) level of 0.4 µg/L for PFOA and 0.2 µg/L PHA for PFOS for short-term exposure. -
Products Evolved During Hot Gas Welding of Fluoropolymers
Health and Safety Executive Products evolved during hot gas welding of fluoropolymers Prepared by the Health and Safety Laboratory for the Health and Safety Executive 2007 RR539 Research Report Health and Safety Executive Products evolved during hot gas welding of fluoropolymers Chris Keen BSc CertOH Mike Troughton BSc PhD CPhys MInstP Derrick Wake BSc, Ian Pengelly BSc, Emma Scobbie BSc Health and Safety Laboratory Broad Lane Sheffield S3 7HQ This report details the findings of a research project which was performed as a collaboration between the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) and The Welding Institute (TWI). The project aim was to identify and measure the amounts of products evolved during the hot gas welding of common fluoropolymers, to attempt to identify the causative agents of polymer fume fever. Carbonyl fluoride and/or hydrogen fluoride were detected from certain fluoropolymers when these materials were heated to their maximum welding temperatures. Significant amounts of ultrafine particles were detected from all of the fluoropolymers investigated when they were hot gas welded. The report concludes that fluoropolymers should be hot gas welded at the lowest possible temperature to reduce the potential for causing polymer fume fever in operators. If temperature control is not sufficient to prevent episodes of polymer fume fever, a good standard of local exhaust ventilation (LEV) should also be employed. This report and the work it describes were funded by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Its contents, including any opinions and/or conclusions expressed, are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect HSE policy. HSE Books © Crown copyright 2007 First published 2007 All rights reserved. -
Safety Assessment of Fluoropolymers As Used in Cosmetics
Safety Assessment of Fluoropolymers as Used in Cosmetics Status: Draft Report for Panel Review Release Date: February 9, 2018 Panel Date: March 5-6, 2018 The 2018 Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel members are: Chair, Wilma F. Bergfeld, M.D., F.A.C.P.; Donald V. Belsito, M.D.; Ronald A. Hill, Ph.D.; Curtis D. Klaassen, Ph.D.; Daniel C. Liebler, Ph.D.; James G. Marks, Jr., M.D.; Ronald C. Shank, Ph.D.; Thomas J. Slaga, Ph.D.; and Paul W. Snyder, D.V.M., Ph.D. The CIR Executive Director is Bart Heldreth, Ph.D. This report was prepared by Wilbur Johnson, Jr., M.S., Senior Scientific Analyst © Cosmetic Ingredient Review 1620 L STREET, NW, SUITE 1200 ◊ WASHINGTON, DC 20036-4702 ◊ PH 202.331.0651 ◊ FAX 202.331.0088 ◊ [email protected] Commitment & Credibility since 1976 Memorandum To: CIR Expert Panel Members and Liaisons From: Wilbur Johnson, Jr. Senior Scientific Analyst Date: February 9, 2018 Subject: Draft Report on Fluoropolymers A Scientific Literature Review (SLR) on Fluoropolymers was issued on January 8, 2018. The attached use concentration data (fluoro032018data1 and fluoro032018data2) that are included in this draft report were received from the Personal Care Products Council (Council) prior to issuance of the SLR. Data relating to the skin irritation and sensitization potential and ocular irritation potential of formulas containing PTFE (fluoro032018data3) and report comments (fluoro032018pcpc1) were received from the Council after the SLR was issued. These data are included in the draft report, and the Council’s comments have been addressed. Additionally, a memorandum with report comments (fluoro032018pcpc2) was received from the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Science and Support Committee of the Council. -
UNITED NATIONS Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants Technical Paper on the Identification and Assessment Of
UNITED NATIONS SC UNEP/POPS/POPRC.8/INF/17 Distr.: General 15 August 2012 English only Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee Eighth meeting Geneva, 15–19 October 2012 Item 5 (g) of the provisional agenda* Technical work: assessment of alternatives to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid in open applications Technical paper on the identification and assessment of alternatives to the use of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid in open applications Note by the Secretariat 1. In paragraph 6 of decision SC-5/5, the Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention requested the Secretariat, subject to the availability of resources, to commission a technical paper on the identification and assessment of alternatives to the use of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid in open applications for consideration by the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee at its eighth meeting. 2. That technical paper has been prepared, with financial support provided by the Government of Norway, on the basis of the terms of reference and an outline developed by the Committee at its seventh meeting. It is set out in the annex to the present note, where it is presented without formal editing. * UNEP/POPS/POPRC.8/1. K1282361 110912 UNEP/POPS/POPRC.8/INF/17 Annex Technical paper on the identification and assessment of alternatives to the use of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid in open applications 2 UNEP/POPS/POPRC.8/INF/17 Table of contents Executive summary......................................................................................................................................................... -
Toxic Hazards to Fire Fighters, Including Effects of Fire Retardants, During Fires and Post-Fire Investigation Activities
David Purser Fire Retardants and their Potential Impact on Fire Fighter Health National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburgh MD September 30th 2009 Toxic Hazards to Fire Fighters, Including Effects of Fire Retardants, During Fires and Post-Fire Investigation Activities Prof. David Purser Hartford Environmental Research Hatfield, United Kingdom HER David Purser Issues • What are potential health hazards to fire fighters from exposure to toxic fire effluents? • What features of burning materials and fire conditions give rise to these hazards? • What effect do fire retardants have on toxic fire hazards? HER David Purser Role of fire retardant treatments Benefits of fire retardant treatments: 1. Reduce probability that a heat or ignition source will initiate a growing spreading fire – Reduce initial ignition probability – If ignition does occur may result in self- extinction/failure of propagation – Thereby essentially eliminate the toxic and environmental hazards from fires prevented 2. If the initial ignition resistance is overcome may reduce the rate of fire growth – May result in a period of very slow growth up to a critical fire size – Or may provide a slower t2 fire growth curve – In such cases may reduce the rate of toxic hazard development and increase the time available for escape or fire fighting HER David Purser BS7974 fire growth rate curves t^2 fire growth curves 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 Slow 3000 Medium Heat release rate (Kilowatts) 2000 Fast Ultrafast 1000 Explosion 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Time (s) HER David Purser BS7974 fire growth rate curves CBUF chairs HER David Purser Limitations of fire retardant treatments • Do not provide non-combustibility, but ignition resistance to a heat source up to a design limit. -
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS of FLUOROCARBON POLYMERS
criteria for a recommended standard . occupational exposure to DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS of FLUOROCARBON POLYMERS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE criteria for a recommended standard... OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS of FLUOROCARBON POLYMERS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Public Health Service Center for Disease Control National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health September 1977 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 77-193 PREFACE The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 emphasizes the need for standards to protect the health and safety of workers exposed to an ever-increasing number of potential hazards at their workplace. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has projected a formal system of research, with priorities determined on the basis of specified indices, to provide relevant data from which valid criteria for effective standards can be derived. Recommended standards for occupational exposure, which are the result of this work, are based on the health effects of exposure. The Secretary of Labor will weigh these recommendations along with other considerations such as feasibility and means of implementation in developing regulatory standards. It is intended to present successive reports as research and epidemiologic studies are completed and as sampling and analytical methods are developed. Criteria and standards will be reviewed periodically to ensure continuing protection of the worker. I am pleased to acknowledge the contributions to this report on the decomposition products of fluorocarbon polymers by members of the NIOSH staff and the valuable constructive comments by the Review Consultants on the Decomposition Products of Fluorocarbon Polymers and by Robert B. -
10.5 Polymerization Reactions—Monomers And
Extension 12. (a) (b) Animal hides decompose quickly unless they are cured to remove the water from the skin. The hide is first soaked in water to remove water-soluble substances, and hair is removed by soaking in a mixture of lime and water, followed by an enzyme mixture. The hair and any remaining tissue are removed by machine and the hide is washed and treated with tannic acid. The tannic acid displaces water from the spaces between the protein fibres of the hide, allowing the fibres to cement together to form a strong, water-resistant leather. 13. (a) First molecule: one cis and two trans Second molecule: two cis and two trans (b) Transfats increase the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or “bad” cholesterol in the bloodstream, which contributes to clogging of the arteries. As arteries clog, the risk of stroke and heart attack increases. 10.5 POLYMERIZATION REACTIONS—MONOMERS AND POLYMERS Web Activity: Web Quest—Teflon: Healthy or Hazardous? (Page 448) [Students’ presentations may cover some of the following material.] Production of Teflon To produce polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE or Teflon®), the manufacturer first needs a steady supply of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE). To produce the required TFE, three main ingredients, fluorspar, hydrofluoric acid, and chloroform are combined in a reaction chamber and heated to between 590 ˚C and 900 ˚C. The gas produced is cooled and then distilled to remove impurities. A possible sequence of reactions is: CaF2(s) + H2SO4(aq) o CaSO4(s) + 2 HF(aq) CH4(g) + 3 Cl2(g) o CHCl3(g) + 3 HCl(g) CHCl3(g) + 2 HF(g) o CHClF2(g) + 2 HCl(g) 2 CHClF2(g) o CF2CF2(g) + 2 HCl(g) 374 Unit 5 Solutions Manual Copyright © 2007 Thomson Nelson One method of producing PTFE from the TFE is by suspension polymerization. -
Investigation of Levels of Perfluorinated Compounds in New Jersey Fish, Surface Water, and Sediment
Investigation of Levels of Perfluorinated Compounds in New Jersey Fish, Surface Water, and Sediment New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Division of Science, Research, and Environmental Health SR15-010 June 18, 2018 Updated April 9, 2019 Lead Investigators: Sandra M. Goodrow, Ph.D., Bruce Ruppel, Lee Lippincott, Ph.D., Gloria B. Post, Ph.D., D.A.B.T. 1 Executive Summary Per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) are used in the manufacture of useful products that impart stain resistance, water resistance, heat resistance and other desirable properties. PFAS are also used in various Aqueous Film Forming Foams (AFFF) that are used in fire-fighting. These substances are in wide use today, found at industrial sites that use or manufacture them and at military bases, airports and other areas known for fire-fighting activities. A subset of PFAS, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), have fully fluorinated carbon chains as their backbone, and their extremely strong carbon-fluorine bonds makes them very resistant to degradation. When released to the environment, PFCs persist indefinitely and can travel distances from their source in surface water, groundwater, or in the atmosphere. PFAS are considered “emerging contaminants” because additional information on their presence and toxicity to ecosystems and humans continues to become available. The Division of Science, Research and Environmental Health (DSREH) performed an initial assessment of 13 PFAS, all of which are perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), at 11 waterways across the state. Fourteen surface water and sediment samples and 94 fish tissue samples were collected at sites along these waterways. The sites were selected based on their proximity to potential sources of PFAS and their likelihood of being used for recreational and fishing purposes. -
Summer 2015 Newsletter
OF NORTHEAST WISCONSIN j C ELEBRATING 30 YEARS OF WORKING TO PROTECT PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN N ORTHEAST W ISCONSIN i SUMMER 2015 Protecting Your Family from Toxins in the Home and Environment Introduction by CWAC President Dean Hoegger silence still surrounds the link between chemicals in our environments and their impact on human health. Dr. cientific research shows a strong link between Sandra Steingraber, who spoke at CWAC’s Health Forum Sunregulated chemicals and the health problems in May, 2014, noted the degree to which our environment that plague American families. Public concern about that has been contaminated. “From dry-cleaning fluids to link has driven positive change in state policies, in the pesticides, harmful substances have trespassed into the marketplace, and among America’s trading partners, states landscape and have also woven themselves, in trace the Safer Chemicals and Healthy Families Organization. amounts, into the fibers of our bodies.” In 2009, Lisa Jackson, Director of the U.S. Without the EPA requiring testing of the ever- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), agreed with increasing number of chemicals found in American the research when she announced her intent to reform homes, consumers will be left guessing about the safe use the 33-year-old federal law, the Toxic Substances Control of these products. Steingraber emphasized that testing Act (TSCA), governing the manufacture of hazardous should also include a look at the long-term effects: “This substances, noting the law had failed to protect public much we know with certainty. It is not only reasonable but health. When Congress passed the TSCA in 1976, there essential that we should understand the lifetime effects of were already more than 62,000 synthetic chemicals in use, these incremental accumulations.