Wild Food and Medicinal Plants Used in the Mountainous Albanian North, Northeast, and East: a Comparison

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Wild Food and Medicinal Plants Used in the Mountainous Albanian North, Northeast, and East: a Comparison Chapter 10 Wild Food and Medicinal Plants Used in the Mountainous Albanian North, Northeast, and East: A Comparison Andrea Pieroni and Cassandra L. Quave 10.1 Introduction Albania, the small mountainous country located in the southwest Balkan Peninsula, has represented—and still represents today—a fascinating place for travelers and scholars to visit. Although the current borders of Albania were delineated in 1912, a number of Western European explorers and ethnographers traveled across the Albanian-speaking areas of the Balkans well before this date, invariably seduced by the overwhelming hospitality and austere characters of the Northern Albanians. A few of them also described the local folk-medical and food customs, providing a historic record of such practices in this region (Cozzi 1909, 1914; Durham 1923; Doda 2007). The preservation of the Albanian identity, forged via the linguistic and cultural customs, has represented, in turn, a crucial constant of Albanian history, which un- derwent the establishment of Greek colonies, centuries of Roman rule, the Byzan- tine Empire, successive migrations of Slavic and Germanic groups from the North, five centuries of Ottoman domination, and, in the last century, the Italian fascist occupation during the Second World War, four decades (1945–1991) of the most tough communist dictatorship Europe had and the subsequent isolation of the coun- try from the rest of the world. Perhaps due in part to this unique history of the past decades, Albania seems to uniquely offer ethnobiologists what they would probably call a “paradise”: Hundreds of kilometers of untouched nature, a largely (still) tra- ditional agricultural and especially pastoral lifestyle in the mountainous and rural A. Pieroni () University of Gastronomic Sciences, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele 9, Pollenzo 12060, Italy e-mail: [email protected] C. L. Quave Department of Dermatology and Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University School of Medicine, 550 Asbury Circle, Candler Library 107, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 183 A. Pieroni, C. L. Quave (eds.), Ethnobotany and Biocultural Diversities in the Balkans, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-1492-0_10 184 A. Pieroni and C. L. Quave Fig. 10.1 Study areas in Albania, 2004–2014 areas, amazing natural arenas and views, and folkloric treasures to discover in re- mote places, which can be often accessed only using rough terrain vehicles. Moreover, the Albanian mountains also represent a promising hotspot of biological diversity and local customs, as well as a rich repository of living—and yet not heavily studied—traditional botanical knowledge. These factors could play, in turn, a central role in the development of community-based management strategies for local natural resources, as well as sustainable ecotourism, small-scale herbal trade, and high-quality niche foods. Today, Albania already provides a large portion of the medicinal and aromatic herbs marketed in Europe, also due to an established “tradition,” which was heavily reinforced during the communist period of gathering, drying, and trading wild medicinal plants (Kathe et al. 2003; Londoño 2008; Pieroni et al. 2014a, b). 10.2 Field Studies Over the past decade (2004–2014), several villages of the Albanian North, North- east and East were visited (Fig. 10.1) during a series of ethnobotanical field studies. Specifically, communities in the upper Shala Valley, upper Kelmend (Fig. 10.2), Mt. Korab (Fig. 10.3), and Gollobordo participated in these studies. In-depth open and semistructured interviews were conducted with elderly members of these communities, and informants were selected using snowball-sampling tech- niques. Informants were asked about traditional uses of food and medicinal plants 10 Wild Food and Medicinal Plants Used in the Mountainous Albanian … 185 Fig. 10.2 Summer settlements in the pastures of upper Kelmend (in use until a few decades ago or still in use today). Specifically, study participants were questioned about the local name(s) of each quoted taxon, the plant part(s) used, in-depth details about its/their manipulation/preparation, and actual medicinal or food use(s). Interviews were conducted in Albanian, sometimes with the help of a simultane- ous translator. Prior informed consent was always verbally obtained prior to con- ducting interviews and researchers adhered to the ethical guidelines of the American Anthropological Association (AAA 2012). During the interviews, informants were always asked to show the quoted plants. Taxonomic identification was conducted according to all the published volumes of the Flora of Albania (Paparisto et al. 1988; Qosia et al. 1992; Qosia et al. 1996; Vangjeli et al. 2000). Local names were transcribed following the rules of Ghegh Albanian standard language, which is the Albanian spoken in Kosovo and North (and Northeast) Albania. 186 A. Pieroni and C. L. Quave Fig. 10.3 Landscape of the Albanian side of Mt. Korab 10.3 Results In the following tables, we present the most commonly quoted and used wild (folk) taxa for the upper Shala Valley of northern Albania (Table 10.1), upper Kelmend of northern Albania (Table 10.2), Mt. Korab of Northeast Albania (Table 10.3), and Gollobordo of eastern Albania (Table 10.4). Genera or species that were among the top ten of cited botanic taxa in at least two of the study sites are underlined. 10.4 Discussion 10.4.1 The Pastoralist Nature of the Albanian Ethnobotany The most commonly quoted and used wild food plants in the four considered areas are Urtica dioica, Chenopodium bonus-henricus, and Rumex spp., which are used as vegetables mainly cooked with dairy products and rice or, more often, as filling for homemade savory pies, traditionally made using flour created from local variet- ies of white maize. These plants represent the most common taxa to be found in the proximity of the houses and summer settlements in the mountainous ecosystems. Importantly, these species represent the vegetables of the Albanian pastoralist cui- sine, which is characterized by a regular and large consumption of several dairy products, staples derived from the introduced maize and potato crops, occasionally beef, goat, pork (only among the Catholic Albanians of the north) and lamb meat, beans, and a few cultivated (onions, garlic, cabbage, and peppers) and wild plants. It is interesting to note that while Chenopodium bonus-henricus is more com- monly used in the north, Rumex spp. (mainly Rumex patientia) dominates in the northeast and east, while nettle is definitely the wild vegetable of all Albanian cuisines. With regard to the most important medicinal plants, in all northern, 10 Wild Food and Medicinal Plants Used in the Mountainous Albanian … Table 10.1 Most commonly quoted used wild food and medicinal plants in the upper Shala Valley, northern Albania (Pieroni 2008) Botanical taxa Part(s) used Traditional food or medicinal uses Chenopodium bonus-henricus L., Leaves Boiled and used with cream and/or butter as stuffing for byrek and laknur (savory pies) Amaranthaceae Cornus mas L., Cornaceae Fruit Eaten raw, also as a food medicine to relieve intestinal troubles in children . It is macerated in barrels for 1–2 months, and then distilled to produce raki ( raki thanit). This is consid- ered the best raki. It is also used medicinally to relieve rheumatism (both drunk and rubbed on externally). Fruits are also boiled for 30 min in water and macerated to produce vinegar Gentiana lutea L., Gentianaceae Roots Macerated in raki and drunk as a treatment for heart diseases. Gathered, dried, and sold in the city markets, especially in the past Hypericum spp., Hypericaceae Flowering aerial parts Infusion ( caj) of the dried aerial parts is used to treat abdominal pains, especially in children Applied with salt and tobacco leaves to heal wounds Origanum vulgare L., Lamiaceae Flowering aerial parts Infusion ( caj): drunk regularly throughout the year as a “social beverage” and also specifi- cally for treating sore throats and colds (especially in children) Plantago major L., Plantaginaceae Leaves Used externally as a hemostatic on wounds. In infusions for treating abdominal pains. In the past, it is gathered, dried and sold in the city markets Rumex spp., Polygonaceae Leaves Boiled and used with cream and/or butter as a stuffing for pies ( byrek and laknur) Tilia cordata Mill., Malvaceae Flowers Infusion ( caj) used to heal coughs, colds, and sore throats Urtica dioica L., Urticaceae Leaves Boiled and used as filling for savory pies ( byrek and laknur) with fresh butter ( burro- fresko) or clarified butter ( tëlynë) Rubbed on externally to treat arthritis Vaccinium myrtillus L., Ericaceae Fruit Eaten raw or in infusions ( caj). Also as eaten as a dried fruit for treating sore throats or for relieving digestive troubles 187 A. Pieroni and C. L. Quave 188 Table 10.2 Most commonly quoted and used wild food and medicinal plants in the upper Kelmend, northern Albania (Pieroni et al. 2005; Pieroni 2010) Botanical taxa Parts used Traditional food or medicinal uses Chenopodium bonus-henricus L., Amaranthaceae Leaves Eaten cooked, as filling for savory pies ( byrek), generally adding various dairy products, especially cream and preserved butter Fragaria vesca L., Rosaceae Fruits Eaten raw or in jams Gentiana lutea L., Gentianaceae Roots Macerated in plum distillate ( raki) for 1–2 days in cold water and drunk for the prevention of heart disease Hypericum maculatum Crantz, Hypericaceae Flowering aerial parts
Recommended publications
  • Trigonometric Functions
    Trigonometric Functions This worksheet covers the basic characteristics of the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant trigonometric functions. Sine Function: f(x) = sin (x) • Graph • Domain: all real numbers • Range: [-1 , 1] • Period = 2π • x intercepts: x = kπ , where k is an integer. • y intercepts: y = 0 • Maximum points: (π/2 + 2kπ, 1), where k is an integer. • Minimum points: (3π/2 + 2kπ, -1), where k is an integer. • Symmetry: since sin (–x) = –sin (x) then sin(x) is an odd function and its graph is symmetric with respect to the origin (0, 0). • Intervals of increase/decrease: over one period and from 0 to 2π, sin (x) is increasing on the intervals (0, π/2) and (3π/2 , 2π), and decreasing on the interval (π/2 , 3π/2). Tutoring and Learning Centre, George Brown College 2014 www.georgebrown.ca/tlc Trigonometric Functions Cosine Function: f(x) = cos (x) • Graph • Domain: all real numbers • Range: [–1 , 1] • Period = 2π • x intercepts: x = π/2 + k π , where k is an integer. • y intercepts: y = 1 • Maximum points: (2 k π , 1) , where k is an integer. • Minimum points: (π + 2 k π , –1) , where k is an integer. • Symmetry: since cos(–x) = cos(x) then cos (x) is an even function and its graph is symmetric with respect to the y axis. • Intervals of increase/decrease: over one period and from 0 to 2π, cos (x) is decreasing on (0 , π) increasing on (π , 2π). Tutoring and Learning Centre, George Brown College 2014 www.georgebrown.ca/tlc Trigonometric Functions Tangent Function : f(x) = tan (x) • Graph • Domain: all real numbers except π/2 + k π, k is an integer.
    [Show full text]
  • Baseline Assessment of the Lake Ohrid Region - Albania
    TOWARDS STRENGTHENED GOVERNANCE OF THE SHARED TRANSBOUNDARY NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE LAKE OHRID REGION Baseline Assessment of the Lake Ohrid region - Albania IUCN – ICOMOS joint draft report January 2016 Contents ........................................................................................................................................................................... i A. Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................... 1 B. The study area ........................................................................................................................................... 5 B.1 The physical environment ............................................................................................................. 5 B.2 The biotic environment ................................................................................................................. 7 B.3 Cultural Settings ............................................................................................................................ 0 C. Heritage values and resources/ attributes ................................................................................................ 6 C.1 Natural heritage values and resources ......................................................................................... 6 C.2 Cultural heritage values and resources....................................................................................... 12 D.
    [Show full text]
  • Lesson 6: Trigonometric Identities
    1. Introduction An identity is an equality relationship between two mathematical expressions. For example, in basic algebra students are expected to master various algbriac factoring identities such as a2 − b2 =(a − b)(a + b)or a3 + b3 =(a + b)(a2 − ab + b2): Identities such as these are used to simplifly algebriac expressions and to solve alge- a3 + b3 briac equations. For example, using the third identity above, the expression a + b simpliflies to a2 − ab + b2: The first identiy verifies that the equation (a2 − b2)=0is true precisely when a = b: The formulas or trigonometric identities introduced in this lesson constitute an integral part of the study and applications of trigonometry. Such identities can be used to simplifly complicated trigonometric expressions. This lesson contains several examples and exercises to demonstrate this type of procedure. Trigonometric identities can also used solve trigonometric equations. Equations of this type are introduced in this lesson and examined in more detail in Lesson 7. For student’s convenience, the identities presented in this lesson are sumarized in Appendix A 2. The Elementary Identities Let (x; y) be the point on the unit circle centered at (0; 0) that determines the angle t rad : Recall that the definitions of the trigonometric functions for this angle are sin t = y tan t = y sec t = 1 x y : cos t = x cot t = x csc t = 1 y x These definitions readily establish the first of the elementary or fundamental identities given in the table below. For obvious reasons these are often referred to as the reciprocal and quotient identities.
    [Show full text]
  • Calculus Terminology
    AP Calculus BC Calculus Terminology Absolute Convergence Asymptote Continued Sum Absolute Maximum Average Rate of Change Continuous Function Absolute Minimum Average Value of a Function Continuously Differentiable Function Absolutely Convergent Axis of Rotation Converge Acceleration Boundary Value Problem Converge Absolutely Alternating Series Bounded Function Converge Conditionally Alternating Series Remainder Bounded Sequence Convergence Tests Alternating Series Test Bounds of Integration Convergent Sequence Analytic Methods Calculus Convergent Series Annulus Cartesian Form Critical Number Antiderivative of a Function Cavalieri’s Principle Critical Point Approximation by Differentials Center of Mass Formula Critical Value Arc Length of a Curve Centroid Curly d Area below a Curve Chain Rule Curve Area between Curves Comparison Test Curve Sketching Area of an Ellipse Concave Cusp Area of a Parabolic Segment Concave Down Cylindrical Shell Method Area under a Curve Concave Up Decreasing Function Area Using Parametric Equations Conditional Convergence Definite Integral Area Using Polar Coordinates Constant Term Definite Integral Rules Degenerate Divergent Series Function Operations Del Operator e Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Deleted Neighborhood Ellipsoid GLB Derivative End Behavior Global Maximum Derivative of a Power Series Essential Discontinuity Global Minimum Derivative Rules Explicit Differentiation Golden Spiral Difference Quotient Explicit Function Graphic Methods Differentiable Exponential Decay Greatest Lower Bound Differential
    [Show full text]
  • Derivation of Sum and Difference Identities for Sine and Cosine
    Derivation of sum and difference identities for sine and cosine John Kerl January 2, 2012 The authors of your trigonometry textbook give a geometric derivation of the sum and difference identities for sine and cosine. I find this argument unwieldy | I don't expect you to remember it; in fact, I don't remember it. There's a standard algebraic derivation which is far simpler. The only catch is that you need to use complex arithmetic, which we don't cover in Math 111. Nonetheless, I will present the derivation so that you will have seen how simple the truth can be, and so that you may come to understand it after you've had a few more math courses. And in fact, all you need are the following facts: • Complex numbers are of the form a+bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is defined to be a square root of −1. That is, i2 = −1. (Of course, (−i)2 = −1 as well, so −i is the other square root of −1.) • The number a is called the real part of a + bi; the number b is called the imaginary part of a + bi. All the real numbers you're used to working with are already complex numbers | they simply have zero imaginary part. • To add or subtract complex numbers, add the corresponding real and imaginary parts. For example, 2 + 3i plus 4 + 5i is 6 + 8i. • To multiply two complex numbers a + bi and c + di, just FOIL out the product (a + bi)(c + di) and use the fact that i2 = −1.
    [Show full text]
  • Complex Numbers and Functions
    Complex Numbers and Functions Richard Crew January 20, 2018 This is a brief review of the basic facts of complex numbers, intended for students in my section of MAP 4305/5304. I will discuss basic facts of com- plex arithmetic, limits and derivatives of complex functions, power series and functions like the complex exponential, sine and cosine which can be defined by convergent power series. This is a preliminary version and will be added to later. 1 Complex Numbers 1.1 Arithmetic. A complex number is an expression a + bi where i2 = −1. Here the real number a is the real part of the complex number and bi is the imaginary part. If z is a complex number we write <(z) and =(z) for the real and imaginary parts respectively. Two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real and imaginary parts are equal. In particular a + bi = 0 only when a = b = 0. The set of complex numbers is denoted by C. Complex numbers are added, subtracted and multiplied according to the usual rules of algebra: (a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + di) (1.1) (a + bi) − (c + di) = (a − c) + (b − di) (1.2) (a + bi)(c + di) = (ac − bd) + (ad + bc)i (1.3) (note how i2 = −1 has been used in the last equation). Division performed by rationalizing the denominator: a + bi (a + bi)(c − di) (ac − bd) + (bc − ad)i = = (1.4) c + di (c + di)(c − di) c2 + d2 Note that denominator only vanishes if c + di = 0, so that a complex number can be divided by any nonzero complex number.
    [Show full text]
  • Resilience at the Border: Traditional Botanical Knowledge Among Macedonians and Albanians Living in Gollobordo, Eastern Albania
    Pieroni et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2014, 10:31 http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/10/1/31 JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE RESEARCH Open Access Resilience at the border: traditional botanical knowledge among Macedonians and Albanians living in Gollobordo, Eastern Albania Andrea Pieroni1*, Kevin Cianfaglione2, Anely Nedelcheva3, Avni Hajdari4, Behxhet Mustafa4 and Cassandra L Quave5,6 Abstract Background: Ethnobotany in South-Eastern Europe is gaining the interest of several scholars and stakeholders, since it is increasingly considered a key point for the re-evaluation of local bio-cultural heritage. The region of Gollobordo, located in Eastern Albania and bordering the Republic of Macedonia, is of particular interest for conducting ethnobiological studies, since it remained relatively isolated for the larger part of the 20th Century and is traditionally inhabited by a majority of ethnic Macedonians and a minority of Albanians (nowadays both sharing the Muslim faith). Methods: An ethnobotanical survey focused on local food, medicinal, and veterinary plant uses was conducted with 58 participants using open and semi-structured interviews and via participant observation. Results: We recorded and identified 115 taxa of vascular plants, which are locally used for food, medicinal, and veterinary purposes (representing 268 total plant reports). The Macedonian Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) was greater than the Albanian TEK, especially in the herbal and ritual domains. This phenomenon may be linked to the long socio-cultural and linguistic isolation of this group during the time when the borders between Albania and the former Yugoslavia were completely closed. Moreover, the unusual current food utilisation of cooked potatoes leaves, still in use nowadays among Macedonians, could represent the side effect of an extreme adaptation that locals underwent over the past century when the introduction of the potato crop made new strategies available for establishing stable settlements around the highest pastures.
    [Show full text]
  • Kosovo* – North Macedonia – Albania
    Ref document – Lot 2: Ski touring in cross-border areas in Western Balkan FAM Tour Program List of proposed travel industry partners to participate in FAM Tour Kosovo – North Macedonia – Albania Amazing tour in one of the least explored areas of Europe ……. 1. FAM TOUR PROGRAM: Details of the tour: The region between Kosovo*, North Macedonia and Albania has everything to boast of itself. Rugged mountains, high peaks above 2000 m, green valleys, rich wildlife and above all hospitality of people and delicious food. This tour will introduce the best areas where you can go ski touring in Kosovo*, North Macedonia and Albania. Enjoy skiing the scenic routes of Sharr Mountain Range including the regions of Prevallë and Brod in Kosovo*, Vejtse and Popova Shapka in North Macedonia and Radomire and Korab in Albania. Some of the peaks we will ski near are: Rudoka 2658 m, Black Peak 2585, Kleq Peak 2414 and Korab Peak 2764 m. Clarification on the level of difficulties: The area between Kosovo*, North Macedonia and Albania is surrounded by high peaks and jagged landscape. It is therefore important to have a good level of fitness since you will be accessing remote areas. The type of accommodation varies from BnB to Resort Hotels so it is important to be comfortable with basic level accommodation. Group: Flight: Transport: Minimum 5 to 15 participants Regular 20 Seater Minibus Your belongings will be transported by minibus Accommodation: Guide and accompaniment: 3 star hotel and guesthouses English speaking tour guide This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.
    [Show full text]
  • English Overview
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Western Balkans and Croatia Urbanization & Territorial Review OVERVIEW 4 5 © 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected] 66 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 8 Contents ACRONYMS 9 A NOTE ON DATA 10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 OVERVIEW 14 Urbanization
    [Show full text]
  • THE MOUNTAINS of ALBANIA. by C. M. Sleeman
    The Mountains of A lhan~a. 55 THE MouNTAINS oF ALBANIA. BY C. M. SLEEMAN. NE September evening in 1926 our party found itself on the top of Ljubotin,l a mountain of the Shar-dagh range in Jugoslavia. We had reached this fine mountain (its name signifies the Thorn-shaped One) from Kacanik, a village some 20 miles N.W. of Skoplje, and had arrived at the summit just before sunset. Spread out before us was a great blaze of light, and far into theW. we saw range after range of hills stretching into what we knew must be Albanian country. We felt then that, apart from all other interests, Albania must be visited if only for its mountains. Balkan mountain _travel has its own peculiar fascination : of this we had already had some experience in several wander­ ings through the mountains of Jugoslavia, Bulgaria, and northern Greece ; but, as investigation soon showed, the matter of attacking Albania was a tougher problem. The few travellers who have been through the northern parts of the country from Prizren to Scutari have given descriptions of magnificent Dolomite-like peaks rising up away to the N. of their routes, and there are some accounts of journeys made into the valleys and across some of the passes of the northern mountains ; but all the available literature and the 1p.aps are vague and not very helpful from the point of view of mountaineering. In Vol. 17 of the ALPINE JouRNAL W. H. Cozens-Hardy has an article on ' The Mountains of Montenegro and Albania,' but, as he only saw the mountains of the latter country from across the Montenegrin frontier, his account is rather an inspiration to would-be travellers than a description of things done.
    [Show full text]
  • American Protestantism and the Kyrias School for Girls, Albania By
    Of Women, Faith, and Nation: American Protestantism and the Kyrias School For Girls, Albania by Nevila Pahumi A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the University of Michigan 2016 Doctoral Committee: Professor Pamela Ballinger, Co-Chair Professor John V.A. Fine, Co-Chair Professor Fatma Müge Göçek Professor Mary Kelley Professor Rudi Lindner Barbara Reeves-Ellington, University of Oxford © Nevila Pahumi 2016 For my family ii Acknowledgements This project has come to life thanks to the support of people on both sides of the Atlantic. It is now the time and my great pleasure to acknowledge each of them and their efforts here. My long-time advisor John Fine set me on this path. John’s recovery, ten years ago, was instrumental in directing my plans for doctoral study. My parents, like many well-intended first generation immigrants before and after them, wanted me to become a different kind of doctor. Indeed, I made a now-broken promise to my father that I would follow in my mother’s footsteps, and study medicine. But then, I was his daughter, and like him, I followed my own dream. When made, the choice was not easy. But I will always be grateful to John for the years of unmatched guidance and support. In graduate school, I had the great fortune to study with outstanding teacher-scholars. It is my committee members whom I thank first and foremost: Pamela Ballinger, John Fine, Rudi Lindner, Müge Göcek, Mary Kelley, and Barbara Reeves-Ellington.
    [Show full text]
  • Roma Children Access to Local Government Services in Albania
    Roma Children access to local government services in Albania APRIL 2017 Roma Children access to local government services in Albania PREPARED BY: ALTIN HAZIZAJ APRIL 2017 1 © CRCA Albania, Tirana 2017 Reproduction of parts of this document is authorised, except for commercial purposes, provided that the source is clearly acknowledged. This document has been commissioned by CRCA on behalf of UNICEF, CRCA, YWCA and OCR; however, it reflects only the views of the author. The organisations and donors cannot be held in any way responsible for any use, which may be made of the information contained therein. More information on the Initiative “Every Roma Child in Kindergarten” is available on the Internet (http://www.crca.al/every-roma-child-kindergarten). Authors: Altin Hazizaj Statistician: Pranvera Elezi Reference: Hazizaj A., Access to Local Social Services of Roma Children in Albania, UNICEF / CRCA Albania/ YWCA / Observatory, Tirana 2017. This study is part of the “Every Roma child in kindergarten project”, supported technically and financially by UNICEF and with the financial support of the Austrian Development Agency (ADA) and Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC): Photo (cover): © CRCA Albania Tirana / Albania 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 Major findings of the assessment 8 List of recommendations 9 CONTENTS 8 List of Acronyms 8 List of Tables and Graphs 9 Chapter 1: MUNICIPALITIES AND LOCAL SERVICES FOR ROMA CHILDREN 11 Chapter 2: METHODOLOGY 15 Assessment objectives Typology Instrument and data collection Sample
    [Show full text]