Kennedy Spearheads New Strategy

fall 2008

How is power exercised and security achieved among the world’s cultures and nations? How does so much poverty and inequality persist in a world of such plenty? How is our world governed and policy most effectively made?

David Kennedy ’76, Brown’s vice president of international affairs, has been posing these questions since becoming interim director at the Watson Insti- tute in July, as he leads deliberations on the Institute’s strategic growth.

Kennedy calls this a transformative moment for the Institute, as a linchpin crime war of the University’s expanding interna- Peter Andreas’s new book depicts the tional agenda. Bosnian capital’s 1990s spiral into a criminalized war economy – in a setting “For over two decades, the Watson of ethnic conflict, humanitarian inter- Institute has analyzed global politics, vention, and intense media coverage. power, and society – becoming known David Kennedy Page 10. for questioning settled policy prescrip- tions, thinking outside the range of Today, with even more room for critical conventional debate, and working inquiry into the nature of security and across academic disciplines to identify the future of globalization, the Institute new causes and cures for urgent inter- is poised for growth. national problems,” he says. “Going forward, we will probe these “One of the things I’m most proud questions with increased rigor, estab- about at the Watson Institute is the lishing new collaborations with Brown extent to which we focus on history colleagues and growing the Institute’s and context, bringing deep background cohort of researchers from around the knowledge to bear on the issues we in- world,” Kennedy says. “We will apply vestigate,” Kennedy says. “For exam- the scrutiny of an even wider range of beyond terror ple, we have a much higher percentage academic disciplines. We will redouble The research project, Beyond Terror: of anthropologists, sociologists, and our commitment to making a difference Innovating Global Security and Global historians who work with us in a very by working with policymakers and gen- Media for the 21st Century, gains intimate way when we address ques- erating public-interest media. And we impetus with a major grant from the tions of global security. And that gives will innovate our teaching and mentor- Carnegie Corporation of New York. us a very special kind of perspective.” ing of graduate, undergraduate, and Page 5. 2 www.watsoninstitute.org

FEATURE

high school students – as rising gen- global networks to address poverty erations of leaders equipped to address and security and find the most effective the issues of their own times.” policy tools for global governance.”

Kennedy has also been developing a As he advances the strategic review new initiative that will convene policy begun by former director Barbara professionals and scholars from across Stallings, who is resuming her work as academic disciplines to understand, a full-time faculty member, Kennedy improve, and influence the machinery of adds that, “It is a time which we hope global governance. will provide a basis for broad growth not only in the scope of our research, “The question ‘What can be done Vasuki Nesiah but in our own community – expand- about it?’ has always been at the ing the faculty, expanding the number forefront of our minds – making the re- of students that are involved, and search that is done here at the Institute the research is Vasuki Nesiah, a legal expanding our links with researchers real in the world,” Kennedy says. “Yet it scholar, Watson lecturer, and University and scholars across the campus and is no longer obvious precisely how one director of international affairs whose around the world.” can do something about the problems research focuses on human rights and that most concern us – whether the ethnic conflict. global environment, problems of poverty and development, or problems of The stage was set in June, with a security,” he says. “Knowing where the summer institute of younger scholars levers are, knowing how the machinery from around the world, followed by an of governance works on a transnational international conference, “After Empire: basis has become an important puzzle Global Governance Today.” Over time, that will take an interdisciplinary team the Institute is looking to add a group of researchers to unravel.” of international law specialists working in parallel with its research on develop- Kennedy, who had been teaching ment, security, and other issues. at Harvard Law School for 25 years before coming to Brown, is a lead- Visiting fellows have begun arriving at ing figure in international law whose the Institute to work in this new area, books include Of War and Law (Princ- building toward a portfolio of related eton University Press, 2006) and the undergraduate and graduate courses forthcoming Economic Development: and workshops, lectures, and publica- An Intellectual History. Coordinating tions. A detailed global governance research strategy is under development.

“This is a very exciting moment for the Watson Institute,” Kennedy says. “We Read an interview Read the Watson Institute’s with Kennedy at are in the middle of a major process of rethinking, reforming, and restructur- new annual report at: www.watsoninstitute.org/ www.watsoninstitute.org/ kennedyinterview. ing to deepen our connection with the social science departments at Brown annualreport08. and to expand our capacity to build BRIEFINGS fall 2008 3

NEWS

In a lecture this month on campus, On campus and in the media, Rhodes Associate Professor Nina Tannenwald Center for International Economics spoke about nuclear weapons issues Director Ross Levine suggested that in that will face the president, who will not the United States, despite hard times only have to control “loose nukes” but ahead, “I don’t think we’re going to should act on the growing movement experience a depression.” He noted among senior US policymakers of all in mid-October that unemployment stripes for nuclear abolition. reached 25 percent during the depression of the 1930s (versus the current The input has been building for some 6 percent) and that the default rate on Advice to Next President time, since US Ambassador Richard mortgages was 40 percent (versus the Holbrooke ’62, a Brown professor at current 4 percent). Watson Institute faculty have been of- large, gave a speech last fall predicting fering a range of advice to the next US that “The next president of the United Visiting Fellow Christopher Lydon administration. States is going to inherit the worst conducted an Open Source interview opening-day hand in foreign policy in with Vanguard founder John C. Bogle In a policy paper distributed in Wash- American history.” in late September. “We broke the link ington, Visiting Fellow Catherine in the chain that relates the lender to McArdle Kelleher lays out five prescrip- To put it all in context, Gordon Wood the borrower,” Bogle said. Now, “the tions for the next secretary of state. provides his perspective as a Brown hole is very deep for the credit side of Among them: “Restore diplomacy as professor of history in a new install- the business.” Looking ahead, “no- the administration’s international instru- ment of the Institute’s Open Source body ever knows where the bottom ment of first resort.” podcast series: “Something that I think will be,” Bogle said, putting the end of our political leaders need, they should the economic crisis some two to three A white paper from the Institute and the be more humble in the face of this years away. Center for Latin American and Carib- complicated world.” bean Studies advocates: “a US foreign policy that respects the sovereignty of foreign nations.” A letter signed by Financial Crisis faculty members and over 350 other Elicits Comment scholars of the region urges the US to “renew its active support for human Institute faculty and associates have rights throughout the region.” provided alternative views on the current financial crisis as the issues have On the qualities that must be in play in multiplied and grown. the White House, on the truthdig.com website, Professor James G. Blight In late October, Institute Board Member and Adjunct Professor janet M. Lang William Rhodes ‘57 laid out a plan in recommend “(a) skepticism about the the Financial Times to help emerging utility of military solutions to politi- countries weather the storm. “The situ- cal problems; and (b) the willingness ation is deteriorating; these countries and the ability to inform and instruct should not be left adrift,” he said. the American people as to why, as Churchill once put it, ‘to jaw-jaw is better than war-war.’” 4 www.watsoninstitute.org

NEWS

you see this art in aesthetic terms?” he The Nuclear Dilemmas project is co-led asked. However, Gleason also stated by Associate Professor Nina Tannen- that all art becomes historicized as wald, author of The Nuclear Taboo: The the political issues that animated the United States and the Nonuse of Nu- art recede into the past. Gleason was clear Weapons since 1945 (Cambridge eventually surprised to discover the University Press, December 2007); “energy and passion” that went into the Visiting Fellow Catherine McArdle production of these works. Kelleher, a former official with the US Defense Department and National Se- Soviet artists drew upon artistic influ- curity Council; and Senior Fellow Sue Abbott Gleason ences outside the boundaries of their E. Eckert, a former assistant secretary political restrictions, he said, such of export administration and co-author A Personal Tour of Soviet Art as Russian folk art and 19th century of Countering the Financing of Terror- European art. ism (Routledge, 2007). At a curator’s lecture this fall, Watson Institute Adjunct Professor Abbott Soviet artists also made valid critiques Amid recent calls for practical national Gleason compared the exhibit of Soviet of Western societies, Gleason said. For and international steps toward the abo- political art on view at Brown’s List Art example, Soviet artists’ criticisms of lition of nuclear weapons, the project Center to a “cocktail party where the American racism were often justified. seeks to analyze and debate nuclear guests are happy to interact even if Now that the Soviet state is gone, we issues in terms of the givens and op- they don’t all agree.” can more readily acknowledge the truth tions available in the 21st century. It of certain Soviet depictions of our own will offer a series of courses, public Such analogies set the personal tone society, he said. lectures drawn from a range of schol- of Gleason’s talk, given in conjunc- ars and practitioners, research confer- tion with an exhibit titled “Views and Gleason is also teaching a course on ences, films, and an outreach program Re-Views: Soviet Political Posters the materials this fall, called “Friends, to educators and the community. and Cartoons.” The exhibit, which he Enemies and Heroes: Reading the co-curated with Bell Gallery Director Soviet Poster.” The project was launched with a related Jo-Ann Conklin, includes over 160 panel discussion of increasing tensions pieces of propaganda dating from 1918 By Watson Institute Student today between the US and Russia, through the late Soviet era. Rapporteur Juliana Friend ‘11 titled “Georgia and Kosovo: A New Cold War?” Several film screenings and dis- Gleason, the Keeney Professor of cussions have also taken place, includ- History Emeritus, discussed his own Nuclear Order Revisited ing the classic Dr. Strangelove. biases as a young academic and used personal experience as a lens through The global nuclear debate today is which to challenge the assumptions being recast by technological accel- that may shape one’s views of Soviet eration, the rise of terrorist networks, political art. and new and aspiring nuclear nations. Institute faculty are launching a new Like many scholars, Gleason used to research project, on Nuclear Dilemmas dismiss Soviet art for being coercive in the 21st Century, to reexamine the and politically exploitative, he said. assumptions and practices underlying “When your colleagues are debating the current world nuclear order. how many people Stalin killed, how do BRIEFINGS fall 2008 5

RESEARCH

Innovating Global Security Research Aims for Sustainable Diplomacy The Institute will continue to build on two major research initiatives – the A “Global Security and Sustainable Innovating Global Security and Global Diplomacy” conference last spring Media projects – with the renewal of a analyzed efforts to produce a more significant foundation grant from the viable diplomatic system – even as the Carnegie Corporation of New York. changing global security landscape places new pressures on it. Led by Professor James Der Derian, James Der Derian the work aims to “move national secu- There is long-running dissatisfaction rity policies beyond a preoccupation for analyzing threats to security; with the current system’s inability to re- with terrorism and towards multilateral solve pressing global issues, said Keele responses to new global threats and • A series of lectures and workshops University Professor Costas Constan- vulnerabilities.” Now entering its third with innovative security theorists from tinou, a co-convener. Diplomacy must year, the renamed Beyond Terror: In- around the globe and an international transform itself to remain viable, added novating Global Security and Global conference on sustainable diplomacy – fellow convener James Der Derian, a Media for the 21st Century project is both to result in edited volumes; professor at Watson. Der Derian identi- producing new thinking and new tools fied terrorism, instantaneous media, to create a network of informed policy • An undergraduate course, “Global and other new challenges to traditional experts and increase public awareness Media: Theory, History, and Produc- diplomacy, in a world where globally and participation in security matters. tion,” co-led by Der Derian and Visiting networked nonstate actors practice Fellow John Phillip Santos, and sec- diplomacy as well as a growing number Among the components of this multi- ondary school instructional materials of increasingly powerful nations. faceted project are: from the Choices Program; and Yet for all of the discussion of nontra- • Documentary films including Virtual • Major new research and education on ditional diplomacy, “sovereignty is a JFK: Vietnam, If Kennedy Had Lived, nuclear proliferation. concept that remains in play. … That’s which premiered at the New York City where we still are,” noted J. Peter Film Forum in September; Cultural “Power has been reconfigured in world Burgess, professor at the Oslo-based Warriors, premiering later this year; and politics,” said Der Derian, as he an- International Peace Research Institute Jihadi Media, now in production; nounced the $375,000 grant. “With the (PRIO). An edited volume of papers on end of a unipolar order dominated by the subject is in development. • Web-based media and applications, the US, we are entering a heteropolar such as the Open Source podcast se- world, with new national, multinational, ries by national radio host Christopher nonstate, and cultural actors who can Lydon and the Global Security Matrix magnify their influence through networks of global media.

Visit the Global Security Matrix “Carnegie’s renewal of this grant will ranking risks worldwide at www. help us to apply intellectual insights watsoninstitute.org/globalsecu- gained from the past two years so ritymatrix. that we might help create global security policies more in line with this J. Peter Burgess changing world.” 6 www.watsoninstitute.org

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Researchers Track come to three overarching conclusions. nization and of an unrelated communi- Human Trafficking “We need to understand that we are ty-driven activist group in Macedonia. dealing with morphing criminal enter- Brown’s Pembroke Center for Teach- prises on both sides of the Pacific Rim. The project aims to portray the em- ing and Research on Women is hosting … We need to understand the growing pirical realities of democratization and a year-long research seminar in the flow of migrant labor around the globe. the less tangible, longer-term impacts 2009-2010 academic year that will ana- … And the third factor to consider is of such efforts – moving well beyond lyze global flows of people and tech- the international funding cycle for the the quantitative indicators that often nology through the lenses of several activities of non-profit organizations characterize official evaluations. Brown, academic disciplines. that seek to help potential migrants,” an anthropologist, keeps interviews de- said Warren. liberately informal – like a “muabet,” a The seminar will be led by Kay War- regional word for “chit-chat” – to close ren, the Charles B. Tillinghast Jr. ‘32 the distance between interviewer and Professor of International Studies at Building Democracy interviewee and produce new findings. the Institute and at Brown’s Anthro- after Conflict pology Department. Applications are A documentary film will capture the Since the mid-1990s, the international being accepted until December 10 conversations and their insights – such community has invested time, energy, for three post-doctoral positions for as the commonality of purpose but lack and resources to promote democ- younger PhDs in the social sciences of connection between the international racy in socialist Yugoslavia’s succes- and humanities. and local efforts and, more generally, sor multi-ethnic states. After over a the side effects of international donor decade, and in the face of continuing The “Markets and Bodies in Transna- funding and philosophies on civil soci- economic problems, intercommunal tional Perspective” seminar, according ety in the country. violence, and the resurgence of nation- to Pembroke, “will explore sites of anx- alist political parties, critics question iety when innovations in global labor University undergraduates have been the impact of all this well-intentioned markets and biotechnologies appear to working with Brown on the project in foreign intervention. They discredit the push ahead of the law. How are these Macedonia and on campus, supported very means of measuring it. sites moralized and politicized? How by Brown Undergraduate Teaching and are international norms and regulatory Research Awards (UTRAs). Associate Professor Keith Brown re- strategies formulated to define rapidly cently presented new work with policy- moving currents of change?” makers and practitioners to document the impacts of different approaches Warren researches the development of to democracy-building and to de- global norms to define human traffick- velop assessment techniques to help ing, the enforcement of these norms, guide future initiatives. His report was and the development of a new genera- published in EES News, a publication tion of transnational anti-trafficking of the Woodrow Wilson International campaigns. Center for Scholars, where he spoke. In May, she described her research at a His research project, “Muabet: Local commencement forum at the University. Dimensions of Democracy-Building in Keith Brown (right) engages in a ‘muabet’ in Southeast Europe,” is analyzing the life From her study of the trafficking of Macedonia. of a US-funded nongovernmental orga- people between Colombia and Japan for labor or sexual exploitation, she has BRIEFINGS fall 2008 7

PEOPLE

Burmese Writer Visiting Scholars Enhance Arrives at Watson Institute Research, Teaching

Ma Thida is this year’s International New visiting scholars and practitioners Writers Project Fellow at Brown. A at the Watson Institute this fall include Burmese fiction writer, human rights an especially large contingent of legal activist, and physician, she has been scholars – from several countries – as active on campus since arriving the Institute pursues a new research this fall, giving talks and readings agenda in the field of global gover- – particularly marking the recent nance. one-year anniversary of the violent crackdown on peaceful protests in her The list of new visitors follows: home country. • Daniel Maurício de Aragão – Office of In the 1990s, Thida herself spent five International Programs visiting fellow years in a Burmese prison for work and PhD candidate at the Pontifical to promote democratic change as Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro a campaign assistant to Aung San – research interests include the role of Suu Kyi, a Nobel laureate and leader transnational corporations as political of Myanmar’s main opposition party. actors in the United Nations. Excerpt from “Waiting” Thida was also among the health professionals who treated the injured • Jonathan P.G. Bach – visiting asso- “Every day, everyone’s waiting during pro-democracy demonstrations ciate professor of international stud- for one day. 1997. Yu was wait- in 1988. ies – research interests include global ing for one day. It had been transformations, economic zones as nearly a decade, since Zaw She has written many articles and states of exception, international orga- left home in 1990. Yu had been stories about the damage done to nizations, East-West security, disarma- waiting. She was waiting to her country by successive repressive ment – PhD in political science from be with him again, at least to regimes. Her books, such as The Syracuse University. meet him without iron mesh, Sunflower and In the Shade of an Indian bars, and concrete blocks Almond Tree, are banned in Burma. • Yishai Blank – visiting associate between them… in the murky, professor – research interests include murky interview room in the torts, legal aspects of the globalization Insein Prison. …” of cities, local government law, law and space, and law and political thought – SJD from Harvard. Listen to a reading by Thida at www.watsoninstitute.org/ • Phillippe Bonditti – visiting fellow thidanews. – research interests include security studies, US security state apparatus, and antiterrorism – PhD in international relations from CERI-Sciences Po.

Continued on next page 8 www.watsoninstitute.org

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Continued from preceding page • Gregory S. Krauss – visiting fellow – research interests include public • Douglas Bushey – visiting scholar – international law, human rights law, and doctoral candidate at the Energy and international environmental law – JD, Resources Group, University of Cali- University of Texas at Austin. fornia at Berkeley – research interests include renewable energy systems, sus- • Zinaida Miller – visiting fellow – re- tainable development, Kyoto Protocol, search interests include humanitarian and politics in international agreements. law, human security, civil rights, Israeli- Palestinian conflict, reconciliation, and • Brian Connor – visiting fellow – doc- transitional justice – JD from Harvard. toral candidate at the University of

Massachusetts at Amherst – research • Juan Otero Garabís – Cogut Visiting Richard Gordon describes his research on terrorist interests include cultural sociology, Professor of Latin American Studies – financing. political sociology, theory, and com- associate professor of Hispanic studies parative nationalisms in Japan and the at the University of Puerto Rico at Rió researcher at the Lisbon Institute for United States. Piedras – research interests include Scientific Tropical Research – research American and Caribbean literature – interests include funerary rituals and • Richard Gordon – visiting associate PhD from Harvard. conceptions of death and issues of professor – faculty member at Case transnational religions and transnation- Western Reserve University School of • Ileana M. Porras – visiting faculty – al therapeutic practices – PhD in social Law – research interests include cor- research interests include international and cultural anthropology from the In- porate governance, financial systems, law and legal theory, environmental stitute for Scientific Tropical Research. international taxation, money launder- law, globalization, international trade, ing, and terrorism financing – JD from corporate form and sovereignty, and • Nisha Shah – visiting fellow – SSHRC Harvard. religious freedom and state secularity – Postdoctoral Fellow in International JD from Harvard. Studies – research interests include • Sikina Jinnah – visiting fellow – re- critical and normative theories of glo- search interests include international • Frederik Rosén – visiting fellow – balization, global governance, security trade and environmental politics, emis- doctoral candidate in the Department of studies, surveillance technologies, and sions trading, and bureaucratic man- Political Science at Copenhagen Univer- terrorism/counterterrorism – complet- agement – PhD in international environ- sity – research interests include global ing a PhD in international relations at mental politics from the University of security, civil-military relations, security the University of Toronto. California at Berkeley. sector reform, private security and governance in Afghanistan, and Giorgio • Elana Shever – visiting fellow – • Stephen Kosack – visiting fellow Agamben’s method in philosophy. research interests include cultural – research interests include political anthropology, ethnography, environ- economy and development, democ- • Clara Saraiva – visiting fellow and mental politics, globalization, corpora- racy, foreign aid and foreign direct Brown’s Luso-American Development tions, inequalities, oil industry, devel- investment, governance, political Foundation (FLAD) Visiting Associate opment, and Latin America – PhD in organization, and educational policy- Professor with the Department of Bra- anthropology from the University of making – PhD in political science from zilian and Portuguese Studies – senior California at Berkeley. Yale University. BRIEFINGS fall 2008 9

In Memoriam One of China’s most recognized pro-democracy advocates, Xu spent 16 years The Watson Institute would like to in prison for his activities as a dissident. express our gratitude and deep ap- He came to the Watson Institute soon preciation for the lives and work of two after his release in 2002. He is chairman former Institute scholars: Visiting Fel- of the China Democracy Party. low Ruth Cardoso and Adjunct Profes- sor Marsha Pripstein Posusney. Xu also recently completed a 3,000 mile “Tour of Thanks” in Canada, visit- Brazil’s former First Lady, Ruth Car- ing Amnesty International activists doso died in June at the age of 77. who had helped secure his release She was an anthropologist and visiting from prison, establishing future col- professor at the Institute, where former laborations with them, speaking at the President Fernando Henrique Cardoso York University in Toronto, and giving has also been a visiting scholar and is media interviews. now a board member. She was praised for her work as one of the first academ- Fernando Henrique Cardoso ics to study Brazil’s favelas.

Marsha Pripstein Posusney died of Cardoso, Robert Join Board cancer in August at the age of 55. A Middle East specialist, she was also Two new members have joined the Wat- a professor of political science at son Institute’s board of overseers. Fol- Bryant University. She is remembered lowing five years as a Brown professor as a “quintessential scholar-activist,” at large based at the Institute, former award-winning author, teacher, and Brazilian President Fernando Henrique mentor to junior scholars – as someone Cardoso now takes a seat whose passions included academic on the board. Also joining is Stephen freedom, human rights, and feminism. Robert ’62 P’91, who is chancellorlor emeritus of Brown University and former CEO of the Oppenheimer Group Inc. Xu Honored by President Bush The board of overseers provides guid- Watson Institute Senior Fellow Xu Wenli ance to the Institute. Board members was honored in October for his democ- Xu Wenli include former diplomats and govern- racy advocacy by President George ment officials, as well as heads of W. Bush. Xu was among activists from global firms, leaders of nongovern- Belarus, Burma, Cuba, North Korea, mental organizations, and renowned Russia, and other countries attending scholars. John P. Birkelund LLD’02 a “Freedom Agenda” lunch with the hon. P’81’82’85’88 GP ’12 is chair president. They are “courageous men of the board, and David E. McKinney and women who have stood strong for P’80’82’89 serves as vice-chair. freedom,” Bush said. 10 www.watsoninstitute.org

EXCERPTS

Blue Helmets and Black Markets: The Business of Survival in the Siege of Sarajevo (Cornell University Press, 2008), by Associate “We were feeding both the Professor Peter Andreas victims and the cause of the oppression.” – Former UN “Inside the UN-run airport in besieged Sarajevo hung a makeshift sign: Maybe Amb. Richard Holbrooke ’62, Airlines. Along the edges of the sign, aid workers, journalists, and diplomats had on a recent book panel dis- posted stickers – CNN, ITN, CBS, RTL, MSF, VOX, UNICEF, the French flag, the cussion of Blue Helmets and Canadian flag, the Swedish flag, and so on. Above the sign was a piece of plywood Black Markets. Read about with the word ‘destinations’ handwritten at the top, with a changeable placard the panel at www.watsoninsti- below (the placard choices included New York, Geneva, Rome, Berlin, Zagreb, tute.org/bluehelmetnews. Paris, and Heaven).

‘Maybe Airlines’ was the nickname given to the unreliable UN flights in and out of wartime Sarajevo – the longest-lasting airlift ever attempted and the centerpiece of the international humanitarian response to the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Meanwhile, underneath the airport tarmac ran a narrow and damp 800-meter tunnel that bypassed both UN controls and the siege lines. Protected from Serb shelling and sniper fire, thousands of people and tons of food, arms, and other supplies moved through the underground passageway every day (which the UN pretended did not exist), providing both a vital lifeline for the city and an enormous opportunity for black market profiteering.

While the UN airlift was part of the highly visible front stage of the siege, the tunnel was part of the much less visible but equally important backstage action. Together, they helped Sarajevo survive for over three and a half years, setting a siege longevity record.

The 1992-95 battle for Sarajevo was not only the longest siege in modern history but also the most internationalized – an urban magnet for aid workers, diplomats, UN ‘Blue Helmet’ soldiers, journalists, artists, celebrities, peace activists, adventure seekers, embargo busters, and black market traders.

Sarajevo under siege became the most visible and recognizable face of post-Cold War ‘ethnic conflict’ and humanitarian intervention. At the same time, the less visible and less recognized face of the siege included aid diversion, clandestine commerce, and peacekeeper corruption... and for well-placed black market entrepreneurs on all sides the siege conditions assured a captive market with highly inflated profits. ...” BRIEFINGS fall 2008 11

accountability, participation, good gov- those of South Africa, Guatemala, Read Kennedy’s “The Mystery ernance, or an improved administrative India, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, and of Global Governance” online process. They may remake manage- Mexico have to think their way forward at www.watsoninstitute.org/ ment of the regime, but not the politics by selecting among orthographies, mystery. of the globe. dialects, and languages. Policymakers in these locations also must consider My own hope would be that we might legal, educational, and social implica- quicken the pace and emotional tenor tions of their language planning deci- “The Mystery of Global Gov- of decisions in the background institu- sions. Social justice in matters such as ernance,” Kormendy Lecture, tions of life. Render the forces affecting citizenship and equal access to legal Ohio University, by David people’s lives more contestable, awaken counsel, education, and health benefits Kennedy ‘76 a sense among actors outside the spot- often hangs precariously on official light of ‘leadership’ and the fishbowl of language choice by governments. ...” “… We can be confident that global the international political system that politics will be remade in the twenty- they also govern, that they have discre- first century – it is just very difficult to tion, that they can act to change their say how. There are lots of forces out – and our – institutional arrangements. I there which might well turn out to have have in mind less new procedures than the revolutionary energy to remake the a new spirit of management, encourag- way we are governed. The emergence ing the human experience of respon- of new leadership across Latin Amer- sible freedom throughout the worlds of ica, of tribal nationalism in so many corporate, private, public, and technical places, of religious fundamentalism in expertise. …” the developed and developing world alike. We might even see the Iraq war On Ethnography: Approaches as the revolutionary project of a confi- to Language and Literacy dent American leadership supported by Research (Teachers College an American middle class experiencing Press, 2008), by Brown Profes- its global vulnerability. The decline of sor at Large Shirley Brice Heath the European project, the rise of China, the erosion of confidence in the West’s “...In our comparative work, we have recipes for humanism and develop- depended on international colleagues ment. Any of these might be the sign of working in diverse, sometimes turbu- things coming loose. lent, and often underresourced com- munities. … Often, these colleagues As they do come loose, I’m afraid have been engaged in national and ‘constitutionalism’ will not be up to institutional reforms in which choices the task of holding the fort any more and functions of different languages in than channeling peaceful change. The oral and written forms mattered greatly conflicts are too real, the status quo for disenfranchized and marginalized too unstable, our current institutions far populations. State systems such as too wedded to the details of technical management to constitute a new politics. The same, I’m afraid, may be said about proposals for more transparency, 12 www.watsoninstitute.org

EXCERPTS

“How Ukrainian is Odesa? From Ukrainian language policies and those Sustainable biofuel production sys- Odessa to Odesa,” by Adjunct of other states in the Near Abroad tems could play a highly positive role in Professor Patricia Herlihy contributed to then-President Vladimir mitigating climate change, enhancing Putin’s declaration of 2007 as ‘The environmental quality, and strengthen- “… Only two years ago, the region Year of the Russian Language.’ Russia ing the global economy, but it will take of Odesa and others in eastern and organized a conference on that topic in sound, science-based policy and addi- southern Ukraine talked of secession Moscow in May 2007, and others were tional research effort to make this so.” out of fear of dominance by Ukrainian- held in the Commonwealth of Indepen- speakers from the west. The debate dent States and the Baltic states. … over language was one of the most The Japanese Challenge to Today Ukrainian has emerged from heated during the 2004 Orange Revolu- the American Neoliberal World second-class status, slipping quietly tion. Official Russian reaction to a Order (Stanford University into the chambers of governmental and Ukrainian state resolution in 2000 titled Press, 2008), by former Visiting popular culture. This marks more than ‘On Additional Measures to Expand the Fellow Yong Wook Lee Use of Ukrainian as the State Lan- a cultural change: it could doom any guage’ was to protest. Russia’s foreign hopes Russia may have of restoring its “The end of the Cold War, with the minister denounced the ‘de-Russifica- traditional political influence over this demise of socialism as a viable alterna- tion of Ukraine’ and predicted that such country of 47 million. …” tive for organizing the political economy policies ‘directed against the preserva- of the world, reinforced the legitimacy of tion and development of the Russian the US-led neoliberal world order… ‘the language and culture’ went against the “Sustainable Biofuels Redux,” magic of the marketplace,’ while deligi- Ukrainian Constitution’s guarantee of co-authored by Watson Faculty timating the relevance of the role of the the ‘free development, use, and protec- Associate Steven Hamburg in state in economic development. … tion of the Russian language.’ Science Magazine Japan has challenged the foundation of “Last May’s passage of the 2008 Farm the neoliberal world order by ‘bringing Bill raises the stakes for biofuel sus- the state back in’ for economic devel- tainability: A substantial subsidy for the opment since the mid-1980s. …. These production of cellulosic ethanol starts efforts resulted in confrontation with the United States again down a path the United States in numerous interna- with uncertain environmental conse- tional financial and economic develop- quences. … ment forums. …

The identification of unintended con- The Japanese challenge constitutes sequences early in the development one of the most provocative Japanese of alternative fuel strategies will help foreign economic policies in the post- to avoid costly mistakes and regrets war era. …” about the effects on the environment. Policies that support long-term sus- tainability of both our landscapes and our atmosphere are essential if we are to chart a low-carbon economy that is substantially better than business as Patricia Herlihy usual. … BRIEFINGS fall 2008 13

PUBLICATIONS

Journal Explores Institutions The summer issue of SCID also included three analyses of institutions’ Read the Globalization and “States are central to development and role in social and economic develop- Inequality Initiative working human well-being.” So begins the new ment – in Latin America, Jamaica, and papers online at www.watson- special issue of Studies in Comparative the Middle East. institute.org/inequality_papers. International Development (SCID), dedi- cated to “Revisiting State Infrastruc- Based at Watson, the journal is edited tural Power.” by Barbara Stallings, the Institute’s “The contemporary distribution of William R. Rhodes Research Professor. income per capita across countries The fall/winter issue explores why and It is published quarterly by Springer attests to a Great Divergence in their how some states are better than others Science + Business Media. developmental paths since the Indus- in providing basic security and public trial Revolution, bearing witness to reversals in economic performance goods, with lessons from Argentina, Inequality Initiative for some of the technological leaders Germany, Mexico, South Africa, and Produces Findings elsewhere. It closes with an article by in the pre-industrial era. The gap in Michael Mann, the sociologist from the per capita GDP between the richest Working papers from the Globalization University of California, Los Angeles regions of the world and the poorest and Inequality Initiative are revealing who devised the concept of infrastruc- increased from a modest 3 to 1 ratio in new findings in such areas as the rela- tural power in the 1980s, as “the ca- 1820 to an astounding 18 to 1 ratio in tion of land ownership to the transition pacity of the state to actually penetrate 2000 (Maddison, 2001). to an industrial economy, the role of civil society and implement its actions cultural assimilation and diffusion in across its territories.” Moreover, historical evidence indicates economic development, market com- that, as late as the end of the 1st millen- petition’s effect on racial discrimination, Contributing editors for this issue are nium CE, the civilizations of Asia were and more. Hillel Soifer, a lecturer at Princeton well ahead of Europe in both wealth and University’s Department of Politics, and knowledge. Nonetheless, by the time The papers, by Rhodes Center for Matthias vom Hau PhD’07, a post- of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th International Economics Director Ross doctoral research fellow in the Brooks century, Europe had already overtaken Levine, Watson Faculty Associate World Poverty Institute at the University these societies (Landes, 1998). Oded Galor, and co-authors, are some of Manchester. of the early results of the Initiative, This research argues that variations in which explores the dynamics of global Another contributor to the special issue the interplay between the forces of cul- integration and the inequalities it pro- is Daniel Schensul, a Brown doctoral tural assimilation and cultural diffusion duces and perpetuates – with the aim candidate in sociology. Schensul and have played a significant role in giving of fashioning policy solutions. vom Hau had served as SCID editorial rise to differential patterns of economic associates from 2005 to 2007. development across the globe, contrib- For instance, in “Cultural Assimilation, uting to the Great Divergence and to Cultural Diffusion and the Origin of the reversals in economic performance. …” Wealth of Nations,” Galor, a professor in Brown’s Economics Department, writes: Read Studies in Comparative International Development online (with university subscrip- tion) at www.watsoninstitute. org/scid. 14 www.watsoninstitute.org

PUBLICATIONS

Empathy in Iran other – to try, as anthropologist Clifford accommodate otherwise apparently Geertz once put it, ‘to figure out what incommensurable differences between Institute Professor James G. Blight the devil they think they are up to.’ …” coexisting world orders and to develop writes of his recent Tehran screenings an approach to international relations of the Oscar-winning The Fog of War: that is not deeply rooted in the national Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert When World Orders Coexist perspective, experience, or orientation S. McNamara in the November issue of of the great powers alone. …” the World Policy Journal. In a series of plenary roundtables, Institute scholars including Professor Blight, a principal substantive adviser James Der Derian and Adjunct Profes- on the film, points out that “McNa- sor Thomas J. Biersteker addressed mara’s first and most important lesson, the central themes of this summer’s is ‘empathize with your enemy.” He de- World International Studies Conference scribes how Iranian viewers responded in Slovenia, “What Keeps Us Apart, to The Fog of War and what that might What Keeps Us Together? International indicate for better US-Iran relations. Order, Justice, Values.”

“… With regard to Bob McNamara’s In a conference paper, Biersteker wrote message of embracing empathy as the of different world orders composed of agent of positive change between ad- a complex of ideas and practices, such versaries, hundreds of Iranians – after as American liberal internationalism their very first exposure – ‘got it.’ More- and Islamic transnationalism: over, we should not underestimate how subtly subversive it was for the Iranians “… There are multiple, competing, and watching McNamara in Tehran this year often contradictory world order views – as subversive, with regard to foreign contending for the power (or room) to policy as, in a cultural context, ‘reading define their identity and order. Lolita in Tehran’ was and no doubt still Russia in the World is. It suggests that we should not let “Indeed, it is often the contestation of our imaginations fail us. these different world order concep- Russia and Globalization: tions that constitutes the contemporary Identity, Security, and Society in “If Iranians can respond positively to construction of politics and identity in an Era of Change (Johns Hopkins a virtual representation of an 85-year- many places on the globe. University Press, 2008), edited old former US official, we should try to by Adjunct Professor Douglas imagine what might be possible with a “Given the complexity and contradic- Blum, describes a battered giant, US Interest Section in Tehran and, at tions inherent in our contemporary struggling to rebuild its power and some point, even embassies staffed world – with its overlapping, interpen- identity on the world stage – and with specialists in one another’s capi- etrating, and simultaneously coexisting struggling to guarantee stable tals. Imagine what might happen if we world orders – we need an analytical domestic order as well. Ambiva- began to really listen to each other. We approach that enables us to compre- lence is a recurrent theme – need to imagine now, when the discon- hend them. ambivalence about globalization’s nect between Washington and Tehran costs and benefits and the efforts is nearly total and very dangerous, “Thus, the challenge facing us as required to manage them. what might be possible if each side scholars of International Relations is could bring itself to empathize with the to develop an approach to IR that can BRIEFINGS fall 2008 15

TEACHING

Caitie Whelan ’07.5 is educational direc- Sarah Choi, a Harvard alumna, traveled tor and Folk Arts Rajasthan director at to the Dominican Republic with the ini- the Merasi School in Jaisalmer, India. tial intent of understanding biodiversity The school strives to improve economic in the region. She soon found herself conditions in the community through heading a nonprofit organization aimed music education and concert tours. at improving health and education.

The Merasi are a community of impov- According to Daniel Sobol ’09, a stu- erished lower-caste musicians who live dent teaching assistant for Brice Heath in Rajasthan, a sprawling desert state whose own project focus has been on in northwestern India. “In the face of theater as a social tool, the retreat pro- Shirley Brice Heath (center) at the retreat crippling social adversity,” Whelan said, vided an opportunity “to bring together “the Merasi have created, maintained, voices of people who have the energy Doing Good Well and sustained a 37-generation musical to begin projects that we hope we will legacy that exists nowhere else in the sustain for a long time.” Social entrepreneurs from Brown world.” While at the school, she went and other universities gathered at the from wanting to pull the Merasi out of By Watson Institute Student Institute during a weekend in Septem- poverty to working within their musical Rapporteur Christina Ma ‘09 ber for a retreat on “Sustaining Social heritage toward a more positive future. Entrepreneurship: Helping Good Works Stay Well.” The event was sponsored David Poritz ’11 hopes to use the cor- by the Watson Institute and the Swear- porate model as a platform for social er Center for Public Service. entrepreneurship in South America. Traveling to the region, Poritz once saw Led by Shirley Brice Heath, a Brown barefoot students walking to school professor at large at Watson who through the oil sludge on the streets. studies youth-initiated social entre- With the help of Esperanza Internation- preneurships around the world, the al, Poritz started a program to provide retreat highlighted steps young people shoes for the Ecuadorian students. have taken to create innovative social change and to sustain and extend Poritz intends to start a for-profit oil these efforts. The emphasis was on company that uses local resources as Caitie Whelan and Daniel Sobol strategies of surviving and thriving, a revenue source for social-support evaluating effectiveness, and adapt- programs in the region. “Extracting oil ing to local needs and governmental, does not imply environmental and cul- financial, and corporate realities. tural degradation,” Poritz noted. “These resources can be used to support In the opening panel, alumni from social and environmental programs.” Brown and Harvard and a current Brown student shared their journeys. 16 www.watsoninstitute.org

TEACHING

Choices Digital Initiative Reform, and Revolution. Included with “Scholars Online is an invaluable Gains Momentum the printed curriculum unit are Scholars resource for teachers and has really Online interviews, a blogging exercise, revolutionized the Choices Program’s The Choices Program’s digital cur- web-based “Teaching with the News” curriculum offerings,” says Choices riculum initiative has been gaining resources, and other digital learning Professional Development Director momentum as it works to close the gap activities to help students clarify values Mollie Hackett. “It allows teachers – no between the print and online worlds in and concerns driving alternative policy matter where they teach – to access secondary schools across the country. positions. This comprehensive ap- renowned scholars as well as political proach to learning about Iran was also figures and bring them directly into the Already, Choices has produced 500 the subject of two teacher institutes at classrooms. Just imagine how moti- video clips representing Scholars On- Brown over the past year. vating it would be for students study- line interviews with almost 50 university ing human rights to be able to hear scholars and policymakers. Scholars Choices’ Iran offering provides a from Paulo Pinheiro or studying about Online brings these sources, many of model for the further development of Brazil’s transformation to democracy to whom have participated in the devel- its library of instructional materials on hear from President Cardoso. Further, opment of its curriculum units, directly over 30 international topics – including these clips are pedagogically designed into the classroom via the internet. Russia’s Transformation: Challenges for the teenage learner and present for US Policy; Caught Between Two very complex ideas in a format that is In addition, Choices recently published Worlds: Mexico at the Crossroads; and age appropriate.” its most integrated offering to date: Contesting Cuba’s Past and Future. Iran through the Looking Glass: History,

Scholars Online Moments

(left to right, top to bottom) “Increasingly law provides the vocabulary for assessing the legitimacy of political activity on the global stage.” – Institute Interim Director David Kennedy ‘76; “When you can call the actions of one party against another ‘genocide’ is not a crystal clear moment.” – UN peacekeeping official Susan Allee; “Development is often at the cost of conservation, and conservation is often at the cost of development.” – Watson International Scholar of the Environment Anil Kumar; “There is this misperception of Muslim women being passive, oppressed, unintelligent.” – Shahla Haeri, director of Boston University’s Women’s Studies Program; “It is very important to strengthen the capacity of state institutions to protect human rights.” – Adjunct Professor Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro; “We don’t have enemies. So it’s senseless in a developing country to use resources to prepare the country to be ready for war.” – Former Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso.

Hear more at www.choices.edu. BRIEFINGS fall 2008 17

EVENTS

Danish Ambassador Critiques Lagos Pushes for The post-Kyoto agreements have been Terrorism Tactics Climate Policy Change insufficient in measuring the responsibility of nations without considering The United States must take a larger Former Chilean President Ricardo La- their economic resources, Lagos said. role in using and reforming the mecha- gos Escobar expressed frustration with If developed nations worked with the nisms of the United Nations to better the international community’s limited developing world, they could cata- fight terrorism, according to Friis Arne efforts to curtail global warming in a lyze dramatic change, he said. On the Petersen, Danish ambassador to the recent talk at the Institute. As a United other hand, “the less you are willing to United States. In a recent talk, Pe- Nations special envoy for climate invest, the less developing countries tersen commended yet challenged the change, he has concluded that there is are willing to make a commitment,” US counterterror strategy, asking “did little sense of urgency about the issue said Lagos, who is a professor at large we really commence the fight against in the developed world. at Brown. terrorism in the best possible way?” “We produce the problem,” Lagos said, By Watson Institute Student He stressed the importance of a mix referring to both the human-produced Rapporteur Renata Sago ‘10 of hard and soft power. Military opera- emissions that increase the earth’s tions should be combined with long average temperature and the failed term development assistance, he said, participation of key international actors and should be as flexible as the Danish in efforts to reduce emissions. So far, military mission in Afghanistan, which 194 countries have ratified the treaty, also engages with civil society organiza- excluding the United States, which is tions to become a trusted entity within responsible for 19 percent of global the community. warming. “American specialists say the time to talk seriously is 2015,” he And, “we cannot possibly get the complained. political or developmental impact that we want or need” without a strong and Some Western governments place ac- engaged UN, Petersen argued. He countability on the developing world, criticized the reluctance and indifference Lagos said. Other governments make of countries to a stronger or reformed unrealistic goals. “Some countries Presidential Dialogue: Former UN, which he sees as essential. This claim they are able to decrease energy Chilean President Ricardo Lagos includes expanding the Security Council consumption in spite of an increasing joins with Leonel Fernández, presi- to include nations such as Brazil, Ger- population,” he said, referring to China. dent of the Dominican Republic, many, Japan, and some African nations. Europe and Japan have committed to for a University lecture where they a 20 percent reduction in emissions by discussed US free market policies Denmark has so far prevented any the year 2012, Lagos said. “To accom- and their impact on Latin America attacks on its soil although it has been plish that, 20 percent of energy is going – particularly in the current global the victim of terrorism outside of its to be renewable sources,” he said, but financial crisis. borders – for instance, a fatal bomb- developed nations have been unable ing at an embassy in Islamabad, linked to produce five percent of energy from with controversial cartoons of renewable sources. Mohammed in the Danish press.

By Watson Institute Student Rapporteur Brenna Carmody ‘09 18 www.watsoninstitute.org

EVENTS

Torture as Policy group of ideologically driven political of Challenge 10. This TV reality show appointees for “in effect, a sort of coup in Guatemala was funded by the US “Lawyers as the ultimate guardians of d’etat” leading to such measures. Agency for International Development legality have a particular responsibility,” (USAID) in the mid 1990s and mod- Philippe Sands, an international lawyer Quoting from a Supreme Court deci- eled after The Apprentice. Its premise and author of Torture Team: Rumsfeld’s sion striking down Bush’s decision, was to transform 10 former youth gang Memo and the Betrayal of American Sands said that a “specter of war members into small business entrepre- Values, said during a recent talk at the crimes arises.” He suggested taking neurs in 14 days. Institute. Sands discussed the role of steps including criminal investigations lawyers in drafting the torture memos and possibly prosecutions, special While some of the Challenge 10 partici- that changed the way the US inter- prosecutors, and the extension of on- pants had intended to start web design rogated prisoners, their disregard for going Congressional hearings. “If you businesses or internet cafes, they were international legal norms – and their do nothing, others will do it for you,” instead directed to launch a shoe shine impact on the United States’ reputation he said, citing the principle of universal stand and a carwash. After the conclu- in the world. jurisdiction in which countries can try sion of Challenge 10, most participants individuals for breaking international abandoned the businesses as having An example of the torture memos he law, even if the country has not been little opportunity for economic or social discussed is the February 2002 deci- directly involved. advancement. Two of the 10 partici- sion by President Bush that the detain- pants were subsequently murdered by ees at Guantanamo did not have rights Sands also discussed the effect that youth gang members. under Common Article 3 of the Geneva the exposure of the use of torture Convention. Sands blamed a small has had on America’s reputation. He The film depicts USAID as naive, if not stated that policymakers had not knowingly deceptive – to argue that the thought about the repercussions plights of former gang members could before enacting the changes, as they be alleviated in two weeks, to overlook would have thought that “these tech- the dangers they faced, and to suggest niques were not worth the price they that the masks used to protect their would have cost the United States identities on television would work. even if they could have produced Nor did USAID provide the young men meaningful information.” with the necessary long-term resources to improve their situations, Davenport By Watson Institute Student Rapporteur said. Brenna Carmody ‘09 The underlying message of his 2008 documentary is that international aid International Aid ‘Reality’ organizations may sometimes value “success stories” that impress sup- What happens when US-style reality TV porters – in this case with the immedi- Modern Morocco: Ambassador meets US-style overseas development acy of a televised aid initiative – to the Aziz Mekouar described political assistance? sacrifice of long-term improvements in and economic reforms in a speech people’s quality of life. at the Institute, adding that as the Filmmaker and educator Rob Daven- country modernizes and democ- port recently screened his Reality Show By Watson Institute Student Rapporteur ratizes, its image in the world is documentary at the Institute, featur- Juliana Friend ‘11 enhanced. ing the testimonies of the participants BRIEFINGS fall 2008 19

IN THE NEWS

Mugabe’s Past Revisited was particularly true of Karadzic and his closest associates,” Andreas writes On the eve of what were being called in an opinion piece published recently sham elections in Zimbabwe this in the Washington Post. summer, International Writers Project Fellow Chenjerai Hove gave his view of “Publicly, they portrayed themselves the situation as a Zimbabwean exile on as motivated by ethnic grievances and the Charlie Rose Show. animosities; privately, they turned the city’s captivity into a profitable enter- Hove described President Robert prise,” says Andreas, who is author of Mugabe’s history of brutality since the the new book, Blue Helmets and Black 1970s. “It’s not as if it’s just new. Peo- Markets: The Business of Survival in the ple decided to ignore it because it was Siege of Sarajevo (Cornell University convenient to ignore it” – and because Press, 2008). acknowledging it would be “bad for the liberation movement.” “The collaborators were involved in large-scale looting, theft and diversion In fact, Mugabe never dismantled of UN supplies; sanctions busting; and the torture technology of the colonial clandestine trading of food, arms and Ronnie Scheib of Variety said, “An regime he ousted, but has rather used other supplies across the battle lines. extended glimpse into a bygone era of it himself against enemies and po- Siege dynamics were often more about statesmanship. … [JFK’s] weighing of litical opponents, Hove said. In doing controlling humanitarian supplies and complex factors in an international situ- so, Mugabe has taken torture to an smuggling routes than about military ation and consciousness of how much unprecedented level in the country. “I success or failure.” rides on his decisions strikes a now have never seen anything like the level unfamiliar note.” of torture which is happening now,” he said of the preelection violence. Reviewers Praise Virtual JFK J. Hoberman of the Village Voice wrote, “The question: can an individual leader The reviews are in for Virtual JFK: Viet- take a nation to, or keep it from, war? Profiting from War nam If Kennedy Had Lived, which had The conclusion: individual tempera- its theatrical premiere in September at ment matters, and John F. Kennedy’s While the former Bosnian Serb leader the Film Forum in New York. example proves it. … Masutani’s Radovan Karadzic faces charges for no-frills, largely black-and-white pro- war crimes during the 1990s siege of Said New York Magazine critic Sara duction is as evocative of early-’60s Sarajevo, what is being overlooked is Cardace: “With its fascinating central masculine styles as any episode of his organized criminal conspiracy as question and well-chosen, nostalgic Mad Men.” a war profiteer, according to Watson footage of John F. Kennedy in his prime, Institute Associate Professor Peter this well-played documentary manages The film was directed by Visiting Fel- Andreas. to escape the fate of other dry histori- low Koji Masutani ’05 and produced cal overviews. Filmmaker Koji Masutani by Professor James Blight, Adjunct “While most Sarajevans struggled for wisely avoids any comparisons to the Professor janet Lang, University of survival and lived in a state of terror current administration; they’ll rise unbid- Toronto Professor David A. Welch, and from 1992 to 1995, some key figures, den from your psyche nonetheless.” filmmaker Peter O. Almond. on all sides, were reaping benefits. This ON THE WEB

Open Source Series able business of sanctioned American The Open Source podcast series is Opens the Conversation torture” airs the views of Philip Goure- produced by renowned radio host vitch, the author of Standard Operating Christopher Lydon, a visiting fellow. It “An American conversation with global Procedure; Errol Morris, director of a features authors, media figures, policy- attitude” is taking place at the Watson documentary by the same name; and makers, scholars, and others – many of Institute, and all can join in. Philippe Sands, author of Torture Team. them engaging with Brown and Watson faculty and students or speaking on It is an engaging conversation, where campus. the likes of “Candid Capitalist” John C. Bogle, founder of the Vanguard Group, Institute researchers also discuss their will tell you the difference between to- work on the series, as when Adjunct day’s lending practices and the policies Professor Abbott Gleason surveyed his at the Bailey Building and Loan Asso- co-curated exhibition of Soviet posters ciation in It’s a Wonderful Life. with Lydon, saying “in an age in which the worldwide image of the United It is an online conversation, where States is at an all time low, it is interest- bloggers can have their say when ing to confront these critical images America’s exceptionalism is challenged from an earlier time, now emptied of by someone like Andrew Bacevich, any serious, practical challenge.” Christopher Lydon brings his interviewing author of The Limits of Power. style to Institute lectures. It is an in-depth conversation, where a three-part series on “this miser- Join the conversation at www.radioopensource.org.

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