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Manual of Wetlands Management

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Manual of Wetlands Management WETLANDS CONSERVATION REPORT SERIES Number 4 Manual of Wetlands Management DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT - VICTORIA Wetlands Conservation Report Series Number 4 MANUAL of WETLANDS MANAGEMENT July 1996 National Parks Service Department of Natural Resources and Environment 1/250 Victoria Parade East Melbourne, Victoria 3002 Assisted by the Australian Nature Conservation Agency iv CONTENTS ABOUT THIS MANUAL Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ ix List of contributors ............................................................................................................ ix lIntroduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Wetland Definition ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 International agreements ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1.2 National policies ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1.3 Victoria ............................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Need for Wetland Conservation ............................................................................................. 2 1.3 Wetland Conservation Policies ......................................................................................................... 4 1.3.1 International ...................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3.2 National .............................................................................................................................................. 5 1.3.3 Victorian ............................................................................................................................................ 5 2 Techniques for survey, inventory and classification ................................................ 8 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 8 2.2 National Approach to Wetland Survey, Inventory and Classification ....................... 9 2.3 Wetland Survey, Inventory And Classification In Victoria ........................................... 12 2.3.1 Relationship between the minimum data set, the wetland field survey form and the regional wetland database .......................................................................... 13 2.4 An Ecological Classification of Victorian Wetlands ......................................................... 14 2.4.1 Survey methodology ............................................................................................................... 14 2.4.2 Classification schemes in use around Australia ...................................................... 16 2.4.3 Classification of wetlands in Victoria ............................................................................. 18 2.4.4 The minimum data set for Victoria ................................................................................ 21 2.5 Standard Procedure for Basic Wetland Survey ..................................................................... 22 2.5.1 Objectives of standard wetland survey ......................................................................... 22 2.52 The wetland field survey form ........................................................................................... 22 2.6 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 23 2.7 References ................................................................................................................................................... 24 2.8 Appendices ............................................................................................................................................... 27 Appendix 2a Wetland classification schemes used in other states and territories .............................................................................................................................................. 27 Appendix 2b Wetland field survey form ................................................................................... 33 Appendix 2c Instructions for completing the wetland field survey form ................ 35 Appendix 2d Codes for the wetland field survey form .................................................. 39 Appendix 2e Definitions of categories used in wetland classification and survey ..................................................................................................................................................... 45 3 Landscape assessment ................................................................................................... 48 3.1 Aims and Study Procedure .................................................................................... 48 3.1.1 Aims of the study .......................................................................................... 48 3.1.2 Definition of terms ........................................................................................... 48 3.2 Study Context ............................................................................................................ 49 3.2.1 Traditional views of wetlands ........................................................................ 49 3.2.2 Landscape assessment and wetlands conservation in Victoria ................. 49 32.3 Changing community perceptions .................................................................. 50 3.2.4 Accounting for visual values ........................................................................... 50 3.3 Literature Review ....................................................................................................... 51 3.4 Assessing Visual Resource Values of Wetlands ..................................................... 56 3.4.1 General considerations .................................................................................... 56 3.4.2 Basic steps of the methodology ...................................................................... 60 3.4.3 Landscape character types and assessing visual resource values of the surrounding landscape .............................................................. 61 3.4.4 Wetland setting types ..................................................................................... 64 3.4.5 Wetland classification types ......................................................................... 65 3.4.6 Landscape dimensions and variables—positive features ............................ 69 3.4.7 Landscape dimensions—negative features ................................................. 74 3.4.8 Checklist for assessment process ................................................................. 75 3.5 Management Guidelines ............................................................................................. 75 3.5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 75 3.5.2 Easily managed and less manageable landscape changes .......................... 75 3.5.3 General factors influencing visual management ............................................ 78 3.5.4 Methodology for developing management guidelines ................................... 78 3.5.5 Management guidelines ................................................................................... 84 3.6 References .................................................................................................................. 94 3.7 Appendices ................................................................................................................. 96 Appendix 3a Potential scenic assessment characteristics ..................................... 96 Appendix 3b Wetland setting category descriptions ............................................. 99 Appendix 3c Notes on wetland categories ..........................................................100 4 Water management .................................................................................................... 101 4.1 Introduction to Wetland Water Management ..................................................... 101 4.1.1 Wetland definition and classification ......................................................... 102 4.1.2 Wetland hydrological processes .................................................................... 104 4.1.3 The need for wetland water management .................................................. 109 4.1.4 Strategies for wetland management .............................................................. 109 4.1.5 Developing a wetland water management plan .......................................... 110 4.2 Key Hydrological Features ................................................................................... 110 4.2.1 Wetland water budget .................................................................................. 110 4.2.2 Main hydrologic types of wetland .................................................................112 4.3 Disturbance
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