SARAGIH. et.al. The Impact of Students’MIMBAR Understanding, Vol. 37, No. of 1 stAnti-Corruption (June, 2021) pp 36-46 Values on Anti-Corruption Behavior

The Impact of Students’ Understanding of Anti-Corruption Values on Anti-Corruption Behavior

1NURHAYANI SARAGIH, 2SURAYA MANSUR, 3TRI WAHYUTI, 4RINI SUDARMANTI

1Universitas Mercu Buana, Jalan Meruya Selatan No. 1, Barat, DKI Jakarta, 2Universitas Mercu Buana, Jalan Meruya Selatan No. 1, Jakarta Barat, DKI Jakarta, 3Universitas Paramadina, Jalan Gatot Subroto Kav. 97 Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 4Universitas Paramadina, Jalan Gatot Subroto Kav. 97 Jakarta, DKI Jakarta email: [email protected]; 2 [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract. This study aims to examine the impact of students’ understanding of anti- corruption values on anti-corruption behavior. A quantitative exploratory survey with the positivist paradigm is employed in this study. Data are collected by distributing a questionnaire to 100 Public Relations students as the sample chosen by the purposive sample technique. Then, data are analyzed using simple linear regression. The results show that all respondents are in the category of having high anti-corruption values behavior. However, the correlation between their understanding and anti-corruption values is moderate, while the correlation between their understanding and corruptive behavior is low. Based on the data above, this study concludes that the impact of understanding the anti-corruption values on anti-corruption and corruptive behavior is strengthened not only through the courses at university but also in the family.

Keywords: Corruption, Corruptive, Integrity

Introduction corruption, including by establishing the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) Corruption is one of the serious issues in in 2002. The government has also begun . Indonesia’s Corruption Perception to implement digitization of services Index (CPI) 2020 is on the 102nd rank of such as e-ticketing, e-smart, e-samsat, 180 surveyed countries with a score of 37. e-procurement, e-budgeting, and e-planing. Previously in 2019, Indonesia’s CPI was on The digitization of services is claimed to be the 85th rank with the score of 40. Indonesia’s effective in eradicating corruption. However, ranking is the same as Gambia (a country in the Corruption Perception Index above shows West Africa). However, Indonesia’s ranking is that the effort has made only a few changes. still better than other Asean countries such as Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, Laos and Corruption is a social plague: gains Cambodia. However, it is still far behind from accrue to small groups, while its costs are Singapore, Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and borne by everyone (Wachs et al., 2019). Timor Leste (Madrim, 2021). Corruption is a form of moral decay, depravity, dishonesty, bribery, immoral, and also a The CPI data shows that corruption deviation from holiness. Malaysia employs in Indonesia has become a culture as the the word “resuah” from the Arabic “risywah”, index was obtained from the review of nine which means corruption. Risywah (bribery) other indexes, such as the EOS of The World terminologically means giving something to Economy Forum, the PRS International a judge or another powerful person to win Country Risk Guide, and the World Justice Project - Rule of Law Index. The government to obtain a position (Harahap, 2018). All has made various efforts to eradicate

Received: June 21, 2020, Revision: October 13, 2020, Accepted: June 08, 2021 Print ISSN: 0215-8175; Online ISSN: 2303-2499. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v37i1.6310 Accredited Sinta 2 based on the decree No.10/E/KPT/2019 until 2024. Indexed by DOAJ, Sinta, Garuda, Crossreff, Dimensions

36 ISSN 0215-8175 | EISSN 2303-2499 MIMBAR, Vol. 37, No. 1st (June, 2021), pp. 36-46 the religious leaders agree to forbid risywah understanding of anti-corruption value affect which is also associated with breaking the the anti-corruption and corruptive behavior law and included as a sin. Corruption is of Mercu Buana University students?” immoral action committed by anyone at any Similar studies have been conducted, time, and anywhere. The corruptors abuse among others, by Benni Kurnia Illahi (Illahi, their authority and power for the interests of 2019) discussing The Internalization Of Anti- their own selves, relatives, or certain group. Corruption Values; The Implementation Of (Handoyo, 2013). Anti-Corruption Values by (Suryani, 2015); The failure in moral education for the The role of Higher Education Institution in young generation is caused by the national Anti-Corruption Education by (Saifulloh, education system that lacks a strong 2017); Anti-Corruption Doctrine In Higher character education curriculum model that Education Institution by (Habibi, 2018); is integrated into every course. Although Challenges in Anti-Corruption by (Wiyono, understanding character and morality, 2015); Academic Jihad Against Corruption such as religion, manner, nationalism, by (Khamdan, 2014); and Anti-corruption in and Pancasila have been implemented on Islam Education by (Hermawan, 2018). a certain course, the learning activity is The communication process is still limited to cognitive guidance and the ubiquitous; this activity can be conducted psychomotor aspect should be considered anywhere including in the context of more (Dimyati, 2018). education. Communication becomes an In order to raise the awareness of Anti- essential part of the learning process and Corruption, the Directorate General of Higher material delivery in order to gain maximum Education includes Anti-Corruption courses and expected output. Some researchers in the higher education curriculum. DIKTI explained about it in their research, among since 2012, together with Bandung Institute others are Studies on communication of Technology, Paramadina University, education (Nurul Salmi Mohd Dazali & , Padjadjaran Mohd Isha Awang, 2014); Communication University, Semarang State University, UNIKA between teachers and students (Mohd Soegijapranata, Corruption Eradication Khairuddin Abdullah et al., 2014); Effective Commission (KPK), Making Integrity Work Communication in Education (Wisman, (TIRI), and Indonesia Corruption Watch 2017). (ICW), created an Anti-Corruption course Learning material is a form of curriculum. As a guide, the Ministry of the message conveyed to students Research, Technology and Higher Education (communicants). The message received has published an Anti-Corruption Education results in a change, which is known as the Learning Guide for Higher Education (Puspito communication effect. Effendy explained & Elwina, 2016). that based on its level, the communication Higher education institutions hold a central role in preventing corruption, affective effect, and behavioral effect essentially in developing anti-corruption (Effendy, 2003); (Oktarina & Abdullah, culture, law awareness, and integrity values 2017). Cognitive effects can increase the to the students (Saifulloh, 2017); (Suryani, knowledge of communicants. Affective effect 2015). Anti-corruption education is aimed to aimed to not only add knowledge but also educate the students about the corruption affect the communicant’s emotion that can issue and the prevention efforts. Mercu lead to behavioral effect, where there is a Buana University that has been established change in the communicant’s behavior after since 1985 has been integrating anti- the communication process. corruption values and integrity in all learning The effect can occur because of the aspects. communication process during the learning Anti-corruption values and integrity process. Although there has not been a establishment are essential parts in building students’ character. Students are expected Buana University students are equipped to not only capable in the academic level with religious subjects, Mercu Buana Ethics, but also to have integrity showed through and various other courses that teach the anti-corruption values implemented in daily students to always uphold integrity in their activity. Based on the background, the behavior. In order to measure the effects of research question would be: “How does the communication, this study employed levels

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of understanding (cognitive effects) and behavior (behavior effects) in accordance other people’s belongings or money, except with anti-corruption values and behavioral in urgent conditions. Courage is seen in the effects on corrupt behavior as the variables. form of being able to speak the truth, dare to admit mistakes, and be responsible for all Understanding is perceived as a behaviors. Justice is shown when students person with certain knowledge or someone can solve a problem between two parties who properly understands about a certain fairly in daily activity. thing. Understanding in education research (Lestari & Romdiani, 2018); (Soemanto et The level of understanding can be perceived through the ability of students to 2009 is something understood, in this study interpret anti-corruption values. Behavior is the anti-corruption value. Knowledge is is all human activities or activities, which the cognitive effect on the communication can be seen directly or indirectly by others. act (Pramelani, 2018)the government a s of Change in behavior is one of the effects of October 31, 2017 issued a requirement that communication. In this study, the behavior all prepaid cellular cards be re-registered is interpreted as a communication act by the by sending NIK (Resident Identity Number. students that consider anti-corruption values Someone understands when he or she is such as honesty, caring, independence, able to mention the points of the materials discipline, responsibility, hard work, modesty, received, in this study, it is the points of courage, and justice. anti-corruption values. Value is the content The form of corruption in “Pendidikan meaning and message or implied and Anti-Korupsi untuk Perguruan Tinggi” (“Anti- explicit meaning within a fact, concept, and Corruption Study for Higher Education”) are also theory. Values become the standard of human behavior and function as director, controller, and the determinant of someone’s bribery. Corruptive behavior in this study is trait. The value represents an individual’s described based on the forms of corruption understanding and also behavior or reaction described, including embezzlement and towards something (Salama, 2014). nepotism (Handayani, 2019). The effort to prevent corruption can The most widely used and be started by implementing anti-corruption values and principles to the students. There are nine anti-corruption values that al., 2016). Bribery is not always in the form can be implemented: honesty, caring, of money, but can be in the form of goods, independence, discipline, responsibility, hard work, modesty, courage, and justice (Puspito & Elwina, 2016); (Nugraheni; Lestari, 2018), and (Handoyo, 2013). Honesty is shown by the act of not when the students give a certain amount cheating during exams. Honest means not of money, goods, and anything to the staff cheating, not taking credit of the work or or lecturers who have the authority over an duties of others as our own. The value of care academic policy to get a certain privilege. can be seen when students pay attention the and maintain an inventory of the campus, misappropriation of assets by individuals and report to the appropriate authorities if to whom they were entrusted, in order to necessary. Independence can be seen from monopolize or to steal them (Attanasi et the effort to do the assignments and tests al., 2019). Mark-up refers to the misuse without help from others. Discipline is shown of the information in order to persuade a when the students obey the rules, be on certain party to give their asset or money time, including submit assignments on time. voluntarily. Embezzlement is purposed for Responsibility is shown by the personal interest such as using the campus readiness to bear the consequences of acts facility irresponsibly or deliberately lost it. of communication, both intentional and Mark-up could be in the form of editing the unintentional. Hardworking means having budget more than what is actually needed, for instance, manipulating their parents college on time with all abilities. Modesty about tuition fees or manipulating the budget is to live their life in accordance with their for organization activity.

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Blackmailing is a threat of violence or conducted for six months, starting June an act of spreading information to threaten 2019 until January 2020. The study included someone’s reputation in order to force proposal and questionnaire arrangement, him or her to cooperate. For example, bad questionnaire distribution, data processing, students can blackmail other students or and report arrangement. a certain organization by forcing them to Purposive sampling was employed in prepare the tasks or cheat. Nepotism or collecting the sample. Purposive sampling also called kinship corruption involves the is a technique to gain samples through a appointment of relatives, friends or political certain consideration (Sugiyono, 2016). colleagues in public positions regardless of The considerations are students who have their ability to provide good public services passed religion, Mercu Buana ethics, and and support the welfare of the community research method courses. Population of this (Iqbal & Ahmad, 2020). Nepotism can occur study is the students of Public Relations in the campus environment, for instance, study program. voting for class leaders based on personal closeness, choosing students’ activity unit Validity test was conducted by and its members based only on closeness calculating Corrected Item-Total Correlation as friends, and does not give other students value (R-count) for each statement, compared the opportunity to become members of the organization. value of 0.05) and to the number of the data of (n) = 100, then it is known that r table is The understanding of anti-corruption 0.195. The calculation result showed that the values can create anti-corruption behavior entire statements of variable X and Y have among students and lessen corruptive r-count value > r table. It can be concluded behavior. The lack of academic integrity that all statements in variables X, Y1, and Y2 greatly impacts academic processes in the are valid. The Cronbach’s Alpha value of the higher education sector around the world. variables is presented in table 1. Bribery, plagiarism, and other forms of deception that enable students to obtain Table 1 Reliability Result undermine the purpose and mission of higher education (Denisova-Schmidt et al., 2019). Variable Cronbach’s Alpha Information Value X 0.930 Reliable Research Methodology Y1 0.885 Reliable An exploratory survey with a Y2 0.850 Reliable quantitative approach was employed in this study (Sugiyono, 2016). Explanatory research aimed to explain a sample generalization to Table 1 above showed that Cronbach’s its population or to explain the relationship, alpha value of the variables is greater than difference, and impact of a certain variable 0.6. The principle to conclude the result of to another (Sugiyono, 2016). This study the reliability test is: if the Cronbach’s Alpha examined the impact of the understanding value > 0.6, then the questionnaire is reliable of anti-corruption values as an independent or consistent (Yusup, 2018). variable (X) on anti-corruption behavior (Y1), and corruptive behavior (Y2) of Mercu Buana University students as the dependent Results and Discussion variables. Most of the respondents are female The survey method was employed (80%) since the majority of the students to gain the data related to belief, opinion, are indeed female. However, the age varies characteristics, behavior, the relationship as 15% of the total respondents are under of variables, and also to test several 20 years old, 10% are 24-25 years old, and hypotheses on sociological variables from 75% are 21-24 years old. the samples taken in a certain population. The data were collected through interviews Respondents’ understanding of anti- or questionnaires and the results tended corruption values is at an excellent level to be generalized. (Lina Miftahul Jannah & (87%). The mean value of the respondents’ Bambang Prasetyo, 2003). The study was answers to anti-corruption behavior is above 3. Furthermore, on the statements regarding

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independence, discipline, hard work, Kolmogorov-Smirnov model of the residual and courage, from every two statements variables. Residual normality test results submitted, one of the mean values is showed that in variable X the level of categorized as good. However, the entire understanding of anti-corruption values answers of the respondents are categorized was (0.058), Variable Y1 Anti-Corruption as excellent. Behavior was (0.062) and Variable Y2 was (0.071) asymp.sig value > alpha 0.05. On variable Y2 which discusses Thus, Ho was failed to be rejected which corruptive behavior, the mean value is means the distribution of residual values in categorized as excellent, in which there are the regression equation model on variables only two statements with “good” mean value X, Y1 and Y2 were expressed in a normal (regarding bribery and nepotism). Most of distribution. the respondents (91%) never committed corruptive action and behavior at a higher Pearson product-moment results level, and 9% of the respondents are in the showed Variable X (Level of understanding medium category. of anti-corruption values) to variable Y1 (anti-corruption behavior), and Variable X to The results of the normality error variable Y2 (corruptive behavior), as follows: regression test were gained by using the

Table 2. Correlations Test

X Y1 Y2 Pearson Correlation 1 .504** .338** Interval X Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .001 N 100 100 100

The correlation value (r) obtained results (r) in the table showed the relationship showed the relationship between variable between variable X (Level of Understanding X (Understanding Level of Anti-Corruption of Anti-Corruption Values) and Variable Y2 Values) and Variable Y1 (Anti-Corruption (Corruptive behavior) of 0.338/low. Behavior) of 0.504/moderate. Correlation

Table 3. Regression Test/Variable X to Y1 Model Summaryb Change Statistics Adjusted Std. Error of the R Model R R Square F R Square Estimate Square df1 df2 Sig. F Change Change Change 1 .504a .254 .247 .293 .254 33.442 1 98 .000 a. Predictors: (Constant), Interval Y1 b. Dependent Variable: Interval X

The impact of variable X (Level of the rest is 74.6%, which is affected by other Understanding of Anti-Corruption Values) factors outside the focus of this study. on Y1 (Corruptive Behavior) is 25.4%, while

Table 4 a

Unstandardized Standardized Model Sig. Interval for B B Std. Lower Upper Error Beta t Bound Bound 1 (Constant) 1.946 .162 11.978 .000 1.624 2.268 Interval Y1 .351 .061 .504 5.783 .000 .231 .472 a. Dependent Variable: Interval X

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it is obtained that constant value (a) is Variable X1 is 0.351, which means every one (1) score increases of Variable X (Level Based on the constant value and regression of Understanding of Anti-Corruption Value) would increase the score of Variable Y1 could be obtained: (Anti-Corruption Behavior) to 1.946. The means the direction of the impact of variable Y = a +bX X on Y1 (Anti-Corruption Behavior) is Y1 = 1,946 + 0,351X positive.

Table 5. Variabel X to Y2 Regression Test Model Summaryb

Std. Error Change Statistics Adjusted R Model R R Square of the R Square Sig. F Square df1 df2 Estimate Change F Change Change 1 .338a .114 .105 .320 .114 12.659 1 98 .001 a. Predictors: (Constant), Interval Y2 b. Dependent Variable: Interval X

Variable X1 (The level of understanding while the rest (88.6%) was affected by other of Anti-Corruption Values) affected Variable unknown variables. Y1 (Anti-Corruption Behavior) for 11.4%

Table 6 a Unstandardized Standardized Sig. Model Interval for B t Lower B Upper Std. Error Beta Bound Bound (Constant) 2.290 .166 13.785 .000 1.960 2.620 1 Interval Y2 .223 .063 .338 3.558 .001 .099 .347 a. Dependent Variable: Interval X

Table 6 above shows that the is 2.290, which means the total score level constant value (a) is 2.290 and the of understanding anti-corruption values is Variable X (Level of Understanding of Anti- the regression equation can be obtained as Corruption Values) is 0.223, which means shown below: every one increase of score of Variable X1 will increase the score of variable Y2 of 0.223. Y = a +bX Y2 = 2,290 + 0,223X the impact of variable X on Y is positive. The The linear equation above can be table below: interpreted as follows: The constant value Table 7. ANOVAb

Sum of Mean Model df F Sig. Squares Square Regression 2.878 1 2.878 33.442 .000a 1 Residual 8.432 98 .086 Total 11.310 99 a. Predictors: (Constant), Interval Y1 b. Dependent Variable: Interval X

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Table 7 above shows simultaneous the result of F-table calculation, the value of F-table produced is 3.09. Thus, it can be can be perceived through F value = 33.442, concluded that F-count > F-table with the p (sig) = 0.000. In order to determine calculation value 33.442 > 3.09. Based on F-test, it is known that (Ho) is rejected and or not, the analysis was conducted by using (Ha) is accepted, which means X has given a F-test with a liability level of 95% or a

Table 8. ANOVAb

Sum of Mean Model Squares df Square F Sig. 1 Regression 1.294 1 1.294 12.659 .001a Residual 10.016 98 .102 Total 11.310 99 a. Predictors: (Constant), Interval Y2 b. Dependent Variable: Interval X

The table above showed simultaneous Saripudin, 2015) and (SOFWAN et al., 2018). The results of regression calculation are perceived through F value = 1.659, p (sig) the important point in this study. The constant = 0.001. In order to determine whether the value obtained is quite large. This is certainly encouraging because it indicates that the or not, an analysis by employing F-test was respondents have been exposed to various conducted with a liability level of 95%, or information about corruption in Indonesia. They are not only exposed to information, of F-table calculation: the value of F-table but also have a fairly good understanding produced is 3.09. It can be concluded that of corruption. The socialization of integrity F-count > F-table with the calculation value values has been implemented through their of 12.659 > 3.09. Based on F-test, it is known social groups. They also remember various that (Ho) is rejected and (ha) is accepted, reports of corruption cases. Thus, it can which means X has given a positive and be concluded that the educational process at the university level could strengthen their understanding. This is in line with the results of a study on the socialization of anti- Discussion corruption culture in children (Purba & Zaini, The correlation generated from the two 2018). variables indicates a moderate relationship. The results also showed a relatively The process of anti-corruption values of anti-corruption education. This description effect, where the results of the study showed indicates that respondents are not aware of that their understanding of anti-corruption their role as agents of change in preventing criminal acts of corruption. Even though behavior on various actions that lead to anti- students as the younger generation have a corruption actions. Anti-corruption education is considered capable of forming an anti- of various corruption problems in Indonesia corruption character, but it will not be able to and the importance of eradicating corruption, eradicate corruption if it is not accompanied they have not been motivated to develop by preventive efforts in everyday life. anti-corruption behavior. Another thing that Therefore, understanding corruption as needs to be considered is reviewing the negative values that harm many parties is learning media and the learning process. very important (Widhiyaastuti & Ariawan, It is also necessary for further exploration 2018). Through education, anti-corruption regarding the value of independence, characters such as honesty, hard working, discipline, hard work, and courage on the courage, responsibility, independence, Y1 variable where students still have a lot to simplicity, justice and tolerance will be practice. Meanwhile, on Variable Y2, bribery created from an early age (Komalasari & and nepotism should be concerned. Students

42 ISSN 0215-8175 | EISSN 2303-2499 MIMBAR, Vol. 37, No. 1st (June, 2021), pp. 36-46 understand that this can be an entry point for and honesty. On the other hand, the process corruption, but they still have not explicitly of strengthening anti-corruption values can stated that they will not engage in bribery be executed both verbally and non-verbally, and nepotism. The anti-corruption learning such as: reprimanding, reminding, imposing model that is integrated in the curriculum the sanction, and academic credit bonus (Hakim, 2012), (Gusnardi, 2014) can be an during the course (Sukmana et al., 2020). alternative to instill these anti-corruption By implementing those efforts, the majority values. of students are expected to possess positive attitude to anti-corruption behavior. The The learning process that has been results prove the importance of internalizing integrity learning through the socialization on the anti-corruptive behavior of the process on cognitive, affective, and psychomotor skills of the students. Cognitive more attention in order to gain long-term skill means students are able to apply impact, for example, when students are concepts, connect several syntheses, and involved in various community problems. problem solving during discussion. Affective Student contributions can be in the form of skill means strengthening attitude, interest, actions against corruption, such as the anti- emotions, and even changing the attitude. corruption social movement of 1,000,000 Furthermore, lecturers should provide the facebookers that support Chandra Hamzah negative impact of corruption and support and Bibit Samad Riyanto (Sulistyo, Ponco students to possess integrity to develop the Budi and Azmawati, 2016); (Yulianita et al., anti-corruption emotional and attitude. The 2020). Students can also declare a petition increase of cognitive skill is usually followed to eradicate corruption. This action is one by the increase of affective and psychomotor of the social capitals (Sulistiawati, 2012), skill. The students are not hesitant to remind, which can predict the risk of corruption in a inform, and prevent others who commit to city (Wachs et al., 2019). corruptive behaviour. “Eradicate corruption” As agents of change, students should in educational context means to perform a be aware of the importance of preventing series of efforts to create a generation of corruption and developing anti-corruption “good people”. behavior so that the youth character of anti-corruption can be formed. Students can experience the learning process by Conclusion gaining knowledge, attitude, values, and From this research, we can conclude skills that provide a robust base to learn that all of the respondents categorized as more or survive (Duryat & Sahrodi, 2021). having high anti-corruption values behavior. Normatively and sociologically, the essence Unfortunately, the correlation between their of anti-corruption values socialization in understanding and anti-corruption values university is preventive action to corruption is moderate. Whereas, the correlation committed by the community (Rakhmat, between their understanding and corruptive 2015). behavior is low. The result of the regression Besides setting the anti-corruption test showed that the impact of Variable X on course as mandatory, strategies in incorporating anti-corruption and awareness The impact of the understanding of through hidden curriculum and morality anti-corruption values on anti-corruption education are also important. Some practices behavior is categorized as weak. There are such as good behaviour, discipline, and good other aspects that should be examined. relationship among students-teachers are The understanding of anti-corruption values fostered in the daily activities at school. It and the commitment to not act corruptively is of necessity to increase such awareness could be gained not only through the among students so that they can avoid any courses at university, but also in the family. action related to corruption (Salistina, 2015). However, anti-corruption values should be The anti-corruption values integration strengthened, thus the students are able process can be executed by the lecturer to uphold the anti-corruption values and providing examples, such as: value of corruptive behavior in the academic scope transparency, punctuality, democratic could be prevented. learning process, budget allocation transparency for students’ activity, discipline,

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