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NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONE NUMBER 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL Editiorial - The Clovis and Beyond Conference 3 The Gilbert Mound and Earthwork Complex, Muskingum County, Ohio The Clovis and Beyond Conference - by Jeff Carskadden and Stephen House 4 An Example of Professional/Amateur Cooperation Clovis and Beyond: The Santa Fe Conference by Elaine Holzapfel 10 The Clovis and Beyond conference in Santa Fe was a resounding An Erie County Ashtabula Point success. It was one of the most exciting and important conferences ever by Gene and Tim Edwards 13 held in the United States. More than 1,200 people - professionals, ama­ teurs, avocationalists and collectors - from all over the United States The Doctor Joseph H. Todd Collection, an gathered to hear the world's experts present the latest evidence on the Important Reference for Muskingum Watershed Prehistoric Research peopling cf the New World. In addition to the presentation of papers by byD.R. Gehlbach 14 leading archaeologists and anthropologists on evidence of Clovis and pre-Clovis cultures, there were poster displays on recent Paleo discov­ The Niles/Wolford Mounds by D.R. Gehlbach 16 eries such as Kennewick Man, Spirit Cave Man, Wizard Beach Man and Historic Surface Finds by Jeff Dearth 18 others. For the first time artifacts from the original Clovis site, the Naco A Hammer Poll Belt Axe site, the Shoop site, Nobles Pond, the Fenn Cache, the Anzick Cache by Jeff Dearth 18 and many other important Clovis sites could be seen up close and in one room. A Presentation Pipe-Tomahawk - An Update A definite consensus of agreement was evident among all but two by Lar Hothem 19 of the participants that government and bureaucratic interference along Friends of America's Past by Cleone Hawkinson... 20 with national and state laws restricting archaeology have been disas­ Spacial Sale of Back Issues 21 trous. The two dissident notes were from the President of the Society Four Slate Gorgets by Chris Helman 22 for American Archaeology whose organization has little regard for col­ lectors and who sponsored the NAGPRA and ARPA laws, and from Indiana Green Chert by Tony DeRegnaucourt 23 Francis McManamon of the National Park Service who has been con­ Rogers Mound II by Nancy Ford 24 sistently anti-archaeology and at the forefront in preventing study of "No Satisfaction" - The Holmes Brothers, Kennewick Man. Because of federal laws, many Paleo skeletons are in The Moravian Massacre, and other danger of being buried with no study whatsoever. Border Forays The conference was organized by collector/avocationalist Forrest by Cyndie Gerken and Jeff Carskadden 27 Fenn in cooperation with prominent professionals and amateurs. This Adena Slate by Robert N. Converse 32 combination of individuals provided a scintillating example of what can A Fluted Point Survey For Eastern Ohio be accomplished by professionals and avocationalists when both realize by Brian DaRe 33 that they share a common goal of understanding the past. There was no amateur-bashing and no talk of laws to control collectors. All partici­ The Large Flint Spear or Knife of Northern Ohio pants recognized that amateurs had made many contributions to the by Gene R. Edwards 37 study of early man particularly in locating and investigating Paleo sites. The McMurray Mound Group Future archaeological conferences - state, regional and national - by D.R. Gehlbach 38 could take note from the success of the Clovis and Beyond conference. Counties in Ohio Where Dual-tipped Points Organizers and professional groups should realize that concrete exam­ Have Been Found by Claude Britt, Jr. 40 ples and demonstrations of cooperation with the avocationalist would do more for archaeology than anti-collector laws. Such laws benefit A Paleo Square Knife by Lloyd Harnishfeger 40 archaeology in no way and only polarize the amateur and professionals. Arrowheads, Not Pots by Neil F. Keener 41 Letter To The Editor by Robert M. Evans 41 Robert N. Converse Why? by Shawn Place 42 Editor Report on Table Charges for State Meetings by Gary Kapusta 42 Fort Salem Artifact Show - 2/6/2000 42 Book Available: Prehistoric Chert Types of the Midwest 42 Errata 42 Dr. Olaf H. Prufer to Speak at January Meeting. ... 43 Summer ASO Show in East Canton by Michael Rusnak 43

Front Cover: Turkeytails are diagnostic of the Red Other culture. A number of caches ofTurkeytail blades have been found in Ohio including some of the largest known. This fine Turkeytail was found in a cache of 53 blades at Fort Hill, Hamilton County, Ohio, prior to 1910. It is 6'Ainches long and is made of Indiana hornstone - a material found universally in the type. It was originally collected by Joseph Ringeisen of Milwaukee and was first published in volume 3, No. 1 of the Central States Journal.

3 THE GILBERT MOUND AND EARTHWORK COMPLEX, MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO by Jeff Carskadden and Stephen House Zanesville, Ohio

INTRODUCTION remnant at Gilbert extends for about 0.6 symbol in the Gilbert area, in the middle Recent examination of 1950 aerial pho­ miles along the river, is about 0.6 miles of the T-4 terrace. tographs has shed new light on a mostly wide, and covers an area of about 120 Zanesville bicycle repairman and ama­ unknown late Adena-early Hopewell acres. Two lower (and later) Wisconsin teur archaeologist Clark Sturtz was the mound and earthwork complex along the outwash terraces can be found between first individual to specifically mention the Muskingum River at Gilbert Station, ten the edge of the Philo Terrace and the presence of earthworks at Gilbert. From miles north of Zanesville, Ohio (see fig­ river, and the overall width of the bot­ 1914 through 1918 Sturtz conducted a ures 1 and 2). The Gilbert complex con­ toms at this location is about a mile. county-wide mound and earthwork sisted of a set of parallel walls, a D- The earthwork components on the T-4 survey, photographing many of the sites shaped enclosure, two sacred circles and terrace were clustered in an area mea­ which were still standing (Carskadden two rectangular enclosures, one of which suring roughly 900 feet east-west and 1985). He saw the parallel walls at Gilbert had an interior mound. At least three 1900 feet north-south and covered an in September 1918, but unfortunately was other mounds could once be found in the area of about 39 acres. Situated about unable to photograph them because the general vicinity of the earthworks. One of 1000 feet to the north of this area is a low, field was too overgrown. He described these mounds is all that remains of the rounded bedrock bluff which overlooks these walls, however, in a letter written to complex today; gravel operations, cultiva­ the terrace (elevation 800 feet). On the the Ohio Historical Society the following tion, and the construction of houses and edge of this bluff could be found the month. This description will be repro­ a private airstrip have destroyed the rest. Briggs and Rogovin mounds, the latter of duced later in this article. During his visit In the following pages we will review which is still standing. Yet another mound to the Gilbert area Sturtz also saw and the previous discoveries in the Gilbert (the Oliver Schurtz Mound) was situated photographed the Rogovin Mound and area, describe the recently discovered on the edge of the T-4 terrace about 350 also photographed a skull which had enclosures, and offer some comments feet southeast of the earthworks, over­ been found in the Oliver Schurtz Mound. regarding the significance of the complex looking the mouth of Blount Run. This mound had already been destroyed in the grand scheme of Early and Middle The earliest record of mounds or earth­ prior to his visit to the area. Woodland archaeology in eastern Ohio. works in the Gilbert area can be found on Sturtz did not see the D-shaped earth­ The dimensions of the earthworks given the 1832 map of "Jackson's Land," prob­ work or the circles and rectangles at below are approximate, and are based ably surveyed by county surveyor William Gilbert; either the field was also too over­ on comparing items on the aerial pho­ Beavers (Beavers 1832). Jackson's Land grown in the vicinity of these features or tographs of known lengths (segments of was a tract that covered a large portion of these earthworks had already been sub­ roads, distance between buildings or northern Washington Township, where stantially leveled by cultivation. Some telephone poles, etc.) with the size of the the earthworks are located (see figure 4). traces of these earthworks are known to earthwork images on the same pho­ A single mound symbol is shown in the have remained, however, up until the mid tographs. The earthwork images were vicinity of the Rogovin Mound accompa­ 1950s. At that time an airstrip was con­ measured from their outermost edges. In nied by the label "ancient mounds," sug­ structed on the terrace, and a member of most cases the scale of the photos was gesting that the surveyor was aware of the Briggs family who helped grade the too small to accurately determine the other mounds in the area (probably the runway remembers driving a bulldozer widths or center-lines of the individual Briggs Mound or possibly the earth­ through earth embankments that were in walls. Therefore, the size of the areas works). An 1833 map of Muskingum "effigy patterns." enclosed by the various earthworks may County drawn by Wyllys Buell indicates Thirteen years ago James Morton and actually be a little smaller than the figures the locations of two ancient mounds at the senior author of this present report we present below. Gilbert (Buell 1833). One of his mound contributed an article to the Ohio Archae­ symbols is in the vicinity of the Rogovin ologist dealing with sacred circles found SITE HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION Mound. The other mound symbol is along the Muskingum River (Carskadden The mounds and earthworks at Gilbert located at the south end of the bottoms in and Morton 1986). In this article Clark were located for the most part in a once the vicinity of the Oliver Schurtz Mound. Sturtz's description of the parallel walls cultivated field on the old Roe and The next individual to record archaeo­ at Gilbert were mentioned. Our article Schurtz farms (now the Rogovin and logical sites in the Gilbert area was M.W. prompted James Marshall to examine Briggs farms) in northern Washington Mansfield, an engineer with the local aerial photographs of the area in an Township, Muskingum County, between maintenance of way department of the attempt to locate the walls. In addition to the Muskingum River and State Route Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. locating them, Marshall also identified a 666 (see figures 2 and 3). The state- Louis Railroad, who recorded mounds he previously unrecorded D-shaped enclo­ owned Gilbert Tree Farm (also called encountered while inspecting tracks. sure on the same terrace (personal com­ Zanesville State Nursery) is on the oppo­ Mansfield recorded a total of 32 mounds munication 1990). Recently we had the site (east) side of the road. This cultivated in the county, and these sites were opportunity to study in detail 1950 field is situated on the T-4 or "Philo Ter­ located on a map that accompanied J.F. Department of Agriculture photo runs of race" (Finley n.d.), an lllinoian outwash Everhart's History of Muskingum County, the Muskingum River valley at Gilbert terrace remnant that filled the mouth of Ohio (Everhart 1882). One mound symbol (USDA 6-6-50, CLZ-2G-161). This study the ancient channel of Blount Run, which was noted for the Gilbert area, at the revealed additional and previously presently enters the Muskingum at the south end of the earthwork complex near unknown elements of the Gilbert earth­ south end of the bottoms. The elevation the site of the Oliver Schurtz Mound. work complex, including the two sacred of this terrace is around 760 feet, or 60 William C. Mills' Archaeological Atlas of circles and the two rectangular earth­ feet above the river. The Philo Terrace Ohio (1914) shows only a single mound works (see figures 5 and 6).

4 THE PARALLEL WALLS 169 feet. The width of the rectangle was eter. In June of 1998, we were allowed to Clark Sturtz visited the Gilbert area on 85 feet and the area encompassed by the photograph and measure the Rogovin September 26, 1918, at which time the walls would have been around 0.32 acres. Mound. At that time the mound was four property owner Mr. Roe showed him the From the aerial photographs it is apparent and a half feet high and 56 feet in diam­ parallel walls. The following is Sturtz's that a small interior mound was located eter. According to Arthur Rogovin, one of description of these walls which he sent to near the eastern end of the earthwork. the owners, he and several others dug the Ohio Historical Society a month later: into the mound in 1963 or 1964 and On high terrace overlooking Musk­ Large Circular Enclosure - found some pieces of pottery. A small ingum River. Mr. John Roe on This earthwork, probably a late Adena depression in the top of the mound vis­ whose farm it is says these sacred circle, was situated about 200 feet ible in 1998 probably marks the location embankments when he was a boy northwest of the small rectangular earth­ of this digging. For the most part, how­ were several feet high but cultiva­ work and represents the northernmost ever, the mound appears undisturbed. tion has destroyed them to such an earthwork element in the complex. It mea­ extent that they cannot be entirely sures 120 feet in diameter and encloses Oliver Schurtz Mound traced. He said there never was any an area measuring approximately 0.27 The same day that Sturtz photographed trace of wall to connect the two acres. The size of this circle falls within the the Rogovin Mound he also photographed ends. They are 140 steps a part but range of other known Adena sacred cir­ a skull that had been excavated from I could not get the length as the cles in Muskingum County and elsewhere another mound at Gilbert (see figure 8). field is grown up with weeds at the in the Ohio Valley (Clay 1987; Carskadden Sturtz wrote the following description of present time and I could not trace and Edmister1996). this mound on the back of the skull photo­ the full length. graph. He then included this photograph in From the aerial photographs it can be Small Circular Enclosure - the batch of mound photographs that he seen that the walls ran in a northeasterly This earthwork, probably another late sent to the Ohio Historical Society in early direction from near the edge of the T-4 Adena sacred circle, was located north of December 1918. He did not provide much terrace and terminated near the larger of the parallel walls and roughly 750 feet west in the way of locational information in this the two rectangular earthworks. Mea­ of the two rectangular earthworks. It mea­ description, however. Instead, the location surements determined from the aerial sured 113 feet in diameter and encloses an of this mound was shown precisely on a photographs indicate that the parallel area of approximately 0.22 acres. The size Muskingum County map which he walls were about 115 feet apart. The of this circle also falls within the range of included with the material that he sent to northernmost wall measured 1070 feet other known Adena sacred circles in the the Historical Society. Although the Sturtz long and the southernmost wall was 875 Muskingum County area. photographs are still on file in the Depart­ feet long. ment of Archaeology at the Historical THE MOUNDS Society, the map has been lost. THE ENCLOSURES Briggs Mound - This mound was on a high terrace D-Shaped Enclosure - The Briggs Mound was located along overlooking Muskingum River in This earthwork, first identified by the edge of the low, gently rolling Washington T.P. at Gilbert Station. James Marshall, was the southernmost bedrock bluff-like feature that forms the It was about 50 feet in diameter earthwork element of the Gilbert com­ northern boundary of the T-4 terrace at and 6 feet high. Two skeletons plex. It was situated near the edge of the Gilbert. The mound was separated from were found laid on a bed of clay T-4 terrace overlooking the river and the the northernmost earthwork in the Gilbert and covered with a layer of clay. mouth of Blount Run. From the aerial complex by about 1000 feet. According The rest of the mound was com­ photographs it appears that the straight to an old-time resident of the Gilbert posed of gravel as in the sur­ side of the earthwork, which runs in area, the Briggs Mound was destroyed rounding field. Considerable char­ roughly an east-west direction, was prior to 1950 by the construction of a coal was found in the mound. Both about 254 feet long, and the north-south house. It is not known what, if anything, skeletons were of adults. With the dimension of the enclosed area was 197 was found when the mound was leveled, larger one was found the lower jaw feet. The area enclosed by this earthwork however. We believe this house was built of some large carnivora, probably a is approximately 0.76 acres. sometime in the 1930s or early 1940s. bear, the lower part of which had Clark Sturtz does not mention the been dressed off. This was prob­ Large Rectangular Enclosure - Briggs mound, although he would have ably worn as an ornament. The pic­ This newly identified earthwork was passed very close to it on his way to ture is from the skull of the larger located at the northeastern terminus of photograph the Rogovin Mound. The skeleton. It is very short for breath. the parallel walls. The earthwork was rec­ bluff edge may have been overgrown or The account of the cut bear jaw and tangular shaped with the long axis ori­ planted in crops during his visit to the the photo of the skull aroused the ented north-south and measuring 141 area in 1918. The mound could also have curiosity of William C. Mills at the Ohio feet long. The width of the earthwork was been fairly small and less well known Historical Society. In a letter written to 113 feet, and the area encompassed by compared to the two mounds in the area Sturtz on December 20, 1918, a copy of the walls would have been around 0.37 that he did describe. which was recently discovered in the His­ acres. A gateway is evident on the aerial torical Society archives by Martha Otto, photographs in the middle of the Rogovin Mound - Mills asked if it would be possible for Sturtz to acquire these items for the northern wall. An almost imperceptible The Rogovin Mound is still standing museum. Sturtz responded to Mills' undulation in the field at this location and is located on the bluff edge over­ inquiry four days later, and his letter and today may represent a segment of one of looking the river, 1000 feet west of the several subsequent letters to Mills were the north-south walls. Briggs Mound (see figure 7). This is prob­ also found in the archives. To make a ably the mound recorded on the early long story short, the later letters suggest Small Rectangular Enclosure and plat of "Jackson's Land," surveyed in that Clark Sturtz never obtained the skull Mound - 1832, and also recorded generally on or bear jaw for himself or the museum. This earthwork was situated north of Buell's 1833 county map. Clark Sturtz Sturtz's first letter is significant, however, the parallel walls along State Route 666. photographed this mound on September because in it Sturtz locates the mound at The long axis of the rectangle was ori­ 26, 1918. Sturtz describes the mound as the site of Oliver Schurtz's new house. ented roughly east-west and measured being six feet high and 50 feet in diam­

5 The Schurtz farm was located on the These were seen in a collection of arti­ We would speculate that the Oliver very southern portion of the terrace and facts that were found by employees and Schurtz Mound, the sacred circles, and the Schurtz house was about 350 feet prisoners working on the farm in the possibly the Rogovin Mound were prob­ southeast of the D-shaped earthwork 1950s. The tree farm covers 261 acres, ably the earliest elements of the complex along the west side of State Route 666. however, and the exact spot where these to be constructed, followed by the rectan­ The location of this house was readily artifacts were found is not known. gular enclosures, the D-shaped enclosure, determined using turn-of-the-century In spite of the paucity of information on and finally the parallel walls. county atlases, and in fact a chimney habitation sites and artifacts from the Late Adena sacred circles are not rare from the old house could still be seen as area, we would speculate that mound and in the Muskingum Valley. In fact, five late as ten years ago. earthwork building at Gilbert began in late others have been located immediately Regarding the skull and bear jaw, Adena times. The size and conical shape along the river in Muskingum County, Sturtz states in his first response to Mills: of the Rogovin Mound, and presumably and an equal number can be found along The skull and other piece is now in the Oliver Schurtz Mound, is similar to the lower Muskingum in Washington the possession of Mr. Edward Roe, known late Adena mounds along the County (Carskadden and Morton 1986; Gilbert, but belongs to Mr. Oliver Muskingum. Although square or rectan­ James Marshall, personal communica­ Shurtz [actually spelled Schurtz] af gular earthworks usually occur as ele­ tion 1990). The Hopewell component at fhe same address. These two gen­ ments of Hopewellian earthwork com­ Gilbert, however, represents one of only tlemen are neighbors and removed plexes, some late Adena sacred circles three Hopewellian earthwork sites that the mound to build the present are known to have a somewhat "squarish" have been identified thus far for the home of Mr. Shurtz. Mr. Roe told shape, and some small isolated square or entire 111 mile length of the Muskingum me that there was some talk of subrectangular-shaped earthworks are River above Marietta (see figure 1). The sending them to the state museum also known or thought to be late Adena other two sites include a 590 foot diam­ at the time but they did not do it, (see for example Webb 1941; McMichael eter circular earthwork located seven and and then Mr. Shurtz got mad at him and Mairs 1969; Long 1981). a half miles upriver near Dresden and the for some reason and he still has the There are many examples in Ohio and 525 foot diameter Lichtenau Circle relics but they belong to Mr. Shurtz elsewhere in the Ohio Valley of one or located two and a half miles downstream and he does not like to send them two small circles occurring together at from Coshocton (Carskadden and on and he cannot very handy turn the same site with one or two small rec­ Morton 1986). them over to Mr. Shurtz. So you tangles. These various individual earth­ It is probably not a coincidence that two see it is rather a complicated work elements are often quite widely of these three Muskingum River Valley matter. I would like to have them spaced, and the overall plan at some of Hopewell earthworks and their associated for my private collection but I do these sites is quite similar to the situation habitation sites are located between not see a chance. Perhaps you at Gilbert. Examples, to name just a few, Dresden and Coshocton. Here the river would have better luck. would include the Dublin Works in flows in the broad valley of the pre-lllinoian Franklin County and the Davis Works in Deep State Newark River, and at Dresden SUMMARY OBSERVATIONS Hocking County, as well as the mound this ancient valley reaches two miles in The senior author surface collected and earthwork complex along the width. Below Dresden, however, the along the Muskingum River at Gilbert Kanawha River near Charleston, West Muskingum River bottoms rarely reach from about 1962 through the early 1970s Virginia (Thomas 1894). These sites tend more than a half mile in width, the mile- (Carskadden 1963). By that time the to occur on the periphery of the Hopewell wide bottoms at Gilbert being the excep­ airstrip had been abandoned and the core area and chronologically these sites, tion rather than the rule. Various high T-4 terrace where the earthwork to use McMichael's words, are probably researchers have pointed out the correla­ complex was once situated had been "very late Adena grading into Hopewell" tion between wide bottoms and the occur­ converted to a pasture field. On one rare (McMichael and Mairs 1969:36). rence of Hopewellian habitations and occasion, however, when the terrace was The 875 and 1070 foot long parallel earthwork complexes along the Scioto planted in corn, the author was able to embankments at Gilbert, connecting the (Seeman 1979) and elsewhere (Struever walk over parts of the earthwork site, not D-shaped enclosure with the large rectan­ 1964). Considering the Muskingum Valley knowing at that time, however, that gular enclosure, distinguish the Gilbert as a whole, the Gilbert earthworks are earthworks had been built on the terrace. earthworks from these other transitional really not that far from Dresden and can Visibility was poor and only a few flint Adena-Hopewell earthwork sites and most probably be considered as a "spillover" of chips were found. In recent years the likely represent a purely Hopewellian ele­ the Hopewell occupation centered around upper terrace is often planted in corn, ment at Gilbert. The configuration of these Dresden. From Gilbert it is 84 river miles to but the Briggs family no longer allows walls in relation to the other earthworks of the Marietta works, and no Hopewellian anyone to surface collect on their prop­ the complex is quite reminiscent of the earthworks have been reported along this erty. Therefore, it is not known if any late parallel embankments connecting various entire 84-mile stretch of river. Adena or Hopewell habitation sites elements of the Newark Earthwork com­ The size and configuration of the occurred on this high terrace in the plex, 24 miles to the west in neighboring earthworks at Gilbert pale in comparison immediate vicinity of the earthworks. The Licking County. Parallel walls or "sacred to the earthworks at Newark and Mari­ lower Wisconsin age terraces and flood ways" are known from a number of other etta. As to why the Hopewellian commu­ plain between the earthworks and the Hopewellian geometric earthwork com­ nities along the central and upper Musk­ river, however, were plowed almost plexes as well. The only other example of a ingum River at Gilbert, Dresden, and annually well into the 1980s, and a few D-shaped enclosure that we were able to Coshocton did not expand and flourish Hopewell points, bladelets, and blade find in the Adena and Hopewell literature similar to those at Newark and Marietta cores were collected by the junior author was the one at the original Hopewell is not known. It is quite possible, how­ at a possible Hopewell hamlet situated Mound Group near Chillicothe. This latter ever, that the Hopewellian population in on one of these lower terraces. We are enclosure, however, was more than twice this portion of the valley was relatively not aware, however, of any late Adena the size of the Gilbert example and sur­ small, and there simply may not have artifacts ever being found on these lower rounded several mounds, including the been a big enough work force to con­ terraces. Late Adena projectile points famous Hopewell Mound 25. Thus the cer­ struct large earthwork complexes, nor have been found, however, east of the emonial use of the Gilbert terrace probably would there have been the need for such earthworks on the Gilbert Tree Farm. spanned late Adena and early Hopewell. large structures with a small population.

6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1985 Clark Sturtz: An Early Muskingum Mills, William C. We would like to thank James Marshall County Archaeologist. Muskingum 1914 Archaeological Atlas of Ohio. The Ohio for his help in initially identifying the loca­ Annals 1:34-56. The Muskingum Valley State Archaeological and Historical tion of the parallel walls and D-shaped Archaeological Survey, Zanesville, Ohio. Society. Fred J. Heer Printing Com­ earthwork at Gilbert and sharing this Carskadden, Jeff and Larry Edmister pany, Columbus. information with us. We would also like to 1996 The Sidwell Sacred Circle. Ohio Seeman, Mark F. thank Martha Otto for sending us copies Archaeologist 46(2):30-33. 1979 The Hopewell Interaction Sphere: the of the correspondence between Clark Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton Evidence for Interregional Trade and Sturtz and William C. Mills that she 1986 "Sacred Circles" along the Muskingum: Structural Complexity. Prehistory recently discovered at the Ohio Historical a Preliminary Survey. Ohio Archaeolo­ Research Series 5(2), the Indiana His­ Society, and for allowing James Morton gist 36(4):4-8. torical Society, Indianapolis. and the senior author access to the Clay, R. Berle Struever, Stuart Sturtz photographs and notes several 1987 Circles and Ovals. Two Types of Adena 1964 The Hopewell Interaction Sphere in years ago. Special thanks goes to Jack Space. Southeastern Archaeology Riverine-Western Great Lakes Culture Sturtz for allowing us to examine his late 6(1):46-56. History. In Hopewellian Studies (pp.85- 106), edited by Joseph R. Caldwell and father's personal copies of these same Everhart, J.F. Robert L Hall. Illinois State Museum photographs. We would also like to thank 1882 History of Muskingum County, Ohio. Scientific Papers Volume 12, Spring­ members of the Briggs family for sharing A.A. Graham, Columbus. field, Illinois. information on the history of their farm, Finley, William A. and the Rogovin family for allowing us to Thomas, Cyrus n.d. Outwash Terraces along the Musk­ 1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of photograph the mound on their property. ingum River in Muskingum County. the Bureau of Ethnology. Smithsonian Unpublished manuscript, Department Institution, Washington D.C. REFERENCES of Geology and Mineralogy, Ohio State University, Columbus. (Probably early Webb, William S. Beavers, William 1980s.) 1941 The Mt. Horeb Earthworks, Site 1, and 1832 Plat of Jackson's Land (map). Plat the Drake Mound, Site 11, Fayette Book A-O: 173. Muskingum County Long, Mark County, Kentucky. Reports in Anthro­ Courthouse, Zanesville, Ohio. 1981 The Forgotten McKittrick Earthworks. pology 5(2). University of Kentucky, Ohio Archaeologist 31 (2):4-7. Buell, Wyllys Lexington. 1833 A Map of the County of Muskingum in McMichael, Edward and Oscar L. Mairs the State of Ohio. Engraved by H. 1969 Excavation of the Murad Mound, Anderson. Kanawha County, West Virginia. Report of Archeological Investigations Number 1, Carskadden, Jeff West Virginia Geological and Economic 1963 A. Gilbert, Ohio, Multiple Occupation Survey, Morgantown, West Virginia. Site. Ohio Archaeologist 13(1):22-23.

GILBERT MOUND AND EARTHWORK COMPLEX FIFTV MILES WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP MUSKINGUM COUNTY. OHIO • • ••• Figure 1 (Carskadden/House) Map of southeastern Ohio showing the 1000 fert Muskingum River and major tributaries, as well as the distribution of known Hopewellian earthwork sites. These sites include (1) Gilbert Figure 2 (Carskadden/House) Map of the Gilbert area showing the Earthworks, (2) Dresden Circle, (3) Lichtenau Circle, (4) Marietta Earth­ mounds and earthworks. works, (5) Newark Earthworks, (6) Hazlett Mound and Earthwork on Flint Ridge, (7) Yost Earthworks, and (8) Reservoir Mound and Earthwork (east of Buckeye Lake). Figure 3 (Carskadden/House) Recent photo of the T-4 terrace at Gilbert showing the now flattened site of the earthwork complex. The photographer is looking south from the bluff that borders the north edge of the terrace. The Gilbert Tree Farm is to the left of the highway.

GILBERT MOUND AND EARTHWORK St. re~_ COMPLEX MUSKINGUM CO. OHIO o N F C3 • + D 416150E 4431300N Eo

/ / C

A / + / i 416150E / / 4431000N / A;

<8++4 0J>op£> W?-rfhti£A>, /to} ::! U f -*&.«•?, i-*S.

Figure 4 (Carskadden/House) An 1832 map of the Gilbert area drawn by 150 METERS county surveyor William Beavers, showing "Ancient Mounds" on the ^^^^m __- ^H^BV • present-day Rogovin farm. 500 FEET SCHURTZ MOUN D

Figure 5 (Carskadden/House) Detailed plan of the earthwork complex at Gilbert. The earthworks are drawn to scale, based on measurements derived from USDA 1950 aerial photographs. The placement of the letters in this drawing corresponds to the placement of letters on the aerial pho­ tograph shown in Figure 6. It ^feir%

Figure 7 (Carskadden/House) Recent photograph of the Rogovin Mound, the only surviving element of the Gilbert mound and earthwork complex.

Figure 6 (Carskadden/House) USDA 1950 aerial photograph showing the Gilbert mound and earthwork complex. The placement of the letters in this photograph corresponds to the placement of letters on the earthwork plan in Figure 5. The reader may find it hard to distinguish the two rectangular enclosures (C and D) in this somewhat grainy enlargement. They are best seen by holding the page about a foot and a half away from your eyes. The other elements of the complex are more readily visible up close.

Figure 8 (Carskadden/House) Clark Sturtz's 1918 photograph of the skull found in the Oliver Schurtz mound at Gilbert. CLOVIS AND BEYOND: THE SANTE FE CONFERENCE by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, OH 45331 The Clovis and Beyond Conference, the disposition of these remains. Bon­ government administrators to demon­ held in Santa Fe, New Mexico, on nichsen emphasized that new data are strate that many governmental restric­ October 29th through the 31st, 1999, not being integrated into public policy. tions are actual law rather than bureau­ brought together the most notable Keith Kintigh presented the perspec­ cratic regulations. authorities in the world on the Pale- tive of the Society for American Archae­ Frank McManamon spoke for the oamerican period. Great names in Paleo ology. (The SAA publishes the journal government and the Cultural Resource research who attended included American Antiquity.) He expressed a bias Manager's perspective. He argued that Adovasio, Bonnichsen, Chatters, against avocationalists and private col­ archaeology is not the only science that Dillehay, Frison, Gramly, Haynes, Lepper, lecting. Kintigh still accepted the proposi­ has restrictions placed on it and that Meltzer, and Owsley. They are the tion that all pre-Columbian human NAGPRA does not prohibit research. thinkers, doers, and writers about early remains are ancestral to living American (Note: McManamon has been a consis­ people in the New World. This confer­ Indians, in the face of mounting evidence tent foe of archaeological research.) ence, the brainchild of Forrest Fenn, col­ to the contrary. It should be noted that Jo Ann Harris, summarizing, in her lector and avocational archaeologist from his was the only voice that expressed a concluding remarks said that archaeolo­ Santa Fe, attracted almost 1300 people, lack of appreciation for the contributions gists must communicate respect for including professional archaeologists, of amateur archaeologists. those who hold sincere views other than avocational archaeologists, and collec­ Brad Lepper spoke on the perspective their own and that the present "more- tors, as well as interested individuals of an academic archaeologist. He said ethical-than-thou" attitude of some from other fields. All presentations were that the rejection of science by the archaeologists is unproductive. Harris given in one large conference room in National Park Service has brought a cat­ said it is urgent to change the NAGPRA Sweeney Convention Center so speakers astrophic loss to archaeology and that law when very, very old remains are con­ did not overlap and everyone could the public does not understand what is at cerned. She added that avocationalists attend every presentation. stake. With repatriation has come and collectors represent an important That the most knowledgeable individ­ destruction of the chance to understand archaeological community and that their uals in the science of archaeology con­ prehistory. Lepper emphasized that an expertise must be sought, for 70% of sider artifacts of vital importance was enthusiastic and educated public is archaeology is in their hands. obvious from the greatest-ever display of essential and that avocationalists are not original Clovis finds which included fluted "looters," but sharers in the "wonder of ARCHAEOLOGY AND HUMAN BIOLOGY points from Bull Brook in Massachusetts, prehistory." His presentation received Alan L. Bryan said that big-game Blackwater Draw in New Mexico, Dent in resounding applause. hunting among the first Americans is an Colorado, Naco in Arizona, Colby in Jim Warnica spoke from the avoca- undemonstrated hypothesis. He also dis­ Wyoming, Lamb in New York, Cactus Hill tionalist/collector perspective. He cussed effects of the "Clovis drought" in Virginia, Nobles Pond in Ohio, and emphasized that landowners today do which occurred around 11,000 years B.P. Gainey in Michigan. There were no not want sites found on their land Bryan did not accept the traditional restrictions on what could be pho­ because of the threat of government migration route of early humans through tographed or on what information could interference. Thus, he feared, may go the an ice-free corridor in Canada and said be used, making this a truly scientific route of THE find. that in fact we do not know when people exchange. The presentations at the Joe Watkins spoke on a Native Amer­ first came to the Americas. To discover Clovis and Beyond Conference will be ican's perspective. He said many Indians pre-Clovis sites, Bryan advised archaeol­ published in two volumes which, consider archaeology the "vulture cul­ ogists to look in geological contexts for because the discussions were free of ture" and believe archaeologists are sites that may lack bifaces. jargon, will be valuable additions to "arrogant scientists who prefer to deal Vance Haynes believed the ice-free cor­ archaeological literature. with dead humans." Watkins said that if ridor could have been open by 14,000 B.P. A synopsis of selected conference dis­ archaeology does not co-operate with Haynes said that after the Clovis drought, cussions follows. Indians, it will become a "vestigial organ glacial cold returned, resulting in extinc­ THE FUTURE OF PUBLIC POLICY in the body of science." tions of megafauna which perhaps helped Moderator JoAnn Harris, a native New Alan Schneider, attorney for Friends bring about the transaction from Paleo to Mexican and a New York lawyer, opened of America's Past, discussed the Archaic. Haynes added that Clovis points the conference by saying that she had lawyer/scientist's perspective. Schneider may have developed for the purpose of found her first "arrowhead" at age six warned that public policy needs to be hunting mammoths and mastodons. and that her interest had never waned. changed because government restric­ Dennis Stanford, M. Jodry, and R. Robson Bonnichsen introduced the tions are becoming hazardous to scien­ Bonnichsen related that Clovis people conference perspective as "a conference tific research, partly because government liked to work with high-quality, exotic flint open to all communities interested in administrators do not understand the sci­ and that they are known for their fine Paleoamerican prehistory." He explained entific process. This process, in the craftsmanship. Stanford said that Clovis that the perception of the peopling of the interest of good science, requires many had a strong orientation to big game, Americas is changing and that it is of vital different competing hypotheses and the although regional adaptations resulted as importance to synthesize information input of all perspectives. Government they hunted caribou in the Northeast and from all knowledgeable parties, including administrators are not qualified to decide mammoth and bison in the West. The collectors and avocationalists. Even what can be investigated and who may Americas, they concluded, were peopled though scholars question the validity of investigate it, and this lack of under­ more than once by different groups. the cultural-relatedness of early human standing has resulted in interpretations of George Frison stated that there is a remains to those of extant peoples, NAGPRA which allowed reburial without temporal overlap of other point types public policy is the determining factor in adequate study. Schneider challenged with Clovis, such as Goshen or Plainview 10 points as recognized at the Hell Gap site. store of meat for winter. He said mam­ seldom buried caches. The reason is, he Another early tool Frison pointed out was moths and mastodons could have sur­ explained, that the Clovis people were a radially fractured biface, which could vived any climate changes, but that even moving so rapidly through territory that be mistaken for an artifact from a later if humans only hunted them seasonally, was new to them that they did not know period which had broken. their numbers would have dwindled. By where or if a new supply of stone would Albert Goodyear discussed pre-Clovis the time the great animals' biomass be available. Flint in the form of caches sites in eastern North America which date became critically low, the Paleo people was buried for retrieval if the "new" area from 15,000 B.P. He is working on such an probably understood that mammoths and provided no workable stone. By 10,500 excavation now at the Topper site in South mastodons were disappearing, but it was B.P. Clovis points vanished and regional Carolina, although other pre-Clovis sites too late. Fisher added that we all under­ types emerged, such as Hardaways, are currently being investigated in the East, stand about short-term versus long-term Crowfields, Quads, and Daltons. such as Cactus Hill in Virginia. Typical pre- interests and questioned if we would Margaret "Pegi" Jodry gave a con­ Clovis artifacts are thin bifaces, macro- manage the situation any better today. vincing presentation on the probable use prismatic blades, burins, exotic lithics, and Steve Holen discussed Late Pleis­ of watercraft by Paleoamericans and ivory and bone tools. Basketry is also tocene bone technology in the North their ability to have arrived on this conti­ included in that inventory. Goodyear American Mid-continent. He showed how nent by boat. In Florida, an adze used on invited conference attendees to visit his the broken-off spinal process from the ver­ charred wood with a radiocarbon date of excavation in South Carolina this May. tebra of a mastodon became an expedient 7,000 B.P. is suggestive of canoe Dan Fisher excavated mammoths and maul for butchering. Bones were quarried, building at that time. She wondered if mastodons in the Great Lakes region, flaked, and polished by Paleoamericans. archaeologists would recognize material including northern Indiana, where he Ruth Gruhn reported early dates for evidence which could imply boat found that proboscideans were killed in some South American sites. In Taima- building, if such were found. the fall and possibly sunk into ponds as a Taima, with a date of 13,000 B.P., were Orrin Shanks, Walt Ream, and found leaf-shaped points with mastodon Robson Bonnichsen discussed the pos­ bones. These early sites also suggest use of sibility of extracting DNA from stone tools tools made of perishable materials. Gruhn to determine species by residues present. postulated that an initial entry into South Magnification showed that micro-cracks America took place around 20,000 B.P. occur in stone during tool manufacture, Doug Owsley and Richard Jantz have and it is in these cracks not visible to the studied various crania dating from around naked eye that DNA could possibly be 10,500 to 11,000 B.P. They discovered found. They noted that exceptional condi­ that these crania are more closely-related tions of preservation are required for to populations in the Old World than to ancient DNA to be present. American Indians. In fact, they closely James Adovasio explained that much resemble modern Polynesians. The earliest of the Paleoamerican tool kit consisted of populations studied in this country indicate perishable materials such as wood, a circumpacific origin, making the term plant-fiber, and hide. Such "soft tech­ Paleoamerican more accurate that the old nology," he said, "probably contributed term Paleoindian. The findings of Owsley more to the successful colonization of and Jantz indicate that present-day Amer­ this hemisphere than any stone tool kit." ican Indians probably did not appear until The Saturday night banquet, attended 7,000 B.P. by 375 people, featured Southwestern David Meltzer discussed, among other cuisine. Dennis Stanford, keynote things, Clovis caches. Many of these, he speaker at the banquet, entertained Figure 1 (Holzapfel) The writer with Forrest Fenn. explained, were fashioned from high- everyone and presented an alternative The Clovis and Beyond Conference was the quality exotic chert. Meltzer believes that hypothesis that the Americas were first brainchild of Mr. Fenn. cultures immediately post-dating Clovis peopled by migrants not from Siberia, but Iberia (Spain), who lived and traveled along the glacial coastline of eastern North America. The Clovis and Beyond Conference demonstrated the synergistic results of avocational/professional cooperation. For­ rest Fenn, the founder of this informational fiesta, hosted one of the most seminal conferences of the twentieth century.

•^Figure 3 (Holzapfel) A facial Figure 2 (Holzapfel) A cast of the the Kennewick skull, recovered in approximation of Washington, is tentatively dated at 8,400 years before present. Kennewick man.

11 Figure 4 (Holzapfel) Photograph (from the poster presentation) of Figure 5 (Holzapfel) One of the many Paleoamerican artifact displays. This the point found in the pelvis of the Kennewick skeleton. one shows the use of fluted points along with ivory working. Evidence of the Past: H I'M vi n > so • | The Green Cache Punched Blades from the South Pit The Status of Ancient Remain February. 27. 1962

Figure 6 (Holzapfel) Poster created by Cleone Hawkinson and Beth Walton of Friends of America's Past, shows sites of Figure 7 (Holzapfel) A cache of punched unifacial blades from the Black- ancient remains, some of which have already been reburied water locality in New Mexico. and thus destroyed forever.

Short 1 Negative bulb of percussion from high velocity from *>>*>" 000 years °W impact w Figure 9 (Holzapfel) Mammoth bone which Figure 10 (Holzapfel) Skull of a 50,000 year-old cave shows modification by humans. bear. Figure 8 (Holzapfel) The writer and Doug Owsley of the Smithsonian Institution. Owsley, a physical anthropologist who has analyzed 11,000 year-old skeletons, is an authority on ancient and modem human remains. His expertise is often sought in forensics cases.

Figure 12 (Holzapfel) Chris Lamb, Figure 13 (Holzapfel) Bones from the Naco (Ari­ Figure 11 (Holzapfel) Facial reconstructions. On left is the avocational archaeologist who dis­ zona) mammoth which were found in association Spirit Cave mummy from Nevada. On right is Wizard Beach covered the Paleoamerican Lamb with fluted points. In foreground are two mam­ man, who, tragically, has been reburied and is "gone forever". site in New York. moth molars.

12 AN ERIE COUNTY ASHTABULA POINT by Gene and Tim Edwards Berlin Heights, Ohio

In 1966 Tim Edwards was cutting a large ash tree from the yard of the late Paul Bowser on Chapin Road in Erie County. When talking to Mrs. Bowser found that Mr. Bowser had found this fine Ashtabula point in his garden. His garden was situated at the end of the Blow Sand Hills that extend from Nor- walk to Milan, Ohio, on the western end and to Ceylon Junction on the eastern end. Some of these hills extend as far south as Bellevue and Monroeville. Most of these sand hills were long ago removed to provide molding sand to make steel and iron castings. Older residents in the area tell me that most of the sand was removed by horse and wagon. It was shipped by lake and rail to the steel mills in northern and eastern Ohio. The area on which these hills occur is an old beach ridge which follows along Route 113 and then goes eastwards to Pennsylvania. Ohio Flint Types (Converse 1994) says that Ashtabulas are a distinct Ohio type and are related to the Perkiomen point of Pennsylvania. The estimated date of Ashtabulas is late Archaic - about 2,000 to 1,000 B.C. This Ashtabula is made of Coshocton gray flint which is a prevalent stone for the type. A similar Ashtabula was found in Norwalk in Huron County which was 5 inches long and 4 inches wide and now in the collection of Bill Wholf at Grafton. We extend our thanks to the family of the late Paul Bowser for entrusting this fine point to the Edwards family.

Figure 1 (Edwards and Edwards) Ashtabula point found in a garden in Berlin Township, Erie County, Ohio. It is 4'A inches long.

13 THE DOCTOR JOSEPH H. TODD COLLECTION AN IMPORTANT REFERENCE FOR MUSKINGUM WATERSHED PREHISTORIC RESEARCH by D. R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Dr., Columbus, Ohio

In February 1921, Wooster Ohio physi­ tion (the headquarters of the Muskingum) able. For example the owl effigy is 6'/? cian, Joseph Todd, wrote William C. Mills, that will have the proper data which is inches long and almost 3H inches wide. Curator of the Ohio Archaeological and necessary for all collectors." Figure 2 shows an Intrusive Mound flat Historical Society indicating his intention Todd's collection of many thousand arti­ base platform pipe of steatite/soapstone. to donate his extensive archaeological facts was shipped by train from Wooster This pipe, also from Dr. Todd's home collection to the Society. He thought this to Columbus on June 23,1921 and fol­ county, Wayne, features the remaining would be the best place for the materials lowing their cataloging, they were promi­ portion of an elevated ridge on top of the collected curing his lifetime avocation, nently displayed as Todd requested in the platform at the stem end, probably indi­ and in the spirit of the day, hoped the "state museum." Unfortunately, over the cating a reworked platform that once had assemblage would be displayed at the years as museum exhibit space for indi­ been considerably longer but now 2'/2 "old" museum building at the corner of vidual collections became more limited inches long. 15th and High Streets in Columbus. and exhibit practices changed, the former Figure 3 shows three more interesting What made this a significant event was Todd collection was placed in storage, pieces from Dr. Todd's collection. Two the volume and quality of Todd's collec­ and was largely overlooked and forgotten. completely tallied small gorgets surround tion and his unique connection with the It is noteworthy that Dr. Todd was also a tiny ovoid pipe. The left two specimens "state museum" and Dr. Mills, its Curator. the mentor of Dr. Gordon Meuser, the well are banded slate while the example on the For a period of years, while associated known Columbus Ohio avocational col­ right appears to be made from claystone. with the Western Reserve University lector. He inspired Meuser to assemble This peculiarly shaped octagonal artifact Medical School, Dr. Todd had conducted one of the largest specialized artifact col­ also has a slight rectangular depression an extensive study of medical patholo­ lections in Ohio. between the drilled holes. It is approxi­ gies among Ohio's prehistoric popula­ I had the privilege of viewing and mately 3 inches long. The pipe is approxi­ tions. To support his efforts, Dr. Mills studying the vast Todd collection on sev­ mately VA inches high while the remaining supplied skeletal materials to Todd from eral occasions during my research at The gorget is about 2% inches in length. the museum's collections. Mills in turn Ohio Historical Society and have been Figure 4 is a highly developed banded often referenced Todd's pioneering diag­ impressed by its diversity, size and impec­ slate anchor pendant from the Zieler nostic work in his published reports. He cable authenticity. Covering all categories Storm farm, Wayne County Ohio. This further engaged the good doctor in lively of artifacts, ornamental and special pur­ masterpiece of pre-Columbian art is exchanges about his medical pathology pose, high art form relics stand out. The almost 7 inches long. theories. This congenial but important following is a sampling of some of the finer Figure 5 shows an enormous bipointed banter continued intermittently in letters pieces from the Dr.Todd collection. Fort Ancient spear or knife of heavily pati- 1 between the two throughout the pre and The writer would like to thank the Ohio nated Coshocton flint. It is 7 /8 inches post World War I period. Historical Society and Martha Otto, long. Its location was not noted but is It is not therefore surprising that Dr. Curator of Archaeology, for permission to likely Ohio. Todd, apparently now in retirement, had photograph the Todd assemblage. Figure 6 features a sampling of Wayne decided to donate his lifetime collection Figure 1 shows three massive Missis- County, Ohio, hafted flint objects from to his good friend. In a letter reply to Dr. sippian influence late prehistoric effigy the collection. Most are Archaic in origin Todd's in response Mills stated "I take pipes from Wayne County Ohio. All were and made of either Flint Ridge or the greatest pleasure in telling you that it crafted from sandstone. On the left, is a Coshocton flints. The 5 inch long early does me really more good to hear from turtle effigy with the stem opening pene­ Adena knife shown at the right was you that you have decided to present trating the top of the shell and the bowl crafted from attractive multi-colored Flint your collection here than anything that I where the turtle's head would be located. Ridge material. Colors represented have heard in many a day because I Next to it is a detailed horned owl effigy. include a blending combination of know it represents the work of a lifetime Notice the engraved wings. The bowl is orange, red, yellow/butterscotch and of a man who has been interested in the behind the effigy's head and the stem cream. It too was found in Wayne subject consequently has gathered opening is at the tail end of the effigy. County, Ohio. In future issues the writer knowingly which means a great deal for The third example is a three dimensional plans to address other largely forgotten any collection. It is practically the only human face portrayal in an almost silhou­ and unpublicized collections in The Ohio collection collected from one great sec­ ette motif. All three of the effigies are siz­ Historical Society Museum.

14 Figure 1 (Gehlbach) Left to right; Turtle Effigy Pipe, Owl Effigy Pipe & Human Figure 2 (Gehlbach) Intrusive Mound Flat Face (Maskette) Effigy Pipe, all from Wayne County, Ohio. Base Platform Pipe, Wayne County, Ohio.

Figure 3 (Gehlbach) Left to right; Two Hole Tally Marked Gorget, Figure 4 (Gehlbach) Ovoid Pipe & Two Hole Octagonal Gorget, all from Ohio. Anchor Pendant, Zeiler Storm Form, Wayne County, Ohio.

Figure 5 (Gehlbach) Bipointed Spear, Ohio. Figure 6 (Gehlbach) Left; Group of Archaic Knives, Right; Adena Knife, all from Wayne County, Ohio. 15 THE NILES/WOLFORD MOUNDS by D.R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Columbus, Ohio

In the past 18 months the writer has cultivation activity during the intervening was located between the two burials at the investigated archived site reports at The 23 years, the remaining mounds were in level of the elbows and forearms. Burial 6, Ohio Historical Society from a number of danger of disappearing from the land­ an adult male, was in a 6 feet long crypt. prehistoric locations, in central Ohio. scape. As a result the Ohio Historical Burial 7 remains were placed in a 6 foot 6 Adena mound reports dominate the Society decided to conduct a salvage dig inch area along with a chert stemmed pro­ archaeological record, probably due to to recover what was left of the prehistoric jectile point, 4 bird claws and, between the their easy identification among less occupation area. Raymond Baby, Curator femora, a piece of worked deer antler. imposing area topographic features. of Archaeology, assisted by Bob Goslin Burials 11 and 12 were placed in a cir­ In April, 1932, E. F. Greenman, Curator from the 1932 dig, Clarence Bower and 8 cular sub floor tomb with a base of clay of Archaeology of the Ohio Historical students from Ohio State University began lined gravel surrounded by a gravel Society, assisted by Glen Black and Bob the excavation project in June, 1955. A embankment. Both were bark lined and Goslin began the excavation of the bulldozer was used to clear the field grass were stained with red ocher. Bark covers smallest of the three Woolford Mounds overburden and move other debris. The separatfkfthe burials from 4 to 6 inches (now referred to as the Niles-Wolford mound was circular in shape, less than a of light colored mottled loam overburden. Mound Group). Located one mile north of foot high, and approximately 45 feet in Burial 11 was extended on its back, arms Fox near State Route 104, these Adena diameter. It was estimated the tumulus to the side, its head slumped to the left. mounds stood midway between the Scioto was once at least 6 or 7 feet high. A The remains were wrapped in a coarse River and the highway in Pickaway majority of the features were contained woven textile. The burial chamber was County, Ohio. In addition to the three within a roughly rectangular area 26 feet 6.35 feet long and 1.1 feet wide. A frag­ mounds there were also evidence of a cir­ long and 22 feet wide and as much as 4)4 ment of a sandstone pipe was found over cular earthwork/enclosure located about feet below the surface of the mound. the left femur just below the neck. Other 100 yards north of the mounds. All three Twenty five post molds .5 to .7 of a foot in pipe fragments were found at the left mounds in the group had been substan­ diameter in this pattern was uncovered. shoulder and between the forearms. tially reduced by cultivation. The first feature, a burial tomb of one Burial 12 consisted of an elongate pile of The mound selected by Greenman was individual, was located 3 feet 7 inches bones intermixed with fragments of a the second largest in the group at the below the original ground surface. The tubular pipe. time, standing about 11H feet high. Its crypt was 8 feet 4 inches wide and 15 Burial 13 was placed in another subfloor stratigraphy was indicated by a layer of feet 5 inches long. The deceased indi­ tomb 11 feet by 9 feet. Again layers of bark dark sand topped by yellow clay, coarse vidual was wrapped in a woven cloth tex­ separated the burial from the fill dirt. The dark brown clay and light brown loam. A tile, positioned on a bark mat and cov­ Interment was 5 feet long and 1.9 feet circular post mold pattern was identified ered with long strips of bark. With the wide at the elbows. Found in association the mound base. Several burials were inhumation, which was extended on its were a polished weathered limonite cone found, mostly cremations with few arti­ back, were a slate reel gorget placed on and copper cone (Figure 3), a 5V2 inch facts, excepting two deposits of red the chest, a light gray chert stemmed bluish gray chert stemmed point (Figure 4), ocher stained marginella beads and a point and two fossil crinoid beads (Figure another broken stemmed point, deer bone broken celt. 1). The burial appurtenances described awl, bone spatula, two bone atlatl handles An interesting human sidelight in were duplicated numerous times within (Figure 5) and a tubular pipe fragment. The Greenman's field notes is his description the rectangular enclosure. solid copper cone, an extremely rare arti­ of the vagaries of weather and mechan­ Burial 3, 5 feet in length, was extended fact, was recovered next to the right femur. ical problems experienced by the on its back, placed on bark and covered This undoubtedly was an important indi­ Depression era excavation crew. As an with bark. The crypt was outlined by vidual in the community. example; "April 7, we found very black charred log residue which was in turn Burial 14 was deposited in a shallow dirt and about 5 inches of log mold, framed by a thin line of dark earth. A crys­ elongate oval pit .75 of a foot below the probably horizontal at a depth of 3 feet talline mass of unknown material was mound floor. It measured 6 feet long and about at the center of the mound. As it placed on the skull. had a maximum width of 2.15 feet. The was quitting time and looked like rain for Burial 5, was extended on its back with burial was extended on its side with the coming night, we put a tarpaulin over its arms at the sides and hands beneath slightly flexed hips and knees. The arms the trench and went home. Our truck the pelvis. The fragmentary remains con­ were extended with hands on the pelvis. wouldn't start so we left it and went to sisted only of a partial skull, ribs and a few The remains of an adult male were 5.1 feet Columbus in Bob's (Goslin) car. April 8; small bones from the lower torso. The long and 1.15 feet wide. Once again a bark Heavy rain, Glen (Black), Bob and I went remainder of the skeleton had apparently lining and cover were employed. Associ­ down to the mound and finally got the been destroyed by rodents. It was 5 feet 4 ated objects included hickory nut shells, truck started. It took two hours to get the inches long with maximum width of 1 foot several split bone awls and a worked bone truck out and we drove it back to 1 inch. Found in the tomb were fragments of a gray fox. The excavation of the mound Columbus arriving at 12 noon. April 9; of a sandstone tubular pipe at the upper was completed on August 16,1959. Still raining. Glen and I wend down and right edge of the pelvis. The burial was Note: This mound is part of the Niles- paid the two workers. No work today. placed on long slabs of bark parallel to the Wolford group and should not be confused April 11; Bob and I arrived at the mound long axis of the tomb. with the 1956 OHS excavation of the at 11:30. Glen didn't come and the other Burials 6 and 7 were side by side in an "Niles" mound some two miles south. The two men didn't work. It was misting most extended position, arms at their sides, writer would like to thank The Ohio Histor­ of the time." both lying on a shredded layer of bark. ical Society and Martha Otto for providing By 1955, the Wolford site was owned by Both were covered with bark. An Adena access to their archaeological collections farmer, Charles Niles. Due to continuing quadriconcave (reel) type gorget (Figure 2) and field notes.

1G Figure 1 (Gehlbach) Two drilled fossil Figure 2 (Gehlbach) Quadriconcave gorget, Figure 3 (Gehlbach) Limonite & copper cones, (crinoid) beads and sandstone tubular pipe red slate, Burials 6 & 7. Burial 13. fragment, Burial 1.

Figure 4 (Gehlbach) Bluish-gray chert point, Burial 13.

Figure 5 (Gehlbach) Bone atlatl handles, Burial 13.

Figure 6 (Gehlbach) Banded slate trapezoidal pendant from mound fill.

Figure 8 (Gehlbach) Olivella shell deposit, from mound fill.

Figure 7 (Gehlbach) Granite adze, Figure 9 (Gehlbach) Bark residue from burial crypt. from mound fill. 17 HISTORIC SURFACE FINDS by Jeff Dearth 3413 Reed Point Drive Hilliard, OH 43026 I found the coin in Figure 1 near the banks of the Hocking River south of Nel- sonville. It is of Spanish mint and is dated 1759. It is perforated, which would allow the coin to be worn as a pendant. It is my opinion that early coins with a per­ foration were worn by Indians on a neck­ lace or wrist band. The coin in Figure 2 was found near a feeder creek which empties into the Scioto River south of Circleville. This coin, dated 1803, is also Spanish. Both coins are in excellent condition.

Figure 1 (Dearth) Obverse and reverse of 1759 Spanish coin found near Nel- sonville.

Figure 2 (Dearth) Obverse and reverse of 1803 Spanish coin found near Circleville.

A HAMMER POLL BELT AXE by Jeff Dearth 3413 Reed Point Drive Hilliard, OH 43026 Many kinds of metal axes were traded to Indians by Euro-Americans. The hammer poll axe, for example, had a diversity of uses. The axe could be used as a weapon, or the poll used for pounding, or the blade for cutting. Light in weight as well as small in size, belt axes could have been comfortably carried hanging from a belt or sash. Such artifacts are relics from the frontier days and were utilized by both Indians and white settlers. This hammer poll belt axe surfaced about 20 years ago in a Dublin, Ohio, flea market. The head is affixed to the original haft by a square-headed nail driven into the end of the handle. The point of the nail exits below the eye of the tomahawk and protrudes a short distance from the haft. This axe dates from around 1790.

Figure 1 (Dearth) Hammer poll belt axe was a multi-purpose tool. This type dates from around 1790.

18 A PRESENTATION PIPE-TOMAHAWK — An Update by Lar Hothem PO Box 458 Lancaster, OH 43130 As probable final research on the his­ The writer came upon the identity of T. Crockwell are the same person, a tory of a presentation-grade pipe-toma­ the second person by accident while young gunsmith in Chillicothe, Ohio. hawk, the second of the two major reading Donald Hutslar's Ohio Gunsmiths In a 1983 letter to a coin magazine names inscribed on it has in all likelihood, & Allied Tradesmen, Vol. IV, a 1998 publi­ editor, in an attempt to identify the pipe- now been identified. cation. Since this volume contains the tomahawk's two inset silver coins, the The pipe-tomahawk has a steel head Ross County (and Chillicothe) section, a writer suggested that the artifact had that measures 5 inches high, and the quick index search was made, though been made by a riflesmith. This was Spanish-style blade is 5-7/16 inches without much hope. However, there was because of the high quality of the work wide; overall length, including the drilled a listing for James Crockwell, which and the fact that such smiths often made hardwood handle, is 19-7/8 inches. One reads as follows: these goods. The gunsmith origin may of the finely inscribed names on the rec­ "Crockwell, James. 1808. Crockwell now be accurate. tangular solid brass insert is Dr. Hamm, announced the opening of his new gun- Thanks to helpful information from while the other on the opposite side of shop in Chillicothe in the Scioto Gazette three different sources, it now appears the blade is J. Crockwell. At one time, and Chillicothe Advertiser of 12 that the pipe-tomahawk was made by due to the ornate script, the "J" was December 1807. He does not appear in James Crockwell for Dr. John Hamm, thought to be a "K" but closer scrutiny the U. S. Census of 1820 or in the roster sometime in 1808-1809. Then the two determined that the initial is indeed a "J." of soldiers on the war of 1812." principals coincided in time and place. From a clipping copy sent by Jeff The writer also had correspondence in A bit more mystery remains. The Carskadden and other sources, Dr. John 1994 with Mrs. W. G. Moore of North reason for the presentation is unknown. Hamm's history is given briefly. He was Carolina, the great-great-grandaughter of Could it have been for professional ser­ bom in the state of Delaware in 1776, came Dr. John Hamm. She wrote (also vices, or for that Fourth of July speech? to Ohio in 1808, and settled in Chillicothe. enclosing an illustration of the Doctor) Also, one of the coin surfaces was pol­ There, on July 4th, 1809, he gave the day's regarding an earlier article by the writer ished and inscribed with the initials "J. oration. Shortly thereafter he moved to on this subject in The Ohio Archaeologist. S." or "T. S.", a person completely Zanesville. Dr. Hamm held a number of To quote: "...In the copies of some news­ unknown. With such scant and important political and military offices. paper articles I received from the Ohio ambiguous information, this person will These included member of the state legisla­ Hist. Soc. concerning Dr. Hamm there is probably never be identified for certain. ture, Surgeon of the 27th U. S. Infantry a notice about a death of James T. At any rate, most of the pipe-toma­ (1813), Marshall of Ohio, and State Senator Crockwell. He died on Monday night, hawk's history is now probably told, a (1827 and 1829). President Jackson, in September 24, 1810 in Chillicothe, age fascinating story almost 200 years old. 1830, appointed him Charge de Affairs for 27. Since Dr. Hamm first lived in Chilli­ the Republic of Chile where he concluded cothe and moved to Zanesville 1809, the Postscript the first treaty with that nation. Dr. Hamm pipe might have had something to do as In an October 1999 letter, Jim John­ died at Zanesville, May 22,1861. a form of payment for professional ser­ ston, Golden Age Arms Company, stated In his earlier Ohio years, Dr. Hamm was vices. He apparently moved before all his that the style of the pipe-tomahawk might associated with the state's political debtors had settled their accounts be European. He noted that at the time center. Chillicothe was the state capital because he ran a newspaper ad to that many such items were imported because from 1803 to 1810, followed briefly by effect Sept. 5, 1810." they were cheaper, and were finished Zanesville, before the capital reverted to At the time of letter receipt, this infor­ here. If this is the case, and the basic Chillicothe and finally, Columbus. This mation did not seem to fit the name, as artifact came from abroad, finishing may or may not have been the reason for the writer was still searching for a "K", would include the U.S. silver coins, the Dr. Hamm's move from Chillicothe to not a "J." However, it now appears that J. inset silver wire decoration, and of course Zanesville at the time he did. Crockwell, James Crockwell and James the two names already mentioned.

Figure 1 (Hothem) Pipe-tomahawk blade with Pipe-tomahawk blade, with side showing script "Dr side showing script "J Crockwell." Also seen Hamm." The white line near the three sides of the is the inset silver coin with initials "TS" or blade is silver wire, inset in a narrow channel. The coin Figure 2 (Hothem) Dr. John Hamm, from an "JS" at top is believed to be a dime or half-dime from the early illustrations. very early 1800s. Courtesy Mrs. W.G. Moore

19 FRIENDS OF AMERICA'S PAST by Cleone Hawkinson 7410 S.W. Oleson Rd., Suite 202 Portland, OR 97223 www.friendsofpast.org

Status Report, August 1999 ernment's delays do constitute such a This spring we gave a public presenta­ Friends of America's Past will be a year denial, plaintiffs are requesting that the tion for the Mount Hood School District old in September, 1999. As we come to case stay be lifted so the denial can be Adult Education lecture series. Our public the end of our first year, we'd like to give reviewed. Judge Jelderks has scheduled school visits include a presentation to the you a brief update on the Kennewick Man oral arguments for September 14, 1999. 7th Grade at the Rocky Run Middle lawsuit, report our progress, and summa­ School in Chantilly, Virginia, and a special rize our goals for the coming year. Our activities presentation to students at the Rock To build an effective organization and Creek elementary School in Hillsboro, Update on the case to define the goals of Friends of Oregon. Three years have passed since the America's Past, the four members of the We have presentations scheduled in Kennewick Man was discovered scat­ Board meet regularly. After establishing the fall for the City of Woodburn, Oregon tered along the bank of the Columbia Friends of America's Past as a nonprofit and the Oregon Museum of Science and River. More than two years have passed organization, we filed for and were Industry during Oregon Archeology week. since U. S. District Court Magistrate granted tax-exempt status. We have We are facilitating the Peopling of the Jelderks directed the government to established a brokerage account to New World poster session for the Clovis determine, among other things, if these accommodate gifts of stock and other and Beyond Symposium in Santa Fe, remains are related to any living group securities. New Mexico in October 1999, and will and if the Bonnichsen plaintiffs will be Our primary focus to date has been to distribute Friends of America's Past litera­ allowed to study the skeleton. We seem create an awareness of our efforts. To ture at the conference. If you are aware of to be no closer to a resolution. reach as many people as possible, while other venues who would be interested in keeping expenses at a minimum, we our views, please contact us. The government defendants developed a website. We have had more We have not made any attempt to cal­ than 1,500 visits to the site, with more culate the number of hours the Board has • stated in February 1999 they would than 300 people taking the time to com­ spent on these activities, but would esti­ announce the results of their studies by ment via email or request additional infor­ mate that it exceeds 1000 hours since the May. mation about our organization. Messages organization was founded. have come from across the country and • stated in April they would announce the around the world, from England to Aus­ Contributions results of their studies in June tralia. We welcome all opinions, and we In the past ten months we have are encouraged so many people care received 52 contributions ranging from • stated in June that the scientific reports about the prehistory of this continent. If $10 to $500 from supporters in 20 states were under review by government offi­ you are aware of other websites that may and Canada. The average contribution is cials, and that they would need more be interested in linking with our site, approximately $75. Our goals for the time for their review please send us your suggestions. coming year focus on increasing the We have developed two brochures awareness of our efforts. We will appre­ • stated on July 1, 1999, that additional and, with your help, have distributed ciate your suggestions and assistance in tests are needed more than 3,000 of these across the helping us identify potential sponsors and nation to various interested groups, to expand our network of contributors. However, the government defendants museums, and at public presentations given by professionals in the field of Expenditures • have not sought independent scientific anthropology. We have published articles Our Board members volunteer their peer review of the February studies, a in newsletters, newspapers, and maga­ time, travel, and the day-to-day expenses basic tenet of sound scientific practice zines, which include ACPAC Newsletter, to run Friends of America's Past, which the Anthropology Newsletter, Ohio State have included the first year rental our • continue to ignore the court's direction Archeology Magazine, and the Oregonian mailbox, establishing the website, to communicate with plaintiffs. newspaper. If you would be willing to help copying, printing, postage, and supplies. us distribute our brochures to local We have spent $460 for printing our most • refuse to allow plaintiffs the right to libraries, museums, or organizations, recent brochures. study. please let us know. We can supply as many as you can pass along. Our plans for your contributions • continue to run up a bill that was in Our various board members have We are saving the contributions we've excess of $1,000,000 at the close of attended (at their own expense) national received in anticipation of events to 1998 - taxpayers are paying this bill. meetings of the American Association of come. Based on the government's resis­ Physical Anthropologists, the Northwest tance and stonewalling during the past On August 3, 1999, plaintiffs' counsel Archeology Society, the Association of three years, we do not anticipate a filed a motion asking the Court to either Oregon Archaeologists, and the Oregon speedy resolution of this case. We are (a) order the government to reach an Archeology Society. In addition, we preparing to assist in these ways: immediate decision on whether plaintiffs attended the Senate Subcommittee on • To support future travel related to the will be allowed to study the skeleton, or Indian Affairs hearing on NAGPRA in case. To date, travel expenses have (b) in the alternative, rule that the govern­ Washington DC (April, 1999) and the been paid for by the individual plaintiffs ment's delays in addressing this question NAGPRA Review Committee public hear­ and other scientific experts. For constitute a denial of plaintiffs' study ings in Portland, Oregon (December, 1998) example, in 1998 Dr. Douglas Owsley request. If the Court decides that the gov­ and Silver Spring, Maryland (May, 1999) paid for three trips to Portland, Oregon,

20 from Washington D.C. in less than six to the case under the discovery process • Identifying at least one sponsor. months, including airfare, hotel, and and the Freedom of Information Act, food. The purpose of these trips was to they also pass along the cost of repro­ • Identifying writers with a science back­ testify in the May, 1998 hearing; to par­ ducing these documents. In addition, ground to write articles for publication ticipate in a June 1998 mediation ses­ significant efforts will continue to gather on our website and in other media sion with the government; and to a wide range of scientific information as conduct the independent, court- the plaintiffs' attorneys prepare for the • Creating an educational video ordered inventory of the skeleton while case. While we can freely donate our it was stored in Richland, Washington time to assist in the case, the out-of- • Increasing public awareness of the in October, 1998. Dr. Thomas Stafford, pocket expenses continue. issues raised by the Kennewick Man geochemist from Boulder, Colorado, lawsuit by writing articles, making also testified in May, 1998 and traveled • To support expenses and tests related public presentations, attending confer­ at his own expense. to the study of the skeleton, when per­ ences and public hearings, and other mission is granted. We continue to be similar efforts. The eight plaintiffs live in Arizona, Ten­ optimistic that permission to study will nessee, Texas, Michigan, the Wash­ be granted. Our goal is to provide Thank you for your support in making ington D.C. area, Wyoming, and funds to assist scientists to thoroughly our first year a success. We welcome Oregon. Other experts who may be and efficiently conduct their studies your comments and suggestions. called for testimony live in Minnesota, and to make the information available Colorado, New Mexico, and Wash­ to the public in a timely manner. Cleone Hawkinson, President ington. If multiple trips are required for Beth Walton, Secretary Alison Stenger, Treasurer these individuals over the course of the Our goals for the coming year include: lawsuit, we hope to offer assistance in Alan Schneider, Director as many ways as we can. • Keeping you and the public informed of Editor's Note: our activities and events related to the Winning the "Kennewick Man" case is cru­ To obtain documents and scientific Kennewick Man lawsuit via our website. cial to future studies of important archaeo­ publications needed to prepare for the logical discoveries. We encourage all our case. Although the various agencies are • Expanding our network of contributors members to send a few dollars for this required to disclose information related and supporters. project. It is a case which must be won!

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21 FOUR SLATE GORGETS by Chris Helman 313 Bellaire Drive Fairborn, Ohio 45324

The accompanying color plate An Adena expanded center gorget of Ohio. Bottom is a banded slate 5 inch shows four gorgets from my collec­ banded slate. It is 5H inches long and Hopewell gorget from Montgomery tion. Top to bottom: a banded slate is from Richland County, Ohio. Next County, Ohio. Adena quadriconcave gorget, 4 is an elliptical Glacial Kame gorget of inches from southwestern Michigan. banded slate from Cuyahoga County,

22 INDIANA GREEN CHERT by Tony DeRegnaucourt Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum 106 North Street Arcanum, Ohio 45304

Indiana Green or Attica chert is one of Ridge can also be mistaken for this stone, Rice Concave Base points; the Thebes Tra­ the most colorful and distinctive materials but these cherts all lack the unique dition, Dovetail and Thebes points; and the found in western Ohio of which prehistoric banding and grainy appearance of Indiana Bifurcate Tradition, usually Kanawha, Mac- artifacts are made. It outcrops in north­ Green (DeRegnaucourt and Georgiady Corkle and Buzzard Roost Creek points western Indiana along the Wabash River in 1998:97). Indiana Green chert occasionally (DeRegnaucourt 1992 and 1997). Tippecanoe, Carroll, Warren, and Fountain has small fossils and geodes or vugs in it. Distribution of Indiana Green artifacts in Counties and also along Sugar Creek in This chert knaps much better than its Ohio is limited to Darke, Champaign, Boone and Montgomery Counties, Indiana appearance may suggest. The material's Preble, Mercer, Miami, Shelby and Clark (DeRegnaucourt and Georgiady 1998:96) slightly coarse texture belies its homo­ Counties. Most of the artifacts made of this Indiana Green is found as irregularly geneity and conchoidal fracture patterns. material are understandably found along imbedded chunks of tabular chert in the Indiana Green artifacts and debitage are the Wabash River and its tributaries in the Edwardsville Formation of the Borden not found in abundance in western Ohio, Mercer and Darke Counties, Ohio. It is also Group, Valmeyeran Series of the Mississip- but they are found in local collections inter­ found along the Whitewater, Twin Creek pian Period (Tankersley 1989 and DeReg­ mittently. Virtually all of the specimens and Upper Great Miami River drainages of naucourt and Georgiady 1998). This chert seen by this author in the last 25 years in Preble, Darke, Miami and Clark Counties is characterized as a grainy and coarse western Ohio can be attributed to the Early (DeRegnaucourt 1983 and 1997). Other textured material that usually is banded in Archaic Period. Within a 30-mile radius or examples have been reported from sur­ medium to dark green interspersed with so of the primary Indiana Green chert out- rounding counties, but they are rare. white stripes, hence its name. Other colors croppings along the Wabash River all time Virtually all artifacts found manufactured that occur in this chert are cream, purple, periods of artifacts are found ranging from of Indiana Green in Ohio belong to the light green, and dark green. It sometimes Paleo-lndian to Late Woodland. However, early Archaic Period with the rare excep­ is heat-treated and can become red. outside of that area, artifacts made of tion of a few Clovis and Agate Basin points The distinctive banded appearance is Indiana Green belong exclusively to the of the Paleo-lndian Stage. Consequently, if most diagnostic and this chert is rarely Paleo-lndian and Early Archaic Periods debitage of this material is found on a pre­ mistaken for any other kind of material. with no exceptions known thus far. historic site, it has diagnostic value as an Some Muldraugh chert from southern In western Ohio, all artifacts seen made Early Archaic Period marker from about Indiana and northern Kentucky can slightly of Indiana Green belong to either the Kirk 8,000 to 6,000 B.C. (DeRegnaucourt 1992 mimic Indiana Green. Rarely a piece of Tradition, usually Palmer corner notched and 1997). This trend of only Early Archaic Fort Payne, Bisher, or even green Flint points with a few Kirk Corner Notched and Period artifacts occurring outside the core area of its outcropping extends to the rest of Indiana and into east-central Illinois. In Illinois, Paleo-lndian artifacts made of this material are somewhat more abundant along the Wabash and Kankakee River drainages. Other artifacts found in Ohio of this chert included steep edged end- scrapers, knife blades, preforms and drills. These artifacts are all consistent with the Early Archaic Period, or possibly the Paleo-lndian stage. Further research is needed on the distri­ bution of this diagnostic chert material through time and space. This author would like to hear from others who have found Indiana Green artifacts in Ohio, or outside its core area of northwestern Indiana. Acknowledgements are due to Elaine Holzapfel, Dr. David and Mara Cox, Curt Tomak, Doug Mitchell and Tim Weidel for their assistance; and access to collections in the preparation of this paper and research on Indiana Green over the last 25 years.

Figure 1 (DeRegnaucourt) Indiana Green chert.

23 ROGERS MOUND II by Nancy Ford 1620 Highway 268 Lenoir, North Carolina 28645 The Rogers Mound II is located in Troy extended infant, head to the north, on the Nine inches below mound floor, in the Township, Section 23, Athens County, same level. (Photo 3) The adult burials same block, was Burial 7, in a sub-floor Ohio. It is situated on a high hill over­ were fragmentary from the chest up, due pit measuring 21 inches in width and 88 looking the Hocking River, elevation 880 to the intrusive historic burial of an infant. inches in length. The pit was scattered to 960 feet. It is one of five mounds within It was interred in a walnut box measuring with charcoal and ocher throughout. The a sixty acre area. This mound was dam­ 36 inches long, 18 inches wide and 8 sides were of multicolored clay and the aged due to plowing and farm opera­ inches deep, and held together with burial was resting on a yellow shale floor. tions, and its existence in question at the square nails. (Photo 4) There were signs in the surrounding red time of excavation. (Photo 1) At twelve inches below sod, in the first clay floor of intense heat. The burial was The excavation was done by Ernest block northwest of center was a clay cov­ that of an extended, aged male with Sutton and Thelma Queen. It began July ering of three to four inches at center, to ankles crossed, head to the north, facing 19, 1966 and was completed September one half inch on edges. Calcium nodules west, with the lower jaw facing upward. A 7, 1966. North/South and East/West axes were throughout the clay. It covered four great abundance of red ocher covered divided the area into four quadrants, and one half feet of the the five foot the lower leg area and a semicircle of which was then divided into five foot block. No known association could be ocher surrounded the head area. On the blocks to the circumference. It was then made with any burials. left side of the skull in the area of the ear, staked and plotted on graph paper. This In the first block northeast of center, at rested a sandstone rock, three inches in mound covered approximately 25 feet, fourteen inches below sod, Burial 4 was diameter. The skull was smashed to the and the datum point was 45 inches. found. (Photo 5) It was an extended infant form of the rock. An Adena spearpoint, 8 cm long and 3^o cm wide, of black flint The mound contained four extended burial, head to the west, accompanied by was immediately to the east of the skull. burials, one semi-flexed burial, two two infant bundle burials, Burials 5 and 6, (Photo 6) bundle burials, three crematory pits, one twelve inches to the south of Burial 4, intrusive burial, and five postmolds. and 33 inches apart. No grave goods Three crematory pits were also found. (Figure 1) The mound fill contained one accompanied the bundle burials. In the All contained small burned rocks and arrowhead, one arrowhead base, right hand of the extended burial was a teeth fragments. One, measuring 32 numerous burned small sandstone rocks, tubular pipe measuring 9.3 cm long, inches in diameter and 16 inches in two deer teeth, numerous deer bones diameter o the small end 1.8 cm, and the depth, in the second block west of the and bone fragments, hematite nodules, large end 2.2 cm, the small aperture North/South line, contained 100+ small charcoal, one clam shell, flint and quartz diameter was .7 cm and the large aper­ sandstone rocks, up to six inches in size, chips, and one piece of worked hematite. ture was 1.5 cm. Six inches from the life burned heavily. One hammerstone, one Also, in the mound fill was a rectangular side of pelvic bone was an oval shaped four and one half inch sandstone rock sandstone tablet, 8.9 cm long, 5.2 cm skull bowl with edges ground, 10.5 cm worked on all sides, eight pieces of wide and .8 cm thick. Abrasion marks long and 8 cm wide. Between the feet Adena plain pottery and three pieces of were on all sides and one face. No was an oval skull gorget, 10 cm long and deer antler were also found. It was at the grooves were present. 7 cm wide, with one hole in each of the same level of Burials 1, 2, and 3. No arti­ In the first block southwest of center, long ends. Under the left femur, near the facts were found in the other crematories. at nine inches below sod, Burial 1 and pelvis was a bone pin, well ground and Five postmolds were found at various Burial 2 were located. (Photo 2) Burial 1, polished, 14 cm long, the base end mea­ locations. Charcoal and burned sand­ an extended adult male, head to the suring .5 cm, with an incised ring .4 cm stone rocks were in and around these southeast. Burial 2, a semi-flexed adult from the base end. At three inches south molds. The depth measurements varied female directly beside, and northeast of of the feet were two bone awls, side by from 11 inches to 15 inches, and diam­ Burial 2, her head to the southeast. Her side, ground to points, measuring 13.5 eter from nine inches to 16 inches. No right leg rested over the legs of the male cm in length, and 13 cm in length. Above pattern could be discerned. burial, and her left hand beneath the hip the head of the extended infant burial, on The artifacts from Burials 4 and 7 were of the male. The only item found in asso­ the same level, one Fayette thick cord- loaned to Campus Martius Museum in ciation with these burials was one deer marked pottery sherd, and one Adena Marietta, Ohio in 1967. (Photo 7) These arti­ leg bone, southwest of the fibula of Burial plain sherd, several deer bones, two shell facts were transferred to the Ohio Historical 1. Although, one hammerstone and fragments, one worked to a smooth Society sometime between 1989 and 1995. numerous deer bone fragments were edge, and several small snail shells were Their current location is unknown. found on the same level. At the feet of found. Large quantities of red ocher cov­ these burials was located Burial 3, an ered these burials.

?A H

TT*. ^HllMtMM*1 itsaMm

it

w OO 0 •L n E

k •- 0 O 0 I 0

llHLHHal^eVa •.flfrm* Phofo 7 (Ford,) Rogers Mound II as it appeared in 1966. * S-fEMfoiNT () uxm6tyrtr 1 1 PtfflWUP 0 ftoOKPUH EXTENKD EVWAL 5 F0fc£F6 MOvNPII 1 ( } M Figure 1 (Ford) Floor plan of C ar^ Rogers Mound II.

Photo 4 (Ford) A historic infant burial which Photo 2 (Ford) Burials 1 and 2. intruded through mound burials.

25 Photo 6 (Ford) Burial 7

MOUND NO 2 .• • t* * Photo 5 (Ford) Burial 4 at the Rogers II mound. jk ft • • A f *

Photo 8 (Ford) Artifacts from the excavation.

Photo 7 (Ford) Artifacts loaned to Campus Martius Museum. Photo 9 (Ford) General view of the excavation.

26 "NO SATISFACTION" - THE HOLMES BROTHERS, THE MORAVIAN MASSACRE, AND OTHER BORDER FORAYS by Cyndie Gerken and Jeff Carskadden Zanesville, Ohio

Harrison County, Ohio resident Joseph Camp Charlotte in southern Ohio during point on he had a fairly peaceful and Holmes (1771-1868) was a veteran of the Dunmore's War, and died three years uneventful life, residing on his farm in War of 1812, helped build Fort Meigs, and later on a British prison ship after being Short Creek Township until his death on participated with his older brother Jacob captured at the Battle of Brandywine. The April 20th, 1868, at age 97 years. His life (1768-1841) in a number of cross-border three sons of Obadiah who are the focus was interrupted, however, on one brief forays into the Ohio country during the of this article are Joseph and his brothers occasion in October 1863 when noted Indian wars of the 1790s. Joseph and Jacob and Obadiah Jr. historian Lyman C. Draper of the State Jacob had an older brother Obadiah Jr. Historical Society of Wisconsin paid him a (1760-1834) who was present at the Joseph Holmes visit. For nearly five decades (1840s Moravian massacre at Gnadenhutten in Joseph Holmes was born in Mecklen­ through the 1880s) Draper collected bio­ 1782. Joseph Holmes was also the burg (now Shepherdstown), Jefferson graphical data on many of the first settlers grandfather of the famous Smithsonian County, Virginia (now West Virginia) on in the Ohio Valley and recorded their rem­ archaeologist William Henry Holmes January 27, 1771. Little is known of his iniscences about early life on the frontier. (1846-1933), and the 5th-great grandfa­ early life, but he presumably spent much He obtained this information by corre­ ther of the senior author of this article of his time helping his father and brothers sponding with and/or personally inter­ (Cyndie Gerken). In the following pages on the farm near Wellsburg. In the sum­ viewing the pioneers themselves (many of we will present information, much of it mers of 1792, 1793, and 1794 he served whom were in their 80s and 90s) or their previously unpublished, on the Holmes at a blockhouse near Wheeling, having descendants. Draper's manuscript collec­ family of Harrison County, the massacre, been drafted for three month stints. In the tion, the result of this research, includes and other border skirmishes. early 1790s he and an older brother nearly 500 volumes, recently copied onto Jacob (1768-1841) were on several 123 reels of microfilm (Harper 1983). The Holmes Family scouting forays into the upper Musk­ Nearly all major libraries in the Midwest, Much genealogical research has been ingum Valley with Samuel Brady and including the Ohio Historical Society, done on the early Holmes family in Lewis Wetzel. have microfilm copies of the Draper col­ America because Rev. Obadiah Holmes In 1797 Joseph settled in what would lection. Draper's interview with Joseph (1606-1682), the first of the family to emi­ become Mount Pleasant Township, Jef­ Holmes can be found on the reel entitled grate from Europe (and the first of many ferson County, Ohio (Hunter 1900). He lost "Draper's Notes 19 S," and much of it is family members in America to be named this tract in a lottery when the area was reproduced later in this present article. Obadiah), was the 5th-great grandfather officially opened for settlement, however, of President Abraham Lincoln (see for and returned to West Virginia for a brief Obadiah Holmes Jr. and Jacob Holmes example Holmes 1915; Noel 1983). Oba­ period. He married Sarah McNabb (1783- Less is known regarding the life of diah emigrated from England to Salem, 1862) of Shepherdstown, West Virginia in Joseph Holmes' two older brothers, Oba­ Massachusetts in 1638. He eventually 1799 and resettled in Short Creek Town­ diah Jr. and Jacob. Obadiah Jr. was born moved to Newport, Rhode Island, where ship, Harrison County, Ohio in 1801. They September 8, 1760 on Staten Island, New in 1652 he became only the second min­ had eleven children, the last nine or ten York, at some point married Jane ister of the first Baptist Church in born on their Harrison County farm. Their Richardson (1764-1820), and died June 5, America. Obadiah had 10 children, and third child, Elizabeth (1802-1851), was the 1834 at the home of one of his sons in the ancestor of the Holmes family in Har­ senior author's 4th great grandmother. Pittsburgh. He spent most of his adult life rison County was Obadiah's son Joseph was one of the earliest settlers on his farm near Woodville in Allegheny Jonathan Holmes. (President Lincoln's in Harrison County (Caldwell 1875:8), and County (formerly part of Washington ancestor was Jonathan's sister Lidiah.) his farm was located in section 25, two County), Pennsylvania and raised ten Jonathan Holmes (1633-1713) was one of miles west of Georgetown. This area was daughters and two sons. The sons the founders of Middletown, New Jersey, strip mined in the early 1980s. His wife became noted Pittsburgh physicians. It where many of his descendants still Sarah McNabb was the daughter of was Obadiah Jr., however, who was at reside today. Jonathan's great-grandson, George McNabb and Martha Shepherd. the Moravian massacre in March of 1782 also named Obadiah (1728-1794), The Shepherd family also has a long and and survived Crawford's ill-fated cam­ migrated westward from New Jersey in interesting history in the upper Ohio paign later that same year. What we know 1768 and by the fall of 1775 he and his Valley. Martha Shepherd's brother, Col. of these exploits was related to Draper by family were residing on Chartiers Creek, David Shepherd, for example, com­ his brother Joseph. Draper did not inter­ two and a half miles from Washington, manded Fort Henry during the 1777 view Obadiah Jr. personally; Obadiah Jr. Pennsylvania. After several brief stops at siege, and also participated in Brod- had died about five or six years before other locations, the family finally settled head's Coshocton campaign in 1781 Draper began his research. on a farm along the Ohio River in Brooke (Thwaites and Kellogg 1908). Jacob Holmes was born December 8, County, now West Virginia, two miles In 1810 Joseph Holmes was elected 1768 in Rockingham County, Virginia. He southeast of Wellsburg. Here Obadiah captain of a company of 84 men in Col. moved with the family to the Panhandle resided until his death in 1794. Anderson's regiment of Ohio militia. In the area in 1770 and in 1790 he married Eliza­ Obadiah Holmes had seven sons and War of 1812 Joseph served for a six beth Huff (1772-1857). Elizabeth's mother two daughters born over a twenty year month stint ending March 1813. During was Hanna Doddridge Huff, whose span (1756-1776). All but the youngest this period he helped construct Fort brother John Doddridge was the father of son (born in 1776) played significant roles Meigs. In 1814 he was promoted to the famous historian Joseph Doddridge, in the Revolution or the Indian wars of the rank of colonel in the 3rd Ohio Infantry, author of Notes on the Settlement and 1780s and 1790s. The oldest son John, and served in the Ohio Senate for one 2- Indian Wars of the Western Parts of Vir­ for example, was with Lord Dunmore at year term from 1832 to 1834. From that ginia and Pennsylvania (first published in

27 1824). Elizabeth's younger brother John Williamson arrived at the Moravian mis­ at least one of the perpetrators later com­ Huff was murdered during a Indian raid in sion town of Gnadenhutten along the mitted suicide. To our knowledge, Farrar's 1791 near Wellsburg, an event that further Tuscarawas River in eastern Ohio. list of names was never published, and it contributed to the Huff family's well- Although the Christian Indian converts is not known if the name Obadiah Holmes known hatred of Indians. and their missionaries had been forced to Jr. was on it. The most extensive list of In addition to the mention of Jacob abandon their towns along the Tus­ participants can be found in the Pennsyl­ Holmes in Draper's interview with his carawas over the previous winter and vania Archives (6th series, volume 2). brother Joseph, and several other short move to the Sandusky area, a group of Listed here are six officers (including passages in the Draper manuscript col­ former residents had been allowed to Williamson) and 59 privates that were lection, some of what we know about return to recover unharvested corn as reportedly on "Williamson's Expedition" to Jacob Holmes' frontier adventures can be well as kettles and other items that they Gnadenhutten. These names could repre­ found in his wife's obituary, which had hidden. Unfortunately for these hap­ sent only 40% to as much as 75% of appeared in Crosby's Annual Obituary less Indians, Williamson's men arrived on Williamson's force, depending on whose Notices for 1857. One of Jacob's grand­ the very day they were preparing to return estimate one uses for the total number of daughters also supplied Holmes family to Sandusky. participants. Obadiah Holmes Jr.'s name historian J.T. Holmes with additional The Pennsylvanians found pewter does not appear on this list, but he is information on this branch of the family. plates, cups, tea kettles, branded horses, listed as a participant in Doddridge We know that shortly after he was mar­ and other items thought to have been (1912:201) and in the Draper manuscripts. ried, Jacob was one of 15 hunters hired by recently stolen from the settlements. They Eighteen of Williamson's men (some the French residents of Gallipolis, Ohio to also found a hat and hunting shirt that had say 16) are said to have voted against supply the settlement with meat. After belonged to Hugh Cameron, who had murdering the Indians, opting instead to serving six months in this capacity, he par­ been recently killed by Indians about three take them as prisoners back to Fort Pitt. ticipated in the Beaver Blockhouse expedi­ miles below Wheeling, and a bloodied These 18 men were out-voted, however, tion (discussed below), which was his first dress thought to have belonged to Mrs. and reportedly left the scene before the reported encounter with Indians. Jacob Robert Wallace, who had recently been murders occurred. One account states served off and on for the next five years, taken from her home in Washington that the 18 were not allowed to leave, but until the Treaty of Greenville was signed, as County, Pennsylvania. A war party had did go to a spot on the river bank out of a ranger and spy for the frontier settle­ passed through Gnadenhutten on their sight of the proceedings; they could still ments along the east side of the Ohio River. way back from the settlements and had hear the screams of the victims, how­ According to the Draper manuscripts, traded the shirt, dress and other items for ever. According to Loskiel's history Jacob, along with George Carpenter, food. According to some historians, it was (1794:176), these men ". . . wrung their Joseph Washburn, and Joseph Edgington, the discovery of the dress in particular that hands, calling God to witness, that they spent many a watchful night under shelving precipitated the murder by Williamson and were innocent of the blood of these rocks along Indian Short Creek in Jefferson his men of 90 Christian Indians and six harmless Christian Indians." and Harrison counties. According to her "heathen Indians" who had been visiting According to a published Holmes family obituary, during Jacob's long absences friends at the mission. Other writers have history (J.T. Holmes 1915; see also Dod­ from home, his wife Elizabeth: stated that the sole purpose of the expedi­ dridge 1912), one of the 18 men who . . . Lived alone in a log cabin, one tion from its inception was to murder the refused to participate in the killings was mile from the [Ohio] river, which she Indians. In any case, of the Christian Obadiah Holmes Jr. That Obadiah Jr. was fortified every night as well as she Indian victims there were 29 men, 27 present at the Moravian massacre is veri­ could, and taking her trusty rifle by women, and 34 children killed. Two Indian fied in Lyman Draper's 1863 interview her side, blowing out the lights, boys escaped, returned to Sandusky, and with his brother Joseph Holmes. The rele­ went to bed, expecting to be related what had happened. According to vant passages from the interview are aroused at any hour by the shrill missionary John Heckewelder, an eight reproduced below. Joseph was only whoop of the Indians, the sound of year old boy named Benjamin was saved eleven years old at the time of the mas­ which left but one alternative - fight "by an humane White Man" and taken sacre, however, so it could have been or die . . . The almost daily incur­ back to the settlements (Heckewelder many years before Obadiah and Joseph sions of savages made it a life of 1820:429). As we will discuss below, there discussed the incident. extreme peril. Taking her children is some question as to the validity of the In 1781, a party went to the Moravian with her daily into the field and also Benjamin story. Indian towns [along the Tuscarawas her rifle on her shoulder, she pre­ It will probably never be known how River], and expected to have found formed the double task of laborer many Pennsylvanians participated in the and brought in a large number - and a sentinel. massacre; for obvious reasons many found only seven, brought them in, Jacob Holmes and his wife moved would later deny they were there. Esti­ and after a while liberated them. across the river and settled on Short mates of the size of Williamson's party Creek near what is now Adena, Jefferson range from 85 or 90 to as many as 160. In March, 1782, Williamson went out County, Ohio in 1796. Jacob became an Historian William Farrar (1895), who grew again - found a large number - and ordained minister of the Methodist Epis­ up in the area where the raid was con­ in towns found some clothing of per­ copal Church, and in 1803 the first ceived and spent forty years researching sons murdered - one Nathan Rollins Methodist church in the Northwest Terri­ the event, was able to compile a list of and brother had a father and uncle tory was built on his land; it was called only about 30 names of men who he had killed [and] took the lead in mur­ the Holmes Meeting House. By 1839, reason to believe participated. He com­ dering the Indians, and Williamson however, the family was residing two mented that many of the relatives of the was opposed to it; and Nathan miles north of Kenton in Hardin County, participants were unaware that their family Rollins had tomahawked nineteen of Ohio. Jacob died there two years later. It members were ever with Williamson; the the poor Moravians, and after it was is known that Jacob and his wife Eliza­ events were rarely discussed and over the over he sat down and cried, and said beth had six sons and three daughters. years only a few details leaked out. One it was no satisfaction for the loss of reason was the fear of legal reprisals from his father and uncle after all. - So related Holmes Jr. who was there - The Moravian Massacre the military authorities at Fort Pitt. Others who was out on both Moravian cam­ On March 7th, 1782 a party of heavily- came to realize the enormity of the crime paigns and Crawford's. armed Pennsylvanians led by Col. David they had committed and were ashamed;

?8 Holmes family historian J.T. Holmes Don't remember about the traders and McMahon told his men, that goes on to write that Obadiah Jr. was not there: Indians made headquarters Wayne [General Anthony Wayne] only one of the men who refused to par­ there - traded at Pitt [Pittsburgh] - had promised if they would catch an ticipate in the murders, but also that it and would go and do mischief steal Indian and bring him into Wayne was Obadiah Jr. who rescued the Indian horses, and they determined to rout alive he would give three hundred boy Benjamin at some peril to his own them out. dollars reward and McMahon said if life. The boy was reportedly taken back to the men would take a prisoner, the the Holmes family farm in Pennsylvania, On return Baldwin Parsons, who reward should be divided amongst where he resided for the next ten years. then lived in what is now Brooke them. Then picked out six of the "Then the wanderlust came over him and County [West Virginia], on the ridge largest and strongest to go ahead he disappeared, presumably returning to some six miles back from the Ohio and jump on the Indians and hold his own people" (J.T Holmes in Dod­ River, gave a large party plenty of them while the others were to creep dridge 1912:201-203). roast wild turkeys and bread, and up and assist; - crawled to within One would think that the story of Ben­ whiskey for supper - and a night two rods of the camp, and when jamin would have some credibility, origi­ frolic of dancing - fifty or sixty gath­ Indians in first, then jump on them. nally coming as it did from missionary ered - and the affair closed up next Indians (four in number) had been John Heckewelder's early published forenoon with a fight. [Samuel] singing and laughing till quite late account of the massacre (Heckewelder Brady was not there - Frank before they laid down and one 1820). Although a few historians have McGuire was there. Parsons had seemed to be grunting as though repeated Heckewelder's story regarding previously been against Indians - on somewhat ill: This latter Indian got Benjamin (for example Mitchener Crawford's campaign [May 1782]: up about midnight and stirred up the 1876:163; Crumrine 1882:108; Doddridge he moved over the Ohio to Short fire - and orders from McMahon 1912:202), most of those who have written Creek - built a mill - and died there. whispered around to fall back, and about the massacre do not mention it. In He was a very large man - six feet crawled back down forty or fifty fact, historian Consul Willshire Butterfield and two inches, with heavy frame - steps; and gave up the idea of has stated in a footnote in his History of got to weigh over 250 pounds. catching them, await till daybreak the Girtys that the story "has long since and fire on the camp: Still drizzled - been proven erroneous" (1890:116). There McMahon's Owl Creek Expedition -1792 as day was break, whites began to was a child named Benjamin listed among The following is an account of a skir­ surround and take their places - the "names of martyrs" killed at Gnaden­ mish with the Indians that took place at Bukey and Joseph Holmes under the hutten (Farrar 1895:299; Oerter 1932:55), the mouth of Owl Creek, present-day bank of Owl Creek [Kokosing River] although there would have been no way of Kokosing River, in western Coshocton just at its mouth on northern side identifying him specifically among the County, Ohio. behind a large fallen tree - with charred remains of the victims. The mis­ Thinks Brady was not along. Ki orders for none to fire till McMahon sionaries could have presumed he was Bukey was one of the spies - did so: The sick Indian came outside killed because he was not among those Thomas Edgington and Thomas and squatted near where William who returned to the Sandusky area after Harper were also spies. No Wetzels Morrison was posted behind a sugar the massacre. Because of the absence of along as remembered. Started from tree - he had had a sister killed a documentation on either side of the argu­ Old Mingo Bottom - on to Little Still­ year or two before on Short Creek ment, we have been unable to reach a water, stopped there a day or two to and he felt a spirit of revenge, got on consensus regarding the validity of the get a supply of meat. Then went on his knee and took aim - an Indian Benjamin story. over the Tuscarawas, camped below heard something and turned and Gnadenhutten. There divided the exclaimed "Swannock!" [or Swan- The Beaver Blockhouse Expedition -1791 men - McMahon took eight men - neek] "white men", when Morrison's In the interview with Draper, Joseph Lt. Biggs eight, and Thomas Edg­ ball passed through his body, and he Holmes related several other stories of ington, an old spy, eight - and pitched forward dead: The other border forays in which he and his brother started - McMahon aimed for White three Indians jumped and ran for the Jacob personally participated, and we will woman creek - Biggs up Tomika creek, within a few feet of Bukey and reproduce the more interesting ones [Wakatomika Creek in northwestern Holmes - Bukey shot one as he below. The first is the Beaver Blockhouse Muskingum County], and Edgington reached the edge of the water - expedition. This blockhouse was built by up Sugar Creek; but on top of river Holmes and several others shot Pittsburgh traders around 1791 at the hill of White woman, McMahon sent another in the creek, as he plunged mouth of the Beaver River (near present- out two spies, who at the bottom of in one direction and then another to day Beaver, Pennsylvania) and was used the hill discovered an Indian camp, prevent being shot at, but he was to store clothing, ammunition, and with five still, where Indians had had killed, and sank in the water about whiskey for the Indian trade. Settlers far­ a fall hunting camp, and had only three feet deep - while the fourth, ther down the Ohio River felt this was a left that day; reporting this, George Girty, a son of old white rendezvous point for hostile war parties. McMahon and Biggs parties united George Girty, wade out to get Joseph Williams, William Williams, and went on up the White woman through losing his gun in the creek - Baldwin Parsons, Joseph and and camped that night close by - with nothing on but his breech cloth Jacob Holmes, Joseph McGuire, and next day went up the river, all - (Nov. 19th) - and as he got over William Huff and others: On foot - day: Could hear the Indians once and emerged, slapped his posteriors with blanket fastened on his back, and a while in the afternoon shoot - in derision and escaped - Got out some bread and flour and meat - heavy storm just before sundown, the Indian sunk - took three scalps - took up round the heads of Yellow from a heavy black cloud - heard three fine horses, two of them Creek, Little Beaver - No signs [of shooting after the rain was over, very reclaimed which had been stolen the Indians] till they got on towards dark, and probably striking fire; men week or so before - twenty deer Beaver - William Williams and kept up hunting - very wet grass and skins, three other skins - three guns: another shot one Indian - can't some drizzling - and about nine It was a very foggy that morning after remember particulars: Got three or o'clock discovered the Indian fire - the night's rain, and it was thought it four horses - not certain about it. men went within some twenty rods turned out as well that Morrison

29 brought on the fight as he did - no some savory parts and filled their Doddridge, Joseph one blamed him for it. Stayed at little camp kettles, and commenced 1912 Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars of the Western Parts of Virginia Indian camp and got breakfast - and cooking it - but they was very and Pennsylvania. Reprint of the 1824 hungry, and commenced cutting off started for home before the streams edition by Ritenour and Lindsey, Pitts­ should rise: The rain turned to snow and eating it before it was fairly burgh, Pennsylvania. by noon - and it was a tedious day, cooked - in fore part of the day - Farrar, William M. soon had it eaten up - and talked many were bemused, as had White- 1895 The Moravian Massacre. Ohio Archaeo­ some about cooking another kettle woman to wade five times that day - logical and Historical Publications 3:276- the wading and wet snow: Did not full; but thought on the whole they 300. The Ohio State Archaeological and stop till night when got beyond had eaten enough, and were Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio. White woman - and made up a large packing up when their dog began to Gnadenhutten Monument Society. fire at the mouth of a run on east growl - when Holmes stepped one 1870 True History of the Massacre of Ninety- side of White woman. Ensign William side and discovered five Indians the Six Christian Indians at Gnadenhutten, Wells had been left with some fifteen same side of the creek and partly in Ohio, March 8th, 1782. Gnadenhutten men on east side of Tuscarawas, their rear - creeping up partly Monument Society, New Philadelphia, nearly opposite Gnadenhutten - shielded by a very large white oak Ohio. uniting with these, all returned: tree - Holmes ran back and got his Harper, Josephine L. Swam the horses over - river Tus­ gun and knapsack and gave the 1983 Guide to the Draper Manuscripts. The carawas high - Solomon Hedges others notice - and all started, and State Historical Society of Wisconsin, rode over one horse and the others Indians pursued: Holmes in the rear, Madison, Wisconsin. followed; Made rafts large enough to when an Indian approached so Heckewelder, John carry three or four men - and hurried near, that he could easily have shot 1820 A Narrative of the Mission of the United Brethren among the Delaware and on home: Took scalps, strung them him - but thought it better to Mohegan Indians from its Commence­ reserve his fire, and not be found in on a pole, raised the scalp halloo as ment in the year 1740 to the close of they crossed the Ohio and marched the rear with an empty gun: Whites the year 1808. (Reprinted 1907 by the through Charlestown, now Wells­ turned up a point to the left (being Burrows Brothers Company, Cleveland, burg [West Virginia], and the entire on the northern side of the creek) - Ohio.) and Indians chased them no farther population turned out to give them a Holmes, J.T. welcome reception. (Samuel Hedges - about half a mile: Indians stopped 1915 The American Family of Rev. Obadiah adds that Ki Bukey was scalp car­ and made a blind - next day a larger Holmes. Privately printed, Columbus, rier.) - Thomas Edgington and party party went from West Liberty - per­ Ohio. made a faithful scout, but made no haps Brady along - went - got in Howe, Henry discoveries, and returned the next the rear of the Indians blind, and the 1857 The Great West. George F. Tuttle, day after McMahon's. One horse, Indians finding the whites too New York. furs, and guns were sold at auction observing and weary, decamped Hunter, W.H. and divided among the eighteen - and escaped. 1900 The Pathfinders of Jefferson County, the deer skins were divided. Took 20 Ohio. Ohio Archaeological and Histor­ ical Publications 8:132-262. The Ohio days provisions, and were gone 19 Concluding Remarks days. State Archaeological and Historical The Holmes family, like so many others, Society, Columbus, Ohio. played a significant role in the opening of Loskiel, George Henry An Adventure on Indian Short Creek eastern Ohio to settlement. The family 1794 History of the Mission of the United The following story relating to Jacob also produced one of America's most Brethren Among the Indians in North Holmes was found in the Draper manu­ noted archaeologists in William Henry America. The Brethren's Society for the script collection (19 S 215), but was not Holmes (see Meltzer and Dunnell 1992). Furtherance of the Gospel, London, part of the Joseph Holmes interview. We Thanks to historian Lyman Draper, as well England. were not able to identify Draper's source as Holmes family genealogists, the var­ Meltzer, David J. and Robert C. Dunnell for this account. "Indian" Short Creek, so ious stories reproduced above have been 1992 The Archaeology of William Henry called because it was on the west or preserved. We hope the readers of the Holmes. Classics of Smithsonian Ohio Archaeologist have enjoyed these Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution Indian side of the Ohio River, enters the Press, Washington, D.C. Ohio River just above Tiltonsville and glimpses into late 18th-century Ohio fron­ tier history. Mitchener, OH. drains portions of southern Jefferson and 1876 Ohio Annals - Historic Events in the southeastern Harrison counties. The writers would like to thank ASO Tuscarawas and Muskingum Valleys Jacob Holmes, Joseph Washburn, members Jeff Brown and Brian DaRe, as and in Other Portions of the State of and John Van Arsdoll were out well as Tiltonsville historian Robert Ohio. Thomas W. Odell, Dayton, Ohio. spying - about '92 or '93 - had Richardson, for their comments on an Noel, Charles A. been on Clear Fork of Stillwater and early draft of this article. Mr. Richardson 1983 The Holmes Tree. Closson Press, onto to Kanotten [Conotton] and up also provided valuable help in locating a Apollo, Pennsylvania. to heads, and over on head of Short number of rare early published references Oerter, Maurice Frederick Creek (had started from Mingo to the Moravian massacre. 1932 A Book of Remembrance - The Bottom - and returned to mouth of Tragedy of Gnadenhuetten. Ohio State Short Creek) - and came to a lick References Archaeological and Historical Society, about half a mile north of Eagletown Columbus, Ohio. Butterfield, Consul Willshire on the middle fork of Short Creek - 1890 History of the Girtys. Robert Clarke and Thwaites, Reuben Gold and there found a deer licking brackish Company, Cincinnati, Ohio. Louis Phelps Kellogg water and picking grass, and Wash­ 1908 The Revolution on the Upper Ohio, Caldwell, J.A. burn shot it - and dragged it down 1775-1777. Wisconsin Historical 1875 Atlas of Harrison County, Ohio. J.A. Society, Madison, Wisconsin. the creek a few rods to a cluster of Caldwell, Condit, Ohio. large sycamore trees, where they Crumrine, Boyd would be screened from observa­ 1882 History of Washington County, Pennsyl­ tion - skinned the deer, and cut out vania. L.H. Everts, Philadelphia.

30 <•< Figure 1 (Gerken and Carskadden) Portrait from an old daguerreotype of Colonel Joseph Holmes, age 92 years (copied from Holmes 1915).

I ii| .1.1'.:-] ill HulilIM

Dunmote'e Wa, Ball), of Diand]rwinF Died In t aollvlty Beaaer Blockhouse Owl Craek War of 1813

Archaeologist Smithsonian Inatllutlon

Daniel Jerome Larson Vaunlla Olen Bow]

Figure 1 (Gerken and Carskadden) Diagram showing the genealogy of the Holmes family.

Figure 1 (Gerken and Carskadden) Diagram showing the genealogy of the Holmes family.

Figure 3 (Gerken and Carskadden) Map of eastern Ohio showing the various places mentioned in this article.

•^ Figure 4 (Gerken and Carskadden) Engraving from Henry Howe's The Great West (1857) depicting the Moravian massacre. According to family tradition, Obadiah Holmes Jr. had just left the scene.

31 ADENA SLATE by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

Six Adena slate pieces from Ohio Adena keyhole pendant found by a bi-concave gorget, 1 mile west of Ft. are shown. Top Row: Trapezoidal Lutheran Minister south of Cardington, St. Clair, Preble county. Adena pen­ pendant, found by Carl Dunn, Eden Morrow Co. prior to 1900. Bottom dant found near Paint Creek bridge, Twp., Seneca Co. in 1937. Adena Row: Adena semi-keeled gorget, Ross County. Quadriconcave, Franklin County. Gothel collection Jefferson Co., Adena

32 A FLUTED POINT SURVEY FOR EASTERN OHIO by Brian DaRe 58561 Sharon Blvd. Rayland, Ohio 43943

Finding a fluted point is possibly the in our state but also motivated many instance, Prufer and Baby (1963) most memorable moment that surface- amateurs to maintain a lifelong interest in reported 473 fluted points with prove­ collecting for artifacts has to offer. These archaeology and make contributions to nance to the county level in Ohio but discoveries are routinely characterized its study on their own. only four were from the six county area by the finder's ability to remember It is unfortunate that survey work was of eastern Ohio (Figure 2) . Seaman and provenance to a specific location in a not uniformly done to include eastern Prufer (1982) increased the count for field and names of friends that witnessed Ohio in the past for whatever the reason. Ohio to 1056 but added only one fluted the find. More times than not, the finder For instance, Prufer did not call for the point to the six county total. This would can also recall the exact position of the extra effort for survey in the heavily dis­ have been from the Hunt Site (Grubb and artifact on the ground when found and sected region of eastern Ohio (Lepper Allen 1979:50) in Belmont County. field conditions on that day. 1985:242). Lepper, who wrote a number Lepper's article (1985:246) made it The sheer magnitude of discovering an of articles on aspects of the Paleoindian apparent that more fluted points were to artifact (Figure 1) that has remained in the toolkit in Ohio for the Ohio Archaeologist be found here. His work increased the run­ ground untouched by another human (1983a; 1983b; 1983c; 1983d; 1984; ning total of fluted points documented in being for perhaps 11,500 years has 1986a), centered his focus on Knox, eastern Ohio from five to twenty (Figure 3). prompted many members of The Archae­ Morrow, and Coshocton County, as Recently, a concerted effort was ological Society of Ohio to record those stated in the Ohio Archaeologist (1983a), started to test the hypothesis, expanded finds. One does not have to search long in because of the constraints of the specific upon by Lepper (1985) but first stated by back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist to research theme that was just outside the Murphy (1975), that lack of survey was see examples of good archaeology being boundaries of the counties in eastern responsible for the scarcity of informa­ done by Society members who fulfilled the Ohio that received the least exposure in tion on the Paleoindian Period in the responsibility that goes with finding the the original surveys. There were some eastern counties of Ohio. Members of artifact. Equally important in my viewpoint who interpreted his appeal to incorporate the Dividing Ridges Chapter of The are those that choose to do the same eastern Ohio and volunteered informa­ Archaeological Society of Ohio, located thing by contributing information with tion to him that made a significant contri­ in eastern Ohio, were contacted and those researching the Paleoindian in the bution to the archaeological record of asked for their help. This resulted in eight hope that it could lead to a better under­ Ohio's earliest inhabitants in their region more fluted points being documented standing of the Paleoindian Period for (Lepper 1985). This article recognizes from eastern Ohio (Figures 5-6). The run­ everyone in the archaeological community. their contribution (Figure 3). ning total now stands at thirty (Figure 4) A fluted point survey for eastern Ohio, In the years following the fluted point which is a 50% increase over the com­ announced by this article for the Ohio surveys not much has been done to get a bined efforts of the prior surveys. The Archaeologist, will follow a format that better grip on the amount of Paleoindian running total has been increased by two will showcase the contributions made by implements deposited on the landscape in to accommodate a fluted point found Society members who found fluted eastern Ohio let alone the types of site during a professional contract survey in points in eastern Ohio (see Figures 5-6). locations where they might be expected. Belmont County (Immel et al 1981:72) By doing so, contributions made by The gains made were primarily done and one found in Jefferson County Society members can be acknowledged through special A.S.O. Chapter publica­ (Mossor 1980). by their peers for their efforts. This may tions trying to show a Paleoindian pres­ The returns shown thus far from help to encourage others to participate in ence in eastern Ohio (Allen 1990; Hen­ eastern Ohio are encouraging consid­ this survey who may have felt that the derson et al 1990). This survey will try to ering that the increase in the total repre­ spirit which was expressed elsewhere in take an important step further by identi­ sents input from only a small fraction of the eastern woodlands of North America fying the artifact's association with a spe­ the Society members that surface-collect by the great surveyors of Paleolithic cific type of site location (Herbstritt 1981) in for artifacts in eastern Ohio. It also implements did not carry over com­ the different physiographic zones present reflects a range of surface-collecting pletely into eastern Ohio in the past. in eastern Ohio (Stout and Lamb 1938). activities by Chapter members that is For instance, both Mayer-Oakes (1955) It is hoped that Society members in somewhat restricted when compared to and Wright (1887) understood the impor­ eastern Ohio will view this commitment the total amount of land available to sur­ tance of information that is in the hands as being symbolic of the 'olive branch' face-collectors in eastern Ohio. of the surface-collector for artifacts. By that has been long overdue. It is also Listed below are some observations, working with the amateur they were able hoped that Society members in eastern not specifically addressed for this region to do more than just add volumes of Ohio will help with information and be by the earlier surveyors, which suggest information on the lives of prehistoric the bridge to knowledge between those that there should be more fluted points peoples. They were able to affect the that left scant traces in their struggle for reported from eastern Ohio: lives of the people whose collections survival 11,500 years ago to the present. (1) The physiographic features in were being researched. They were able The primary reason for this survey is eastern Ohio (Stout and Lamb 1938), to pass on this spirit of cooperation that that much needs to be learned about the taken by themselves, should not have did much more than simply bridge the Paleoindian Period in a six county region been a barrier to Paleoindian movements gap between the professional and ama­ of eastern Ohio that borders Belmont through this region. Although the slope teur to researchers from Ohio (Prufer and County (Figure 2). However, if one were from valley floors to valley rims is gener­ Baby 1963; Seeman and Prufer 1982; to rely on the surveys done for the entire ally steep, once access is made to higher Lepper 1985). These professionals did state it would be easy to conclude that elevations the terrain there is generally a creditable work that not only expanded the Paleoindian avoided the heavily dis­ mix of rolling and flat stretches. This the knowledge of the Paleoindian Period sected counties of eastern Ohio. For would have offered little resistance to

33 either the Paleoindian or the game that Paleoindian Period in eastern Ohio. Brush, Nigel and Richard W. Yerkes they pursued. Society members who found fluted 1996 Microwear Analysis of Chipped Stone Tools from the Martins Creek Until it can be demonstrated that other points in eastern Ohio are asked to help Mastodon Site, Holmes County, Ohio. in this research by either (A) write an factors, including climate conditions, Current Research in the Pleistocene game habitat etc., would not be con­ article with a photograph (see Wright and 13:55-57. ducive to man or beast in this region, it Wright 1998 for nice example) and send Brush, Nigel, Margaret Newman and may be premature to presume that the to the editor of this journal or (B) send a Forrest Smith overall ruggedness of eastern Ohio would note to my address saying how you can 1994 Immunological Analysis of Flint Flakes be a barrier to the Paleoindian, either be reached. from the Martins Creek Mastodon Site. physically or psychologically. I also want to say that fluted points found Current Research in the Pleistocene (2) Fluted points have been found at outside this six county region of eastern 11:16-18. higher elevations in nearby regions that Ohio can be included in an expanding ver­ Carr, Kurt W. 1998 The Early Archaic Period in Pennsyl­ sion. If the counties are not too far away, I would be considered rugged. These vania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist regions include the Rix Mills-High Hill probably can handle that myself or I will 68(2):42-69. Divide (Carskadden, Brown, and Felumlee find someone closer to run the survey. Carskadden, Jeff, Jeff Brown and 1995) in eastern Muskingum County and Gary Felumlee the Hocking Valley area (Murphy 1975). Acknowledgements 1995 Exploring Prehistoric Mounds on the Lantz (1985) reported fluted points from Special thanks to the Dividing Ridges Rix Mills-High Hill Divide: The Archae­ upland camp sites in western Pennsylvania. Chapter of The Archaeological Society of ology of the Wilds and Vicinity, South­ Likewise, Carr (1998:58) shows that some Ohio and its members for help in this eastern Muskingum County, Ohio. The Paleoindian sites in Pennsylvania can be research. Special thanks to Society Muskingum Valley Archaeological Survey, Zanesville, Ohio in cooperation member Dr. Daniel Bartok for help in this expected away from riverine settings with the International Center for the (3) Not all of the physiographic zones in research. A number of other people con­ Preservation of Wild Animals. eastern Ohio (Stout and Lamb 1938) should tributed resource material that was used in Cumberland, Ohio. be considered to be of an upland nature the preparation of this article and I thank Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton and rugged. Those that fall into this cate­ them for their courtesy. These include Dr. 1997 Where the Frolics and War Dances are gory in eastern Ohio are considered to be Bradley T. Lepper from the Ohio Historical Held: The Indian Wars and the Early the favored locations during the Paleoin­ Society, Dr. Nigel Brush from the College of European Exploration and Settlement dian Period elsewhere. For instance, fluted Wooster, Jeff Carskadden from Zanesville, of Muskingum County and Central points have been found close to waterways and Jim Murphy from Columbus. Special Muskingum Valley. The Muskingum in nearby regions of Ohio (Prufer and Baby thanks to Jeff Carskadden for developing Valley Archaeological Survey, Zanesville, Ohio. 1963; Seeman and Prufer 1982; Lepper the maps used in this article. Special thanks to Society member Fred Posgai for Fisher, Daniel C, Bradley T. Lepper and 1986b; Carskadden and Morton 1997; Paul E. Hooge Murphy 1975; Prufer and Pedde 1997; doing the literary search of the back issues 1994 Evidence for Butchery of the Burning Prufer and Wright 1970). Lantz (1985) of the Ohio Archaeologist. A number of Tree Mastodon, in The First Discovery reported a number of Paleoindian sites people, both professionals and amateurs, of America: Archaeological Evidence along Charters Creek in western Pennsyl­ have taken the time to make comments on of the Early Inhabitants of the Ohio Area vania. Carr (1998) calculated that 64% to this article at various stages in its develop­ (pp.43-57), edited by William S. 79% of all known Paleoindian Period sites ment. Their comments have given me the Dancey. The Ohio Archaeological that are associated with the three major chance to make more accurate statements Council, Columbus, Ohio. Forsyth, Jane L. drainage systems in Pennsylvania were at in its preparation. These include Jeb Bowen, Bob Converse, Bradley T. Lepper, 1963 Ice Age Census. Ohio Conservation riverine settings. One of these drainage eu//ef/n27(9):19-19, 31-32. Elaine Holzapfel, Phil Fitzgibbons, Jim systems, the Ohio River, is common to Grubb, Tom and A.J. Allen both western Pennsylvania and eastern Morton, Martha Otto, Jeff Carskadden, Bill 1979 The Hunt Site (33BI16): Part I, Location Ohio with similar physiographic features Pickard, and Fred Posgai. and Flint Artifacts. Ohio Archaeologist present in both regions. Carr (1998:58) fig­ 29(2):47-51. ured that 64% of all Paleoindian sites asso­ REFERENCES Henderson, Charles F., P.E. Pugh, W.W. Smith, ciated with the Ohio River in western Penn­ R.S. Thompson, and T. Brookes Allen, Arthur J. sylvania were at riverine settings. 1990 History of the Aboriginal Explorers Club 1990 Sugarcreek Valley Chapter 25 Year His­ 1956-1990. Aboriginal Explorers Club, In conclusion, it is hoped that this tory 1961-1986. The Archaeological Salem, Ohio. survey, with help from Society members in Society of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. Herbstritt, James T. eastern Ohio, can better assess the degree Barans, Paul J., Philip Cossentino, 1981 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Survey to which the Paleoindian utilized the dif­ Elaine Dowd, Larry L Morris, in Pennsylvania Region II, Southwestern ferent physiographic zones in eastern Garry L Summers, Carl Szafranski, Pennsylvania. Prepared for the Marcia Willaman, and Richard Willaman Ohio. It is also hoped that this research Pennsylvania Historical and 1998 Small Point: Huge Find at Sheriden Museum Commission. can be fine-grained enough to be com­ Cave (33Wy252). Ohio Archaeologist pared with findings from professionals Holzapfel, Elaine 48(3):21. 1994 Mammoths and Mastodons in Ohio. doing important paleoenvironmental Brush, Nigel Ohio Archaeologist 44(4):7-9. reconstruction studies in Ohio (Shane 1997 The Martins Creek Mastodon: An Ice Immel, Elsie A., Julie Kime, and Beula Barkes 1994; Lepper et al 1991) to better under­ Age Story. Holmes County Traveler 1981 Archaeological Investigations of the stand the importance that locations played 9(4): 11-13. Pearsall Site, 33BI37, and a sensitive during the Late Pleistocene. Ultimately, 1998 The Martins Creek Mastodon: An Ice Area for the BEL-148-21.50 Project in these locations along with research done Age Story, Part II. Holmes County Trav- Belmont County, Ohio. Columbus, Ohio by professionals concerning what the e/er10(1):29-31. Historical Society. Submitted to Ohio Paleoindian had for supper (Fisher et al 1999 The Martins Creek Mastodon: an Ice Dept. of Transportation. 1994; Lepper et al 1991; McDonald 1994; Age Story, Part III. Holmes County Lantz, S. Traveler A0(2):18-20. 1985 Distribution of paleoindian Points and Brush 1997; 1998; 1999; Brush and Smith Brush, Nigel and Forrest Smith 1994; Brush and Yerkes 1996; Brush et al Tools from Western Pennsylvania: 1994 The Martins Creek Mastodon: A Pale­ Implications for Regional Differences. 1994; Tankersley 1998; Forsyth 1963; also oindian Butchery Site in Holmes Archaeology of Eastern North America see Barans et al 1998; Holzapfel 1994) will County, Ohio. Current Research in the 12:210-230. give all of us a better understanding of the Pleistocene 11:14-15.

34 Lepper, B.T. 1991 Intestinal contents of a late Pleistocene Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 20(4):259-268. 1983a Reflections on the Distribution of Fluted mastodon from midcontinental North Seeman, M.F. and O.H. Prufer Points in Ohio: Why we may not know America. Quaternary Research 36:120- 1982 An Updated Distribution of Ohio Fluted what we think we know. Ohio Archaeol­ 125. Points. Midcontinental Journal of ogist 33(1):32-35. Mayer-Oakes, W.J. Archaeology 7:155-170. 1983b Ohio Fluted Projectile Points: a prelimi­ 1955 Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley: An Shane, Linda C.K. nary functional analysis. Ohio Archaeol­ Introductory Archaeological Study, 1994 Intensity and Rate of Vegetation and ogist 33(1):42-43. Anthropological Series, No. 2, Annals of Climate Change in the Ohio Region 1983c A paleoindian "Boy Scout Knife." Ohio the Carnegie Museum 34. Between 14,000 and 9,000 14CYR B.P. Archaeologist 33(2):10. McDonald, H. Gregory in The First Discovery of America: 1983d A preliminary report of a mastodon 1994 Late Pleistocene Vertebrate Fauna of Archaeological Evidence of the Early tooth find and a paleoindian site in Ohio: Coinhabitants with Ohio's Pale- Inhabitants of the Ohio area (pp.7-22). Hardian County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeolo­ oindians. in The First Discovery of edited by William S. Dancey. The Ohio gist 33(4):10-13. America, edited by William S. Dancey, Archaeological Council, Columbus, 1984 Ohio fluted projectile points: a prelimi­ pp.23-42, The Ohio Archaeological Ohio. nary functional analysis, Part II. Ohio Council, Columbus, Ohio. Stout, Wilber and G.F. Lamb Archaeologist 34(1):4-12. Mossor, Kenny L. 1938 Physiographic Features of South­ 1985 Effects of Cultivation and Collecting on 1980 A Yellow Creek Fluted Point. Ohio eastern Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Ohio Fluted Point Finds: a Reply to Archaeologist 30(2):41. Science 38(2): 1-35. Seeman and Prufer. Midcontinental Murphy, James L. Tankersley, Kenneth Journal of Archaeology 10(2):241 -260. 1975 An Archeological History of the 1998 Excavations at Sheriden Cave. The 1986a Fluted points as knives, scrapers, and Hocking Valley. Ohio University Press, Ohio Archaeological Council Newsletter other tools: the flexible technology of Athens, Ohio 10(1):6-9. eastern North American Paleo-lndians. Prufer, OH. and R.S. Baby Wright, G.F. Ohio Archaeologist 36(4):26-29. 1963 Paleo-lndians of Ohio. Ohio Historical 1887 The Relation of the Glacial Period to 1986b The Paleoindian occupation of the cen­ Society, Columbus. Archaeology in Ohio. Ohio Archaeolog­ tral Muskingum River basin, Coshocton Prufer, Olaf H. and Sara E. Pedde ical and Historical Society Quarterly County, Ohio. Current Research in the 1997 Welling 1964-1966: Postscript. Ohio 1:174-186. Pleistocene 3:11-13. Archaeologist 47(4):4-6. Wright, Norman and Helen Wright Lepper, B.T., T.A. Frolking, D.C. Fisher, Prufer, Olaf H. and Norman Wright 1998 A Fluted Point Find. Ohio Archaeologist G. Goldstein, D.A. Wymer, J.E. Sanger, 1970 The Welling Site (33Co-2): A Fluted 48(2):32. J.G. Ogden, III, and P.E. Hooge Point Workshop in Coshocton County,

Figure 2 (DaRe) The shaded area represents the coun­ ties in eastern Ohio where a fluted point survey is Figure 1 (DaRe) Scenes such as this one have been experienced by Society members in occurring. The numbers represent the artifacts docu­ the past. Sometimes the fluted points are complete but oftentimes they are not. In both mented by the Prufer and Baby survey (1963). cases they are reminders that Paleoindians were here 11,500 years ago trying their best to survive in a landscape that we would probably find much different than our own. The art­ work represents the first fluted point that I had seen. It was found in Jefferson County by Dr. Daniel Bartok in 1969. The drawing was done by Pam Messinger with coloring done by Bryan Hess.

35 •4 Figure 3 (DaRe) Dr. Bradley T. Lepper (1985) documented 15 fluted points from eastern Ohio as a result of an appeal in the Ohio Archaeologist (1983a). Society members made a sig­ nificant contribution to Pale­ oindian research for the coun­ ties of Noble, Guernsey and Hanison. The running total at the conclusion of his fluted point survey stood at 20.

Figure 4 (DaRe) With help from members of the Dividing Ridges Chapter of The Archaeological Society of Ohio the running total of fluted points documented from eastern Ohio now stands at 30. Gains have been made in the counties of Jefferson, Hanison, Guernsey and Belmont. II j 5 4 5 6 1

9 10 u CM k IN

D

*« 5 6 7 CM 0 IN CM 2^^^^3 I hm IN Figure 5 (DaRe) Fluted points found in eastern Ohio. (A) Harrison County upland saddle site. It is made from Coshocton Black flint and owned by Fig. 6 (DaRe) Fluted points found in eastern Ohio. (A) Belmont County Mike Withers. The landform that the artifact was found on is similar to that upland nose site. This site overlooks the intersection of a creek with noted in western Pennsylvania (Herbstritt 1981). It would be at a low point the Ohio River. It was found at this location by Bill Monahan and is on a ridge between two higher elevations in which the saddle is the divide made form Coshocton Gray flint. (B) Jefferson County terrace site. between the heads of runs flowing in opposite directions. (B) Belmont This site is at the intersection of a run with a creek. It was found at this County upper run intersection site. It was found on a terrace at this loca­ location by Dr. Daniel Bartok and is made from Ten Mile chert. This tion by Eugene A. Brown and is made from Coshocton Gray flint. (C) Bel­ flint outcrops in Green County, Pennsylvania. (C) Guernsey County ter­ mont County upper run intersection site. It was found on a terrace at this race site. This site is at the intersection of two lower runs. It was found location by George Mihalic and is made from Coshocton Black flint. (D) at this location by Mike Withers and is made from Coshocton Gray Belmont County upper run intersection site. It was found on a terrace at flint. (D) Guernsey County upper terrace site. It was found at this creek this location by George Mihalic and is made from Upper Mercer flint. location by John M. Mocic and is made from Coshocton Gray flint.

36 THE LARGE FLINT SPEAR OR KNIFE OF NORTHERN OHIO by Gene R. Edwards Berlin Heights, Ohio At the Hog Creek Show in 1997, Frank Finley and Jim Snider showed up with a collection from Marblehead, Ohio. Having col­ lected this area, I was very interested in the material but short of finances as usual. The material was collected by Mr. Veraka and shown at the Fremont Fair yearly. In the collection was a broken Flint Ridge Chalcedony Knife or Spear 6%" long and 23/." wide with the tip missing. It was a very large piece of flint for this area. In 40 years of surface hunting we only have a few pieces that exceed 4" and 4 or 5 that exceed 6" or more. The area of the find was cleared in the 70's for Marblehead Quarries. It could have been broken at this time. The area was covered with Red Cedar, Hackberry, Swamp Oak and Fern. Being high ground, it would have been ideal for camping, hunting and berry picking. A short distance away was Lake Erie and probably numerous springs in the limestone out- croppings. I feel it is of the Hopewell Time 200 BC 500 AD. Having surface hunted in Nellie, Ohio, with Mark Papa of Lakewood, Ohio we have found similar broken pieces of this type. I understand there have been several whole ones found in this area. After giving much thought we decided to have it restored to 9V long. I don't think this is out of the range of the original piece. I would like to thank Frank Finley and Jim Snider for letting me obtain this fine relic, Mark Papa for taking me to Nellie, Ohio to broaden my knowledge and Sam Speck for the fine job of restoration.

Reference: Ohio Flint Types by Robert N. Converse

Figure 1 (Edwards) Flint Spear or Knife 9'A" long x 3" wide. Marblehead, Ohio, Ottawa Co. THE MCMURRAY MOUND GROUP by D.R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Columbus, Ohio

The McMurray Mound Group (33 FR Mound III, 38.4 feet by 44.7 feet and point, the end of a sandstone tablet/ 61) is another of the unpublished archae­ 2)4 feet high whetstone, partial slate gorget, turtle shell and mussel shell in front of the ological sites that have been profession­ Mounds II and III were 50 yards north of mandible. The tablet and a deer antler ally excavated in Franklin County, Ohio. Mount I and were connected. Three McMurray Adena mounds were laid on a bark layer which sur­ rounded the burial. (including conjoined mounds II and III) A grid of 5 foot squares was staked out Mound II, Burial 2 - were excavated in the summer of 1965 in to establish excavation units for each of a cooperative project sponsored by the the mounds. The method of excavation Re-burial of partial skeletal remains National Park Service and conducted by consisted of trenching in 5 foot to 10 foot of several individuals on a layer of The Ohio Historical Society. OHS Curator widths of varying lengths. All three mounds bark. The remnants consisted of of Archaeology Raymond Baby was the were pitted from previous work by Shipley femurs, tibias, fibulas and other bone lead investigator of the McMurray Exca­ and probably others and there was a cir­ fragments all burned. Scattered vation. He also conducted a number of cular depression 12 feet in diameter from among the remains was charcoal other salvage digs in the area designed prior digging at the center of Mound II. The interspersed with limestone pebbles. to recover as much of the archaeological mound fill consisted of yellow to brown record as possible prior to the creation of loamy soil, yellow gravel, shale and disinte­ Associated diagnostic Adena artifacts the Big Darby Reservoir. Fourteen sites grated limestone. There were numerous with other inhumations were: sandstone were identified and eventually examined bits of charcoal in pockets in each mound. tablets/whetstones, Flint Ridge and under this partnership even though the Mounds I, II and ill contained 28 burials Coshocton stemmed points, flint blades, proposed 4,250 acre Big Darby Dam and which had in several episodes, in addition bone awls, mussel shells, Fayette thick reservoir was never built. A local area to the 6 previously recovered by Shipley. grit-tempered potsherds, damaged/killed collector, Frank Shipley of New Rome, At least 7 inhumations were extended in a quadriconcave gorgets and granite celts. had investigated portions of a number of prone (face down) position, an anomaly A sampling of the finds is shown in the these sites in the 1930's. The McMurray also noted at the nearby Sidner Mound illustrations. Group contained at least 6 burials and a Group (see Ohio Archaeologist Vol. 47, #4). Although no radiocarbons dates from limited number of Adena artifacts The remaining interments consisted of par­ the McMurray Group could be located, including: tial bundle re-burials, several cremations the dominant weak shouldered configura­ 2 bone awls and extended burials on their backs. Sev­ tion of the stemmed points suggests the 1 piece of worked antler eral of the burials were place in sub-floor early and/or middle Adena periods. The an unknown quantity of disk pits. A sampling of individual burial data is dating sequence would be approximately shaped drilled marine shell beads as follows; 400 BC to 200 BC. It should be noted that 2 sandstone disks both the Big and Little Darby Creek flood plains in this area are replete with Adena Flint Ridge flakes Mound I, Burial 2 - 1 split deer bone spatula mounds of the same age in proximity to Interment in a sub-mound floor pit in one another. This location formerly con­ an extended prone position. Burial sit­ tained one of the largest concentrations of The three mounds comprising the uated in an east/west position. McMurray group were situated on a narrow Adena burial mounds in Ohio. Among Male age 19 with 12 artifacts in asso­ other area mounds were the Galbreath, ridge overlooking the east bank of Big ciation including 2 split bone awls, Darby Creek on the Paul McMurray farm, in Montoney, and Cannon Mounds adjacent antler knife, ovoid sandstone whet­ to Big Darby Creek and the Roberts Road Pleasant Township, 1/2 mile west of stone, 2 stemmed Coshocton flint County Road 28 (Georgesville-Harrisburg Mound, Sidner Group and Skunk Hill points and a partial slate quadricon- Group near Little Darby Creek. Road). The location is approximately 6-1/2 cave gorget. miles south of State Route 40. The dimen­ The writer would like to express his grat­ sions of the mounds were as follows: Mound I, Burial 22 - itude to Martha Otto, Curator of Archae­ Interment in an extended position on ology, and The Ohio Historical Society for Mound I, 36.2 feet by 32.8 feet and 2V. its back, torso placed in a northeast/ permission to utilize their files in preparing feet high southwest direction. Found with burial this paper. were pieces of deer/antler/bone, bone Mound II, 37.7 feet by 43.3 feet and awls, a killed flint Ridge stemmed 2% feet high

38 Figure 1 (Gehlbach) Coshocton & Flint Ridge stemmed points Figure 2 (Gehlbach) Coshocton & Flint Ridge and disks from the McMurray Mounds. stemmed points and drill.

Figure 3 (Gehlbach) Fragmentary sandstone & slate quadriconcave Figure 4 (Gehlbach) Granite celt. gorgets.

Figure 5 (Gehlbach) Bone tools.

Figure 6 (Gehlbach) Turtle carapace fragments.

Figure 7 (Gehlbach) Fayette thick pottery sherds.

39 COUNTIES IN OHIO WHERE DUAL-TIPPED POINTS HAVE BEEN FOUND by Claude Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 131 Rockville, Indiana 47872-0131 Recently, I prepared a report on the distribution of Dual-tipped Points in the entire United States (Britt, n.d.). The infor­ mation as to what counties in Ohio have yielded one or more such points is shown here (Fig. 1). This map shows that Dual- tipped Points have been reported for 12 counties. Washington County has yielded two artifacts, both from the same site on the Ohio River. Two other counties also bordering the Ohio River have yielded at least one specimen. It is interesting that most reported discoveries of this rare flint type were in eastern Ohio, while no such points have been reported for Pennsyl­ vania (Fogelman, 1998). However, two Dual-tipped Points are known from states east of Pennsylvania. Data for the preparation of Figure 1 comes from Britt (n.d.), Houston (1998), Stropki (1968), Olenzak (1983), and Zana (1999).

References Britt, Claude Jr. n.d. The distribution of Dual-tipped Points in the United States. In Press: Indian Artifact Magazine. Fogelman, Gary 1998 Written communication to Claude Britt Houston, Paul J. 1998 A Dual-tipped Point from Belmont County. Ohio Archaeologist 48(3): 39. Olenzak, Sig and Bette 1983 Rare Dual-tipped Point. Ohio Archaeol­ ogist 33(2): 17. Stropki, Thomas 1968 Two rare artifact forms. Ohio Archaeol- ogist 18(3):. Zana, Robert 1999 Letter to Claude Britt dated February Figure 1 (Britt) Map showing in black the counties where Dual-tipped Points have been reported in 25,1999. Euclid, Ohio Ohio. Data from Britt (n.d.), Houston (1998), Olenzak (1983), Stropki (1968), and Zana (1999).

A PALEO SQUARE KNIFE by Lloyd Harnishfeger 203 Steiner St. Pandora, Ohio

Hunting along the Blanchard River in Putnam County, Ohio, in May, 1995, I F ^H found the square knife shown in Figure 1. It was in a field which had been flooded but which had yielded many artifacts from this era. The knife is made of white and tan chert. Percussion flaking is evident but there is little pressure retouch. » 1 INCd es Reference 4. n.d. Ohio flint Types, Converse, Fig. 1 (Harnishfeger) 1. pages 16-17 Paleo square knife • i t i li­._,». I. .JU a t 1 In. from Putnam County. 40 ARROWHEADS, NOT POTS by Neil F. Keener PO Box 462 High Rolls, NM 88310

For many years I wanted to find an large rock but on a second pass I discov­ yet I have not been so inclined. I did allow arrowhead. Many people had found them ered that it was a large prehistoric pot (fig. them to examine them and they deter­ but not me. 1). I gathered most of the pieces and put mined that they were around 1,000 to In 1975 I bought a piece of land on the them in a plastic bag. My wife said that I 1,200 years old. They said they had never river near Jemez Springs, New Mexico. I must be careful since there might be more seen pots exactly like them and had no had learned that it had been the site of a pots, but I was sure there were no more. idea of the culture which made them. prehistoric village and I thought that per­ However, about five minutes later I uncov­ Editor's note: The decorated bowl is haps I would find an arrowhead, but no ered the pot shown in figure 2. sometimes called a "spirit bowl" and such luck. I wondered if I should dig up my whole probably is one of several varieties of In 1984 I was leveling off a small plot for 2V2 acre property but of course I never did. black on white Anasazi pottery. a garden using a Cub Cadet garden The University of New Mexico wanted tractor. I unearthed what I thought was a me to donate the pots to them but as of

Figure 1 (Keener) Large undecorated pot from Jemez Springs, New Mexico. Figure 2 (Keener) painted black on white bowl from Jemez Springs.

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

Dear Mr. Converse,

I have been a surface hunter for 20 years and a member of the ASO for 10 years. I don't buy, sell or trade any of my collection and I don't have a problem with anyone who does. I understand that a lot of people who share an interest in collecting aren't able to surface hunt for var­ ious reasons - they don't have the time or their health doesn't allow them or they would rather purchase better pieces as opposed to spending hundreds of hours hunting only to find one with damage. I would rather find damaged pieces than buy them and I would rather spend hours finding a place to hunt since they are hard to find. No-till farming has put a stop to most surface hunting. As a member of the ASO I am increasingly concerned about the events of the recent past. It looks as though the removal of some of our offi­ cers, the problems may or may not have been taken care of. I am not sure. One thing I am sure of is that I want to continue surface hunting and building on what I think is a fine personally found collection. However, there is the recently passed HB-429 law. I want to know what I can do to help change or rescind this law to our satisfaction. Living in Celina and working 3rd shift doesn't always allow me time to attend our meetings in Columbus. I have attended four in the last five years and I had the opportunity to meet you at one meeting and once at the Hog Creek show. It is always a pleasure and I thank you for sharing your knowledge with us, the collectors.

Sincerely, Robert M. Evans 226 E. Forest Celina, OH 45822

Editor's Note: We have contacted our state legislators and have been promised that an amendment exempting private property from the provi­ sions of this bill will soon be introduced. Contact your legislator and tell him or her we want this amendment adopted. The rights of property owners and the rights of collectors are at stake!

41 WHY? by Shawn Place 09606 Place Rd. Wapakoneta, Ohio 45895

Rather than being discarded when the head was broken off, this banded slate birdstone was salvaged by its prehistoric owner. The neck was reworked to resemble a head. A V-shaped notch was cut into the top of the head and tally marks were cut into the dorsal ridge, both sides of the base and across the front and rear of the base. This Clark County, Ohio, birdstone is illustrated in Birdstones of the North American Indian by Townsend. It was originally collected by E.K. Petrie and was later acquired by the late Cameron Parks in 1963. I acquired it from the Parks auc­ tion when his estate was settled. Each time I examine this birdstone I speculate and wonder why this piece was salvaged. What do the tally marks mean? And why so many of them? Was it an heirloom handed down through many generations? Did it belong to a man, a woman or a child? It certainly had value and significance to its owners. Figure 1 (Place) Salvaged Clark County birdstone. REPORT ON TABLE CHARGES FOR STATE MEETINGS It is now one full year since state first show, however, it became an and we are able to stay within our meeting table charges were introduced. acceptable part of the meeting. budget. With the continued support of The purpose of the table charge was to help The Society's costs of doing business our members and vendors we can be defray the rising costs of state meetings. have risen considerably over the past few assured of a good financial position now Unknown to most of our members years and continue to escalate. The net and in the future. Without their coopera­ including our Board of Directors - was result of the table charge and 50/50 raffle tion this goal could not have been that costs averaged more than $2,300 have reduced our costs by nearly 50%. achieved. per meeting - nearly four times the cost The total meeting expense for the period A heartfelt THANK YOU to our mem­ of just a few years ago. The yearly total of from November 1998 to May 1999 was bers and vendors. By supporting your over $9,300 was nearly 20% of the $9,343.76. The net income generated Society in this aspect, you have helped Society's annual budget. To help reduce from the table charges and raffle totaled us to look forward to promoting more these expenses a table charge and 50/50 $4,640.00 or nearly half of our meeting diversified meetings in the future. raffle were proposed. This proposal met costs. with some opposition and a few Board As may be seen from these figures we Gary Kapusta members expressed concern. After the have significantly lowered our expenses Treasurer

The book FORT SALEM ARTIFACT SHOW PREHISTORIC CHERT TYPES OF THE MIDWEST FEBRUARY 6, 2000 is available for $50.00 plus $5.00 postage from Ripley Senior High School UMVARM Museum Information 514-753-6774 106 North Street Arcanum, Ohio 45304

ERRATA The two double crescent bannerstones shown on page 16 of Vol. 49, No. 3 of the Ohio Archaeologist are in the collection of Richard Sisson, Columbus, Ohio.

Article "New Data on the Paleo Crossing Site in Sharon Township, Medina County, Ohio" Volume 49, Number 3 - Line 5, second para­ graph, third column, should read "lists 51 surface finds".

42 DR. OLAF H. PRUFER TO SPEAK AT JANUARY MEETING Dr. Olaf H. Prufer, Professor of Anthropology at Kent State tunity for our members to hear a dynamic speaker who is the University, will be the featured speaker at the January 16th leading expert on Ohio and Midwestern cultures. Meeting of the Archaeological Society of Ohio. Dr. Prufer is one of America's most eminent archaeologists and has written The topic of Dr. Prufer's talk is entitled Forty years in Ohio numerous articles and books. His talk will provide a rare oppor­ Archaeology: A Reckoning.

SUMMER ASO SHOW IN EAST CANTON by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Rd. Stow, OH 44224

A fine summer show was held on As always, there were also many fine Task force and many others added up to Sunday, September 19th at the Fultz displays by ASO members. The collec­ a great show. The Children's Corner run Community Center in East Canton. The tions of Carl Fry, Steve Puttera, Dick by Bob Knotts and the silent auction by show was cosponsored by the Chippewa Stambaugh, Earl Noble, Skeeter Kish, Bill Mitchell, Richard Lee, and Priscilla Fry Valley, Sugar Creek and Cuyahoga Valley Roy Witchey, Chris Darren, Dave Reed, and others were also well done. Chapters. Among the highlights was an Gary Summers and the Noble's Pond extensive display of Woodland artifacts from the Riker's site in Tuscarawas County. The display, compiled by the Sugar Creek Chapter, included many examples of woodland pottery, triangle points, bone tools, and even some organic material such as the centuries old remains of ears of corn. Additionally, there was an outstanding display of colonial artifacts put on by the Friends of Fort Laurens Foundation. The display included artifacts from a site in Newcomerstown and the Fort Laurens area. Musket balls, iron fasteners, gun parts, axe heads, buttons, copper arrow tips and photos of excavations around Fort Laurens — Ohio's only Revolutionary War fort — were presented. Flint knapper Mike Miller, an archae­ ology student from Louisville, Ohio, made points out of brown, clear and green glass, and — in a stunning display of how the stone age truly can meet the com­ puter age — a shimmering green, pearl­ like point made of fiber optic. Also there was a unique collection of Florida points put on by Rick Schwardt of Plant City, Florida. Many of these fairly large blades (4" or more), were mostly found in the river bottoms and were made from a coral material with translucent colors that rivaled those of Flint Ridge. He also displayed a group of mastodon and mammoth teeth found in the central Florida area. Figure 1 (Rusnak) Colonial Artifact Display.

Back Cover: A cache of six Red Ocher blades from the collection of Richard Sisson, Columbus, Ohio. Made of Indiana hornstone and covered with red ocher, they were found in Whitley County, Indiana, and were originally collected by Chester Sisk of Whitley County. The longest blade is 8'A inches.

43 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.