Introduction 1 Connecting Past and Present: Historical Background on Philanthropy and American Higher Education
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Notes Introduction 1. Doreen Carvajal, “In Need, French Museums Turn to Masses, Chapeaux in Hand,” The New York Times (December 24, 2012) pp. A1, A3. 2. James Howell Smith, Honorable Beggars: The Middlemen of American Philanthropy (Madison: University of Wisconsin PhD Dissertation, 1968). 3. Frank T. Rhodes, Informal Introductory Comments of 1996 address, with formal version published as “The University and Its Critics,” in William G. Bowen and Harold T. Shapiro, Editors, Universities and Their Leadership (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998) pp. 3–14. 4. Kirk Semple, “Affluent Asians in U.S. Turning to Philanthropy,” The New York Times (January 9, 2013) pp. A1, A20. 5. See, for example, Robert H. Bremner, American Philanthropy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, second edition, 1988); and Merle Curti and Roderick Nash, Philanthropy in the Shaping of American Higher Education (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1965). 6. Tamar Lewin, “Maryland Renames Law School after Gift: $30 Million Grant and Big Ambitions,” The New York Times (April 25, 2011) p. A14. 7. Allan Nevins, The State Universities and Democracy (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1962) p. 104. 8. “The Class of 1937,” cover story for Life magazine (June 7, 1937). 9. Burton R. Clark, “Belief and Loyalty in College Organization,” The Journal of Higher Education (June 1971) vol. 42, no. 16, pp. 499–515. 10. John R. Thelin, “Horizontal History and Higher Education,” in Marybeth Gasman, Editor, The History of U.S. Higher Education: Methods for Understanding the Past (New York and London: Routledge, 2010) pp. 71–83. 1 Connecting Past and Present: Historical Background on Philanthropy and American Higher Education 1. Merle Curti and Roderick Nash, Philanthropy in the Shaping of American Higher Education (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1965). 194 Notes Robert H. Bremner, American Philanthropy (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, second edition, 1988). 2. Tamar Lewin, “Report Says Stanford Is First University to Raise $1 Billion in a Single Year,” The New York Times (February 21, 2013) p. A17. 3. Summary Figures as Published in “News Alert,” Harvard Crimson, September 21, 2013). 4. “New England’s First Fruits 1640,” in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1792, vol. 1, pp. 242–248. 5. Charter of the College of Rhode Island of 1764, as published in Walter C. Bronson, The History of Brown University, 1764–1914 (Providence, RI: Brown University, 1914) pp. 500–507. 6. Jesse Brundage Sears, “Finances of the Early Colleges” in Philanthropy in the History of American Higher Education (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1922) pp. 16–19. 7. Margery Somers Foster, Out of Smalle Beginnings . An Economic History of Harvard College in the Puritan Period (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1962). 8. James Barron, “Book Published in 1640 Makes Record Sale at Auction,” The New York Times (November 27, 2013) p. A19. 9. See, for example, the case of Dartmouth in James Axtell, “Dr. Wheelock’s Little Red School,” The European and the Indian: Essay in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981) Chapter 4, pp. 87–109. 10. George Keller, Academic Strategy (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983). 11. Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, Campus Life: Undergraduate Cultures from the End of the Eighteenth Century to the Present (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987) pp. 57, 58, 61. 12. Daniel J. Boorstin, “The Booster College,” The Americans: The National Experience (New York: Harper and Row, 1965) pp. 161–165. 13. John Whitehead, The Separation of College and State (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1973). 14. Marybeth Gasman, Envisioning Black Colleges: A History of the United Negro College Fund (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007) pp. 11–14. Stephen J. Wright, “The Black Colleges and Universities: Historical Background and Future Prospects,” Virginia Foundation for the Humanities Newsletter (Spring 1988) vol. 14, pp. 1–4. 15. Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, Alma Mater: Design and Experience in the Women’s Colleges from Their Nineteenth-Century Beginnings to the 1930s (New York: Knopf, 1984). See also, Andrea Walton, Editor, Women and Philanthropy in Education (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2005). 16. Christopher Jencks and David Riesman, The Academic Revolution (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor, 1968) pp. 314–320. 17. Frederick T. Gates, “Rules of Procedure” (Memorandum of May 26, 1890) as reprinted in James Howell Smith, Honorable Beggars: The Middlemen of Notes 195 American Philanthropy (Madison: University of Wisconsin PhD Dissertation, 1968) pp. 256–265. 18. Bruce Kimball and Benjamin Ashby Johnson, “The Beginning of ‘Free Money’ Ideology in American Universities: Charles W. Eliot at Harvard, 1869–1909,” History of Education Quarterly (2012) vol. 52, pp. 222–250 (Kimball, pp. 223–224). 19. John B. Boles, University Builder: Edgar Odell Lovett and the Founding of the Rice Institute (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007). 20. Kimball and Johnson, “The Beginning of ‘Free Money’ Ideology.” 21. Burton R. Clark, The Distinctive College: Antioch, Reed & Swarthmore (Chicago: Aldine Publishers, 1970). 22. Frederick Rudolph, “Counterrevolution,” The American College and University: A History (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1962) pp. 440–461. 23. Robert F. Durden, “Building on Two Campuses: ‘The Most . Beautiful Educational Plant in America,’ ” The Launching of Duke University, 1924– 1949 (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1993) pp. 27–48. 24. Donald Fisher, Fundamental Development of the Social Sciences: Rockefeller Philanthropy and the United States Social Science Research Council (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993). 25. Curti and Nash, Philanthropy in the Shaping, p. 181. See also, John R. Thelin, “Small by Design: Resilience in an Era of Mass Higher Education,” in Meeting the Challenge: America’s Independent Colleges and Universities since 1956 (Washington, D.C.: Council of Independent Colleges, 2006). See esp. pp. 3–36. 26. Bremner, “The Business of Benevolence and the Industry of Destruction,” in American Philanthropy, pp. 116–135. See also, David M. Kennedy, “Don’t Blame Hoover,” Stanford Magazine (January/February 1999) pp. 44–51. 27. Rebecca Lowen, Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford (Berkeley, LA; London: University of California Press, 1999). 28. John R. Thelin, Games Colleges Play (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994) pp. 77–83. 29. Thelin, Games Colleges Play, pp. 116–124. 30. Curti and Nash, Philanthropy in the Shaping, pp. 238–258. 31. James Piereson and Naomi Schaefer, “The Problem with Public Policy Schools,” The Washington Post (December 6, 2013). 32. Emory University Student Verse as quoted in Nancy Diamond, “Catching Up: The Advance of Emory University Since World War II,” in Roger L. Geiger with Susan Richardson, Editors, History of Higher Education Annual 1999: Southern Higher Education in the Twentieth Century (1999) vol. 19, pp. 149–183. 33. Waldemar A. Nielsen, “The Crisis of the Nonprofits,” Change magazine (1980) vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 23–29. 34. Lewis B. Mayhew, Surviving the Eighties: Strategies and Procedures for Solving Fiscal and Enrollment Problems (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1980) pp. 76–77. 35. Earl F. Cheit, The New Depression in Higher Education: A Study of Financial Conditions at 41 Colleges and Universities (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973). 196 Notes 36. Carnegie Council on Policy Studies in Higher Education, Three Thousand Futures: The Next Twenty Years for Higher Education (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1980). See also, Bruce B. Vladek, “The Over-Investment Crisis in Higher Education,” Change (1979) vol. 10, no. 11, p. 39. 37. John R. Thelin, “Institutional History in Our Own Time,” The CASE International Journal of Educational Advancement (June 2000) vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9–23. 38. Charles T. Clotfelter, Buying the Best: Cost Escalation in Elite Higher Education (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996) (National Bureau of Economic Research Monograph). 39. Jacques S. Steinberg, “Harvard’s $2.1 Billion Tops Colleges’ Big Fund- Raising,” The New York Times (October 7, 1999). 40. Mary B. Marcy, “Why Foundations Have Cut Back in Higher Education,” The Chronicle of Higher Education (July 25, 2003). 41. Jencks and Riesman, The Academic Revolution. 42. Chester E. Finn, Jr., Scholars, Dollars and Bureaucrats (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1978). 43. Ronald G. Ehrenberg, Tuition Rising: Why College Costs So Much (Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press, 2000). 44. Robert S. Shepard, “How Can a University That Raises a Billion Dollars Have a Tight Budget?,” The Chronicle of Higher Education (January 12, 1994) p. A48. 45. Arenson, Karen W., “Soaring Endowments Widen a Higher Education Gap,” The New York Times (February 4, 2008) p. A14. 46. Joanne Barkan, “As Government Funds Dwindle, Giant Foundations Gain Too Much Power,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy (October 20, 2013) p. A1. See also, John R. Thelin, “The Gates Foundation’s Uncertain Legacy,” The Chronicle of Higher Education (July 14, 2013). 2 Giving and Receiving: Major Philosophical Concepts and Theoretical Issues in Philanthropy 1. Uri Gneezy and John A. List, The Why Axis: Hidden Motives and the Undiscovered Economics of Everyday Life (New York: Public Affairs, 2013) p. 171. 2. Claire Gaudiani,