DOCSLIB.ORG

Microbial Alterations in Biopsy Samples of Patients with Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Microbial Alterations in Biopsy Samples of Patients with Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by SZTE Publicatio Repozitórium - SZTE - Repository of Publications Pathology & Oncology Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s12253-018-0457-x ORIGINAL ARTICLE Chicken or the Egg: Microbial Alterations in Biopsy Samples of Patients with Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders Gabor Decsi1 & Jozsef Soki2 & Bernadett Pap3 & Gabriella Dobra3 & Maria Harmati3 & Sandor Kormondi4 & Tibor Pankotai5 & Gabor Braunitzer6 & Janos Minarovits7 & Istvan Sonkodi1 & Edit Urban2 & Istvan Balazs Nemeth8 & Katalin Nagy1 & Krisztina Buzas3,7 Received: 8 June 2018 /Accepted: 19 July 2018 # Arányi Lajos Foundation 2018 Abstract Oral carcinogenesis often leads to the alteration of the microbiota at the site of the tumor, but data are scarce regarding the microbial communities of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). Punch biopsies were taken from healthy and non- healthy mucosa of OPMD patients to analyze the microbiome using metagenome sequencing. In healthy oral mucosa biopsies the bacterial phyla Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were detected by Ion Torrent se- quencing. The same phyla as well as the phyla Fibrobacteres and Spirochaetes were present in the OPMD biopsies. On the species level, there were 10 bacterial species unique to the healthy tissue and 35 species unique to the OPMD lesions whereas eight species were detected in both samples. We observed that the relative abundance of Streptococcus mitis decreased in the OPMD lesions compared to the uninvolved tissue. In contrast, the relative abundance of Fusobacterium nucleatum,implicatedin carcinogenesis, was elevated in OPMD. We detected markedly increased bacterial diversity in the OPMD lesions compared to the healthy oral mucosa. The ratio of S. mitis and F. nucleatum are characteristically altered in the OPMD lesions compared to the healthy mucosa. Keywords OPMD . Oral microbiome . Metagenome sequencing . Lichen . Leukoplakia Introduction * Krisztina Buzas Numerous scientific data demonstrate the altered bacterial col- [email protected]; [email protected] onization of cancerous tissue, but the causality of microbial alteration has not clarified yet. 1 Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 64, Szeged H-6720, Hungary The role of oral microbes in the development of oral poten- tially malignant disorder (OPMD) and oral squamous cell car- 2 Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Clinical Centre, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, cinoma (OSCC) is periodically reevaluated, since OPMD or Szeged H-6725, Hungary OSCC may develop in the absence of the traditional risk factors – 3 Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, like smoking, alcohol consumption and betel nut use [1 3]. Temesvari krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary While the microbiological background of oral squamous cell 4 Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Traumatology, carcinoma was intensively studied in the last two decades, less University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged H-6725, Hungary attention has been paid to OPMD in this respect [4]. 5 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of OPMD is a group of disorders of diverse etiologies, fre- Szeged, Kozep fasor 52, Szeged H-6726, Hungary quently associated with tobacco consumption and mutations 6 dicomLAB Ltd., Pulz u. 46/b, Szeged H-6724, Hungary in the DNA of oral epithelial cells. A fraction of OPMD un- dergoes clinical and histomorphological alterations that lead 7 Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 64, to the development of OSCC. These disorders include leuko- Szeged H-6720, Hungary plakia, erythroplakia, oral lichen planus, submucous fibrosis, 8 Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, and actinic cheilitis [5, 6]. In addition, inherited cancer syn- Szeged H-6720, Hungary dromes such as xeroderma pigmentosum and Fanconi’s G. Decsi et al. anemia are also associated with an increased incidence of the eyes. If oral bacterial infection could initiate OLP devel- malignant tumors, among them oral carcinoma [6]. opment, it is not clear whether a single bacterial species could Leukoplakia is defined as ″A white plaque of ques- initiate the OLP transformations, or is it the interaction of tionable risk having excluded (other) known diseases or several species during the process? Additionally, the disturbed disorders that carry no increased risk for cancer″. balance of the normal bacterial flora could also be involved in Leukoplakia is six times more common among smokers the initial steps of OLP activation. than among non-smokers [6]. These lesions are divided In our experimental setup, we examined the oral into homogenous (simplex) and non-homogenous types. microbiome of patients diagnosed with OPMD. We compared The non-homogenous types based on the cellular vari- the microbiome of healthy and non-healthy mucosal surfaces. ability are verrucous leukoplakia, nodular leukoplakia Using metagenome sequencing, we detected markedly in- and erythroleukoplakia [7]. Proliferative verrucous leu- creased bacterial diversity in the OPMD lesions compared to koplakia (PVL) is a subtype of verrucous leukoplakia the healthy oral mucosa. In parallel, in the OPMD lesions there that shows resistance to treatment and a high rate of was a reduced representation of distinct Streptococcus species malignant transformation. It is more frequent among el- that dominate the bacterial community of healthy oral mucosa. derly women, in many cases without smoking in the anamnesis. Distinct histopathological changes, like hy- perkeratosis with or without dysplasia, may accompany the transition of PVL to verrucous hyperplasia and Materials and Methods verrucous carcinoma [6]. There are conflicting results regarding the association of leu- Patient Selection koplakia and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection [6, 8]. The role of torque teno virus (TTV) [9, 10], Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Potential participants were interviewed by the clinical coordi- [11]andCandida albicans [8, 12–16] in leukoplakia develop- nators at the University of Szeged, Faculty of Dentistry. Every ment and carcinogenesis remains to be clarified, too. potential participant was informed about the ethical permis- Additionally, it has been also demonstrated that specific bacterial sion of the study and received both written and oral informa- infections like Helicobacter pylori [17] or the intracellular tion on the goals and procedures of this study. The initial Mycoplasma salivarium [18] could also be involved in this participants were selected by volunteering activity and the process. detailed questionnaire on family anamnesis, chronic diseases, A disbalance in the oral microbial flora can be also accom- medication-, alcohol-, tobacco- and drug consumption, oral panied with leukoplakia and carcinogenesis, as suggested by hygiene, and sexual habits was filled out by the volunteers. the association of periodontal inflammation with leukoplakia Eligibility was determined based on the results of this ques- [19] and a changing bacterial flora in the saliva and on the oral tionnaire. Female and male subjects over 18 years of age were mucosal surfaces of patients with OPMD [20, 21]. eligible for the study, provided that they were able to provide Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic, idiopathic, inflammatory signed and dated informed consent and if they did not meet disease of the oral mucosa or the skin, presenting as a white any of the exclusion criteria. As for the patient group, an lesion when it affects the oral cavity (oral lichen planus, OLP). established diagnosis of OPMD was also a requirement. The A crucial aspect of the pathomechanism of OLP is the accu- exclusion criteria included vital signs outside the acceptable mulation of CD8+ T lymphocytes under the basal cell layer of range at the screening visit (i.e., blood pressure > 140/ the oral mucosa, which causes DNA damage and the apopto- 90 mmHg, oral temperature > 37 °C, heart rate > 100/ sis of the keratinocytes by antigen-specific cell-mediated im- min), pregnancy, the potential subject being a sex work- mune response, and also basement membrane degradation er, topical antibiotic treatment up to 7 days before the [22–25]. According to the most accepted hypothesis, chronic screening visit, and the use of the following drugs with- stimulation from the inflammatory and stromal cells provides in 2 months before the screening visit: systemic antibi- the initial signal which lead to the abolished growth control of otics, corticosteroids, cytokines, methotrexate or immu- epithelial cells. Additionally, oxidative stress induced DNA nosuppressive cytotoxic agents, or large doses of com- damage could also lead to neoplastic changes, but the initial mercial probiotics (≥ 108 CFU mL−1 organisms per event leading to this signal cascade activation has not been day). No patients were on specific diet, nor on antibi- characterized yet. Based on the increasing evidence viral, fun- otic therapy in the previous 6 months. The clinical char- gal, and bacterial antigens have all been suggested [26–34]as acteristics and brief medical history of the patient group a potential initiating factor in LP. If there is a relationship is given in Table 1. between the bacterial flora and OLP, the question is whether The study protocol conformed to the Declaration
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Microbiology of Endodontic Infections
    Scient Open Journal of Dental and Oral Health Access Exploring the World of Science ISSN: 2369-4475 Short Communication Microbiology of Endodontic Infections This article was published in the following Scient Open Access Journal: Journal of Dental and Oral Health Received August 30, 2016; Accepted September 05, 2016; Published September 12, 2016 Harpreet Singh* Abstract Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Gian Sagar Dental College, Patiala, Punjab, India Root canal system acts as a ‘privileged sanctuary’ for the growth and survival of endodontic microbiota. This is attributed to the special environment which the microbes get inside the root canals and several other associated factors. Although a variety of microbes have been isolated from the root canal system, bacteria are the most common ones found to be associated with Endodontic infections. This article gives an in-depth view of the microbiology involved in endodontic infections during its different stages. Keywords: Bacteria, Endodontic, Infection, Microbiology Introduction Microorganisms play an unequivocal role in infecting root canal system. Endodontic infections are different from the other oral infections in the fact that they occur in an environment which is closed to begin with since the root canal system is an enclosed one, surrounded by hard tissues all around [1,2]. Most of the diseases of dental pulp and periradicular tissues are associated with microorganisms [3]. Endodontic infections occur and progress when the root canal system gets exposed to the oral environment by one reason or the other and simultaneously when there is fall in the body’s immune when the ingress is from a carious lesion or a traumatic injury to the coronal tooth structure.response [4].However, To begin the with, issue the if notmicrobes taken arecare confined of, ultimately to the leadsintra-radicular to the egress region of pathogensIn total, and bacteria their by-productsdetected from from the the oral apical cavity foramen fall into to 13 the separate periradicular phyla, tissues.
    [Show full text]
  • The Oral Microbiome of Healthy Japanese People at the Age of 90
    applied sciences Article The Oral Microbiome of Healthy Japanese People at the Age of 90 Yoshiaki Nomura 1,* , Erika Kakuta 2, Noboru Kaneko 3, Kaname Nohno 3, Akihiro Yoshihara 4 and Nobuhiro Hanada 1 1 Department of Translational Research, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan; [email protected] 2 Department of Oral bacteriology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan; [email protected] 3 Division of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; [email protected] (N.K.); [email protected] (K.N.) 4 Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-45-580-8462 Received: 19 August 2020; Accepted: 15 September 2020; Published: 16 September 2020 Abstract: For a healthy oral cavity, maintaining a healthy microbiome is essential. However, data on healthy microbiomes are not sufficient. To determine the nature of the core microbiome, the oral-microbiome structure was analyzed using pyrosequencing data. Saliva samples were obtained from healthy 90-year-old participants who attended the 20-year follow-up Niigata cohort study. A total of 85 people participated in the health checkups. The study population consisted of 40 male and 45 female participants. Stimulated saliva samples were obtained by chewing paraffin wax for 5 min. The V3–V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene were amplified by PCR.
    [Show full text]
  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Brown Health Services Patient Education Series
    Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Brown Health Services Patient Education Series the uterine lining to treat abnormal What is PID? bleeding) PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) is ● PID risk from insertion of an IUD inflammation caused by infections ascending (intrauterine device) – occurs in the first 3 weeks post insertion from the vagina or cervix to the upper genital ● Abortion tract. This includes the lining of the uterus, the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterine wall Why is it important to treat PID? and the uterine ligaments that hold these ● structures in place. PID is the most common serious infection of women aged 16 to 25 years What causes it? of age ● Untreated pelvic infections may cause Most cases of PID are caused by sexually adhesions in the fallopian tubes, which transmitted infections (STIs). The disease can be may lead to infertility caused by many different organisms or ● 1 in 4 women with acute PID develop combinations of organisms, but is frequently future problems such as ectopic caused by gonorrhea and chlamydia. Although pregnancy or chronic pelvic pain from Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is associated with PID, adhesions whether the incidence of PID can be reduced by What are the symptoms? identifying and treating people with vaginas with BV is unclear. If you notice abnormal ● Painful intercourse could be the first discharge and a fishy vaginal odor (signs of BV) sign of infection ● you should be evaluated at Health Services. Pain and tenderness involving the lower abdomen, cervix, uterus and ovaries PID may also occur following procedures that ● Fever and chills create an open wound where infectious ● Nausea and/or diarrhea organisms can more easily enter, such as: ● Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge ● Biopsy from the lining of the uterus Early treatment can usually prevent these ● D & C (dilation and curettage – a problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Vaginitis and Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding
    UCSF Family Medicine Board Review 2013 Vaginitis and Abnormal • There are no relevant financial relationships with any commercial Vaginal Bleeding interests to disclose Michael Policar, MD, MPH Professor of Ob, Gyn, and Repro Sciences UCSF School of Medicine [email protected] Vulvovaginal Symptoms: CDC 2010: Trichomoniasis Differential Diagnosis Screening and Testing Category Condition • Screening indications – Infections Vaginal trichomoniasis (VT) HIV positive women: annually – Bacterial vaginosis (BV) Consider if “at risk”: new/multiple sex partners, history of STI, inconsistent condom use, sex work, IDU Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) • Newer assays Skin Conditions Fungal vulvitis (candida, tinea) – Rapid antigen test: sensitivity, specificity vs. wet mount Contact dermatitis (irritant, allergic) – Aptima TMA T. vaginalis Analyte Specific Reagent (ASR) Vulvar dermatoses (LS, LP, LSC) • Other testing situations – Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) Suspect trich but NaCl slide neg culture or newer assays – Psychogenic Physiologic, psychogenic Pap with trich confirm if low risk • Consider retesting 3 months after treatment Trichomoniasis: Laboratory Tests CDC 2010: Vaginal Trichomoniasis Treatment Test Sensitivity Specificity Cost Comment Aptima TMA +4 (98%) +3 (98%) $$$ NAAT (like GC/Ct) • Recommended regimen Culture +3 (83%) +4 (100%) $$$ Not in most labs – Metronidazole 2 grams PO single dose Point of care – Tinidazole 2 grams PO single dose •Affirm VP III +3 +4 $$$ DNA probe • Alternative regimen (preferred for HIV infected
    [Show full text]
  • The Comparison of Metronidazole, Clindamycin, and Amoxicillin Againts Streptococcus Sanguinis
    Indonesian Dental Association Journal of Indonesian Dental Association http://jurnal.pdgi.or.id/index.php/jida ISSN: 2621-6183 (Print); ISSN: 2621-6175 (Online) The Comparison of Metronidazole, Clindamycin, and Amoxicillin Againts Streptococcus sanguinis Kevin Lim1, Armelia Sari Widyarman2§ 1 Undergraduate student, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University, Indonesia 2 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University, Indonesia Received date: August 15, 2018. Accepted date: September 27, 2018. Published date: October 19, 2018 KEYWORDS ABSTRACT amoxicillin; Introduction: Viridans streptococci group such as Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis), an clindamycin; anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria is a well-known for its involvement in dry socket (alveolar metronidazole; Streptococcus sanguinis osteitis)-associated infection. Systemic amoxicillin, clindamycin and metronidazole have all been shown to be effective to inhibit this bacterium. However, there has been a lack of studies identifying which are the most effective amongst these antibiotics toward Streptococcus sanguinis. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of metronidazole, clindamycin, and amoxicillin in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus sanguinis in vitro. Methods: This effectiveness was done by using agar well diffusion methods. S. sanguinis ATCC 10556 were cultured in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth at 37°C under anaerobic condition. After 48h, bacterial cells were harvested and counted using microplate reader (490 nm) to achieve optical density of 0.25-0.30 (107 CFU/mL). Subsequently, 100 μL of bacterial suspension was cultured on BHI agar and each antibiotic suspension was added into each agar well, incubated for 72h at 37°C. The inhibition zone diameters were measured with electronic caliper.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Health: a Guide to Preventing Infections, Bacterial
    Women’s Health: A Guide to Preventing Infections Bacterial vaginosis, or BV, is a common vaginal infection in women. It is the most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age, including pregnant women. Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) While it is not a sexually transmitted disease (STD), The risk of BV is higher if you: some sexual behaviors increase the chances for BV. u Have a new sex partner or multiple sex partners. Women who have never had sex can also have BV. u Douche. u Do not use condoms. How is it spread? u Have a female sexual partner with BV. The vagina contains many different types of bacteria. Normally, there are large numbers of “good” bacteria that keep the number of “harmful” bacteria very low. BV is more common in lesbian Bacterial vaginosis occurs when this balance is upset and bisexual women than in and there are more “harmful” bacteria than “good” other women. The reason for bacteria. The cause of BV is not fully understood. this is unknown. Veterans Health Administration 2012 Women’s Health: Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) What are signs of BV in women? Women with BV may have few or no signs of infection. Some women with BV have: u Increased vaginal discharge: Often watery. Gray or white in color. Sometimes has an unpleasant, fish-like odor, especially after sex. u Itching or irritation in the vaginal area. u Burning during urination. How do you know if you have BV? BV can be diagnosed during a medical exam. To check for BV, your health care provider looks for signs of infection and collects a sample of vaginal fluid for lab tests.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Commensals
    Common Commensals Actinobacterium meyeri Aerococcus urinaeequi Arthrobacter nicotinovorans Actinomyces Aerococcus urinaehominis Arthrobacter nitroguajacolicus Actinomyces bernardiae Aerococcus viridans Arthrobacter oryzae Actinomyces bovis Alpha‐hemolytic Streptococcus, not S pneumoniae Arthrobacter oxydans Actinomyces cardiffensis Arachnia propionica Arthrobacter pascens Actinomyces dentalis Arcanobacterium Arthrobacter polychromogenes Actinomyces dentocariosus Arcanobacterium bernardiae Arthrobacter protophormiae Actinomyces DO8 Arcanobacterium haemolyticum Arthrobacter psychrolactophilus Actinomyces europaeus Arcanobacterium pluranimalium Arthrobacter psychrophenolicus Actinomyces funkei Arcanobacterium pyogenes Arthrobacter ramosus Actinomyces georgiae Arthrobacter Arthrobacter rhombi Actinomyces gerencseriae Arthrobacter agilis Arthrobacter roseus Actinomyces gerenseriae Arthrobacter albus Arthrobacter russicus Actinomyces graevenitzii Arthrobacter arilaitensis Arthrobacter scleromae Actinomyces hongkongensis Arthrobacter astrocyaneus Arthrobacter sulfonivorans Actinomyces israelii Arthrobacter atrocyaneus Arthrobacter sulfureus Actinomyces israelii serotype II Arthrobacter aurescens Arthrobacter uratoxydans Actinomyces meyeri Arthrobacter bergerei Arthrobacter ureafaciens Actinomyces naeslundii Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus Arthrobacter variabilis Actinomyces nasicola Arthrobacter citreus Arthrobacter viscosus Actinomyces neuii Arthrobacter creatinolyticus Arthrobacter woluwensis Actinomyces odontolyticus Arthrobacter crystallopoietes
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Microorganisms in Root‑Filled Teeth with Persistent Infection: Monitoring of the Endodontic Retreatment
    Published online: 2019-09-26 Original Article Quantitative and qualitative analysis of microorganisms in root‑filled teeth with persistent infection: Monitoring of the endodontic retreatment Marcos S. Endo1, Caio C. R. Ferraz1, Alexandre A. Zaia1, Jose F. A. Almeida1, Brenda P. F. A. Gomes1 1Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Correspondence: Dr. Brenda PFA Gomes Division, Piracicaba Dental School – State University Email: [email protected] of Campinas – UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate in vivo microorganisms detected in root‑filled teeth with post‑treatment apical periodontitis and quantify colony‑forming units (CFU) during endodontic retreatment. Materials and Methods: Fifteen root‑filled teeth had their previous gutta‑percha removed and were randomly instrumented before being divided into three groups and medicated with either [Ca (OH) 2 + 2% CHX gel], [Ca (OH) 2 + 0.9% NaCl] or 2% CHX gel. Samples were taken after removal of gutta‑percha (S1), after chemomechanical preparation using 2% CHX gel (S2), and after inter‑appointment dressing (S3) for 7 or 14 days later. Cultivable bacteria recovered from infected root canals at the three stages were counted and identified by means of culture and PCR assay (16S rDNA). Quantitative data were statistically analyzed by using Mann‑Whitney test in which pairs of groups were compared (P < 0.05). Results: CFU counts decreased significantly from S1 to S2 (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between S2 and S3 (P = 0.3093) for all three experimental groups. Chemomechanical preparation and intra‑canal dressing promoted significant median reductions of 99.61% and 99.57%, respectively, in the number of bacteria compared to S1 samples.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Salivary Microbiota in AIDS Patients with Different Periodontal Statuses Using 454 GS-FLX Titanium Pyrosequencing
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 02 July 2015 doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00055 Exploring salivary microbiota in AIDS patients with different periodontal statuses using 454 GS-FLX Titanium pyrosequencing Fang Zhang 1 †, Shenghua He 2 †, Jieqi Jin 1, Guangyan Dong 1 and Hongkun Wu 3* 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, 2 Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, China, 3 Department of Geriatric Dentistry, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are at high risk of opportunistic infections. Oral manifestations have been associated with the level of immunosuppression, these include periodontal diseases, and understanding the microbial populations in the oral cavity is crucial for clinical management. The aim of this study was to examine the salivary bacterial diversity in patients newly admitted to the AIDS ward of the Public Health Clinical Center (China). Saliva samples were Edited by: Saleh A. Naser, collected from 15 patients with AIDS who were randomly recruited between December University of Central Florida, USA 2013 and March 2014. Extracted DNA was used as template to amplify bacterial Reviewed by: 16S rRNA. Sequencing of the amplicon library was performed using a 454 GS-FLX J. Christopher Fenno, University of Michigan, USA Titanium sequencing platform. Reads were optimized and clustered into operational Nick Stephen Jakubovics, taxonomic units for further analysis. A total of 10 bacterial phyla (106 genera) were Newcastle University, UK detected. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were preponderant in the *Correspondence: salivary microbiota in AIDS patients. The pathogen, Capnocytophaga sp., and others Hongkun Wu, Department of Geriatric Dentistry, not considered pathogenic such as Neisseria elongata, Streptococcus mitis, and West China College of Stomatology, Mycoplasma salivarium but which may be opportunistic infective agents were detected.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Vaginosis
    Bacterial Vaginosis What is bacterial vaginosis? Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a change in the normal balance of bacteria in the vagina with overgrowth of bad bacteria. It is the most common cause of vaginal discharge and odor. What bacteria are supposed to be in the vagina? Lactobacilli are the good bacteria of the vagina (probiotics). They produce lactic acid keeping the vaginal mildly acidic thereby preventing overgrowth of bad bacteria. How common is bacterial vaginosis? Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal infection in women ages 15-44. 29% of women age 15-49 have had bacterial vaginosis. How is bacterial vaginosis spread? Researchers do not know the cause of BV or how some women get it, but we do know the infection is more common in sexually active women. How can I avoid getting bacterial vaginosis? The following basic prevention steps may help lower your risk of developing BV: use condoms with sex, limit your number of sex partners, stop douching, increase probiotics in your diet or take oral probiotic capsules containing Lactobacilli. How do I know if I have bacterial vaginosis? Many women (84%) with BV do not have symptoms. If you do have symptoms, you may notice a thin white or gray vaginal discharge, odor, pain, itching, urinary urgency and frequency or burning in the vagina or with urination. How is bacterial vaginosis treated? Traditional treatment is with vaginal or oral antibiotics such as metronidazole or clindamycin. Male sex partners of women diagnosed with BV do not need to be treated. Are there any natural remedies for BV? In addition to probiotics, studies have shown effective treatment with garlic tablets by mouth for seven days, boric acid vaginal suppositories nightly for two weeks and hydrogen peroxide 3% 30ml vaginal washings nightly for seven days.
    [Show full text]
  • The Microbiota Continuum Along the Female Reproductive Tract and Its Relation to Uterine-Related Diseases
    ARTICLE DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00901-0 OPEN The microbiota continuum along the female reproductive tract and its relation to uterine-related diseases Chen Chen1,2, Xiaolei Song1,3, Weixia Wei4,5, Huanzi Zhong 1,2,6, Juanjuan Dai4,5, Zhou Lan1, Fei Li1,2,3, Xinlei Yu1,2, Qiang Feng1,7, Zirong Wang1, Hailiang Xie1, Xiaomin Chen1, Chunwei Zeng1, Bo Wen1,2, Liping Zeng4,5, Hui Du4,5, Huiru Tang4,5, Changlu Xu1,8, Yan Xia1,3, Huihua Xia1,2,9, Huanming Yang1,10, Jian Wang1,10, Jun Wang1,11, Lise Madsen 1,6,12, Susanne Brix 13, Karsten Kristiansen1,6, Xun Xu1,2, Junhua Li 1,2,9,14, Ruifang Wu4,5 & Huijue Jia 1,2,9,11 Reports on bacteria detected in maternal fluids during pregnancy are typically associated with adverse consequences, and whether the female reproductive tract harbours distinct microbial communities beyond the vagina has been a matter of debate. Here we systematically sample the microbiota within the female reproductive tract in 110 women of reproductive age, and examine the nature of colonisation by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and cultivation. We find distinct microbial communities in cervical canal, uterus, fallopian tubes and perito- neal fluid, differing from that of the vagina. The results reflect a microbiota continuum along the female reproductive tract, indicative of a non-sterile environment. We also identify microbial taxa and potential functions that correlate with the menstrual cycle or are over- represented in subjects with adenomyosis or infertility due to endometriosis. The study provides insight into the nature of the vagino-uterine microbiome, and suggests that sur- veying the vaginal or cervical microbiota might be useful for detection of common diseases in the upper reproductive tract.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrating Taxonomic, Functional, and Strain-Level Profiling of Diverse
    TOOLS AND RESOURCES Integrating taxonomic, functional, and strain-level profiling of diverse microbial communities with bioBakery 3 Francesco Beghini1†, Lauren J McIver2†, Aitor Blanco-Mı´guez1, Leonard Dubois1, Francesco Asnicar1, Sagun Maharjan2,3, Ana Mailyan2,3, Paolo Manghi1, Matthias Scholz4, Andrew Maltez Thomas1, Mireia Valles-Colomer1, George Weingart2,3, Yancong Zhang2,3, Moreno Zolfo1, Curtis Huttenhower2,3*, Eric A Franzosa2,3*, Nicola Segata1,5* 1Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy; 2Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States; 3The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States; 4Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Center, Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all’Adige, Italy; 5IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy Abstract Culture-independent analyses of microbial communities have progressed dramatically in the last decade, particularly due to advances in methods for biological profiling via shotgun metagenomics. Opportunities for improvement continue to accelerate, with greater access to multi-omics, microbial reference genomes, and strain-level diversity. To leverage these, we present bioBakery 3, a set of integrated, improved methods for taxonomic, strain-level, functional, and *For correspondence: phylogenetic profiling of metagenomes newly developed to build on the largest set of reference [email protected] (CH); sequences now available. Compared to current alternatives, MetaPhlAn 3 increases the accuracy of [email protected] (EAF); taxonomic profiling, and HUMAnN 3 improves that of functional potential and activity. These [email protected] (NS) methods detected novel disease-microbiome links in applications to CRC (1262 metagenomes) and †These authors contributed IBD (1635 metagenomes and 817 metatranscriptomes).
    [Show full text]