Bechev, D. & Georgiev, D. (Eds.), Faunistic diversity of Vrachanski Balkan Nature Park. ZooNotes, Supplement 3, Plovdiv University Press, Plovdiv, 2016

Terrestrial cave invertebrates of the Vrachanska Planina Mountains

PETAR BERON

Abstract: The modern biospeleological research in Bulgaria started in 1921 in the Ledenika Cave. From 65 caves of “Vrachanski Balkan” Nature Park and its surroundings have been recorded a total of 218 species of terrestrial invertebrates, including 32 species of troglobionts, most of them endemic to Vrachanska Planina Mts. (including the caves near Lakatnik): Isopoda Oniscoidea – 4, Chilopoda – 1, Diplopoda – 5, Opiliones – 2, Pseudoscorpiones – 3, Araneae – 3, Collembola – 2, Diplura – 2, Coleoptera, Carabidae – 7, Coleoptera, Leiodidae – 3. Troglobites are known from 51 caves, the richest being WKHFDYHVQHDU/DNDWQLN ȀȓPQDWD GXSND²=LGDQND²5D]KLVKNDWDGXSND² 6YLQVNDWDGXSND²ǸȜ]DUVNDWDSHVKWHUD² QHDU9UDWVD /HGHQLND²%DUNLWH² %HO\DU² ȀȜVKRYDGXSNDQHDU*ODYDWVL²DQGRWKHUV

Key words: Vrachanska Planina Mts., cave fauna, terrestrial invertebrates, Bulgaria.

Introduction

Vrachanska Planina Mts. (most of it included in the “Vrachanski Balkan” Nature Park) is among the richest areas of cave fauna. From the Ledenika Cave and the caves near *DUD /DNDWQLN YLOODJH VWDUWHG WKH PRGHUQ ELRVSHOHRORJLFDO UHVHDUFK LQ %XOJDULD 6XEMHFW of the present paper is the fauna of the Park, and the surrounding areas (caves near /LO\DFKH&KLUHQ*DEDUH'UDVKDQ&KHUNDVNL'ROQD%HVKRYLWVDDQGIXUWKHUWR.XQLQR DQG.DUOXNRYR DUHDOVRULFKLQIDXQDDQGVKRXOGEHWDNHQLQWRDWWHQWLRQWRXQGHUVWDQG the distribution of the cave animals of Vrachanski Balkan. The rich fauna of the caves near Lakatnik is also connected with the fauna of caves more to the south (near Bov, Tserovo, ,VNUHWV%UH]H=LPHYLWVDHWF  The region under study (the Park “Vrachanski Balkan” and its nearest places) LQFOXGHV9UDWVD 6:RIWKHWRZQ 0H]GUDDQGWKHYLOODJHV/DNDWQLN'UX]KHYR0LODQRYR =JRULJUDG*ODYDFL'ROQRDQG*RUQR2]LURYR/\XWDG]KLN3DYROFKH&KHUHSLVK0RUDYLWVD *RUQDDQG'ROQD%HOD5HFKND2SOHWQ\D&KHORSHN%LVWUHWV(OLVH\QD

Outline of the history of biospeleological studies on Bulgarian cave animals

7KHFXULRVLW\RI%XOJDULDQ]RRORJLVWVIRUVWXG\LQJFDYHDQLPDOVZDVDURXVHGE\D geologist. In 1922 V. Arnaudov indicated to Dr Iv. Buresch the existence of strange yellowish LQVHFWVLQWKHFDYH/HGHQLNDQHDU9UDWVD7KHH[SHULHQFHG'LUHFWRURIWKH5R\DO0XVHXPRI 1DWXUDO+LVWRU\LQ6RÀDLPPHGLDWHO\UHDOL]HGKRZLPSRUWDQWZDVWKLVREVHUYDWLRQ7RJHWKHU with his fellow entomologists from the Museum Dr Buresch undertook series of visits in WKHFDYHVQHDU9UDWVDDQGLQ,VNkU*RUJH,QVHYHUDO\HDUV  WHQVRIWURJORELWHV

 CAVE INVERTEBRATES of different groups have been discovered and described. Prominent foreign specialists YLVLWHG%XOJDULDRULGHQWLÀHGWKHPDWHULDOFROOHFWHG WRPHQWLRQ.9HUKRHII(G.QLUVFK (G +DQGVFKLQ 9 5HGLNRU]HY $ :DJQHU / )DJH &)U 5RHZHU  7KHLU SXEOLFDWLRQV increased notably the knowledge on groups like Isopoda, Myriapoda, Pseudoscorpiones, Opiliones, Collembola, Coleoptera and others in Bulgaria. Many visits of Dr Buresch and his associates in caves rose the number of organisms known from them by 1927 to 44, among which were some remarkable troglobites. A general list of this fauna was presented E\'U%XUHVFKLQ6HSWHPEHUWRWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO=RRORJLFDO&RQJUHVVLQ%XGDSHVW (published in 1929). Meanwhile, Dr Buresch published two important papers on the cave IDXQD RI %XOJDULD LQ  DQG   1HQNR 5DGHY VWDUWHG SXEOLVKLQJ D &DWDORJXH RI Bulgarian caves, of which also two parts were published (in 1926 and 1928). On 18 March 1929 the Bulgarian Speleological Society was founded. New visits to caves followed and a series of new publications contributed to the study of spiders (P. Drensky, 1931), Diptera /&]HUQ\ 7K\VDQXUD )6LOYHVWUL &ROHRSWHUD ,Y%XUHVFK5 -HDQQHO².0DQGO 3VHXGRVFRUSLRQV -+DG]L 2OLJRFKDHWD / ÿHUQRVYLWRY    1\FWHULELLGDH = .DUDPDQ   &UXVWDFHD : .OLH   ,VRSRGD +6WURXKDO *DVWURSRGD +:DJQHU ,VRSRGD'LSORSRGD&KLORSRGD (Verhoeff, up to 1937) and others. A third general paper on Bulgarian Biospeleology was published by Dr Buresch in 1936. Most of the material originated from the caves of Vrachanska Planina Mts and Lakatnik.

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$IWHU WKH :RUOG :DU ,, DJDLQ 'U %XUHVFK RUJDQL]HG WZR ´FDYLQJ EULJDGHVµ ZLWKLQ Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. They studied some caves in Northwest Bulgaria and collected many new cave animals, arranged in the collection “Fauna cavernicola bulgarica” in the ,QVWLWXWHRI=RRORJ\LQ6RÀD3DUWRIWKLVPDWHULDOZDVLGHQWLÀHGE\-.UDWRFKYLO 2SLOLRQHV DE $$QJHORY *DVWURSRGD &$WWHPV 0\ULDSRGD  ,Y%XUHVFK 9*XHRUJXLHY Stenasellus &)U5RHZHU 2SLOLRQHV  =.DUDPDQ &ROHRSWHUD (3UHWQHU &ROHRSWHUD )0LOOHU $UDQHDH - Lang (Diplopoda, 1958), and others. These papers concern, together with the older material of Dr Buresch and his associates, some new animals (like Paralola buresi and Tranteeva paradoxa) collected in WKHHVE\3HWDU7UDQWHHYDQGWKHJURXSRI\RXQJ%LRVSHOHRORJLVWVIRUPHGDURXQGKLP 9*XpRUJXLHY3%HURQ9%HVKNRY70LFKHY0.ZDUWLUQLNRY$3RSRY6W$QGUHHY Hr. Delchev). $IWHU WKH UHVXUUHFWLRQ RI WKH RUJDQL]HG FDYLQJ LQ %XOJDULD VLQFH  WKH &DYLQJ Commission at Bulgarian Tourist’s Union formed many caving clubs and a much more intensive research in caves took place everywhere in the country, even abroad. Considerable new collections have been accumulated and studied by the new generation of Bulgarian and VRPHIRUHLJQVSHFLDOLVWV3URWR]RD '7DVKHY9*ROHPDQVN\VLQFH +LUXGLQHD $ $QJHORY 0ROOXVFD $$QJHORY$5LHGHOHVS=RQLWLGDHVLQFH ,VRSRGD $9DQGHO6W $QGUHHYVLQFH &KLORSRGD -0'HPDQJH-*XOLĀND=0DWLFDQG9*ROHPDQVN\  'LSORSRGD .6WUDVVHUIURPWR 2SLOLRQHV 9äLOKDY\96WDUčJD $UDQHDH +U 'HOFKHYVLQFH 2UWKRSWHUD $3RSRY &ROOHPEROD 5XVHN00GD*DPD 'LSOXUD 5XVHN +RPRSWHUD$SKLGRGHD '7DVKHY &ROHRSWHUD 9*XpRUJXLHYIURPWR =.DUDPDQ/*HQHVW/=HUFKH 7ULFKRSWHUD ..XPDQVNL 'LSWHUDDQG6LSKRQDSWHUD SDUDVLWHVRIEDWV :6NXUDWRZLF].+ĪUND 'LSWHUD 9%HVKRYVNL +DYHEHHQVWDUWHG PRUHVSHFLDOL]HGVWXGLHVRQWKHQHUYRXVV\VWHPDQGHFRORJ\RIPheggomisetes and other FDYHEHHWOHV 0.ZDUWLUQLNRY  Some visits or publications by foreign cave biologists also contributed to better XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKLVIDXQD +&RLIIDLW-07KLEDXG''DQFDX/%RWRVDQHDQX9 'HFX$5LHGHO/*HQHVW 0RVWGDWDRQWKHFDYHIDXQDRI%XOJDULDKRZHYHUZHUHFROOHFWHG DIWHUE\%XOJDULDQVFLHQWLVWV7KHODWHVWELEOLRJUDSK\RI%XOJDULDQFDYHIDXQD %HURQ  FRQWDLQVWLWOHVRIZKLFKDUHGXHHQWLUHO\RUSDUWO\WR%XOJDULDQV 7KHQXPHURXVGDWDREWDLQHGKDYHEHHQJHQHUDOL]HGE\*XpRUJXLHY %HURQ   WKDQE\%HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  %HURQ  DQGÀQDOO\E\%HURQ  ZKHUH a complete list of 866 animal species from 813 Bulgarian caves was made. Some other JHQHUDO RXWOLQHV RI %XOJDULDQ FDYH IDXQD DUH GXH WR *XpRUJXLHY  HWF  DQG %HURQ  %XWVLQFHWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKH²WLHVFRQVLGHUDEOH´QHZZDYHµRI Biospeleologists marked another leap forward in the knowledge on the cave and underground fauna of Bulgaria. Several younger researchers (P. Stoev, B. Petrov, S. Beshkov, T. Ivanova, ,3DQGXUVNL'*HRUJLHY FDUULHGIXUWKHUWKHHIIRUWVRIWKHROGHUZRUNHUV0HDQZKLOHSDUW RIWKHH[SORUHUVRI%XOJDULDQFDYHDQLPDOVGLHG 37UDQWHHYLQ,Y%XUHVFKLQ 9*XpRUJXLHYLQ RUUHWLUHG 9%HVKNRYLQ6W$QGUHHYLQ+U'HOWVKHY DQG 3 %HURQ LQ   7KH QHZHU VSHFLDOLVWV ZRUN PRVWO\ LQ WKH 1DWLRQDO 0XVHXP RI Nature History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Already some groups are in study by them (Myriapoda P. Stoev, Pseudoscorpiones – B. Petrov, Copepoda – Iv. Pandurski, Coleoptera – %*XHRUJXLHY5%HNFKLHY/HSLGRSWHUD²6W%HVKNRY   CAVE INVERTEBRATES

Karstic Region of Stara Planina (the Predbalkan and the chain of Stara Planina) is VXEGLYLGHGLQWRGLVWULFWV7KHNDUVWRIWKLV5HJLRQFRYHUVNP2, or 19.2 % of its total DUHD 3RSRYE 7KLV5HJLRQLVWKHULFKHVWRQFDYHVLQ%XOJDULD7KHUHDUHRIWKH %XOJDULDQSRWKROHVGHHSHUWKDQPDQGRIWKH%XOJDULDQFDYHVORQJHUWKDQ P,QDOOSDUWVRIWKH5HJLRQVWKHUHDUHELJFDYHVDQGSRWKROHV One classic karst area and among the richest in Bulgaria is at the Vratsa District. In LWV WKLFN OLPHVWRQH IURP -XUDVVLF DQG &UHWDFHRXV KDYH EHHQ GLVFRYHUHG PRUH WKDQ  caves and pot holes. On the higher parts of Vrachanska Planina have been explored the SRWKROHV%DUNLWH PGHQLYHODWLRQPORQJ %HO\DU PGHQLY PORQJ %DUNLWH P 3XNR\DQHDU3DYROFKH9LOODJH P 

List of terrestrial invertebrates, known from the caves of described area Protozoa $FFRUGLQJ WR *ROHPDQVN\   DPRQJ WKH SURWR]RDQV KLWKHUWR IRXQG LQ WKH Bulgarian caves, there are two groups deserving more special attention. They are the epibiontic infusorians living on the stygobites from the genera Niphargus, Protelsonia, SphaeromidesHWFDQGWKH*UHJDULQLGDSDUDVLWHVLQWKHLQWHVWLQHRIWKH0\ULDSRGDDQG troglobite insects. All these groups are incompletely known in Bulgaria and elsewhere. Ciliata Peritricha Family Vorticellidae Vorticella sp. 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I ²7DVKHY *ROHPDQVNL  (SLELRQWH Suctoria Family Acinesidae Tokophrya sp. 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I ²7DVKHY *ROHPDQVNL  (SLELRQWH Sporozoa Gregarinida Family Stylocephalidae Lepismatophila plusiocampae Taschev et Golemansky, 1973 (QGRSDUDVLWHLQPlusiocampa bureschi.

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Family Stenophoridae Stenophora typhloiuli Golemansky et Taschev, 1973 (QGRSDUDVLWHLQTyphloiulus bureschi. Stenophora beroni Golemansky, 1973 (QGRSDUDVLWHLQBalkanopetalum armatum. Stenophora bulgarosomae Golemansky, 1973 (QGRSDUDVLWHLQBulgarosoma bureschi. Nemathelminthes Nematoda Dorylaimida Family Neodiplogasteridae )LFWRUÀFWRU (Bastian, 1965) 6YLQVNDWDGXSND 6I  1HZGDWD,,OLHYGHW  Family Cephalobidae Cephalobius persegnis Bastian, 1965 6YLQVNDWDGXSND 6I  1HZGDWD,,OLHYGHW  Eucephalobius mucronatus (Kozlowska et Wasilewska, 1963) 6YLQVNDWDGXSND 6I  1HZGDWD,,OLHYGHW  Acrobeloides sp. 6YLQVNDWDGXSND 6I  1HZGDWD,,OLHYGHW  Chiloplacus sp. 6YLQVNDWDGXSND 6I  1HZGDWD,,OLHYGHW  Family Hoplolaimidae Helicotylenchus vulgaris Yuen, 1964 6YLQVNDWDGXSND 6I  1HZGDWD,,OLHYGHW  Family Plectidae Plectus sp. 6YLQVNDWDGXSND 6I  1HZGDWD,,OLHYGHW  Annelida Oligochaeta Opistophora Family Lumbricidae Allolobophora biserialis ÿernosvitov, 1937 /HGHQLND 9U 0HGHQLN 9U ²ÿHUQRVYLWRY  7URJOR[HQH Octolasium lacteum Oerley, 1881 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  7URJORSKLOH Dendrobaena rubida (Savigny, 1826) (= D. subrubicunda, Bimastus teniusVHQVX*XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  6KLURNLYDORJ 6I %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  7URJOR[HQH Mollusca Most of the molluscs, regularly found in Bulgarian caves, are gastropods belonging  CAVE INVERTEBRATES

WRWKHIDPLOLHV=RQLWLGDHDQG+\GURELLGDH 5LHGHO$QJHORY 7KHSUHGRPLQDQW terrestrial species in the Bulgarian caves is the troglophile Oxychilus glaber striarius. Gastropoda Stylommatophora Family Zonitidae Oxychilus (Morlina) glaber striarius (Westerlund, 1881) Studenata dupka (Vr 3) – Beron (1972). Troglophile. Oxychilus (Morlina) glaber Rossmaessler, 1835 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  7URJORSKLOH Oxychilus (Riedelius) depressus (Sterki, 1889) Ledenishka yama (Vr 35) – Beron (1972). Trogloxene or troglophile. Vitrea diaphana (Studer, 1820) /HGHQLND 9U ²%HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  ²%HURQ  7URJOR[HQH Daudebardia sp. /HGHQLND 9U *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ   Family Limacidae Lytopelte (Liolytopelte) bureschi (H. Wagner, 1934) (= Agriolimax b.) Medenik (Vr 18) – Wagner (1934: 55). Trogloxene. Family Milacidae Milax (M.) kusceri H. Wagner, 1931 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I ²8UEDQVNL :LNWRU  7URJOR[HQH Arthropoda Crustacea Isopoda Andreev (1983) reviewed the distribution of the cave Oniscoidea in Bulgaria. 'HWDLOVRQWKLVGLVWULEXWLRQFRQWDLQDOVRWKHSDSHUVRI$QGUHHY  *XpRUJXLHY   %HURQ   DQG %HURQ HW DO   ,VRSRGD 2QLVFRLGHD DUH NQRZQ IURP  Bulgarian caves. From 24 genera and 49 species (including 26 troglobites) listed further, 7 genera (Balkanoniscus, Rhodopioniscus, Bureschia, Bulgaronethes, Bulgaroniscus, Vandeloniscellus, Tricyphoniscus, all belonging to Trichoniscidae) and 31 species are %XOJDULDQHQGHPLFV=RRJHRJUDSKLFDOO\DQGIURPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIFDYHHYROXWLRQWKH Isopoda terrestria are among the most important and interesting groups in Bulgarian cave fauna. From 13 families of Isopoda Oniscoidea, known in Bulgaria, only Buddelundiellidae, Tylidae and Stenoniscidae do not contain cave species. With 32 species (including 23 of the 25 troglobites), Trichoniscidae is the family by far the most important among Bulgarian cave Isopoda. The only other troglobites (Cordioniscus bulgaricus and C. schmalfussi) belong WRWKHIDPLO\6W\ORQLVFLGDHEXWWKH\DUHQRWNQRZQLQ9UDW]DDUHD Oniscidea Family Trichoniscidae Hyloniscus riparius (C.L. Koch, 1838) 5D]KLVKND \DPD 6I    *XpRUJXLHY  %HURQ   6YLQVNDWD GXSND 6I    CAVE INVERTEBRATES

/HGHQLND 9U %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  7URJOR[HQH Trichoniscus anophthalmus Vandel, 1965 6WXGHQDWDGXSND 9U (]HURWR 9U ²9DQGHO  7RVKRYDGXSND 9U 42) – Beron (1972). Troglobite. Trichoniscus bureschi Verhoeff, 1926 =LGDQND 6I 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I 6YLQVNDWDGXSND 6I *ROHPDWD9UD]KD GXSND 6I ²%HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  7URJORSKLOH Bureschia bulgarica Verhoeff, 1926 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  %HO\DU 9U ²$QGUHHY  178). Troglobite. Vandeloniscellus bulgaricus (Vandel, 1967) (= Cyphoniscellus b.) Toshova dupka (= Matnitsa) (Vr 42) – Vandel (1967: 337). Troglobite. Tricyphoniscus bureschi Verhoeff, 1936 /HGHQLND 9U ²$QGUHHY  7URJORELWH Family Trachelipidae Trachelipus balticus (Verhoeff, 1907) 0HGHQLN 9U *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  7URJOR[HQH Trachelipus squamuliger  9HUKRHII  Trachelipus absoloni (Strouhal, 1939) 5D]KLVKND\DPD 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  7URJORSKLOH Protracheoniscus ubliensis (Verhoeff, 1901) /HGHQLND 9U %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  7URJOR[HQH Family Porcellionidae Porcellium balkanicum Verhoeff, 1936 Ledenika (Vr 17) – Verhoeff (1936: 11). Troglophile. Arachnida $PRQJWKHUHFHQWRUGHUVRI$UDFKQLGDDUHNQRZQLQ%XOJDULD1LQH DOOH[FHSW Solifugi) have been found in caves. The scorpions do not live in the deeper part of the Bulgarian caves. Scorpiones Family Euscorpiidae Euscorpius (E.) deltshevi Fet, Graham, Webber et Blagoev, 2014 7FKHUQLMDL]YRU 9U ²)HWHWDO ²  Euscorpius sp. 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I ²%XUHVFK7UDQWHHY $OHNVDQGURY  5D]KLVKNDWD SHVKWHUD 6I    *XpRUJXLHY  %HURQ  DOO VXE “carpathicus (Linnaeus, 1767”). Trogloxenes. According to the recent data of V. Fet, Euscorpius carpathicus lives only LQ5RPDQLD7KHSXEOLVKHGUHFRUGVRIWKLVVSHFLHVLQ%XOJDULDVKRXOGEHUHIHUHGWRRWKHU species of Euscorpius. Opiliones 7KHÀUVWFDYHRSLOLRQVLQ%XOJDULDKDYHEHHQFROOHFWHGE\'U%XUHVFKDQGKLVWHDP LQFOXGLQJ IURP 9UDFKDQVND 3ODQLQD  DQG SXEOLVKHG E\ 5RHZHU   7KH PRQRJUDSK

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RI 6WDUHJD   DVVHVVHG WKH QXPEHU RI %XOJDULDQ KDUYHVWPHQV DW  VSHFLHV   Platybunus bucephalusCyphophthalmus [Tranteeva] paradoxusVSHFLHVRIJHQXVSiro) and two subspecies. Up to now 22 species (2 out of 3 Cyphophthalmi, one of Laniatores, 9 RI'\VSQRLDQGRI(XSQRL KDYHEHHQUHFRUGHGIURPFDYHV7KHPDWHULDOFROOHFWHG in Bulgarian caves and published after the monograph of Starega (1976) by Juberthie  %HURQ 0LWRY  DQG0LWRY  GRHVQRWFKDQJHRXULGHDVDERXWWKHFDYH representatives of the group. Meanwhile, several papers of Mitov completed the number of Bulgarian Opilions to 63 species. This number includes 5 troglobites: Tranteeva paradoxa, Siro beschkovi, Paralola buresi, Paranemastoma beroni and Paranemastoma bureschi. The most widespread troglophile in the Bulgarian caves is Paranemastoma radewi (sensu 6WDUHJD NQRZQIURPFDYHV$OOÀYHWURJORELWHKDUYHVWPHQDUHHQGHPLFWRWKH actual Bulgarian territory, but Paranemastoma bureschi will certainly be found in the caves RIWKH´:HVWHUQFRQÀQHVµ SDUWRI:HVWHUQ6WDUD3ODQLQDQRZLQ6HUELD DQGP. beroni – LQWKH*UHHNSDUW 2UYLORV RI6ODY\DQND0WParanemastoma radewi is known also from %RVQLD +DGçL DQGIURP1RUWKHUQ*UHHFH7KHLQIRUPDWLRQREWDLQHGLQWKH\HDUV DIWHUKDVEHHQSXEOLVKHGE\%HURQ 0LWRY  E\0LWRY  DQGE\ %HURQ 0LWRY   Laniatores Family Phalangodidae Paralola buresi Kratochvil, 1951 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I ².UDWRFKYLO  =LGDQNDWD 6I 6YLQVNDWDGXSND 6I .R]DUVNDWDSHVKWHUD 6I %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  7URJORELWH Palpatores Family Trogulidae Trogulus tricarinatus (Linnaeus, 1758) =PH\RYDGXSND,,, 9U %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  *ROHPDWD\DPD 9U  – Starega (1976: 299). Trogloxene. Family Nemastomatidae Pyza bosnica (Roewer, 1919) (= Nemastoma bosnicum orientale.UDWRFKYLO  =PH\RYDGXSND,,, 9U %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  7URJOR[HQH Paranemastoma (P.) radewi (Roewer, 1926) (= Nemastoma radewi 5RHZHU  N. (Dromedostoma) paspalevi .UDWRFKYLO N. (D.) markovi.UDWRFKYLO N. (D.) atanasovi balcanica.UDWRFKYLO²VHH6WDUHJD  5DG\RYDSURSDVW 6I 5H]Q\RYHWH 9U *ROHPDWD0HFKDGXSND 9U =PH\RYD GXSND 9U *DUYDQHWV 9U %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  FDYHQHDU&KDYNLWH 0DODWD

Family Phalangiidae Leiobunum rumelicum Šilhavý, 1965 5H]Q\RYHWH 9U /HGHQLND 9U ²%HURQ  5HJXODUWURJOR[HQH Lacinius horridus (Panzer, 1794) (= L. gallipoliensis5RHZHU L. dentigerVHQVX%HURQHW*XpRUJXLHYGHW incorr.) 0HGHQLN 9U *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  7URJOR[HQH Phalangium opilio Linnaeus, 1758 0HGHQLN 9U *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  7URJOR[HQH Zachaeus crista (Brullé, 1832) 0HGHQLN 9U *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  *ROHPDWD\DPD 9U ²%HURQ   Trogloxene. Egaenus convexus (C.L. Koch, 1835) *ROHPDWD\DPD 9U %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  7URJOR[HQH Pseudoscorpiones From ten familles and 59 species of Pseudoscorpions in Bulgaria two families (Chthoniidae and Neobisiidae) and 16 species are known to inhabit caves (including 7 WURJORELWHV  7KLV QXPEHU LV E\ QR PHDQV GHÀQLWLYH DQG ZLOO FHUWDLQO\ LQFUHDVH DIWHU WKH LGHQWLÀFDWLRQRIWKHH[WHQVLYHPDWHULDOFROOHFWHGE\XV Family Chthoniidae Chthonius (Chthonius) sp. Family Neobisiidae Neobisium (Heoblothrus) beroni Beier, 1963 6YLQVNDWDGXSND 6I ²%HLHU  .R]DUVNDWDSHVKWHUD 6I 3%HURQ OHJHWGHW%3HWURYOHJHWGHW7URJORELWH Balkanoroncus hadzii Harvey, 1990 (= Roncus bureschi+DG]L  5D]KLVKNDSHVKWHUD 6I ²+DG]L  +DUYH\  7URJORELWH Roncus lubricus L. Koch, 1873 spider species of the country. However, the overall picture did not change too much and the number of the troglobitic spiders remained feeble. From the caves of Vrachanski Balkan and Lakatnik have been recorded 21 sp. of spiders, incl. three (conditional) troglobites: Protoleptoneta bulgarica, Centromerus bulgarianus and Porrhomma convexum. Araneomorpha Family Pholcidae Hoplopholcus forskali (Thorell, 1871)

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´3URSDVWWD QHDU &KHUHSLVKµ ² 'UHQVN\    9RGQD GXSND 9U   ² %HURQ  5HJXODUWURJOR[HQH Pholcus opilionoides (Schrank, 1781) 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  5HJXODUWURJOR[HQH Pholcus phalangioides (Fuessli, 1775) 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  7URJOR[HQH Family Nesticidae Nesticus cellulanus (Clerck, 1757) 6WXGHQDWDGXSND 9U *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  3URSDVWWD 9U =GUDYHVKND dupka (Sf 72) – Beron (1994). Troglophile. Nesticus sp. 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I ²%XUHVFK7UDQWHHY $OHNVDQGURY   Family Araneidae Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757 /HGHQLND 9U ²'HOFKHY  7URJOR[HQH Family Leptonetidae Protoleptoneta bulgarica Deltchev, 1972 *UHEHQ\R 0W   'XSQD PRJLOD 9U   ² 'HOWVKHY    ² %HURQ   Troglobite. Family Tetragnathidae Meta menardi (Latreille, 1804) 9UDWQLN 9U  

(= Troglohyphantes bureschi Drensky, 1931) Ledenika (Vr 17) – Drensky (1931: 21). Troglophile. Microneta viaria (Blackwall, 1841) 5D]KLVKNDSHVKWHUD 6I ²'UHQVN\  7URJOR[HQH Porrhomma convexum (Westring, 1861) (= Porrhomma rosenhaueri/.RFK P. errans (Blackwall) sensu Drensky, 1931 = P. profundum'DKOVHQVX*XpRUJXLHYHW%HURQ  *DUYDQHWV 9U 7RVKRYDGXSND 9U ²%HURQ  7URJORELWH Porrhomma sp. 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I ²%XUHVFK7UDQWHHY $OHNVDQGURY   Ceratinopsis romana (Cambridge, 1872) /HGHQLND 9U ²'HOFKHY  7URJOR[HQH Thyreosthenius parasiticus (Westring, 1851) +D\GXVKNDWDGXSND 6I ²'HOFKHY  7URJOR[HQH Family Agelenidae Inermocoelotes jurinitschi (Drensky, 1915) Haydushkata dupka (Vr 73) – Deltchev (1973b: 41). Trogloxene. Tegenaria domestica (Clerck, 1757) (= Amaurobius erberi sensu Drensky, 1931) 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I 5D]KLVKNDSHVKWHUD 6I 6WXGHQDWDGXSND 9U ² 'UHQVN\  6HUDSLRQRYDWDSHVKWHUD 9U 3ULQFKRYLWVD 9U 6YHWL .LULN 9U ²%HURQ  5HJXODUWURJOR[HQH Tegenaria silvestris L. Koch, 1872 9UDWQLN 9U ²%HURQ  5HJXODUWURJOR[HQH Family Gnaphosidae Echemus rhenanus Bertkau, 1883 5D]KLVKNDSHVKWHUD 6I ²'UHQVN\  7URJOR[HQH Acaromorpha 7HUUHVWULDOPLWHVRI%XOJDULDQFDYHVDUHQRW\HWZHOONQRZQHVSHFLDOO\WKHIUHHOLYLQJ IRUPV 7KHUH LV D SURYLVLRQDO HFRORJLFDO VXEGLYLVLRQ %HURQ    LQ  FDWHJRULHV obligate parasites in all stages (Sarcoptidae, Myobiidae, Psorergatidae, Listrophoroidea, Spinturnicidae, etc. These mites are listed here only for completeness, they are not real cave DQLPDOV SDUDVLWHVKDYLQJVRPHSDUDVLWLFDORUFRPPHQVDOVWDJHVDQGVRPHIUHHOLYLQJVWDJHV 7URPELFXOLGDH7URPELGLLGDHVO,[RGLGDH$UJDVLGDHVRPH$FDULGLGDDQG0HVRVWLJPDWD VXFKVSHFLHVDUHOLVWHGKHUH VDSURSKDJHV 2ULEDWLGDVRPH7\URJO\SKRLGHVHWF SUHGDWRUV PRVWRIWKHIUHHOLYLQJ3URVWLJPDWD5KDJLGLLGDH/DELGRVWRPLGDHDQGRWKHUV 0DQ\PLWHV live in the guano. In the list below the obligatory parasites are enumerated only for the record, without mentioning the caves in which they live. Acariformes Prostigmata Family Myobiidae 3DUDVLWHVRI&KLURSWHUDQRWSDUWRIWKHFDYHIDXQD DIWHU%HURQ  Pteracarus pipistrellius 5DGIRUG   P. submedianus Dusbábek, 1963, P. minutus

 CAVE INVERTEBRATES

5DGIRUG Acanthophthirius emarginatus (Dusbábek, 1963), A. myoti (Dusbábek, 1963), A. mystacinalis 5DGIRUG A. pantopus (Poppe et Trouessart, 1895), A. etheldredae Perkins, 1925, A. klapaleki (Dusbábek, 1963), A. bohemicus Dusbábek, 1963 Neomyobia rollinati 3RSSH N. chiropteralis (Michael, 1884), N. slovenica Dusbábek, 1968 Family Trombiculidae 3DUDVLWHVRI&KLURSWHUDWKHDGXOWVDUHIRXQGRQWKHÁRRURIFDYHV Oudemansidium komareki (Daniel et Dusbábek, 1959) (= Leptotrombidium k.) 5D]KLVKND GXSND 6I   H[ Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Plecotus austriacus .ROHELQRYD %HURQ   Pentagonaspis (Dusbabekia) trajani (Dusbábek, 1964) (= Neotrombicula trajani) 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I 5D]KLVKNDWDSHVKWHUD 6I H[Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Plecotus austriacus'XVEiEHN  .ROHELQRYDHW%HURQ   Leptotrombidium russicum (Oudemans, 1902) 5D]KLVKNDGXSND 6I 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I ²'XVEiEHN Leptotrombidium myoticulum (Feider, 1968) (= Eltonella (Marcandrea) myoti) 5D]KLVKNDGXSND 6I .ROHELQRYD %HURQ   Riedlinia (R.) europaea Kolebinova et Beron, 1965 Dupna mogila (Vr 34), ex Rhinolophus hipposideros .ROHELQRYD %HURQ  Willmannium bulgaricum (Dusbábek, 1964) 5D]KLVKNDGXSND 6I H[Pipistrellus pipistrellus²'XVEiEHN  .ROHELQRYD & Beron (1965: 72). Acaridida Family Rosensteiniidae Chiroptoglyphus bulgaricus (Dusbábek, 1964) 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I 5D]KLVKNDWDGXSND 6I 'XVEiEHN D 3DUDVLWH of Chiroptera. Family Chirodiscidae 3DUDVLWHVRI&KLURSWHUDQRWSDUWRIWKHFDYHIDXQD DIWHU%HURQ  Labidocarpus rollinati Trouessart, 1895 Olabidocarpus belsorum belsorum YDQ(\QGKRYHQ  Alabidocarpus megalonyx megalonyx (Trouessart, 1895), A. calcaratus Lawrence, 1952, A. intercalatus Fain, 1971, A. minor 5ROOLQDWHW7URXHVVDUW  Family Sarcoptidae 3DUDVLWHVRI&KLURSWHUDQRWSDUWRIWKHFDYHIDXQD DIWHU%HURQ   Nycteridocoptes poppei (Oudemans, 1897), N. eyndhoveni Fain, 1959, N. miniopteri Fain, 1959 Notoedres (N.) plecoti Fain, 1959, N. (N.) chiropteralis (Trouessart, 1896)

 CAVE INVERTEBRATES

Parasitiformes Mesostigmata Gamasina Family Parasitidae Pergamasus sp. 3URSDVWWD 9U *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ   Family Macronyssidae 3DUDVLWHVRI&KLURSWHUD DIWHU%HURQ  Ichoronyssus scutatus .ROHQDWL  Macronyssus cyclaspis 2XGHPDQV    M. ellipticus .ROHQDWL   M. flavus .ROHQDWL M. granulosus .ROHQDWL M. uncinatus (Canestrini, 1885) (= M. rhinolophi (Oudemans)) Steatonyssus spinosus Willmann, 1936, S. periblepharus.ROHQDWL Family Spinturnicidae 3DUDVLWHV RI &KLURSWHUD DIWHU %HURQ  .ROHELQRYD   %HURQ     Eyndhovenia euryalis (Canestrini, 1884) Paraperiglischrus rhinolophinus &/.RFK  Spinturnix mystacina .ROHQDWL S. myoti .ROHQDWL S. emarginata .ROHQDWL 1856), Spinturnix psi .ROHQDWL Spinturnix plecotina &/.RFK Ixodida Parasites of Chiroptera. Family Argasidae Argas vespertilionis (Latreille, 1802) 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  5D]KLVKNDWDSHVKWHUD 6I  %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  3DUDVLWH Family Ixodidae Ixodes (Eschatocephalus) vespertilionis C.L. Koch, 1844 – free living males found also in caves. 7HPQDWD GXSND 6I   5D]KLVKNDWD SHVKWHUD 6I    %HURQ  *XpRUJXLHY (1967). Parasite. Ixodes (Pomerantzevella) simplex simplex Neumann, 1906 (= I. pospelovae (PWVFKXN  5D]KLVKNDWD SHVKWHUD 6I    %HURQ  *XpRUJXLHY   3DUDVLWH PDLQO\ RQ Miniopterus schreibersi). Myriapoda Chilopoda :HNQRZQRZVSHFLHVRIWKLVJURXSOLYLQJLQ%XOJDULDQFDYHV RXWRIVSHFLHV RI&KLORSRGDLQ%XOJDULD 7KHSURJUHVVLVHYLGHQWZKHQZHFRPSDUHWKLVÀJXUHWRWKH VSHFLHVOLVWHGLQRXUÀUVW(VVDL *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ 7KHHFRORJLFDOFDWHJRULHVRI Chilopoda are only provisory, as we know very little on the biology of these animals. Among WKH´WURJORELWH´VSHFLHV DOOEHORQJLQJWRRUGHU/LWKRELRPRUSKDIDP/LWKRELLGDH WZR  CAVE INVERTEBRATES are of special interest. Lithobius lakatnicensis, longtime considered “endemic“ for the caves QHDU /DNDWQLN LQ IDFW SURYHG WR EH D VSHFLHV ZLWK D GLVWULEXWLRQ DPD]LQJO\ ODUJH IRU D troglobite. Being the only troglobitic LithobiusLQ:HVW%XOJDULDDQGLQWKH5KRGRSHVLWLV “replaced” in Central Stara Planina and in Southeast Bulgaria by other species. Lithobiomorpha Family Lithobiidae Eupolybothrus transsylvanicus (Latzel, 1882) =LGDQND 6I   ² %HURQ   6WXGHQDWD GXSND 9U    ² 6WRHY    Troglophile or regular trogloxene. Lithobius (L.) agilis C.L. Koch, 1862 5H]Q\RYHWH 9U ²6WRHY  7URJORSKLOH Lithobius (L.) lakatnicensis Verhoeff, 1926 (syn. L. gueorguievi Demange, 1961) 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I ²9HUKRHII E 6YLQVNDWDGXSND 6I ²'HPDQJH  =LGDQND 6I ²1HJUHD  *UHEHQ\R 0W 7RVKRYDGXSND 9U ²6WRHY 5LEDURY  7URJORELWH Lithobius (L.) schuleri Verhoeff, 1925 (= L. borisi rylaicus 9HUKRHII  ÀGH 6WRHY   L. erythrocephalus et L. erythrocephalus borisi sensu Beron, 1994) 6HUDSLRQRYDWDSHVKWHUD 9U ²6WRHY 5LEDURY  6WRHY  7URJOR[HQH Lithobius (L.) viriatus Sselivanoff, 1878 5H]Q\RYHWH 9U ²6WRHY  5HJXODUWURJOR[HQH Lithobius (Sigibius) micropodus (Matic, 1980) (= microps, nec Meinert, 1868) &KHUQL\D,]YRU 9U ²6WRHY  7URJORSKLOH Harpolithobius anodus anodus (Latzel, 1880) 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I =KDERNUHVKND\DPD 9U 5H]Q\RYHWH 9U ²6WRHY   7URJORSKLOHRUUHJXODUWURJOR[HQH Geophilomorpha Family Linotaeniidae Strigamia crassipes (C.L. Koch, 1835) Ledenika (Vr 17) – Matic (1967: 235). Trogloxene. Family Dignathodontidae Henia illyrica (Meinert, 1870) 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I ²6WRHY  7URJOR[HQH Scolopendromorpha Family Cryptopidae Cryptops anomalans Newport, 1844 0HGHQLN 9U ²6WRHY  7URJOR[HQH Diplopoda 7KDQNVPRVWO\WRWKHZRUNVRI9HUKRHII6WUDVVHU*XOLĀNDDQG6WRHYQRZZHNQRZWKH essential on Bulgarian cave Diplopoda. From 113 species of Diplopoda known in Bulgaria

 CAVE INVERTEBRATES

6WUDVVHUHWF VSHFLHVKDYHEHHQIRXQGLQFDYHV Very important groups of Bulgarian cave Diplopoda are the order Chordeumatida (Ascospermophora) and the Typhloiulini (Typhloiulus and Serboiulus). The particularities of their distribution have been analysed in details by Strasser (1969, 1973) and Beron (1978). We should note that among the many Trachysphaera from Bulgarian caves only T. lakatnicensis is to be considered troglobite. Glomerida Family Glomeridae Glomeris pustulata Latreille, 1804 (Glomeris pustulata diminuta Attems = Glomeris vodnatensis Verhoeff, 1926, syn., VHH0DXULqV*RORYDWFK 6WRHY=RRV\VWHPD3DULV  7HPQDWD GXSND 6I   6HGPRYUDWLWVD 6I    %HURQ  *XpRUJXLHY   Trogloxene. Family Doderiidae Trachysphaera costata (Waga, 1857) *RUQDWDGXSND 6I %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  7URJORSKLOH Trachysphaera lakatnicensis Tabacaru, 1979 6YLQVNDWD GXSND 6I   =LGDQND 6I    *XpRUJXLHY  %HURQ   6HGPRYUDWLWVD 6I %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  6YDUGHOR 6I .R]DUVNDWD peshtera (Sf 34) – Beron (1972).Troglobite. Trachysphaera sp. 7RVKRYDGXSND 9U &KHWYDUWLWDWDGXSND 9U 6WRHY   Polydesmida Family Polydesmidae Polydesmus renschi Schubart, 1934 /HGHQLND 9U %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  7URJOR[HQH Polydesmus tridens Attems, 1951 ´&DYH*RUQDWD5XGLQDQHDU9UDWVDµ " ²$WWHPV  7URJORSKLOH" Brachydesmus sp. 6HUDSLRQRYDWDSHVKWHUD 9U %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY   Family Trichopolydesmidae (Bacillidesmidae) Bacillidesmus bulgaricus bulgaricus Strasser, 1962 0ODGHQRYDWDSHVKWHUD 9U %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  7URJORELWH Family Paradoxosomatidae Strongylosoma stigmatosum (Eichwald, 1830) subsp. balcanicum Schubart, 1934 (= Str. pallipes balcanicum Schubart, 1934). /HGHQLND 9U %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  0DONDWDSHVKWHUD 9U ²6WRHY  7URJOR[HQH Chordeumatida Family Anthroleucosomatidae Bulgarosoma bureschi Verhoeff, 1926 /HGHQLND 9U ²9HUKRHII E 0DONDWD0HFKDGXSND 9U ²%RWRVDQHDQX

 CAVE INVERTEBRATES

'HFX 5XVX  1HYHVWLQDSURSDVW 9U .LWRYDNXNOD 6I 5H]Q\RYHWH 9U %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  %HO\DU 9U ²%HURQ  7URJORELWH Callipodida Family Schizopetalidae Balkanopetalum armatum Verhoeff, 1926 6WXGHQDWDGXSND 9U ²9HUKRHII F 6HUDSLRQRYDWDSHVKWHUD 9U %HURQ  *XpRUJXLHY   6KLVKPDQRYHWV 9U   ² %HURQ   3HVKWHUHWR 6I    Troglophile. Julida Family Julidae Typhloiulus (Typhloiulus) bureschi Verhoeff, 1926 (incl. var. obscurus Strasser, 1966) 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I ²9HUKRHII D 6YLQVNDWDGXSND 6I 5D]KLVKND \DPD 6I =LGDQND 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  6LSR 9U %HURQ  *XpRUJXLHY  7RVKRYDGXSND 9U ²%HURQ .6WUDVVHUGHW  5D]KLVKNDWDSHVKWHUD 6I ²6WRHY  7URJORELWH Typhloiulus (Inversotyphlus) longipes Strasser, 1973 Belyar (Vr 53) – Strasser (1973: 434). Troglobite. Typhloiulus sp. /DELULQWD 9U ²6WRHY   Balkanophoenix borisi Verhoeff, 1937 5D]KLVKNDSHVKWHUD 6I ²9HUKRHII  7URJOR[HQH "  Insecta s. lato ,QWKHPRGHUQFODVVLÀFDWLRQVVRPHUHVHDUFKHUVIROORZWKHV\VWHPLQZKLFK3URWXUD DQG &ROOHPEROD IRUP WKH FODVV (OOLSXUD WKH 'LSOXUD DUH D VHSDUDWH FODVV DQG DOO RWKHU former insects form the class Insecta with infraclasses Thysanura and Pterygota. Collembola Among the 165 species of Collembola in Bulgaria (Thibaud, 1995), 53 have been found in caves, and many of them only there. After Massoud & Thibaud (1977)*, it is useless WRDSSO\WKHQRWLRQRI´WURJOR[HQH´IRUFKDUDFWHULVLQJDVSULQJWDLOWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWWKDW all Collembola are able to reproduce both in caves and outside them. (VVDLGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQGHV&ROOHPEROHV´FDYHUQLFROHV´HXURSpHQV3URFWK ,QWHUQ&RQJU6SHO$FDG3UDKD9S,IZHDFFHSWWKLVYLHZSRLQW Collembola will appear as the only group of cave animals having no trogloxenes. Family Hypogastruridae Bonetogastrura cavicola (Börner, 1901) (= Hypogastrura c.) /HGHQLND 9U 0HGHQLN 9U *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  &KDYNLWH 6I ² 7KLEDXG  +HPLHGDSKLFWURJORSKLOH Ceratophysella armata (Nicolet, 1841) &KDYNLWH 6I   .DOQDWD GXSND 9U   7RVKRYD GXSND 9U   ² %HURQ   5H]Q\RYHWH 9U ²%HURQ  7URJORSKLOHJXDQRSKLOH

 CAVE INVERTEBRATES

Family Onychiuridae Deuteraphorura ghidinii (Denis, 1938) 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  0HFKDGXSND 6I ²%HURQ (1972). Troglophile. Allonychiurus sensitivus (Handschin, 1928) /HGHQLND 9U *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  7URJORELWH Onychiuroides bureschi (Handschin, 1928) /HGHQLND 9U *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  7URJORSKLOH Onychiuroides postumicus (Bonet, 1931) 6YLQVNDWDGXSND 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  7URJORSKLOH Onychiuroides subgranulosus (Gama, 1964) Lednitsata (Vr 47) – Beron (1972). Troglophile. Family Isotomidae Heteromurus nitidus (Templeton, 1835) (= H. n. margaritaria:DQNHO  .R]DUVNDWDSHVKWHUD 6I =LGDQND 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  7HPQDWD GXSND 6I %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  /HGHQLND 9U =PH\RYDGXSND 9U 25) – Thibaud (1995: 24). Troglophile. Heteromurus nitidus quadriocellatus Ksenemann, 1935

 CAVE INVERTEBRATES

.R]DUVNDWDSHVKWHUD 6I 6YLQVNDWDGXSND 6I 3URKRGQDWDYUD]KDGXSND 6I  =LGDQNDWD 6I 3\DVDFKQDWDGXSND 6I 6HGPRYUDWLWVD 6I 3URSDVWWD 6I  ²%DUHWK &RQGp   Locus typicus of Plusiocampa rauseri: 5D]KLVKNDWD SHVKWHUD 6I    %HURQ  *XpRUJXLHY  7URJORELWH Insecta Thysanura Microcoryphia Family Machilidae Trigoniophthalmus banaticus Verhoeff, 1910 /HGHQLND 9U *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  7URJOR[HQH Pterygota Heteroptera Family Nabidae Himacerus myrmecoides Costa, 1834 3\DVDFKQDWDGXSND 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  2FFDVLRQDOWURJOR[HQH Coleoptera From the 12 families of beetles recorded so far from Bulgarian caves only three contain troglobites (about one third of all Bulgarian troglobites). The most typical are Carabidae (43 sp., 23 troglobitic species). Among them are the genera Pheggomisetes, Rambousekiella and Paralovricia (endemic to Bulgaria) and Duvalius (17 cave inhabiting endemic species). Another important group of cavernicolous species are the Leiodidae (Cholevidae), with 29 species in Bulgarian caves, including at least 26 troglobites. This group contains many endemic genera: Beskovia, Beronia, Netolitzkya, Hexaurus, Beroniella, Radevia (=Vratzaniola), Genestiellina, Bureschiana, Rhodopiola, Bulgariella (= Tranteeviella), Gueorguieviella, Balcanobius. Important part of the cave fauna are also the troglophiles and the guanobites (Trechus, Laemostenus, Catops, Choleva, Nargus, Quedius, Atheta, etc.). Family Carabidae Trechus quadristriatus (Schrank, 1781) 3ULQFKRYLWVD 9U ²%HURQ  7URJOR[HQHPXVFLFROH Duvalius (Paraduvalius) beroni Guéorguiev, 1971 7RVKRYDGXSND 9U *XpRUJXLHY  161). Troglobite. Duvalius (Paraduvalius)SDSDVRIÀ Mandl, 1942 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I ²0DQGO  =LGDQND 6I 3\DVDFKQDWDGXSND 6I  %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  7URJORELWH Duvalius (Paraduvalius) zivkovi Knirsch, 1925 /HGHQLND 9U   ² .QLUVFK    0DONDWD 0HFKD GXSND 9U    %HURQ  *XpRUJXLHY  %DUNLWH JRGLQL$NDGHPLN  0W ²'XSUp   0DONDWD 1HYHVWLQD SURSDVW 9U    %HURQ  *XpRUJXLHY  VXE´Duvalius (Paraduvalius) zivkovi deltshevi*XpRUJXLHYµFI*XpRUJXLHYF  Troglobite. Duvalius (Paraduvalius) sp.

 CAVE INVERTEBRATES

=LGDQND 6I 3\DVDFKQDWDGXSND 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ   Pheggomisetes buresi buresi Knirsch, 1923 /HGHQLND 9U ².QLUVFK  /HGHQLVKND\DPD 9U 5H]Q\RYHWH 9U  0DONDWD0HFKDGXSND 9U *ROHPDWD0HFKDGXSND 9U 1HYHVWLQD SURSDVW 9U 3HVRSLQ.DPDN 9U =PH\RYDGXSND 9U 0DODWD\DPD 9U   5DG\RYD SURSDVW 6I   &KDYNLWH 6I   ² *XpRUJXLHY    =PH\RYD GXSND ,, 9U   .DOQDWD GXSND 9U   0DONDWD 1HYHVWLQD SURSDVW 9U    %HURQ  *XpRUJXLHY   %DUNLWH JRGLQL$NDGHPLN  0W   ² 'XSUp  New0L]KLVKQLWVD&DYH 9U 'XJODVND 9U  3%HURQOHJ%*XpRUJXLHYGHW7URJORELWH Pheggomisetes buresi medenikensis Knirsch, 1924 0HGHQLN 9U ².QLUVFK  7URJORELWH Pheggomisetes globiceps georgievi Z. Karaman, 1958

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Atheta (Megista) graminicola Gravenhorst, 1805 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  7URJOR[HQH Subfamily Pselaphinae Bryaxis (Erychobythus) beroni Z. Karaman, 1969 *DUYDQHWV 9U   ² = .DUDPDQ    7RVKRYD GXSND 9U   ² %HURQ  5HJXODUWURJOR[HQH Family Endomychidae Mycetaea hirta Marsham, 1802 Toshova dupka (Vr 42) – Beron (1972). Troglophile. Family Cryptophagidae Micrambe translatus (Grouvelle, 1916) 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I 5D]KLVKNDSHVKWHUD 6I ²%HURQ  7URJORSKLOH "  Cryptophagus scutellatus Newmann, 1834 7HPQDWD GXSND 6I   5D]KLVKND SHVKWHUD 6I   ² %HURQ   7URJOR[HQH (lucifuge). Family Leiodidae (Cholevidae) Cholevinae Cholevini Catops coracinus (Kellner, 1846) *ROHPDWD\DPD 9U ²%HURQ  7URJOR[HQH Catops picipes (Fabricius, 1792) /HGHQLND 9U ²%HURQ  7URJOR[HQH "  Choleva (Ch.) agilis (Illiger, 1789) 6WXGHQDWDGXSND 9U (]HURWR 9U *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  %XOLQDGXSND 9U ²%HURQ  .DOQDWDGXSND 9U 6XEWURJORSKLOH Leptodirini Beskovia bulgarica Guéorguiev, 1960 6WXGHQDWDGXSND 9U *XpRUJXLHY  6HUDSLRQRYDWDSHVKWHUD 9U ² *LDFKLQR *XpRUJXLHY  7URJORELWH Beskovia beroni Giachino et Guéorguiev, 2008 .R]DUVNDWDSHVKWHUD 6I *LDFKLQR *XpRUJXLHY  7URJORELWH Radevia hanusi Knirsch, 1925 (=Vratzaniola pandurskii'XSUp /HGHQLND 9U  .QLUVFKD %H]LPHQQD 9U =PH\RYDGXSND,,, 9U  =PH\RYDGXSND, 9U *RO\DPDWD0HFKDGXSND 9U 5DG\RYDSURSDVW 6I  ²*LDFKLQR *XpRUJXLHY  %DUNLWH JRGLQL$NDGHPLN  0W  %DUNLWH1R 9U ²'XSUp VXE´Vratzaniola pandurskii'XSUpµ  Troglobite. Hymenoptera Parasitica Family Ichneumonidae Diphyus quadripunctorius (Müller, 1776) (= Amblyteles bipunctatus5XGRZ   CAVE INVERTEBRATES

5D]KLVKNDSHVKWHUD 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  5HJXODUWURJOR[HQH Amblyteles sp. 5H]Q\RYHWH 9U ²%RWRVDQHDQX'HFX 5XVX   The species “Amblyteles connata, A. multifasciata, A. subfasciata“, mentioned by Buresch (1934), remain doubtful. Siphonaptera Family Ischnopsyllidae Ischnopsyllus (Ischnopsyllus) octactenus (Kolenati, 1857) 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  5D]KLVKNDGXSND 6XKDWD SHVKWHUD  6I ²+ĪUND  3DUDVLWH Nycteridopsylla (Nycteridopsylla) eusarca Dampf, 1908 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  3DUDVLWH Nycteridopsylla (N.) ancyluris johanae+ĪUND 5D]KLVKNDGXSND 6I +ĪUND  3DUDVLWH Nycteridopsylla (Aneptescopsylla) trigona balcanica HĪrka, 1965 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I 5D]KLVKNDSHVKWHUD 6I ²+ĪUND  3DUDVLWH Diptera 6RIDUIDPLOLHVRI'LSWHUDKDYHEHHQUHFRUGHGIURP%XOJDULDQFDYHV DOWRJHWKHU species plus 8 Pupiparae). This group does not contain troglobites, but many representatives of the families Limnobiidae, Mycetophilidae, Dolichopodidae, Phoridae, Heleomysidae, Sphaeroceridae and Drosophilidae form important component of the parietal and guano fauna. The main source of our knowledge on these families in Bulgaria are the papers RI &]HUQ\   %XUJKHOH%DODFHVFR   %HVKRYVNL   DQG /DQJRXURY   6RPHLQIRUPDWLRQRQÁLHVLGHQWLÀHGE\RWKHUVSHFLDOLVWVFRQWDLQDOVRWKHSDSHUV RI*XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  +D]HOWRQ  %HURQ  DQGRWKHUV6SHFLDOJURXS (Pupiparae) consists of the families Nycteribiidae and Streblidae (parasites of bats). They KDYHEHHQVWXGLHGE\+ĪUND  6NXUDWRZLF]  1RYRVDGHWDO   Nematocera Family Limoniidae Limonia nubeculosa (Meigen, 1804) 5H]Q\RYHWH 9U /HGHQLND 9U *ROHPDWD0HFKDGXSND 9U 0DONDWD0HFKD GXSND 9U %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  6XEWURJORSKLOH Family Mycetophilidae Speolepta leptogaster (Winnertz, 1863) 0ODGHQRYDWDSHVKWHUD 9U %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  7URJORSKLOH Mycetophila ornata (Stephens, 1832) *ROHPDWD0HFKDGXSND 9U %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  7URJOR[HQH Tarnania fenestralis (Meigen, 1818) 5H]Q\RYHWH 9U /HGHQLND 9U *ROHPDWD0HFKDGXSND 9U 0DONDWD0HFKD GXSND 9U %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  6XEWURJORSKLOH Tarnania dziedzickii (Edwards, 1924) 0DONDWD0HFKDGXSND 9U %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  6XEWURJORSKLOH Exechiopsis (E.) intersecta (Meigen, 1818)

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/HGHQLND 9U %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  6XEWURJORSKLOH Exechiopsis (E.) furcata (Lundström, 1911) 5H]Q\RYHWH 9U %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  6XEWURJORSKLOH Exechiopsis (E.) vizzavonensis (Edwards, 1928) 5H]Q\RYHWH 9U %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  6XEWURJORSKLOH Exechiopsis (E.) indecisa (Walkenaer, 1856) 5H]Q\RYHWH 9U   0DONDWD 0HFKD GXSND 9U    %HURQ  *XpRUJXLHY   Subtroglophile. Brachycera Family Stratiomyidae Actina nitens (Latreille, 1809) Ledenika (Vr 17) – Beron (1972). Trogloxene. Family Dolichopodidae Liancalus virens (Scopoli, 1763) 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I 5D]KLVKNDSHVKWHUD 6I 3HVKWHUDWD 6I *XpRUJXLHY & Beron (1962). Subtroglophile. Family Phoridae Triphleba antricola (Schmitz, 1918) &KDYNLWH 6I 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I ²/DQJRXURY  7URJORSKLOH Triphleba aptina (Schiner, 1853) /HGHQLND 9U ²/DQJRXURY  7URJORSKLOH Megaselia fusca Wood, 1909 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  7URJORSKLOHJXDQRSKLOH Family Heleomyzidae Eccoptomera emarginata Loew, 1862

%HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  6LQL9LU 6I ²%HURQ  7URJORSKLOHJXDQRSKLOH Heteromyza comixta Collin, 1901 (= Thelida c.) /HGHQLND 9U %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  7URJOR[HQH Family Sphaeroceridae Copromyza (Fungobia) nitida (Meigen, 1830) (= Cypsela n.) *ROHPDWD9UD]KDGXSND 6I %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  7URJOR[HQH Copromyza (Crumomyia) nigra (Meigen, 1830) (= Cypsela n. = Sphaerocera n.) *ROHPDWD9UD]KDGXSND 6I %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  7URJOR[HQH Leptocera sp. =LGDQND 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ   Terrilimosina racovitzai (Bezzi, 1911) 5D]KLVKNDWDSHVKWHUD 6I ²%HURQ  7URJOR[HQH Family Drosophilidae Phortica variegata (Fallén, 1823) Studenata dupka (Vr 3) – Beron (1972). Trogloxene. Drosophila (Sophophora) melanogaster Meigen, 1830 (= D. fasciata0HLJHQ  7HPQDWDGXSND 6I &KDYNLWH 6I ²%HURQ  7URJOR[HQH Family Nycteribiidae Nycteribia (N.) schmidli schmidli Schinner, 1853 5D]KLVKNDGXSND 6I ²+ĪUND   Nycteribia (Acrocholidia) vexata vexata Westwood, 1835 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ   Phthiridium biarticulatum (Hermann, 1804) (= Stylidia biarticulata) 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  5D]KLVKNDGXSND 6I ² +ĪUND   Penicillidia (Penicillidia) dufouri (Westwood, 1835) 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  5D]KLVKNDSHVKWHUD 6I  ²+ĪUND   Penicillidia (Neopenicillidia) conspicus Speiser, 1904 5D]KLVKNDSHVKWHUD 6I ²+ĪUND   Trichoptera The order Trichoptera contains in Bulgaria at least 258 species, only 16 of them EHLQJUHFRUGHGIURPFDYHVDQGQLQHIURPWKHDUHDXQGHUVWXG\$VLQPRVW(XURSHDQFDYHV three genera (Stenophylax, Micropterna and Mesophylax) contain the bulk of the regular visitors. They are considered usually as regular trogloxenes. Family Limnephilidae Stenophylax meridiorientalis Malicky, 1980 (= S. speluncarum = S. vibex speluncarum et S. vibex vibex sensu auct. bulg.)

5H]Q\RYHWH 9U *ROHPDWD0HFKDGXSND 9U 0ODGHQRYDWDSHVKWHUD 9U   *DUYDQHWV 9U   =PH\RYD GXSND ,,, 9U   ² %RWRüDQHDQX    6UXWHQDWDSHVKWHUD 6I %HURQ *XpRUJXLHY  .LWRYD.XNOD 6I ² .XPDQVNL  5HJXODUWURJOR[HQH Stenophylax mitis McLachlan, 1875 5H]Q\RYHWH 9U ²%RWRüDQHDQX  .LWRYD.XNOD 6I ².XPDQVNL   5HJXODUWURJOR[HQH Stenophylax permistus McLachlan, 1895 0HGHQLN 9U   ² %XUHVFK D   5H]Q\RYHWH 9U   /HGHQLND 9U   0DONDWD0HFKDGXSND 9U 0ODGHQRYDWDSHVKWHUD 9U *DUYDQHWV 9U ² %RWRüDQHDQX  5HJXODUWURJOR[HQH Micropterna nycterobia McLachlan, 1875

5D]KLVKNDWDSHVKWHUD 6I ²5HEHO  7URJOR[HQH Digitivalva granitella (Treitschke, 1833) (= Acrolepia g., in Beron, 1994) 5D]KLVKNDSHVKWHUD 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  7HPQDWDGXSND 6I ² 6NDOVNL  5HJXODUWURJOR[HQH Digitivalva pulicariae (Klimesch, 1956) (= Acrolepia p., in Beron, 1994) 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I .R]DUVNDWDSHVKWHUD 6I ²6NDOVNL  7URJOR[HQH Family Alucitidae (Orneodidae) Alucita huebneri Wallengren, 1859 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I *XpRUJXLHY %HURQ  7URJOR[HQH Family Nymphalidae Inachis io (Linnaeus, 1758) 6YLQVNDWDGXSND 6I ²%HVKNRY 3HWURY  7URJOR[HQH Triphosa dubitata (Linnaeus, 1758) /HGHQLND 9U   ² %XUHVFK  7XOHVKNRY    5D]KLVKND SHVKWHUD 6I    *XpRUJXLHY  %HURQ   7HPQDWD GXSND 6I   ² 6OLYRY    Subtroglophile. Triphosa sabaudiata (Duponchel, 1830) 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I ²%XUHVFK  5D]KLVKNDSHVKWHUD 6I ²%XUHVFK 7XOHVFKNRY  6YLQVNDWDGXSND 6I ²%HVKNRY 3HWURY   Subtroglophile. Family Noctuidae Hypena rostralis (Linnaeus, 1758) 6YLQVNDWDGXSND 6I ²%HVKNRY 3HWURY  5HJXODUWURJOR[HQH Scoliopteryx libatrix (Linnaeus, 1758) 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I ²6OLYRY  %DUNLWH *RGLQL$NDGHPLN  0W  ²'XSUp  6XEWURJORSKLOH Autophila dilucida (Hübner, 1785) 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I ²%XUHVFK 7XOHVKNRY  7URJOR[HQH Autophila limbata Staudinger, 1870 7HPQDWDGXSND 6I 5D]KLVKNDGXSND 6I ²6NDOVNL  7URJOR[HQH Family Plutellidae Cerostoma wolfschlaegeri Rebel, 1941 5D]KLVKNDSHVKWHUD 6I ²5HEHO  7URJOR[HQH

Origin and Zoogeography of Bulgarian cave fauna, especially what concerns the terrestrial invertebrates of the analyzed area.

The intensive research on the cave and underground living animals in Bulgaria since 1922 accumulated rather complete information on the composition and distribution of most of the groups of underground living animals. Time has come to formulate hypotheses DERXWWKHRULJLQHDQGWKH]RRJHRJUDSK\RIWKLVIDXQD6XFKK\SRWKHVHVDUHGXHPDLQO\WR9 *XpRUJXLHYZKRDQDO\VHGWKHWHUUHVWULDOWURJORELWHVNQRZQIURP%XOJDULDQFDYHV+LVVHULHV

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RISDSHUV  ZDVFURZQHGE\KLVPRQRJUDSKRQWKHRULJLQHWKHIRUPDWLRQDQG WKH]RRJHRJUDSK\RIWKHWHUUHVWULDOWURJORELWHVRI%DONDQ3HQLQVXOD  7KLVUHPDUNDEOH ERRNZDVIROORZHGE\KLVVSHOHR]RRJHRJUDSKLFDOVXEGLYLVLRQRI%XOJDULD *XpRUJXLHY LQ %XOJDULDQ  2WKHU DWWHPSV WR DQDO\]H WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH WHUUHVWULDO FDYH IDXQD LQ %XOJDULDÀQGSODFHLQWKHSDSHUVRI%HURQ  DQGLQVRPHDUWLFOHVRQGLIIHUHQW JURXSVRIFDYHDQLPDOV'HOWVKHY  5LHGHO   ,QKLVPRQRJUDSK*XpRUJXLHY  VXEGLYLGHG%DONDQ3HQLQVXODLQWRIRXUSURYLQFHV 'LQDULF (JHDQ RI 6WDUD 3ODQLQD DQG 5KRGRSHDQ  %XOJDULDQ WHUULWRU\ IHOOV LQWR WZR RI WKHVHSURYLQFHVWKH3URYLQFHRI6WDUD3ODQLQD ZLWKWZR]RQHV²:HVWHUQDQG(DVWHUQ DQG 5KRGRSHDQ3URYLQFH DOVRZLWKWZR]RQHV²:HVWHUQDQG(DVWHUQ  Beron (1976) subdivided the Province of Stara Planina into seven regions, some of WKHPRQO\SURYLVLRQDO5HJRI(DVWHUQ6HUELD5HJRI2JRVWD5HJRI,VNDU5HJRI2VVDP 5HJRI5XVVH5HJRI.DPFKL\DDQG5HJRI'REUXGMD ,QKLVPRQRJUDSK*XpRUJXLHY  GHOLPLWDWHGDOVRVRPHVSHFLDOUHJLRQVZLWKLQKLV ]RQHVDQGVXE]RQHV,Q%XOJDULDWKHVHUHJLRQV LQGLFDWHGRQPDS DUH In Western Stara Planina: Vrachanska Planina (the richest region in troglobites in the eastern part of Balkan Peninsula) – up to 1977 there were 29 terrestrial troglobites in this region, including 17 indicators: “Cyphoniscellus” [now Vandeloniscellus] bulgaricus, Bulgarosoma bureschi, Typhloiulus longipes, Centromerus bulgarianus, Neobisium beroni, “Microcreagris bureschi” [now Balkanoroncus hadzii], Allonychiurus sensitivus, Plusiocampa rauseri [now synonym of P. bureschi and no more indicator], Pheggomisetes radevi, Ph. r. ilcevi, Ph. r. tranteevi, Ph. globiceps mladenovi, Duvalius beroni, “D. deltschevi” [now syn. of Duvalius zivkovi], D. papasofÀ, D. zivkovi, Radevia hanusi. Ponor Planina – 12 troglobites, incl. three indicators: Eupolybothrus andreevi, Pheggomisetes globiceps globiceps, Ph. g. cerovensis. As we can see, meanwhile several changes occured in the taxonomy of these troglobites. Several other species have been added over the 38 years since the edition of the ERRNRI*XpRUJXLHY:HKDYHDGGHGWKHPDV´new”. $VWKHPRQRJUDSKRI*XpRUJXLHY  FRQFHUQVGDWDRQO\RQWHUUHVWULDODQLPDOVLW seems appropriate to say something on the origin of the remarqable stygobites in Bulgaria DQGSDUWO\LQ(DVW6HUELDDVLWLQFOXGHSDUWVRI6WDUD3ODQLQD $QDO\VLVKDVEHHQPDGHE\ Pandourski & Breskovski (1995) and I will recall here some of their conclusions. They treat the Isopoda of the families Cirolanidae (marin relics) and Stenasellidae. It seems that the Albian sea was the last to cover the karstic regions of Western and Central Stara Planina. After its retreat during the entire Upper Cretaceous Western 6WDUD3ODQLQDKDVEHHQHPHUJHGODQG´([DFWO\LQWKLVWLPHLVDSSURSULDWHWRDWULEXWHWKH onquest of the karstic continental freshwater in the emerged massifs by the ancestors of Sphaeromides bureschi, S. polateni, Protelsonia lakatnicensis and P. bureschi” (we may add here also of Sphaeromides serbicaVHHDOVR3OMDOLF 7KHREVHUYDWLRQVRI3DQGRXUVNL  %UHVNRYVNL  FRQÀUPWKH´UHJUHVVLRQPRGHOµRI%RXWLQ &RLQHDXSURYLGLQJIRU two fases of penetration of marin forms into the karstic waters of the rocki shore, followed by a sea regression and adaptation of the animals with marin ancestors to life in fresh karstic water.

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Endemics in the cave fauna in the area under study.

Terrestrial Mollusca – WKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWJURXSVRI*DVWURSRGDOLYLQJLQ%XOJDULDQ FDYHV EHORQJ WR WKH IDPLOLHV =RQLWLGDH DQG +\GURELLGDH 7KH ODQG VQDLOV RI WKH IDPLO\ =RQLWLGDHDUHUHODWLYHO\ZHOONQRZQWKDQNVWRWKHHIIRUWVRI3URI5LHGHO)URPFDVS found in Bulgaria one third (11 sp.) live in caves. Four of them can be considered endemic. Two slugs seem also endemic: Litopelte bureschi (H. Wagner) and Milax kusceri H. Wagner. $PRQJWKHVL[VSHFLHVRI*DVWURSRGDNQRZQLQWKHDUHDLQVWXG\WKHUHDUHQRHQGHPLF species. Isopoda Oniscidea)URPJHQHUDDQGVSHFLHV LQFOXGLQJWURJORELWHV RIFDYH woodlice in Bulgaria, 7 genera (Balkanoniscus, Rhodopioniscus, Bureschia, Bulgaronethes, Bulgaroniscus, Vandeloniscellus, Tricyphoniscus, all belonging to Trichoniscidae) and 31 VSHFLHV DUH HQGHPLF IRU %XOJDULD =RRJHRJUDSKLFDOO\ DQG IURP WKH SRLQW RI YLHZ RI FDYH evolution the Isopoda terrestria are among the most important and interesting groups in Bulgarian cave fauna. With 32 species in caves (including 24 of all 26 troglobites), Trichoniscidae is the family by far the most important among Bulgarian cave Isopoda. The only other troglobites (Cordioniscus bulgaricus Andreev and C. schmallfussi Andreev) belongs to the family Styloniscidae and are not known from the area under study. From the 32 species of Trichoniscidae 26 are endemic for Bulgaria. )URP9UDFKDQVNL%DONDQDUHNQRZQVSHFLHVRIFDYHGZHOOLQJ,VRSRGD2QLVFLGHD including four troglobites, all of them from the family Trichoniscidae: Bureschia bulgarica Verhoeff, Tricyphoniscus bureschi Verhoeff, Trichoniscus anophthalmus Vandel and Vandeloniscellus bulgaricus (Vandel). All four are Bulgarian endemics, Vandeloniscellus bulgaricus and Bureschia bulgarica are endemic for the described area, both of them representing endemic genera. Pseudoscorpiones – Many of the Pseudoscorpions collected in the studied area are QRW\HWLGHQWLÀHGWKHUHDUHWKUHHHQGHPLFVSHFLHVLQWKHFDYHVRI/DNDWQLN²Neobisium (Heoblothrus) beroni Beier and Balkanoroncus hadzii Harvey and Roncus mahnertiýXUĀLþ et Beron from Vodnata dupka near Botunya. Roncus parablothroides+DGçLLV%DONDQLF endemic. Opiliones – Almost half of the 22 species of harvestmen known to live in Bulgarian caves DUHNQRZQIURPWKHVWXGLHGDUHD7ZRVSHFLHVRIWKHVHDUHWURJORELWHVParalola buresi .UDWRFKYLO HQGHPLF  IRU IRXU FDYHV DW /DNDWQLN 5DLOZD\ 6WDWLRQ UHPDUNDEOH endemic genus and the only cave representative of suborder Laniatores in Bulgaria) and Paranemastoma (Buresiola) bureschi 5RHZHU ²SUDFWLFDOO\HQGHPLFIRUWKHVWXGLHGDUHD OLYLQJDOVRLQWKHFDYHVRI2GRURYVNRSROHLQWKH:HVWHUQ&RQÀQHVLQ6HUELD  Araneae – In the caves of the studied area have been recorded 22 sp. of spiders (out RIVSHFLHVRIFDYHVSLGHUVLQ%XOJDULD 2QO\WKUHHRIWKHPDUHFODVVLÀHGDVWURJORELWHV in the modern sense: Protoleptoneta bulgarica Deltchev, Centromerus bulgarianus (Drensky) and Porrhomma convexum (Westring). Non of the is endemic for the described area, Protoleptoneta bulgaricaKDVEHHQIRXQGDOVRLQ(DVW6HUELD Diplopoda – From the caves of the studied area are known 17 sp. of Diplopoda, LQFOXGLQJVL[WURJORELWHVÀYHRIWKHPHQGHPLFVIRUWKLVDUHDTrachysphaera lakatnicensis Tabacaru, Brachydesmus radewi Verhoeff, Bacillidesmus bulgaricus bulgaricus Strasser (and subspecies B. b. dentatus Strasser), Bulgarosoma bureschi Verhoeff, and Typhloiulus (Inversotyphlus) longipes Strasser. Typhloiulus (Typhloiulus) bureschi

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9HUKRHIILVZLGHUGLVWULEXWHGVWLOOUHPDLQLQJ%XOJDULDQHQGHPLF(QGHPLFIRUWKLVDUHD DQGLWVFORVHVWFRQÀQHVLVWKHWURJORSKLOHBalkanopetalum armatum Verhoeff – the only representative in Stara Planina of the southbulgarian genus Balkanopetalum (Callipodida, 6FKL]RSHWDOLGDH $QRWKHUWURJORSKLOH HQGHPLFJHQXVDQGVSHFLHV GHVFULEHGIURPWKH area under study, is Balkanophoenix borisi Verhoeff.  7\SLFDO IRU WKH FDYHV RI 9UDFKDQVND 3ODQLQD EXW IRXQG DOVR LQ FDYHV (DVW RI ,VNDU5LYHUZKLFKLVQRWD]RRJHRJUDSKLFDOEDUULHUH LVBulgarosoma bureschi. After the UHYLVLRQ RI WKLV JURXS ýXUĀLþ  0DNDURY   B. bureschi remains the only clear representative of the genus. Chilopoda – 6RIDUVSRI&KLORSRGDDUHNQRZQIURPWKHFDYHVRIWKHVWXGLHGDUHD one is Bulgarian endemic (Lithobius lakatnicensis). Diplura – The troglobitic Diplurans from the area under study (Plusiocampa bulgarica and P. bureschi) are Bulgarian endemics. Collembola – from 13 sp. of Collembola found in the caves of the studied area there are 4 Bulgarian endemics (mostly local). )DP 2Q\FKLXULGDH  Allonychiurus sensitivus, Onychiuroides bureschi, O. subgranulosus )DP(QWRPREU\LGDHPseudosinella duodecimocellata Coleoptera Carabidae - Three genera in the cave fauna of Bulgaria are Bulgarian endemics, two in Western Stara Planina: Rambousekiella and (practically) Pheggomisetes and one in the :HVWHUQ5KRGRSHV²Paralovricia. PheggomisetesZDVIRXQGDOVRLQFDYHVLQ(DVW6HUELD WKH:HVWHUQ&RQÀQHVRIWKHIRUPHU%XOJDULDQWHUULWRU\ 3UHWQHU ýXUĀLþHWDO  but the three Bulgarian species remain almost entirely endemics for the studied area. The genus DuvaliusLQFOXGHVIRXU " WURJORELWLFVSHFLHVLQWKHVWXGLHGDUHDDOORIWKHPORFDO endemics. Another important group of cave Coleoptera is the family Leiodidae with three troglobitic species in the studied area, of two genera, practically endemic for the area: Beskovia and Radevia VHH*LDFKLQR *XpRUJXLHY  Staphylinidae (Pselaphinae) – only one (trogloxenic) species (Bryaxis beroni) seems to be Bulgarian endemic (Western Bulgaria). Siphonaptera – 2QO\VXEVSHFLHV VRIDUHQGHPLFIRU%XOJDULD RIWZRVSHFLHVRIÁHDV have been described from cave bats in the studied area: Nycteridopsylla ancyluris johanae and N. trigona balcanica.

Relics in the cave fauna of Bulgaria.

The problem of the relictness and the anciennety of the troglobites still stays. For -HDQQHO    IROORZHG E\ 9DQGHO   DQG *XpRUJXLHY   WKHUH ZDV QR doubt that the paleotroglobites are very ancient and have no relatives among the recent animals living outside the caves. On the contrary, the neotroglobites still have relatives outside the caves and are connected with them by intermediary forms. For Leleup (1965), the main lines of southeuropean troglobites have their origin in an orophilic prepleistocene fauna, very ancient and very rich, living in biotopes on land emerged in remote geological periods. For Vandel (1964) “Terrestrial troglobites are mostly descendents of a tropical

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IDXQDSRSXODWLQJ(XURSHDQG1RUWK$PHULFDLQWKHÀUVWKDOIRIWKH7HUWLDU\µ:HKDYHWR NHHSLQPLQGWKDWWKH3DOHRJHQH WKHÀUVWSDUWRIWKH7HUWLDU\ WDNHVWKHWLPHEHWZHHQ DQGPLOOLRQV\HDUV In the recent time Brignoli (1979) opposed this assertion, taken longtime as axiomatic. The early deceased prominent Italian specialist writes: “… It is not true at all (or, at least, it is not sure) that the troglobites are ancient”. And further:”…The term of “relict” (or even of “living fossil”), so often applied to the troglobites, is for me completely meaningless”. However, other prominent specialists do support the opinion of the ancient nature of the troglobites. According to Beier (1969), “…the troglobite species show high degree of specialisation and are without doubt to be considered as relicts from the Tertiary”. The present author also thinks that the assertions of Brignoli are exagerated and that relicts do exist. Which troglobite is ancient and which is more recent is matter of analysis. ,QKLVPDQ\SDSHUV%ýXUĀLþLQVLVWVWKDWWKHWURJORELWLF3VHXGRVFRUSLRQVEHHWOHV DQG'LSORSRGDRIWKHFDYHVRI(DVW6HUELDDUHYHU\ROGUHOLFHYHQSUH7HUWLDU\2XUVSHFLHV from Western and Central Stara Planina are very close to them, sometimes even the same subgenera (Paraduvalius), so this analysis is equally related to them. For some genera and species, like the members of cave Laniatores (the Bulgarian Paralola buresi and the Serbian Trojanella serbica) for me there is no doubt that they are Tertiary relicts, despite the opinion of Martens (1972). Some water Isopods of Flabellifera (the two Sphaeromides species) are of marine origine and also undoubtfully are relicts (Pandourski & Breskovski, 1995). *XpRUJXLHY  ZDVÀUPVXSSRUWHURIWKHWKHRULHVRI-HDQQHODQG9DQGHODQGKLV FODVVLÀFDWLRQRIWKHWURJORELWHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLURULJLQZLOOEHUHVXPHGKHUHFRPSOHWHG with some new data. Descendents of Laurasian phyletic lines *XpRUJXLHY  FRQVLGHUHGDV/DXUDVLDQUHOLFWVVRPHVSLGHUVRIWKHJHQXVNesticus and some Collembols. Bulgarian Nesticus species are also troglophyles. Descendents of Mesogeidean (paleomediterranean) phyletic lines $VGHVFHQGHQWVRISK\OHWLFOLQHSRSXODWLQJLQWKH3DOHRFHQHDQGHDUO\(RFHQHWKH land streching from Cantabric Mountains to Caucasus and called Mesogeida are considered the Isopods of the endemic genera Balkanoniscus, Beroniscus and Bureschia (all in Stara Planina and the Predbalkan). Among the Diplopoda such Mesogeidean relicts would be the *ORPHULGTrachysphaera lakatnicensis Tabacaru. Mesogeidean origin is presumed also for the troglobitic Opilions Paralola buresi .UDWRFKYLODQGParanemastoma (Buresiola) bureschi 5RHZHU 7KHHQGHPLFJHQXVParalola .UDWRFKYLO 3KDODQJRGLGDH DQGLWVRQO\VSHFLHVP. buresi from the caves near Lakatnik in Western Stara Planina represents in Bulgaria the (mostly tropical) suborder Laniatores. Martens (1972) wrote that the Laniatores “should not be considered any more as Tertiary UHOLFWVLQWKH(XURSHDQIDXQDDVWKH\DUHZLGHVSUHDGLQWKHDUHDVUHPDLQLQJRXWVLGHWKH Pleistocene glaciation”. Neverthless, Paralola is beyond doubt a relict – its age is to be considered further. What concerns the Buresiola, it is no more considered a separate genus, but a subgenus of Paranemastoma. The only known species in Bulgaria is also endemic of Western Stara Planina. According to *XpRUJXLHY  DWKLUGRIDOOHQGHPLFWURJORELWHJHQHUDRI/HLRGLGDH on the Balkan Peninsula are of Mesogeidean origine (such is Radevia).  CAVE INVERTEBRATES

Paleoegeidean (Protoegeidean) relicts Isopoda – here belongs the Haplophthalminae genus Tricyphoniscus, represented in the studied area by the species Tricyphoniscus bureschi Verhoeff. Diplura Campodeidae – may be here belong the troglobitic species of the subgenus Stygiocampa (genus Plusiocampa IRXQGLQ%XOJDULDLQ6WDUD3ODQLQDDQGWKH5KRGRSHV Nordegeidean relicts Most terrestrial troglobites of Balkan Peninsula belong to this category, due to the IDFWWKDWPDMRUSDUWVRIIRUPHU

Zoogeographical relations of the troglobites and some troglophiles living in the caves of Vrachanski Balkan and Lakatnik

Some of these animals are related to the inhabitants of the caves in the neibouring DUHDV RI :HVWHUQ 6WDUD 3ODQLQD DQG WKH DGMDFHQW SDUW RI WKH 3UHEDONDQ 7KH VSLGHU Protoleptoneta bulgarica lives also in Mechata dupka near Lepitsa and in other caves outside Vrachanski Balkan. Bulgarosoma bureschi is known only from six caves of Vrachanski Balkan. Balkanoniscus corniculatus was published also from caves near 7VHURYRDQG.XQLQR$OVRIURPWKHELJZDWHUFDYHRI7VHURYRLVNQRZQDQRWKHUPHPEHU of Trichoniscidae – Bureschia bulgarica. From Drashanskata peshtera is known the thin Diplopod Bacillidesmus bulgaricus dentatus. Some local subspecies of Pheggomisetes DUHVSUHDGIURP,VNUHW]DQG*LQWVLWR.DUOXNRYR Some other remarkabale troglobites live very close to the described area – such are Eupolybothrus andreeviIURP7]HURYRCyphophthalmus beshkovi from Deventsi and Bulgardicus tranteeviLQ.DUOXNRYR There is a sharp limit, separating the cave fauna of Vrachanski Balkan s.l. and the cave fauna NW from Botunya. Two clearly different complexes of troglobites are found in Vrachanski Balkan s.l. (Bulgarosoma, Radevia, Beskovia, Paralola, Bureschia, Vandeloniscellus bulgaricus, Typhloiulus bureschi, Paranemastoma bureschi) and in the caves of the districts Montana and Vidin (Hyloniscus flammula,Trichoniscus bononiensis, Bulgaroniscus gueorguievi, Beronia, Serboiulus, Protoleptoneta beroni,  CAVE INVERTEBRATES

Typhloiulus strictus, T. staregai, Onychiuroides beroni). Troglobites, found in Vrachanski %DONDQ DQG LQ WKH 5KRGRSHV WKH VDPH VSHFLHV Centromerus bulgarianus, Lithobius lakatnicensis, Plusiocampa bulgarica) are not spread to the NW of Vrachanski Balkan, despite of the proximity of the caves (no caveless space, as is the gap between Stara Planina DQGWKH5KRGRSHV  Interesting feature in the distribution of some troglophiles is the presence of the Diplopod Balkanopetalum armatum, the only representative of the genus in Stara Planina WKH RWKHU VSHFLHV KDYH EHHQ GHVFULEHG IURP 6RXWKHUQ %XOJDULD  (YHQ PRUH LQWHUHVWLQJ is the lack of cave Orthoptera in Vrachanski Balkan and the caves of Iskar Valley. Cave Troglophilus live near the border with Serbia, but their distribution is stopped abruptly in the area of Vrachanski Balkan, despite the availability of many caves there with conditions similar of the conditions in the caves more to the west.

Caves of the described area and lists of their terrestrial invertebrates

WKHQXPEHUVRIWKHFDYHVIROORZWKHV\VWHPRI*XpRUJXLHY %HURQDQG%HURQ Montana – Mt (= Mg) Mt 17. Drankalna dupka - SRWKROHQHDU'ROQR2]LURYR9LOODJH/HQJWKP'HQLYHOODWLRQ   P &RRUGLQDWHV 1 ƒ · µ ( ƒ · µ 9LVLW  3 %HURQ 9 Beshkov). Araneae: Porrhomma convexum Trichoptera: Micropterna nycterobia Mt 18. Grebenyo - FDYHSRWKROHQHDU'ROQR2]LURYR9LOODJH 9LVLW 3%HURQ V. Beshkov). Araneae: Protoleptoneta bulgarica Chilopoda: Lithobius lakatnicensis Coleoptera, Carabidae: Rambousekiella ledenicensis Mt 19. Nikolova yama - SRWKROHQHDU'ROQR2]LURYR9LOODJH/HQJWKPGHQLYP Araneae: Nesticus cellulanus Diplopoda: Typhloiulus bureschi Mt 20. Vodnata dupka - FDYHQHDU'ROQR2]LURYR9LOODJH Lepidoptera: Scoliopteryx libatrix Mt 49. Barkite 8 (25 Godini Akademik) – pot hole QHDU*RUQR2]LURYR9LOODJH$OWP /HQJWKP'HQLYHOODWLRQP&RRUGLQDWHV1o 13’ 18,7” (o 27’ 24,6”. Visits:  %3HWURY  3%HURQ  Pseudoscorpiones: Roncus sp. Opiliones: Paranemastoma sp. Araneae: Centromerus bulgarianus Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes globiceps mladenovi, Ph. buresi, Duvalius zivkovi Coleoptera, Leiodidae: Radevia hanusi Lepidoptera: Scoliopteryx libatrix Mt 51. Vartop – cave near Dolna Bela rechka. Scorpiones: Euscorpius deltshevi

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Sofia - Sf Sf 25. Yavoretskata peshtera  FDYH QHDU /DNDWQLN 9LOODJH /HQJWK  P Visits:  $*UR]GDQRY3%HURQ  Pseudoscorpiones: Roncus lubricus Opiliones: Paranemastoma bureschi Araneae: Lepthyphantes leprosus, L. centromeroides, Meta menardi Collembola: Pseudosinella duodecimocellata, Heteromurus nitidus quadriocellatus Diplura: Campodea frenata, Plusiocampa bulgarica Diptera: Eccoptomera emarginata, Heleomyza [Leria] serrata, H. captiosa Trichoptera: Micropterna testacea, M. nycterobia, Stenophylax meridiorientalis Sf 26. Svardelo  SRW KROH QHDU /DNDWQLN 5DLOZD\ 6WDWLRQ 'HQLYHODWLRQ  P Visit:  3%HURQ  Opiliones: Paranemastoma radewi, P. bureschi Diplopoda: Trachysphaera lakatnicensis Trichoptera: Micropterna nycterobia Sf 27. Peshtereto - FDYHQHDU/DNDWQLN5DLOZD\6WDWLRQ/HQJWKP'HQLYP9LVLW  '.R]KXKDURY  Opiliones: Paranemastoma radewi Diplopoda: Balkanopetalum armatum Sf 29. Zidanka  FDYHQHDU/DNDWQLN5DLOZD\6WDWLRQFRQQHFWHGZLWK6I/HQJWKFD m. Many visits by all Bulgarian Biospeologists. Isopoda: Trichoniscus bureschi Opiliones: Paranemastoma radewi, P. bureschi, Paralola buresi Araneae: Centromerus bulgarianus Chilopoda: Eupolybothrus transsylvanicus, Lithobius lakatnicensis Diplopoda: Trachysphaera lakatnicensis, Typhloiulus bureschi Collembola: Heteromurus nitidus Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes globiceps lakatnicensis,'XYDOLXVSDSDVRIÀ Coleoptera, Staphylinidae: Atheta macroptera dinarica, Quedius mesomelinus skoraszewskyi Diptera: Leptocera sp. Sf 30. Temnata dupka - FDYHQHDU/DNDWQLN5DLOZD\6WDWLRQ $OWP /HQJWK!P 'HQLYHODWLRQP&RRUGLQDWHV1ƒ·µ(ƒ·µ 1ƒ·µ( ƒ·µ%LJULYHU%XOJDULD·VULFKHVWLQFDYHIDXQD9LVLWVPDQ\E\PRVW%XOJDULDQ Biospeologists. 3URWR]RDTokophria sp., Vorticella sp. Oligochaeta: Octolasium lacteum *DVWURSRGDOxychilus glaber Isopoda, Oniscidea: Trichoniscus bureschi, Bureschia bulgarica Scorpiones: Euscorpius sp. Opiliones: Paranemastoma radewi, P. bureschi, Paralola buresi Araneae: Porrhomma convexum, Lepthyphantes leprosus, Nesticus sp., Pholcus opilionides, Ph. phalangioides, Tegenaria domestica Acari: Spinturnix plecotina, Ichoronyssus scutatus, Macronyssus cyclaspis, Steatonyssus periblepharus, Argas vespertilionis, Ixodes vespertilionis, Leptotrombidium russicum, Chiroptella muscae, Pentagonaspis trajani, Chiroptoglyphus bulgaricus Chilopoda: Lithobius lakatnicensis, Henia illyrica  CAVE INVERTEBRATES

Diplopoda: Glomeris pustulata, Typhloiulus bureschi Collembola: Deuteraphorura ghidinii, Heteromurus nitidus, Pseudosinella duodecimocellata, Orchesella villosa var. devergens Diplura: Plusiocampa bureschi Coleoptera, Carabidae: 3KHJJRPLVHWHVJORELFHSVODNDWQLFHQVLV'XYDOLXVSDSDVRIÀ Coleoptera, Staphylinidae: Atheta graminicola, A. spelaea, Quedius mesomelinus skoraszewskyi Coleoptera, Cryptophagidae: Micrambe translatus, Cryptophagus scutellatus Diptera: Triphleba antricola, Scoliocentra brachypterna, Drosophila fasciata, Heteromyza atricornis, Liancalus virens, Megaselia fusca, Phthiridium [Stylidia] biarticulatum, Nycteribia vexata, Penicillidia dufouri Siphonaptera: Nycteridopsylla trigona balcanica, N. eusarca, Ischnopsyllus octactenus, Rhinolophopsylla unipectinata unipectinata Lepidoptera: Allucita hubneri, Digitivalva granitella, D. pulicariae, Autophila dilucida, A. limbata, Triphosa sabaudiata, T. dubitata, Scoliopteryx libatrix Sf 32. Razhishka peshtera (dupka)  FDYHQHDU/DNDWQLN5DLOZD\6WDWLRQPDERYH ,VNDU5LYHU/HQJWKP'HQLYHODWLRQP&RRUGLQDWHV1ƒ·µ(ƒ· µ9LVLWVPDQ\VLQFH 3%HURQ9%HVKNRY DQGRWKHUV %3HWURY  Scorpiones: Euscorpius sp. Pseudoscorpiones: Balkanoroncus hadzii Araneae: Centromerus bulgarianus, C. lakatnicensis, Echemus rhenanus, Lepthyphantes leprosus, Microneta viaria, Porrhomma convexum, Tegenaria domestica Acari: Chiroptoglyphus bulgaricus Leptotrombidium russicum, Willmannium bulgaricum, Oudemansidium komareki, Steatonyssus periblepharus, Macronyssus cyclaspis, M. uncinatus, Paraperiglischrus rhinolophinus, Spinturnix emarginata, S. plecotina, Argas vespertilionis, Ixodes vespertilionis, I. simplex Diplopoda: Typhloiulus bureschi, Balkanophoenix borisi Collembola: Pseudosinella duodecimocellata Diplura: Plusiocampa bureschi (= P. rauseri) Hymenoptera: Diphyus quadripunctorius (sub Amblyteles bipunctatus) Diptera: Limonia nubeculosa, Nycteribia schmidli, Phthiridium [Stylidia] biarticulatum, Penicillidia conspicua, P. dufouri, Terrilimosina racovitzai Siphonaptera: Nycteridopsylla trigona balcanica, N. ancyluris johanae, Ischnopsyllus octactenus, Rhinolophopsylla unipectinata unipectinata Lepidoptera: Digitivalva granitella, Autophila limbata, Ypsolophus wolfschlaegeri, Tinea sp., Triphosa dubitata, T. sabaudiata Sf 33. Svinskata dupka  FDYHQHDU/DNDWQLN5DLOZD\6WDWLRQ/HQJWKPGHQLY P&RRUGLQDWHV1ƒ·µ (ƒ·µ9LVLWVPDQ\VLQFH 3%HURQ9 %HVKNRY  36WRHY  %3HWURY  Nematoda: Fictor Àctor, Cephalobius persegnis, Eucephalobius mucronatus, Acrobeloides sp., Chiloplacus sp., Helicotylenchus vulgaris, Plectus sp. (I. Iliev det.) Pseudoscorpiones: Neobisium beroni Opiliones: Paralola buresi Araneae: Antrohyphantes sophianus, Meta menardi Acari: Eyndhovenia euryalis, Paraperiglischrus rhinolophinus Chilopoda: Lithobius lakatnicensis  CAVE INVERTEBRATES

Diplopoda: Trachysphaera lakatnicensis, Typhloiulus bureschi Collembola: Onychiuroides postumicus Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes globiceps lakatnicensis Coleoptera, Staphylinidae: Quedius mesomelinus Lepidoptera: Inachis io, Hypena rostralis, Triphosa sabaudiata Sf 34. Kozarskata peshtera  FDYH QHDU /DNDWQLN 5DLOZD\ 6WDWLRQ $OW  P /HQJWK P'HQLYHODWLRQP9LVLWVPDQ\VLQFH 3%HURQ  36WRHY   3%HURQ 9%HVKNRY  Opiliones: Paralola buresi Pseudoscorpiones: Neobisium beroni Diplopoda: Trachysphaera lakatnicensis Diplura: Plusiocampa bureschi Coleoptera, Leiodidae: Beskovia beroni Lepidoptera: Digitivalva pulicariae Sf 35. Golemata Vrazha dupka  FDYHQHDU/DNDWQLN5DLOZD\6WDWLRQ 9LVLW 3 Beron). Isopoda: Trichoniscus bureschi Araneae Liocranum rupicola Diptera: Cypsela nitida, C. nigra Sf 36. Sedmovratitsa  FDYHQHDU/DNDWQLN5DLOZD\6WDWLRQ Visits: 16.11.1957, 5.11.1961 (P. Beron). Isopoda: Armadillidium klugi Araneae: Lepthyphantes leprosus Diplopoda: Glomeris pustulata, Trachysphaera lakatnicensis Diplura: Plusiocampa bureschi Sf 38. Kitova Kukla  FDYH QHDU 'UX]KHYR 9LOODJH Lenght 124 m, deniv. 5 m. Visit:  3%HURQ  Opiliones: Paranemastoma bureschi Araneae: Meta menardi Diplopoda: Bulgarosoma bureschi Trichoptera: Stenophylax mitis, S. meridiorientalis, Micropterna nycterobia Sf 40. Yamata  FDYHQHDU/DNDWQLN5DLOZD\6WDWLRQ *DVWURSRGDOxychilus glaber striarius Araneae: Porrhomma convexum, Walckenaeria capito Diplopoda: Pachyiulus cattarensis Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes globiceps georgievi Sf 41. Chavkite - pot hole DERYH0LODQRYR9LOODJHDUHDRIVXPPLW6RNROHWV/HQJWKP 'HQLYHODWLRQP9LVLW 3%HURQ  Collembola: Ceratophysella armata, Bonetogastrura cavicola Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes buresi Diptera: Triphleba antricola, Drosophila fasciata Sf 44. Suhata yama – FDYH SRWKROHQHDU'UX]KHYR9LOODJH'HQLYHODWLRQP9LVLWV 3 Beron & V. Beshkov). Araneae: Meta menardi, Antrohyphantes soÀanus Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes radevi tranteevi Sf 49. Pyasachnata dupka - FDYHQHDU/DNDWQLN5DLOZD\6WDWLRQ  CAVE INVERTEBRATES

Diplura: Plusiocampa bureschi Coleoptera, Carabidae: 'XYDOLXVSDSDVRIÀ Sf 55. Razhishka yama  pot hole near Milanovo Village. Denivelation: 22 m. Diplopoda: Typhloiulus bureschi Collembola: Tomocerus vulgaris Sf 59. Radyova propast – pot hole near Milanovo Village. Denivelation: 52 m. Visit: 3.12.1961 (P. Beron) Opiliones: Paranemastoma bureschi Araneae: Centromerus lakatnikensis, Antrohyphantes soÀanus, Metellina merianae Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes buresi, Ph. globiceps lakatnicensis Coleoptera, Leiodidae: Radevia hanusi Sf 72. Zdraveshka dupka  FDYHQHDU'UX]KHYR9LOODJH/HQJWKP'HQLYHODWLRQP Visit:  (P. Beron). Araneae: Meta menardi, Antrohyphantes soÀanus, Nesticus cellulanus Vratsa - Vr Vr 3. Studenata dupka (Cherepishkata) – cave near &KHUHSLVK5DLOZD\6WDWLRQ/HQJWK P'HQLYHOODWLRQP  9LVLWV  3%HURQ9%HVKNRY DQGRWKHUV *DVWURSRGDOxychilus glaber striarius Isopoda: Trichoniscus anophthalmus Diplopoda: Balkanopetalum armatum Chilopoda: Eupolybothrus transsylvanicus Araneae: Hoplopholcus forskali, Metellina merianae, Nesticus cellulanus, Tegenaria domestica, T. silvestris Coleoptera, Leiodidae: Beskovia bulgarica, Choleva agilis Diptera: Phortica variegata Vr 4. Ezeroto  cave near &KHUHSLVK5DLOZD\6WDWLRQ 9LVLW 9%HVKNRY  Isopoda: Trichoniscus anophthalmus Coleoptera, Leiodidae: Choleva agilis Vr 5. Serapionovata peshtera – FDYH QHDU &KHUHSLVK 5DLOZD\ 6WDWLRQ /HQJWK  P 'HQLYHOODWLRQFDP$EXQGDQWEDWJXDQR9LVLWV 3%HURQ    3 6WRHY   3 6WRHY % 3HWURY  5 3DQGXUVND   36WRHY  36WRHY7,YDQRYD %%DURY  36WRHY   %3HWURY %%DURY  Araneae: Lepthyphantes leprosus, Tegenaria domestica, Steatoda triangulosa, Liocranum rupicola, Haplopholcus forskali Pseudoscorpiones: Chernes hahni Diplopoda: Brachydesmus sp., Balkanopetalum armatum Chilopoda: Lithobius aff. schuleri Coleoptera, Staphylinidae: Quedius mesomelinus skoraszewskyi, Atheta macroptera Coleoptera, Leiodidae: Beskovia bulgarica Vr 7. Nevestina propast – pot hole QHDU9UDWVD'HQLYHOODWLRQP Visit: (P. Beron). Diplopoda: Bulgarosoma bureschi Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes globiceps stoicevi Vr 16. Reznyovete  SRW KROH QHDU 9UDWVD 'HQLYHODWLRQ  P Visit:  3 Beron).

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Opiliones: Leiobunum rumelicum, Paranemastoma bureschi, P. radewi Araneae: Meta menardi Chilopoda: Lithobius agilis, L. viriatus, Harpolithobius anodus Diplopoda: Bulgarosoma bureschi Collembola: Ceratophysella armata Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes buresi Coleoptera, Staphylinidae: Quedius mesomelinus skoraszewskyi Trichoptera: Micropterna nyctȓrobia, Stenophylax mitis, S. permistus, S. mediorientalis Diptera: Limonia nubeculosa, Tarnania fenestralis, Exechiopsis furcata, E. indecisa, E. vizzavonensis, Eccoptomera emarginata, E. pallescens, Helȓomyza serrata Vr 17. Ledenika – show cave QHDU 9UDWVD $OW  P /HQJWK  P &RRUGLQDWHV 1 ƒ·µ(ƒ·µ7KHV\VWHPDWLFH[SORUDWLRQRIWKH%XOJDULDQFDYHIDXQDEHJDQ LQZLWKWKLVFDYH5HFHQWYLVLWVPDQ\ 3%HURQ  36WRHY %3HWURY   36WRHY7,YDQRYD %*XpRUJXLHY  Oligochaeta: Allolobophora biserialis *DVWURSRGDDaudebardia sp., Oxychilus glaber striarius, Vitrea diaphana Isopoda: Porcellium balkanicum, Hyloniscus riparius, Protracheoniscus ubliensis, Trichoniscus bureschi, Tricyphoniscus bureschi Opiliones: Paranemastoma bureschi, Leiobunum rumelicum Araneae: Coelotes jurinitschi, Lepthyphantes leprosus, L. soÀanus, Porrhomma convexum, Araneus diadematus, Ceratinopsis romana, Nesticus cellulanus, Meta menardi, Tegenaria silvestris Diplopoda: Polydesmus renschi, Strongylosoma stigmatosum, Bulgarosoma bureschi Chilopoda: Strigamia crassipes Collembola: Bonetogastrura cavicola, Onychiuroides bureschi, Allonychiurus sensitivus, Pseudosinella duodecimocellata, Heteromurus nitidus Thysanura: Trigoniophthalmus banaticus Coleoptera, Carabidae: Duvalius zivkovi, Pheggomisetes buresi, Ph. radevi, Rambousekiella ledenikensis Coleoptera, Leiodidae: Radevia hanusi, Catops picipes Coleoptera, Staphylinidae: Quedius mesomelinus skoraszewskyi Diptera: Triphleba aptina, Eccoptomera emarginata, Heleomyza serrata, Limonia nubeculosa, Tarnania fenestralis, Exechiopsis intersecta, Heteromyza comixta, Actina nitens Trichoptera: Stenophylax mediorientalis, S. permistus, Grammotaulius nitidus, Micropterna nycterobia Lepidoptera: Triphosa dubitata Vr 18. Medenik – SRWKROHFDYHDQGDQFLHQWPLQHNPQRUWKRI(OLVH\QD5DLOZD\6WDWLRQ 9LVLW ,%XUHVFK 15DGHY  Oligochaeta: Allolobophora biserialis, Fridericia sp., Henlea subterranea *DVWURSRGDAgriolimax bureschi Isopoda: Trachelipus balticus Opiliones: Paranemastoma bureschi, Lacinius gallipoliensis, Phalangium opilio, Zacheus crista Chilopoda: Cryptops anomalans Diplopoda: Typhloiulus aff. bureschi Collembola: Bonetogastrura cavicola  CAVE INVERTEBRATES

Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes buresi medenikensis, Ph. radevi Diptera: Eccoptomera emarginata, Heteromyza atricornis Trichoptera: Stenophylax permistus Vr 19. Golemata Mecha dupka - cave near Vratsa. Length 83 m, deniv. – 14 m. Visit:  3%HURQ  Opiliones: Paranemastoma bureschi Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes buresi, Ph. globiceps lakatnicensis Coleoptera, Leiodidae: Radevia hanusi Diptera: Limonia nubeculosa, Tarnania fenestralis, Mycetophila ornata, Eccoptomera emarginata Trichoptera: Stenophylax meridiorientalis Vr 23. Golemata yama - cave near Chelopek Village. Denivelation: 51 m. Opiliones: Egaenus convexus, Trogulus tricarinatus, Zacheus crista Araneae: Porrhomma convexum Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes sp. Coleoptera, Staphylinidae: Quedius mesomelinus skoraszewskyi Coleoptera, Leiodidae: Catops coracinus Vr 24. Malata yama – pot hole near Chelopek Village. Denivelation: 18 m. Opiliones: Paranemastoma radewi Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes sp. Vr 25. Zmeyova dupka I - SRWKROHQHDU%LVWUHWV9LOODJH/HQJWKP'HQLYHODWLRQ P&RRUGLQDWHV1ƒ·µ (ƒ·µ9LVLW 3%HURQ  Opiliones: Paranemastoma bureschi Araneae: Meta menardi Collembola: Heteromurus nitidus Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes buresi Coleoptera, Leiodidae: Radevia hanusi Diptera: Acantholeria cineraria Vr 27. Malkata Mecha dupka FDYHQHDU9UDWVD/HQJWKFDP9LVLW 3 Beron). Opiliones: Paranemastoma bureschi Diplopoda: Bulgarosoma bureschi Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes buresi, Ph. globiceps mladenovi, Duvalius zivkovi Diptera: Limonia nubeculosa, Tarnania fenestralis, Exechiopsis indecisa, Eccoptomera emarginata Trichoptera: Stenophylax permistus Vr 29. Sipo (Sipo 1)  SRWKROHQHDU%LVWUHWV9LOODJH'HQLYHODWLRQP Visit: (P. Beron). Araneae: Antrohyphantes soÀanus Diplopoda: Typhloiulus bureschi Vr 31. Garvanets - pot hole near Bistrets Village. Length 43 m. Deniv. – 19 m. Visit:  3%HURQ  Opiliones: Paranemastoma bureschi Araneae: Porrhomma convexum Coleoptera, Pselaphinae: Bryaxis beroni Trichoptera: Micropterna sequax, M. nycterobia, Stenophylax meridiorientalis, S. permistus  CAVE INVERTEBRATES

Vr 32. Zmeyova dupka II  SRWKROHQHDU%LVWUHWV9LOODJH'HQLYHODWLRQP Araneae: Antrohyphantes soÀanus Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes buresi Vr 33. Zmeyova dupka III  pot hole near Bistrets Village. Denivelation: 35 m. Visit:  3%HURQ  Opiliones: Pyza bosnica, Trogulus tricarinatus Coleoptera, Leiodidae: Radevia hanusi Trichoptera: Stenophylax meridiorientalis Vr 35. Ledenishka Yama – FDYHSRWKROHQHDU/HGHQLND+XW'HQLYHODWLRQP Visit:  53DQGXUVND  *DVWURSRGDOxychilus depressus Opiliones: Paranemastoma bureschi Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes buresi Vr 36. Pesopin kamak  cave near Vratsa. /HQJWKPGHQLY²P Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes buresi Vr 40. Kalnata dupka – pot hole QHDU9UDWVD'HQLYHODWLRQP9LVLW 3 Beron). Collembola: Ceratophysella armata Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes buresi Coleoptera, Staphylinidae: Quedius mesomelinus skoraszewskyi Coleoptera, Leiodidae: Choleva agilis Vr 41. Duglaska – FDYHQHDU/HGHQLND+XWH[SORUHGOHQJWKFDPVPDOOVWUHDP9LVLW  3%HURQ  Araneae: under study Coleoptera: Pheggomisetes buresi Vr 42. Toshova dupka (Kalna Matnitsa) - FDYH QHDU *ODYDWVL 9LOODJH /HQJWK  P 'HQLYHODWLRQP&RRUGLQDWHV1ƒ·µ(ƒ·µ9LVLWV 3 %HURQ  7,YDQRYD  %3HWURY  Isopoda Oniscidea: Vandeloniscellus bulgaricus, Trichoniscus anophthalmus Opiliones: Paranemastoma radewi Araneae: Porrhomma convexum, Hoplopholcus forskali, Meta menardi, Metellina merianae, Nesticus cellulanus Pseudoscorpiones: Chthonius sp. Chilopoda: Lithobius lakatnicensis Diplopoda: Trachysphaera sp., Typhloiulus bureschi Collembola: Ceratophysella armata Coleoptera, Carabidae: Duvalius beroni Coleoptera, Pselaphinae: Bryaxis beroni &ROHRSWHUD(QGRP\FKLGDHMycetaea hirta Coleoptera, Staphylinidae: Atheta macroptera, Quedius mesomelinus skoraszewskyi Vr 43. Malkata Nevestina propast – pot hole near Vratsa. Denivelation: 15 m. Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes buresi, Duvalius zivkovi Vr 45. Mecha dupka (Chernata Mecha dupka) - FDYH QHDU /\XWDGMLN 9LOODJH Visit:  3%HURQ  Araneae: Metellina merianae Vr 47. Lednitsata – pot hole QHDU9UDWVD'HQLYHODWLRQP  CAVE INVERTEBRATES

Collembola: Onychiuroides subgranulosus, Pseudosinella duodecimocellata Vr 52. Sokolskata dupka - FDYHQHDU/\XWDGMLN9LOODJH8QGHUJURXQGVWUHDP/HQJWK P'HQLYHODWLRQP $OWP 9LVLW 3%HURQ  Opiliones: Paranemastoma bureschi Araneae: Centromerus bulgarianus, Tegenaria silvestris, Meta menardi Vr 53. Belyar – SRWKROHFDYHQHDU9UDWVD/HQJWKP'HQLYHODWLRQP Visits:  3%HURQ  9%HVKNRY  %3HWURY  Isopoda: Bureschia bulgarica Araneae: Centromerus bulgarianus Opiliones: Paranemastoma bureschi Diplopoda: Bulgarosoma bureschi, Typhloiulus longipes Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes sp. Vr 55. Barkite 14 - FDYHQHDU9UDWVD$OWP/HQJWKP'HQLYHODWLRQP Coordinates: N 43o 13’ 15” (ƒ·µ9LVLW 3%HURQ  Araneae: Nesticus cellulanus, Antrohyphantes soÀanus Vr 64. Shishmanovets – FDYHQHDU&KHUHSLVK5DLOZD\6WDWLRQ Diplopoda: Balkanopetalum armatum Vr 65. Vratnik – FDYHQHDU/\XWDGMLN9LOODJH Araneae: Meta menardi, Metellina merianae, Tegenaria silvestris Vr 72. Princhovitsa – cave near Moravitsa Village. Length 227 m. Visit:  3 Beron). Araneae: Lepthyphantes leprosus, Tegenaria domestica Coleoptera, Carabidae: Trechus quadristriatus Coleoptera, Staphylinidae: Atheta macroptera Vr 74. Vodna (Vodnata dupka)  FDYHQHDU%RWXQ\D9LOODJH/HQJWKP 9LVLW (P. Beron). Pseudoscorpiones: Roncus mahnerti Araneae: Porrhomma convexum Vr 75. Sveti Kirik - cave near Botunya Village. Araneae: Tegenaria domestica Vr 83. Haydushka dupka – SRW KROH QHDU %LVWUHWV 9LOODJH 'HQLYHODWLRQ  P 9LVLW  3%HURQ Opiliones: Paranemastoma bureschi Vr 84. Barkite 9 – pot hole near Vratsa. Coleoptera, Leiodidae: Radevia hanusi Vr 86. Bezimenna Coleoptera, Leiodidae: Radevia hanusi Vr 89. Chetvartitata dupka – cave DWWKHIRRWRI.RELOHQLVWHQL2SOHWQ\D9LOODJH$OW m. /HQJWKFDP +XPLGHEDWJXDQR9LVLW 36WRHY %3HWURY  Diplopoda: Trachysphaera sp. Vr 91. Cherniya Izvor – cave near Matnishki Monastery. Underground source. Length 546 P'HQLYHODWLRQP 9LVLW %3HWURY  Scorpiones: Euscorpius deltshevi Chilopoda: Lithobius cf. micropodus Coleoptera, Staphylinidae: Quedius sp., Atheta sp. Vr 92. Malkata peshtera – cave in 9UDFKDQVNL%DONDQ0WDERYH=JRULJUDG9LOODJH9LVLW  CAVE INVERTEBRATES

 %3HWURY  Pseudoscorpiones: Chernes hahnii Diplopoda: Strongylosoma stigmatosum Vr 93. Labirinta²FDYHQHDU&KHUHSLVK5DLOZD\6WDWLRQ9LVLWV (P. Stoev). Diplopoda: Typhloiulus sp. Vr 97. Mizheshnitsa ² FDYH QHDU /HGHQLND +XW 6WUHDPV H[SORUHG OHQJWK FD  P H[SORUHGGHQLYHODWLRQFDP9LVLW 3%HURQ  Collembola: under study Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pheggomisetes buresi

References

$QGUHHY 6   7URLV QRXYHOOHV HVSqFHV GHV JHQUHV Cordioniscus et Trichoniscus ,VRSRGD 2QLVFLGHD  HW QRXYHOOHV GRQQpHV VXU OHV ,VRSRGHV WHUUHVWUHV GH OD Bulgarie. Historia naturalis bulgaica $QJHORY $   Mollusca (Gastropoda et Bivalvia) aquae dulcis, catalogus Faunae Bulgaicae. Pensoft & Backhuys Publ., Sofia, Leiden, 54 pp. Attems, C. (1959) Die Myriopoden der Höhlen der Balkanhalbinsel. Nach dem Material der “Biospeleologica balcanica“. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien Beier, M. (1963) Ordnung Pseudoscorpionidea (Afterscorpione), Bestimmungsbücher zur Bodenfauna Europas%HUOLQILJVSS %HURQ3  (VVDLVXUODIDXQHFDYHUQLFROHGH%XOJDULH,,,5pVXOWDWVGHVUHFKHUFKHV ELRVSpOpRORJLTXHVGHjInt. J. Speleol %HURQ3  6XEGLYLVLRQ]RRJpRJUDSKLTXHGHOD6WDUDSODQLQDRFFLGHQWDOH %XOJDULH  d’après sa faune cavernicole terrestre. Acta zoologica bulgarica Beron, P. (1978) Aperçu sur la composition, l’origine et la formation de la faune cavernicole de la Stara planina occidentale (Bulgarie). Int. J. Speleol  Beron, P. (1994) Résultats des recherches biospéléologiques en Bulgarie de 1971 j 1994 et liste des animaux cavernicoles bulgares6pULH7UDQWHHYD6RILDSS %HURQ3  %LRGLYHUVLW\RI%XOJDULDQFDYHIDXQDIn3HWURYD$ (G Current state of Bulgarian biodiversity – problems and perspectives. Bulgarian Bioplatform, Sofia,  %HURQ 3   3ODQW DQG $QLPDO /LIH LQ %XOJDULDQ &DYHV In: P. Beron, T. Daaliev, A. Jalov. Caves and Speleology in Bulgaria. Pensoft, Bulg. Fed. of Speleology, National 0XVHXPRI1DWXUDO+LVWRU\6RILDSS %HURQ3  7HUUHVWULDOFDYHIDXQDRI%XOJDULDIn9)HW $3RSRY (GV Biogeography and Ecology of Bulgaria0RQRJUDSKLDH%LRORJLFDH6SLQJHUSS %HURQ3  &DYH)DXQDRI%XOJDULD101+ 6RILD DQG(DVW:HVW3XEOLVKHUVS %HURQ 3  *XpRUJXLHY 9   (VVDL VXU OD IDXQH FDYHUQLFROH GH %XOJDULH ,, 5pVXOWDWVGHVUHFKHUFKHVELRVSpOpRORJLTXHVGHBull. Inst. Zool., 24:  Beron, P. & Mitov, P. (1996) Cave Opilionida in Bulgaria. Historia Naturalis bulgarica, 6: 

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Beshkov, S. & Petrov, B. (1996) A catalogue of the Bulgarian Lepidoptera species reported and collected from the caves and galleries in Bulgaria (Insecta, Lepidoptera). Atalanta,    %HVKRYVN\9  5HSUHVHQWDWLYHVRI'LSWHUD%UDFK\FHUDLQWKHFDYHVRI%XOJDULD Bull. Inst. Zool6RILD %RWRVDQHDQX/'HFX9 5XVX7  &HDGHDWUHLDH[SHGLWLHVSHRORJLFDGLQ5 3%XOJDULD 9,,, Lucr. Inst. de speol. “Emil Racovitza“ Buresch, I. (1924b) Die Höhlenfauna Bulgariens. Trav. Soc. Bulg. Sci. natur., 11:  Buresch, I. (1925c) Sur la faune cavernicole de Bulgarie et description d’un nouveau Pheggomisetes. Bull. Soc. Entom %XUHVFK, D hEHUGLH+|KOHQ7UHFKLQHQ%XOJDULHQVQHEVW%HVFKUHLEXQJHLQHU neuen Art: Paraduvalius regis-borisi m. Koleopt. Rdsch   Buresch, I. (1926b). Untersuchungen über die Höhlenfauna Bulgariens. II. Trav. Soc. bulg. Sci. natur %XUHVFK ,   'LH +|KOHQIDXQD %XOJDULHQV (LQH NXU]H 8HEHUVLFKW GHU (UIRUVFKXQJHQ DQG =XVDPPHQVHW]XQJ GHU +|KOHQIDXQD %XOJDULHQV XQG GHU GDUDXI EH]XJKDEHQGHQ /LWHUDWXU X Congrès intern. Zool. à Budapest, 2:  %XUHVFK,  8HEHUVLFKWGHUELVKHULJHQ.HQWQLVVHXQG(UIRUVFKXQJHQGHUUH]HQWHQ +|KOHQ)DXQD%XOJDULHQVBull. Soc. Spél. Bulg %XUHVFK, 7XOHVFKNRY.  'LHKRUL]RQWDOH9HUEUHLWXQJGHU6FKPHWHUOLQJH (Lepidoptera) in Bulgarien. Bull. inst. roy. Hist. naturDQG 595 pp. %XUJKHOH%DODFHVFR $   'LSWqUHV FDYHUQLFROHV UHFXHLOOLV HQ %XOJDULH Int. J. Speleol   Coiffait, H. (1969) Pselaphides balcaniques. Biologica Gallo-Hellenica   ÿHUQRVYLWRY/  'LH2OLJRFKDHWHQIDXQD%XOJDULHQVBull. Inst. roy. Hist. natur.,  &XUĀLþ %   Balkanoroncus (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Neobisiidae), a new genus of Pseudoscorpions based on Roncus bureschi +DGçL  Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Belgrade6pULH%/LYUH &XUĀLþ %   &DYHUQLFROH 3VHXGRVFRUSLRQV IURP %XOJDULD Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Belgrade6HU% ýXUĀLþ %  %HURQ 3   1HZ DQG OLWWOHNQRZQ FDYHUQLFROH 3VHXGRVFRUSLRQV LQ Bulgaria (Neobisiidae, Pseudoscorpiones, Arachnida). Glas CCCXXIX, Acad. serbe Sci. arts, Cl. sci. nat. math &XUĀLþ%&XUĀLþ6 0DNDURY6  2QWKHLGHQWLW\RIVRPHFDYHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRI Roncus /.RFKIURPWKH%DONDQ3HQLQVXODAnn. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 97B:  ýXUĀLþ %  0DNDURY 6   $ UHYLVLRQ RI VRPH VSHFLHV RI Bulgarosoma Verhoeff (Anthroleucosomatidae, Myriapoda) from the Balkan Peninsula. Arch. Biol. Sci., Belgrade   &]HUQL/  'LSWHUHQDXI6FKQHHXQGLQ+|KOHQBull. Inst. roy. Hist. natur. Sofia,  'HFX 9  %RWRVDQHDQX /   4XHOTXHV GRQQpHV UHODWLYHV j O·DQDWRPLH GH  CAVE INVERTEBRATES

Pheggomisetes bureschi.QLUVFK &ROHRSWHUD7UHFKLQDH Ann. de Spéléol., 19 (4):  'HOĀHY +   1HXH 'DWHQ EHU GLH 9HUEUHLWXQJ GHU *DWWXQJ Meta (Araneae, Araneidae) in Bulgarischen Höhlen. Bull. Inst. Zool Deltshev, H. (1972a) A contribution to the study of spiders (Araneae) from the caves LQ %XOJDULD,, *HQXV Lepthyphantes in Bulgarian caves. Bull. Inst. Zool., 36:  Deltshev, H. (1972b) A new genus of Bulgarian cave spiders Protoleptoneta bulgarica n.g., n.sp., Leptonetidae. Int. J. Speleol Deltshev, H. (1972c) A contribution to the study of spiders (Araneae) from the caves in Bulgaria. Bull. Inst. Zool 'HOWVKHY + D  5HGHVFULSWLRQ RI Centromerus bulgarianus Drensky and Centromerus lakatnikensis Drensky (Araneae Linyphiidae). Int. J. Speleol., 5:  Deltshev, H. (1973b) A contribution to the study of spiders (Araneae) from the caves in %XOJDULD,,,(FRORJLFDOQRWHVRIVSLGHUV $UDQHDH IURPWKHHQWUDQFHSDUWVRIWKH caves. Bull. Inst. Zool. Mus 'HOWVKHY+  7KHRULJLQIRUPDWLRQDQG]RRJHRJUDSK\RIWURJORELRWLFVSLGHUVRIWKH Balkan peninsula. Symp. zool. Soc/RQGRQ Deltshev, Ch. (1982) New data on distribution of cave spiders (Araneae) in Bulgaria. Acta zoologica bulgarica 'HOFKHY+U/D]DURY6 3HWURY%  $FRQWULEXWLRQWRWKHVWXG\RI6SLGHUV $UDQHDH  from the caves of Bulgaria. Acta zoologica bulgarica   'HPDQJH -0   8Q QRXYHDX Lithobius FDYHUQLFROH GH 5RXPDQLH Ann. de Spéléol7RXORXVH   'UHQVN\ 3   +|KOHQ6SLQQHQ DXV %XOJDULHQ Rev. Acad. Bulg. Sci., Sofia, 49:  'XSUp(  'HVFULSWLRQG·XQJHQUHQRXYHDXVratzaniola nov. gen., et d’une espèce nouvelle, V. pandurskii nov. sp., de Bathysciinae de Bulgarie (Coleoptera: Catopidae). Biocosme Mésogéen1LFH   )HW9*UDKDP0:HEEHU0 %ODJRHY*  7ZRQHZVSHFLHVRIEuscorpius 6FRUSLRQHV (XVFRUSLLGDH  IURP %XOJDULD 6HUELD DQG *UHHFH Zootaxa, 3894:  *LDFKLQR3 *XpRUJXLHY9  ,OJHQHUHRadevia.QLUVFK &ROHRSWHUD&KROHYLGDH Leptodirinae). Natura Bresciana, Ann. Mus. Civ. Sc. Nat., Brescia   *LDFKLQR3 *XpRUJXLHY9  6WXGLWDVVRQRPLFLVX/HSWRGLULQDHGL%XOJDULDFRQ revisione dei generi Beskovia e Beronia e checklist delle specie conosciute (Coleoptera Cholevidae). Mem. Soc. entomol. ital *ROHPDQVN\9 D Stenophora beroniQVS *UHJDULQLGD6WHQRSKRULGDH XQH QRXYHOOHHXJUpJDULQHGX'LSORSRGHWURJORSKLOHBalkanopetalum armatum Verhoeff (Diplopoda: Lysiopetalidae). Zool. Anz   *ROHPDQVN\ 9 E  Stenophora bulgarosomae QVS  XQH QRXYHOOH JUpJDULQH *UHJDULQLGD Stenophoridae) du Diplopode troglobie Bulgarosoma bureschi Verhoeff. Zool. Anz   *XpRUJXLHY%9 F &RQWULEXWLRQWRWKH%XOJDULDQJURXQGEHHWOHVIDXQD &ROHRSWHUD Carabidae). IV. Two new species of Duvalius (Paraduvalius) and notes on the other  CAVE INVERTEBRATES

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Author’s address: Petar Beron National Museum of Nature History Tsar Osvoboditel 1 6RÀD%XOJDULD

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