Supernova Physics with Gravitational Waves: Newborn Black Holes Are “Kicked”
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Arxiv:2007.09714V1 [Gr-Qc] 19 Jul 2020 Tem PSR J0737-3039A/B
Probing Noncommutative Gravity with Gravitational Wave and Binary Pulsar Observations Leah Jenks,1 Kent Yagi,2 and Stephon Alexander1 1Brown Theoretical Physics Center and Department of Physics, Brown University, 182 Hope Street, Providence, Rhode Island, 02903 2Department of Physics, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400714, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4714, USA (Dated: July 21, 2020) Noncommutative gravity is a natural method of quantizing spacetime by promoting the spacetime coordinates themselves to operators which do not commute. This approach is motivated, for exam- ple, from a quantum gravity perspective, among others. Noncommutative gravity has been tested against the binary black hole merger event GW150914. Here, we extend and improve upon such a previous analysis by (i) relaxing an assumption made on the preferred direction due to noncommuta- tivity, (ii) using posterior samples produced by the LIGO/Virgo Collaborations, (iii) consider other gravitational wave events, namely GW151226, GW170608, GW170814 and GW170817, and (iv) consider binary pulsar observations. Using Kepler's law that contains the noncommutative effect at second post-Newtonian order, we derive corrections to the gravitational waveform phase and the pericenter precession. Using the gravitational wave and double pulsar binary observations, we find bounds on a space-time noncommutative tensor θ0i in terms of the preferred frame direction with respect to the orientation of each binary. We find that the gravitational wave bounds are stronger than the binary pulsar one by an order of magnitude and the noncommutative tensor normalized by the Planck length and time is constrained to be of order unity. I. INTRODUCTION of noncommutative gravity stems from these theories. -
GW170104: Observation of a 50-Solar-Mass Binary Black Hole Coalescence at Redshift 0.2 – Supplemental Material
GW170104: Observation of a 50-Solar-Mass Binary Black Hole Coalescence at Redshift 0.2 { Supplemental Material The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration I. NOISE PERFORMANCE OF THE sis used an initial calibration of the data and assumed DETECTORS a (conservative) one-sigma calibration uncertainty of 10% in amplitude and 10◦ in phase for both detec- Figure 1 shows a comparison of typical strain noise am- tors, a reduced-order quadrature model of the effective- plitude spectra during the first observing run and early precession waveform [15{18] (the most computationally in the second for both of the LIGO detectors [1]. For the expedient model), and a power spectral density cal- Hanford detector, shot-noise limited performance was im- culated using a parametrized model of the detector proved above about 500 Hz by increasing the laser power. noise [19, 20]. A stretch of 4 s of data, centered on There are new broad mechanical resonance features (e.g., the event, was analysed across a frequency range of 20{ at 150 Hz, 320 Hz and 350 Hz) due to increased beam 1024 Hz. We assumed uninformative prior probabili- pointing∼ jitter from the laser, as well as the coupling ties [11, 13]; technical restrictions of the reduced-order of the jitter to the detector's gravitational-wave channel quadrature required us to limit spin magnitudes to < 0:8 that is larger than in the Livingston detector. The in- and impose cuts on the masses (as measured in the de- det det crease in the noise between 40 Hz and 100 Hz is currently tector frame) such that m1;2 [5:5; 160] M , 2 M 2 under investigation. -
Stochastic Gravitational Wave Backgrounds
Stochastic Gravitational Wave Backgrounds Nelson Christensen1;2 z 1ARTEMIS, Universit´eC^oted'Azur, Observatoire C^oted'Azur, CNRS, 06304 Nice, France 2Physics and Astronomy, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA Abstract. A stochastic background of gravitational waves can be created by the superposition of a large number of independent sources. The physical processes occurring at the earliest moments of the universe certainly created a stochastic background that exists, at some level, today. This is analogous to the cosmic microwave background, which is an electromagnetic record of the early universe. The recent observations of gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors imply that there is also a stochastic background that has been created by binary black hole and binary neutron star mergers over the history of the universe. Whether the stochastic background is observed directly, or upper limits placed on it in specific frequency bands, important astrophysical and cosmological statements about it can be made. This review will summarize the current state of research of the stochastic background, from the sources of these gravitational waves, to the current methods used to observe them. Keywords: stochastic gravitational wave background, cosmology, gravitational waves 1. Introduction Gravitational waves are a prediction of Albert Einstein from 1916 [1,2], a consequence of general relativity [3]. Just as an accelerated electric charge will create electromagnetic waves (light), accelerating mass will create gravitational waves. And almost exactly arXiv:1811.08797v1 [gr-qc] 21 Nov 2018 a century after their prediction, gravitational waves were directly observed [4] for the first time by Advanced LIGO [5, 6]. -
50 Years of Pulsars: Jocelyn Bell Burnell an Interview P
LIGO Scientific Collaboration Scientific LIGO issue 11 9/2017 LIGO MAGAZINE O2: Third Detection! 10:11:58.6 UTC, 4 January 2017 ELL F, H O L P IS L A E ! Y B D O O G 50 Years of Pulsars: Jocelyn Bell Burnell An interview p. 6 The Search for Continuous Waves To name a neutron star p.10 ... and in 1989: The first joint interferometric observing run p. 26 Before the Merger: Spiraling Black Holes Front cover image: Artist’s conception shows two merging black holes similar to those detected by LIGO. The black holes are spinning in a non-aligned fashion, which means they have different orientations relative to the overall orbital motion of the pair. LIGO found a hint of this phenomenon in at least one black hole of the GW170104 system. Image: LIGO/Caltech/MIT/Sonoma State (Aurore Simonnet) Image credits Front cover main image – Credit: LIGO/Caltech/MIT/Sonoma State (Aurore Simonnet) Front cover inset LISA – Courtesy of LISA Consortium/Simon Barke Front cover inset of Jocelyn Bell Burnell and the 4 acre telescope c 1967 courtesy Jocelyn Bell Burnell. Front cover inset of the supernova remnant G347.3-0.5 – Credit: Chandra: NASA/CXC/SAO/P.Slane et al.; XMM-Newton:ESA/RIKEN/J.Hiraga et al. p. 3 Comic strip by Nutsinee Kijbunchoo p. 4-5 Photos by Matt Gush, Bryce Vickmark and Josh Meister p. 6 Jocelyn Bell Burnell and the 4 acre telescope courtesy Jocelyn Bell Burnell. Paper chart analysis courtesy Robin Scagell p. 8 Pulsar chart recordings courtesy Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory p. -
Search for Gev Gamma-Ray Counterparts of Gravitational Wave
Draft version July 5, 2018 Typeset using LATEX default style in AASTeX62 Search for GeV Gamma-ray Counterparts of Gravitational Wave Events by CALET O. Adriani,1,2 Y. Akaike,3,4 K. Asano,5 Y. Asaoka,6,7 M.G. Bagliesi,8,9 E. Berti,1,2 G. Bigongiari,8,9 W.R. Binns,10 S. Bonechi,8,9 M. Bongi,1,2 P. Brogi,8,9 J.H. Buckley,10 N. Cannady,11 G. Castellini,12 C. Checchia,13, 14 M.L. Cherry,11 G. Collazuol,13,14 V. Di Felice,15,16 K. Ebisawa,17 H. Fuke,17 T.G. Guzik,11 T. Hams,3,18 M. Hareyama,19 N. Hasebe,6 K. Hibino,20 M. Ichimura,21 K. Ioka,22 W. Ishizaki,5 M.H. Israel,10 K. Kasahara,6 J. Kataoka,6 R. Kataoka,23 Y. Katayose,24 C. Kato,25 N. Kawanaka,26, 27 Y. Kawakubo,28 H.S. Krawczynski,10 J.F. Krizmanic,18,3 K. Kohri,29 T. Lomtadze,9 P. Maestro,8,9 P.S. Marrocchesi,8,9 A.M. Messineo,30,9 J.W. Mitchell,4 S. Miyake,31 A.A. Moiseev,32, 18 K. Mori,6,17 M. Mori,33 N. Mori,2 H.M. Motz,34 K. Munakata,25 H. Murakami,6 S. Nakahira,35 J. Nishimura,17 G.A. de Nolfo,36 S. Okuno,20 J.F. Ormes,37 S. Ozawa,6 L. Pacini,1,12,2 F. Palma,15,16 P. Papini,2 A.V. Penacchioni,8,38 B.F. Rauch,10 S.B. Ricciarini,12,2 K. -
New Physics and the Black Hole Mass Gap
New physics and the Black Hole Mass Gap Djuna Lize Croon (TRIUMF) University of Michigan, September 2020 [email protected] | djunacroon.com GW190521 LIGO/Virgo’s biggest discovery yet: the impossible black holes Phys. Rev. Le?. 125, 101102 (2020). From R. Abbo? et al. (LIGO ScienCfic CollaboraCon and Virgo CollaboraCon), GW190521 LIGO/Virgo’s biggest discovery yet: the impossible black holes Phys. Rev. Le?. 125, 101102 (2020). From R. Abbo? et al. (LIGO ScienCfic CollaboraCon and Virgo CollaboraCon), GW190521 LIGO/Virgo’s biggest discovery yet: the impossible black holes … let’s wind back a bit “The Stellar Binary mergers in LIGO/Virgo O1+O2 Graveyard” Adapted from LIGO-Virgo, Frank Elavsky, Aaron Geller “The Stellar Binary mergers in LIGO/Virgo O1+O2 Graveyard” Mass Gap? “Mass Gap” Adapted from LIGO-Virgo, Frank Elavsky, Aaron Geller What populates the stellar graveyard? • In the LIGO/Virgo mass range: remnants of heavy, low-metallicity population-III stars • Primarily made of hydrogen (H) and helium (He) • Would have existed for z ≳ 6, M ∼ 20 − 130 M⊙ • Have not been directly observed yet (JWST target) • Collapsed into black holes in core-collapse supernova explosions. (Or did they?) • We study their evolution from the Zero-Age Helium Branch (ZAHB) <latexit sha1_base64="PYrKTlHPDF1/X3ZrAR6z/bngQPE=">AAACBHicdVDLSgMxFM34rPU16rKbYBFcDTN1StuFUHTjplDBPqAtQyZN29BMMiQZoQxduPFX3LhQxK0f4c6/MX0IKnrgwuGce7n3njBmVGnX/bBWVtfWNzYzW9ntnd29ffvgsKlEIjFpYMGEbIdIEUY5aWiqGWnHkqAoZKQVji9nfuuWSEUFv9GTmPQiNOR0QDHSRgrsXC1IuzKClE/PvYI757Vp0BV9oQM77zquXywWPeg6Z5WS75cNqZS8sleBnuPOkQdL1AP7vdsXOIkI15ghpTqeG+teiqSmmJFptpsoEiM8RkPSMZSjiKheOn9iCk+M0ocDIU1xDefq94kURUpNotB0RkiP1G9vJv7ldRI9KPdSyuNEE44XiwYJg1rAWSKwTyXBmk0MQVhScyvEIyQR1ia3rAnh61P4P2kWHM93Ktd+vnqxjCMDcuAYnAIPlEAVXIE6aAAM7sADeALP1r31aL1Yr4vWFWs5cwR+wHr7BCb+l9Y=</latexit> -
MY SO October Showdown Rules
S P A C E - O C T O B E R 2 0 2 0 MY SO STEM SHOWDOWN C O N T E N T , R E C O M M E N D E D M A T E R I A L S & S C O R I N G STEM SHOWDOWN CONTENT The STEM Showdown will consist of a series of online multiple-choice questions. Middle school (Grade 6-9) participant questions will center around the properties and evolution of stars and galaxies as well as their observation using different portions of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., Radio, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-Ray, Gamma Ray). While high school (Grades 9-12) participants will focus on Star and Galaxy Formation and Evolution. A Showdown participant will have 55- minutes to answer as many questions as possible. The middle school (Grades 6-9) content and skills covered by the Showdown this month is as follows: 1.Stellar and galactic evolution 2.Spectral classification of stars 3.Hubble classification of galaxies 4.Observation using multiple portions of the electromagnetic spectrum 5.The relationship between stellar temperature, radius, and luminosity 6.Magnitude and luminosity scales, distance modulus, inverse square law 7.Identification of the stars, constellations, and deep sky objects included in the list below as they appear on star charts, H-R diagrams, portable star labs, photos, or planetariums. Note: Constellations are underlined; Stars are boldface; Deep Sky Objects are italicized. a.Andromeda: M31 (Andromeda Galaxy) b.Aquila: Altair c.Auriga: Capella d.Bootes: Arcturus e.Cancer: DLA0817g f.Canis Major: Sirius g.Canis Minor: Procyon h.Centaurus: NGC5128 i.Coma Berenices: NGC4676, NGC4555 j.Corvus: NGC4038/NGC4039 k.Crux: Dragonfish Nebula l.Cygnus: Deneb m.Dorado: 30 Doradus, LMC n.Gemini: Castor, Pollux o.Lyra: Vega p.Ophiuchus: Zeta Ophiuchi, Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex q.Orion: Betelgeuse, Rigel & M42 (Orion Nebula) r.Perseus: Algol, NGC1333 Science Olympiad, Inc. -
Gravitational Waves in Scalar–Tensor–Vector Gravity Theory
universe Article Gravitational Waves in Scalar–Tensor–Vector Gravity Theory Yunqi Liu 1,2, Wei-Liang Qian 1,2,3,* , Yungui Gong 4 and Bin Wang 1,5 1 Center for Gravitation and Cosmology, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (B.W.) 2 Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, Lorena, SP 12602-810, Brazil 3 Faculdade de Engenharia de Guaratinguetá, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Guaratinguetá, SP 12516-410, Brazil 4 School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; [email protected] 5 Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In this paper, we study the properties of gravitational waves in the scalar–tensor–vector gravity theory. The polarizations of the gravitational waves are investigated by analyzing the relative motion of the test particles. It is found that the interaction between the matter and vector field in the theory leads to two additional transverse polarization modes. By making use of the polarization content, the stress-energy pseudo-tensor is calculated by employing the perturbed equation method. Additionally, the relaxed field equation for the modified gravity in question is derived by using the Landau–Lifshitz formalism suitable to systems with non-negligible self-gravity. Keywords: gravitational waves; polarizations; stress-energy pseudo-tensor 1. Introduction The recent observation of gravitational waves (GWs) by the LIGO and Virgo Scientific Citation: Liu, Y.; Qian, W.-L.; Collaboration opens up a new avenue to explore gravitational physics from an entirely Gong, Y.; Wang, B. -
Searching for Gravitational Waves from Scorpius X-1 with a Cross- Correlation Method: from Mock Data to Advanced LIGO
Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses 8-11-2017 Searching for Gravitational Waves from Scorpius X-1 with a Cross- correlation Method: from Mock Data to Advanced LIGO Yuanhao Zhang [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Zhang, Yuanhao, "Searching for Gravitational Waves from Scorpius X-1 with a Cross-correlation Method: from Mock Data to Advanced LIGO" (2017). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rochester Institute of Technology Ph.D. Dissertation Searching for Gravitational Waves from Scorpius X-1 with a Cross-correlation Method: from Mock Data to Advanced LIGO Author: Advisor: Yuanhao Zhang Dr. John T. Whelan A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Astrophysical Sciences and Technology in the College of Science, School of Physics and Astronomy August 11, 2017 Rochester Institute of Technology Ph.D. Dissertation Searching for Gravitational Waves from Scorpius X-1 with a Cross-correlation Method: from Mock Data to Advanced LIGO Author: Advisor: Yuanhao Zhang Dr. John T. Whelan A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Astrophysical Sciences and Technology in the College of Science, School of Physics and Astronomy Approved by Dr. Joel Kastner Date Director, Astrophysical Sciences and Technology Certificate of Approval Astrophysical Sciences and Technologies R I T College of Science · · Rochester, NY, USA The Ph.D. -
LIGO Magazine Issue #14 !
LIGO Scientific Collaboration Scientific LIGO issue 14 3/2019 LIGO MAGAZINE The Gravitational Weather Forecast: Predicting sources for O3 Upgrades to Hanford, Livingston and Virgo sites Getting ready for O3 p.12 The LVC‘s first Gravitational Wave Transient Catalog Inventorizing the dark side p. 15 ... and an interview with Sir James Hough on the early days p.19 Front cover A new study using Chandra data of GW170817 indicates that the event that produced gravitational waves likely created the lowest mass black hole known. The artist’s illustration shows the black hole that resulted from the merger, along with a disk of infalling matter and a jet of high-energy particles. (Credit: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss) The top inset shows the view from below the ‘north input test mass’ of Virgo. The bottom inset shows a schematic of binary mergers observed by LIGO and Virgo so far. Image credits Photos and graphics appear courtesy of Caltech/MIT LIGO Laboratory and LIGO Scientific Collaboration unless otherwise noted. Cover: Main illustration from NASA/CXC/M.Weiss. Top inset from M. Perciballi / The Virgo collaboration. Bottom inset from LIGO-Virgo / Frank Elavsky / Northwestern University p. 3 Comic strip by Nutsinee Kijbunchoo p. 6-9 Colliding neutron stars illustration by NASA/CXC/M.Weiss. Gravitational wave sources by Chris Messenger. Sensitivity curves from LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA p. 12-14 Livingston photo by Matthew Heintze. Hanford photo by Nutsinee Kijbunchoo, Virgo photo by M. Perciballi / The Virgo Collaboration. p. 15-18 Time frequency plots and waveforms by S. Ghonge, K. Janu / Georgia Tech. Masses in the Stellar Graveyard by LIGO-Virgo / Frank Elavsky / Northwestern University. -
GW151226: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a 22-Solar-Mass Binary Black Hole Coalescence
week ending PRL 116, 241103 (2016) PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 17 JUNE 2016 GW151226: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a 22-Solar-Mass Binary Black Hole Coalescence B. P. Abbott et al.* (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration) (Received 31 May 2016; published 15 June 2016) We report the observation of a gravitational-wave signal produced by the coalescence of two stellar-mass black holes. The signal, GW151226, was observed by the twin detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) on December 26, 2015 at 03:38:53 UTC. The signal was initially identified within 70 s by an online matched-filter search targeting binary coalescences. Subsequent off-line analyses recovered GW151226 with a network signal-to-noise ratio of 13 and a significance greater than 5σ. The signal persisted in the LIGO frequency band for approximately 1 s, increasing in frequency and amplitude over about 55 cycles from 35 to 450 Hz, and reached a peak gravitational strain of 3 4þ0.7 10−22 14 2þ8.3M 7 5þ2.3M . −0.9 × . The inferred source-frame initial black hole masses are . −3.7 ⊙ and . −2.3 ⊙, 20 8þ6.1M and the final black hole mass is . −1.7 ⊙. We find that at least one of the component black holes has spin þ180 greater than 0.2. This source is located at a luminosity distance of 440−190 Mpc corresponding to a redshift 0 09þ0.03 of . −0.04 . All uncertainties define a 90% credible interval. This second gravitational-wave observation provides improved constraints on stellar populations and on deviations from general relativity. -
Observation of a 50-Solar-Mass Binary Black Hole Coalescence at Redshift 0.2
GW170104: OBSERVATION OF A 50-SOLAR-MASS BINARY BLACK HOLE COALESCENCE AT REDSHIFT 0.2 INTRODUCTION FIGURES FROM THE PUBLICATION In September 2015 the twin advanced detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave For more information on the meaning of these Observatory (LIGO) made the first ever direct detection of gravitational waves from the merger figures, see the full publication available here. of two massive black holes more than a billion light years away. This discovery event, known as GW150914, came one hundred years after the prediction of gravitational waves by Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity. It was followed by another candidate event (known as LVT151012) in October 2015 and then a second confirmed detection (known as GW151226) in December 2015 – again involving the merger of a pair of black holes. Advanced LIGO began its second Observing Run in late November 2016, after upgrades designed to further enhance the detectors’ remarkable sensitivity. About one month later a third confirmed detection of gravitational waves was made, known as GW170104. In this article. we summarise how GW170104 was detected, what we have learned about the black holes that produced it, and how this new LIGO discovery improves our understanding of the nature of gravity and spacetime. DETECTION OF THE GW170104 SIGNAL GW170104 was observed by the Advanced LIGO detectors in Hanford Washington and Livingston Louisiana. Thorough investigations of the detectors’ status at the time, similar to those carried out for the previous detections (see here and here), revealed that both detectors were operating normally. The top two panels of Figure 1 show the data measured by the two LIGO instruments at the time of the merger.