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High-Resolution Studies of Aqueous Environments on Ancient Mars

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High-Resolution Studies of Aqueous Environments on Ancient Mars HIGH-RESOLUTION STUDIES OF AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENTS ON ANCIENT MARS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by James Joseph Wray January 2011 © 2011 James Joseph Wray HIGH-RESOLUTION STUDIES OF AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENTS ON ANCIENT MARS James Joseph Wray, Ph.D. Cornell University 2011 Hydrated minerals on the surface of Mars record past aqueous conditions and permit assessment of whether, where, and when the planet may have been habitable. Both phyllosilicates (e.g., clays) and hydrated sulfate minerals were recently identified via orbital near-infrared spectroscopy. This work uses the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) and High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) to characterize these and other aqueous mineral deposits, determining their composition, stratigraphy, and morphology. These properties and observations from other Mars-orbiting instruments allow formulation and testing of hypotheses on how Martian environments varied across space and time. The Mawrth Vallis region hosts the largest areal exposure of phyllosilicates, and CRISM spectral maps show these are compositionally stratified, with Al-clays overlying Fe/Mg-clays throughout the region. Geometric measurements reveal that the Al-clay horizon traces the Mawrth Vallis topography, implying that the Al-clays postdate this channel and may have formed via surface weathering. CRISM data further reveal the Ca-sulfate bassanite in outcrops underlying Fe/Mg-clays. Each hydrated unit exhibits ubiquitous meter-scale polygons or other fracture patterns, which correlate with composition. A CRISM-based survey of Mars’ ancient southern highlands uncovers numerous aqueous deposits undetected at lower resolution. Fe/Mg-phyllosilicates are widespread, in some cases exposed by craters and elsewhere spanning the intercrater plains. Sulfates occur at higher latitudes than those observed previously, and are associated with phyllosilicates in some locations. Elsewhere, phyllosilicates co-occur with other hydrated silicates or putative chlorides. Fe/Ca-carbonate is also identified for the first time. These diverse mineral assemblages likely reflect diverse aqueous conditions. Columbus crater and others in Terra Sirenum contain layered deposits with diverse clays and sulfates. Digital elevation models, crater counts, thermal emission spectra, and hydrologic modeling results are added to CRISM and HiRISE image analyses to test several different hypotheses for these deposits, including their possible formation in a deep lake within Columbus crater during the Late Noachian Epoch. CRISM analysis of Endeavour crater in Meridiani Planum reveals Fe/Mg- smectite clays in its rim and hydrated sulfates on the adjacent plains. Opportunity is currently driving toward these locations, which may provide the first ground truth of hydrated minerals detected from Mars orbit. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH James Joseph Wray was born January 10, 1984 in New York, NY, but grew up in Princeton Junction, NJ. He was fortunate to attend the West Windsor-Plainsboro public school system in grades K-12. As a high school senior, he fell in love with Princeton University while taking math courses there, and in 2006 graduated summa cum laude with an A.B. in Astrophysical Sciences and a Certificate in Engineering Physics. For his undergraduate thesis, he collected and analyzed spectra of the icy moons Europa and Enceladus. Science was always James’ favorite school subject, and hindsight reveals early hints at an affinity for planetary exploration. Around the age of five, his grandmother subscribed him to the nature magazine “Ranger Rick,” of which his favorite issue by far was a special edition on Madagascar—to youthful eyes, a land of “alien” life here on Earth. Years later, in Kathy Mora’s middle school science class, each student wrote a report on a solar system object; James was fascinated by Titan, at the time known only as a mysterious moon with organic-rich hazes completely concealing its surface. The film “Contact,” a dramatization of the search for life beyond Earth, has been James’ favorite movie since he first saw it in the theater. And although he had planned to major in Aerospace Engineering, a week in summer 2002 spent under the exquisitely dark skies of the Outer Banks, NC sparked an overriding passion for astronomy that was subsequently nurtured by many excellent professors at Princeton. Still, some of his favorite college classes were electives in geology, ecology, and molecular biology. James discovered that astrobiology and planetary science are ideal pursuits for those who struggle to choose just one of the traditional science disciplines. After completing the Ph.D., James will continue Mars and Europa research at Cornell until August 2011, when he will begin an Assistant Professorship in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology. iii This thesis is dedicated to Patricia, David, Jeff, and Maggie Wray, all of whom helped make me the person I am today. And to my grandfathers: James, whom I never knew, was once Professor and Chair of Orthopedics in nearby Syracuse; I imagine I inherited my scientific mindset from him. Joe, who died in the past year, always encouraged me to pursue a career that brings me happiness. I am proud to carry both their names. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am probably too young to name accurately the most important decisions of my life, but I expect that doing my Ph.D. with Steve Squyres will always be in the top five. I came to Cornell to work with Steve, and from day one he treated me more like a colleague than a student. He provided exactly as much guidance as I asked for—no less, and no more. This challenged me, of course. I remember when Steve told me in fall 2006 that OMEGA had found “phyllosilicates” on Mars. Steve was excited, but I was confused—what were phyllosilicates again?? As the text below will show, I soon learned the answer. This episode exemplifies Steve’s gentle touch, steering me toward scientifically compelling topics but allowing me to ask the specific questions and find the answers myself. As I begin advising students of my own, Steve will be my role model for effective mentoring. Graduate school may be over, but I know I am not finished learning from Steve (and he should take this as fair warning that I will continue to seek his advice throughout my career). I also feel a great debt of gratitude to Carl Sagan, whom I never met, but who did three specific things for me: (1) he built Cornell Astronomy into a premiere department for planetary studies; (2) he, more than any other single person, made the search for life beyond Earth a respectable and popular field of scientific inquiry; and (3) he wrote the novel Contact, and pursued its eventual release as a major motion picture. I saw this film in middle school, and it strongly influenced my direction as a young scientist. I have no idea what I would be doing with my life if not for Carl. His former student Chris Chyba also provided crucial guidance when I was choosing a graduate school. I have received help at Cornell from many more people than I can list here, but at the very least I want to thank my other Special Committee members. Jim Bell v taught me the importance of testing specific hypotheses and evaluating alternative explanations for one’s results, among very many other things. Jamie Lloyd challenged me to improve my knowledge of optics, and his comments on the benefits of teaching strongly influenced my decision to enter the professoriate. Bryan Isacks showed me the value of a quantitative approach to understanding geologic processes. Bob Kay gave me a crucial petrological foundation for studying the composition of rocks on other worlds. And I have always thought of Jean-Luc Margot as an “unofficial” Committee member; he has continued to provide guidance even after leaving Cornell in 2009. Significant mentors outside Cornell include Alfred McEwen, whose HiRISE investigation has not only provided key data and funded my frequent travel, but also has shown me how rewarding and fun it is to participate in early science analysis from a spaceflight investigation; I look forward to providing similar experiences for my own students. Scott Murchie graciously welcomed me to CRISM team meetings and telecons, and provided access to unreleased data and analysis tools without which this dissertation—every chapter—would have been impossible. I have been extremely fortunate to have such positive role models for planetary science investigation leadership. Discussions with my research collaborators improved each chapter of this dissertation; in alphabetical order, they include Jeff Andrews-Hanna (chapter 4), Ray Arvidson (5), Alice Baldridge (4), Janice Bishop (2, 4), Matt Chojnacki (4), Roger Clark (4), Colin Dundas (4), Bethany Ehlmann (2, 3, 4), Randy Kirk (2), Alfred McEwen (5), Ralph Milliken (4), Scott Murchie (3, 4, 5), Jack Mustard (2, 5), Eldar Noe Dobrea (2), Leah Roach (2), Frank Seelos (3, 4), Steve Squyres (all), Gregg Swayze (4), Livio Tornabene (3, 4), and Sandra Wiseman (5). I would also like to thank the National Science Foundation and the Fannie and vi John Hertz Foundation, who provided my tuition and stipend funds, freeing me to pursue research full-time, but also allowed me to teach when I requested to do so in spring 2008. Finally, but most importantly, I thank my family for their constant support. My path to where I am today began with my mother’s devotion to raising her children and with my father’s commitment to reading to me every night as a toddler. Their countless gifts to me can never be repaid, only (hopefully) someday paid forward. My brother was my best friend growing up and now inspires me with his own accomplishments. And my wife, with whom I have shared every step of my education after high school, is my sounding board, my social life, and so much more; none of this would be worthwhile without her.
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