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Overview
Developed in the late 1930’s for AnabolicAnabolic--AndrogenicAndrogenic hypogonadism Steroids – Is a lack of testosterone by the testes – Used to treat Psychology 472 Delayed Puberty Pharmacology of Psychoactive Impotence Drugs Body wasting syndrome Listen to the audio lecture while viewing these slides
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Side Effect Epidemiology
Also found anabolic steroids increased More prevalent among males than females. the growth of skeletal muscle in animals. More females are using now than before Result 1.4% of yygoung adults ( 1919--2828))p reported using steroids in their lifetime. – Were used by bodybuilders and other athletes to increase muscle mass. Among 1919--2222 year olds, 18.9% reported they had a friend who used steroids – Has influence sports outcomes. – Banned by many spsportsorts organizations
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Reasons for Use Overall
Improve sports performance – Used extensively in bodybuilding Use to make you look more attractive. Increase muscle size Use to improve athletic performance. Increase lean body mass Increase strength Reduce body fat Use for protection – Many steroid abusers reporeportrt past physical or sexual abuse. – Abusers believe the bigger and stronger you are, the lower incidence of future attacks.
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Medically used for Also Used for
Decreasing weight loss in renal failure patients Treatment of catabolic states resulting undergoing hemodialysis HIV Positive patients from – Reduces weigh loss – Trauma – Improves libido and energy – Improves mood ––SurgerySurgery – Increases muscle mass ––OthersOthers Blood anemia's Fibrocystic disease of the breast in females Aspects of malnutrition Others
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Types of Anabolic Steroids Oral Steroids
Over 100 different types Anavar (Oxandrolone) – Does not include dietary supplements AnadrolAnadrol--5050 (Oxymetholone) Most are similar in structure Oxandrin (Axandrolone) Major differences in relation to Dianobol (Methandrostenolone) metabolic degradation by the liver. Winstrol (Stanozolol) (Vet) Oral Primobolan (Methenolone) Injection Others
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OTC Dietary Supplements Injectable Steroids
DecaDeca--DuraboliDuraboli Some people believe they have anabolic – (Nandrolone Decanoate) effects. Are designed to be converted into testosterone Durabolin or similar compounds. – (Nandrolone Phenpropionate) – Are precursors DepoDepo--TestosteroneTestosterone – (Testerone Cypionate) Can be purchased without a prescription. – Dehydroeplan- Dehydroeplan-DrosteroneDrosterone (DHEA) Equipoise (Vet Use) – Androstenedione (Andro) (Mark McGwire) – (Boldenone Undecylenate)
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Effectiveness of Dietary Another Problem Supplements
Unknown if conversion to testosterone is Many substances sold as anabolic enough to develop muscle growth steroids are: Minimal information is known about side – Diluted - Gives dealers more profit effects. – Contaminated with other compounds If you do get effects from high doses, the ––Placebo’sPlacebo’s -Fake- Fake same side effects will occur as with steroids. No real regulation on dietary supplements.
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Methods of Use Needle Sharing is Dangerous
Oral Hepatitis – Pill form HIV Injection Other Problems – Usually IM not IV – Give in the gluteus maximus (butt muscle) – Usually with clean needles – Needle sharing not as common as with other drugs
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Dosage Levels Do Steroids Work?
People often take significantly more than Depends medically recommended dosages – Mixed studies Do get increased muscle mass Often take more than needed to get an effect – Get increased strength – More is better – Get increased strength wiwithth fast muscle groups – Get increased endurance for workouts Often combine multiple types of steroids (stacking) Is less effective for prolonged performance tasks - – Designed to boost the effectiveness Distance running May use a cycle technique – Take for a few weeks, stop for a few weeks, then Does not help with aerobic performance repeat. 17 18
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Don’t know effectiveness Problem for
Lots of studies Improved agility Many are poorly done with poor Improved skill controls Improved cardiovascular capacity With confounds –get mixed results. Overall athletic performance.
Reports say steroids work, controlled studies don’t get the same results in all cases.
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Three Effects from Generally Steroids
Increase the size and strength of a Anticatabolic Effects person. Anabolic Effects Improves athletic activities that Motivational Effects require size and strength Again, no positive effects on aerobic performance
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Anticatabolic Effects Result
Cortisone Steroids block the breakdown process – Cortisone functions to increase energy of cortisone stores duringgg stress and training May be the reason for development of – Breaks down proteins to their amino acids body mass – To much cortisone, muscle wasting can occur. Reason too much of a workout is actually bad for you.
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Anabolic Effects Result
Follows the synthesis of new protein in To get effects muscle cells – You need to stack or pyramid several Also causes steroid -induced release of drugs. endogenous growth hormone – Combine oral and injectable substances through cycles of weeks duration Problem – Doses used by athletes are 1010--200200 times the therapeutic dosage for normal testosterone deficiency
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Motivational Effects Females
Effects are huge Steroids exert the same effects as in males Develop aggressive personalities Induce female masculinizing effects – Increased body hair – Called Roid Rage – Enlarged clitoris Can be beneficial in sports involving ––CoarserCoarser skin strength and combativeness – Voice changes – Football – Menstrual cycle cessation or irregularity ––OthersOthers
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Ceasing Use? Non Athletes
Est. 200,000200,000--500,000500,000 young adults use steroids Is variable Used to develop Often there is an incomplete return of – Muscular physique altered functions after stopping – Sex appeal – Physical attractiveness Many side effects continue Problem, continue to use for much longer periods than athletes to maintain appearance
Underestimate steroid problems and side effects
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How do they work Pharmacokinetics
Mimics or stimulate testosterone types Oral administration of hormones. Is absorbed in from the intestine Thus, bind on receptors in the brain, Goes to the liver or in the testicles. – Is immediately metabolized to androstanolone Is the most active anabolic substance
––ResultResult –Minimal amounts reach the systemic circulation to reach the brain.
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Injection Change the Compound Structure
Gets around this process. More gets Reason there are so many types into circulation before being Reduces the metabolic degradation metabolized by the liver. Improves the effectiveness of both administration routes.
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Testosterone Administration
Decreases sizes of – Is the primary male sex hormone ––ThymusThymus – Is made in Leydig cells of the testes – Adrenal glands – Is tightly regulated by the – Spleen Testes – Lymph glands Hypothalamus All involved with immune system Pituitary gland functioning
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When Testosterone Stimulates the Pituitary to Release Levels are Decreased
Is sensed by receptors in the 1. Follicle-Follicle-StimulatingStimulating Hormone (FSH) hypothalamus ––InIn Females Hypothalamus begins producing a 2. Luteinizin gg() Hormone (LH) releasing factor In Males – Called GonadotropinGonadotropin--ReleasingReleasing Factor (GRF) – Acts on the testes to – 1. Induce production of sperm GFR circulates in the blood and goes to – 2. Cause the synthesis and release of the Pituitary Gland testosterone.
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As Testosterone Levels Increase Introduction of Steroids
Hypothalamus decreases the Overwhelms the system production of gonadotrophin-gonadotrophin-releasingreleasing High levels decrease natural factor. production of Get reductions of FSH and LH ––GRFGRF Testes decrease production of ––FSHFSH and LH testosterone – Testosterone Process repeats – Decreases spermatogenesis
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New Protein in Muscles Pharmacodynamics
mRNA Passes through cell walls of target tissues Steroid Attaches to steroid receptors in the cytoplasm of the cell wall. Hormone Hormone receptor complex is translocated into the nucleus Nucleus Attaches to DNA Makes new messenger RNA RNA results in the production of specific proteins Plasma Membrane – Protein synthesis Extracellular Fluid Proteins leave the cell and mediate the biological functions of the hormone Cytoplasmic Receptors
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Ultimately
Blocks the normal process that regulates testosterone How do Steroids Decrease – Male fertility – Sperm Production GRF
Exerts peripheral hormone actions to increase muscle mass and more masculine appearance
Increases aggression
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Receptor Sites Action Ion Channels
Compounds bind on specific receptor binding sites. Cause nerve cells to fire or structures Post Synaptic Element to secrete hormones.
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Downregulation Problem
Over time have fewer receptors High levels shut down the Takes more drug to get the same hypothalamus effect. Less production of hormonal release Occurs in the testes Less stimulation of testosterone by the Called tolerance. testes Need to increase the steroid level Need more drug. Repeat
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Side Effects Brain Effects
Can occur even in adults Changes the size of soma’s (cell body) Changes the volume of some brain structures – e.g., hypothalamic nuclei
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Musculoskeletal Effects Liver Effects
Does increase muscle mass Increased liver enzymes Jaundice Get tendon degeneration Liver tumors – Increased risk of tendon tears – Benign – Malignant (>24 months use) Fatal 1-1-3%3% with 22--88 years of exposure Begin use to early, get premature Peliosis Hepatis closure of bony growth centers. – Is rare – You may look good, but you are also – Are blood filled cysts that form in the liver. shorter than you would be. – Can rupture causing internal bleeding
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Cardiovascular Effects Reproductive Effects
All steroids Hypogonadal State – Decrease good cholesterol (HDL) – Decreased testosterone production – Abnormal spermatogenesis – Increase bad cholesterol (LDL) – Infertility Result – Testicular atrophy ––HypertensionHypertension Decreased libido Impotence – Increased plaques in arteries Painful urination – Increased risk of strokes Enlarged Prostate – Increased risk of heart attacks Often are reversible when use stops
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Gynecomastia Females
As before Enlargement of the breasts in males Also get smaller breasts Is a side effect of steroids being Offspring problems if pregnant and metabolized using and are irreversible – Converted to Estradiol
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Others Other Medical Conditions
Reduced immunity to diseases Infections due to non-non-sterilesterile technique – Abscess Formations Decreased thyroid functioning Development may be non-non-sterilesterile as well. Acne Can develop viral infections Acceleration of male pattern baldness – Hepatitis B, C Endocarditis – Inflammation of the heart lining ––CanCan be fatal
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Psychological Issues Pope
Can get euphoria – Increases addiction Gave a six week trial of testosterone in potential 56 males increasing the dosage to Increased risks of habituation 600mg Severe mood swings Dosages to 300mg –few–few effects Increased mania Dosages 500500--600mg600mg –prominent– prominent Increased aggression effects in 12% of the individuals. Psychotic episodes Depression/Suicide
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Problem JekyllJekyll--HydeHyde Personality
Users in the real world, may be taking Is a common occurrence higher dosages Slight provocation can cause Effects are delayed from time of use – Exaggerated, violent, and OFTEN – Synthesizing new proteins takes a few days. UNCONTROLLED responses Effects on hypothalamus Are reversible – Part of the limbic system – controls emotions
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Other Psychological Other Risks Syndromes
Paranoid Jealousy Increased risk of using other drugs Extreme irritability When combined with alcohol or Delusions cocaine, often get increases of Feelings of invincibility aggressive behavior. May also get – Euphoria – Sexual arousal – Forgetfulness/Confusion
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Stopping Use Why do People Stop
Get withdrawal syndrome Mature out Often people become – Clinically depressed – Decreased sexual desire ––FatigueFatigue
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Conclusions
Does have positive effects when used medically for several problems Many negative effects if used incorrectly Causes lots of problems
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