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1 the Role of Biotic Resistance Through Predation on the Invasion Success The role of biotic resistance through predation on the invasion success of the green porcelain crab (Petrolisthes armatus) into nearshore oyster reef communities. Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kaitlin Alyse Kinney Graduate Program in Environment and Natural Resources The Ohio State University 2017 Thesis Committee Dr. Lauren M. Pintor, Advisor Dr. James E. Byers Dr. Stuart A. Ludsin Dr. Christopher M. Tonra 1 Copyrighted by Kaitlin Alyse Kinney 2017 2 Abstract Studying the edge of a non-native species distribution can help us understand what limiting factors may be preventing its expansion. These factors may include physical tolerances, geographic barriers, competition with native species or predation by native predators and can even work in conjunction with each other to prevent invasions. The alarmingly high abundances of some non-native species may even promote limiting factors like predation by increasing interaction rates and thus consumption by native predators. In this study, I examined whether biotic resistance through predation by native predators may limit the northward spread of the non-native, invasive filter feeding crab Petrolisthes armatus into oyster reef communities along the Southeastern US. The only hypothesized limitation on the expansion of this species is the cold snaps associated with northern winters. However several native predators in oyster reefs have been shown to consume this abundant and profitable prey item, suggesting that biotic resistance through predation may be an additional factor limiting its northward spread. My main objectives were to 1) determine if the per capita predation risk exerted by native predators might be a factor that explains the current distribution of P. armatus, and 2) test whether the consumption and preference of P. armatus by the native predatory crab Panopeus herbstii varied across different relative abundances of native to invasive prey. I predicted that if predation limits the spread of P. armatus, then predation risk should be highest at ii the northern edge of its range. Additionally, I predicted that if the relative abundance of native prey affects the consumption of P. armatus by a native predator, then consumption of P. armatus should be higher when P. armatus is proportionally more abundant than native prey. To test these hypotheses, I conducted a field study to quantify predation risk across 8 invaded estuary sites along the Southeastern US coast from St. Augustine, FL to North Inlet, SC and conducted a controlled lab experiment to quantify the consumption and preference of P. armatus when in low to high abundance relative to alternative native prey. While predation rates were high across sites (68.2 – 98.2%), there was no significant relationship between predation and latitude across the 8 invaded estuaries. Furthermore, while P. herbstii increased consumption of P. armatus in response to increased abundance in the tank, P. herbstii always showed a preference for native prey regardless of its relative abundance. Further analyses on environmental factors across the sites and a predator exclusion caging experiment suggest that habitat quality, density of P. armatus, and trophic interactions may influence predation risk of an invasive prey. Overall, I found no evidence that native predators are preventing the spread of P. armatus and this species is likely to continue its expansion into northern waters as sea temperatures increase with climate change. iii To my family, Thank you for teaching me to chase my dreams No matter where they take me I will always love you iv Acknowledgments There are so many people and organizations I would like to thank for their support during my career without whom none of this would have been possible. I would like to start out by thanking my advisor, Dr. Lauren Pintor for this opportunity to pursue my degree and her unwavering confidence in me. It has been a wonderful experience being a part of such an inspiring female ecologist’s lab. From her willingness to have long, in depth meetings going over every detail of my project to encouraging text messages while I was away at conferences or field work, she is always challenging me to do my best work while always having my best interest at heart. I would like to thank the OARDC SEEDS organization for providing partial funding for this project. To my committee members and teachers at OSU, Dr. Stu Ludsin and Dr. Chris Tonra, thank you for your lessons and advice throughout this project. I would like to thank my final committee member, Dr. Jeb Byers for his formative teaching, collaborative nature and guidance throughout my undergraduate and graduate career. I would not have met Lauren or had the opportunity to work on the Petrolisthes project without his guidance. Finally, I would like to thank Jeb for allowing us to use his lab space and field resources to complete this project. To the members of the Byers Lab: Jenna Malek, Carrie Keogh, Alyssa Gehman, Rachel Smith, Daniel Harris and Linsey Haram, thank you for the encouraging words, sharing your site selection wisdom, and v teaching me how to science. I would especially like to thank Linsey Haram for taking me “under her wing” all those years ago and teaching me to appreciate the small things, like “snails not whales”. I would like to thank all the former and current members of the Pintor Lab but especially Chris Johnson, Jenna Odegard, Chelsea Crosby, Liz Berg, and Alec Mell for always providing a safe space to share ideas and talk science. Particularly to Alec Mell, I would not have been able to do this project without his dedication to detail, readiness for anything and bravery in the face of gators. I would like to thank my fellow OSU grad students and “Aquatic Warrior” sister’s for their friendship. I would like to thank the many faculty, staff and friends at all the marine institutes I visited including Joel Fodrie’s team at the University of North Carolina-IMS, Paul Kenny at North Inlet NERR, the College of Charleston Grice Marine Lab and GTM NERR. As for the Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, I would like to thank my friends, especially Bob Allen and Jessica Pruett, for so many wonderful memories over the years and for making the island feel like my summer home. Finally, I’d like to thank my family and friends. To my friend Lindsey Sherwood, thank you for always knowing how to make me laugh and for appreciating all things fluffy. To my family: Marilyn, Marc, Jacob and Samuel, thank you for always reminding me what is important in life, for loving me no matter what, for the many phone calls and for making anything an excuse to go to Disney World together. To Tyler Williams, thank you for reminding me to go outside, for enabling me to follow my dreams, for inspiring me to be my best self, and for defeating Gannon to save Hyrule. vi Vita May 2010 .......................................................Cartersville High School, GA December 2013 ..............................................B.S. Biological Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens August 2015 to Present ..................................Graduate Associate, School of Environment ....................................and Natural Resources, The Ohio State ....................................University Fields of Study Major Field: Environment and Natural Resources Minor Field: Fisheries and Wildlife vii Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. v Vita ................................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... x List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1 Does predation risk limit the spatial distribution of the non-native invasive green porcelain crab, Petrolisthes armatus?..................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................... 5 Study Sites ................................................................................................................... 5 1 Pattern of abundance of P. armatus along the US Atlantic Coast .......................... 6 2 Per capita predation risk on P. armatus along its invasive range .......................... 8 3 Environmental factors that contribute to explaining risk of predation on P. armatus ....................................................................................................................... 9 4 Identifying predators responsible for P. armatus predation ................................. 12 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................... 14 1 Pattern of abundance of P. armatus along the US Atlantic Coast ........................ 14 2 Per capita predation risk on P. armatus along its invasive range ........................ 16 3 Environmental
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