CERN/SPC/1158/Rev. CERN/FC/6491/Rev. CERN/3575 Original: English 2 June 2021 ORGANISATION EUROPÉENNE POUR LA RECHERCHE NUCLÉAIRE CERN EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH Action to be taken Voting procedure
SCIENTIFIC POLICY COMMITTEE For recommendation to the Council 323rd Meeting __ 14-15 June 2021 Chapters I and IV.1: Simple majority of Member States represented and voting (abstentions are not counted) and 70% of the contributions of the Member States represented and present for the voting (abstentions are FINANCE COMMITTEE counted as votes against) and at least 51% of the contributions of all Member For recommendation to the Council 377th Meeting States. Chapter III: Two-thirds majority of Member States represented and voting 16 June 2021 (abstentions are not counted) and 70% of the contributions of the Member States represented and present for the voting (abstentions are counted as vote against) and at least 51% of the contributions of all Member States.
RESTRICTED COUNCIL Chapters I and IV.1: Simple majority of Member States represented and voting (abstentions are not counted). For decision 203rd Session Chapter III: Two-thirds majority of Member States represented and voting (abstentions are not counted). 17-18 June 2021
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 and Draft Budget of the Organization for the sixty-eighth financial year 2022
GENEVA, June 2021
Council is invited to: • approve the overall strategy for the reference period as outlined in Chapter I of this document and elaborated upon in the Appendices (Chapter IV.1); • take note of the Resources Plan for the years 2022 to 2026 (Chapter II); • approve the 2022 Draft Budget in 2021 prices (Chapter III).
Table of contents
I. OVERALL STRATEGY AND OBSERVATIONS OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL ...... 1 II. RESOURCES PLAN FOR THE YEARS 2022-2026 ...... 17 1. REVENUES PLAN ...... 18 2. ESTIMATED EXPENSES AND BUDGET BALANCES ...... 22 3. RESOURCES ALLOCATIONS AND EXPENSES ...... 26 III. 2022 DRAFT BUDGET ...... 37 1. OVERVIEW OF REVENUES ...... 39 2. OVERVIEW OF EXPENSES ...... 43 3. SCALE OF CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE MEMBER STATES AND ASSOCIATE MEMBER STATES FOR 2022 .. 46 4. EXPENSES BY SCIENTIFIC AND NON SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMES ...... 48 5. SUMMARY OF EXPENSES BY NATURE ...... 56 6. FINANCIAL POSITION OF THE ORGANIZATION ...... 61 IV. APPENDICES ...... 63 1. DETAILS OF ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTS (FACT SHEETS) ...... 64 2. LIST OF ACRONYMS ...... 139
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 1
I. OVERALL STRATEGY AND OBSERVATIONS OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL
2 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 3
Scientific programme Introduction Scientifically, the period covered by this MTP, from 2022 to 2026, The Medium-Term Plan (MTP) presented in this document describes offers exciting opportunities for the current programme, with the third CERN’s scientific and financial strategy for the five years from 2022 and final run of the LHC, a compelling and broad scientific diversity to 2026, sets out the draft budget for 2022 and gives a longer-term programme and the ongoing technological developments for, and view for the ten years from 2022 to 2031. In 2020, four major events construction of, the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) and the led to the MTP containing significant new elements, namely the associated experiment upgrades. It will also be a decisive time for COVID-19 pandemic, the update of the European Strategy for laying the foundations for CERN’s scientific future beyond the Particle Physics (ESPP), the revised schedule for the LHC, and the HL-LHC through intensified R&D in advanced accelerator restructuring of the BNP Paribas Fortis loan. This year’s MTP is technologies and design studies for a future collider. largely a consolidation of the 2020 plan and reflects the main objectives for the period 2021-2025 presented to the SPC and the The LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project has now been completed, Council in March 2021 (CERN/SPC/1153/RA-CERN/3556/RA). and commissioning of the significantly improved injectors has started. Over the course of Run 3, the injectors will gradually ramp The COVID-19 pandemic had major repercussions in 2020 and, up to their target beam intensities, and exploitation of their enhanced although it continues to be a great concern both worldwide and in the physics potential by experiments and facilities (HIE-ISOLDE, n_TOF, local area of the CERN Host States, France and Switzerland, the AD-ELENA, North Area, AWAKE, and test-beam and irradiation work on CERN’s sites continues with high efficiency thanks to facilities) will start already in 2021. appropriate and proportionate organisational and health and safety measures. Furthermore, the successful roll-out of the vaccination Most of the LHC sectors have been cooled down to the operating campaign gives a measure of confidence that the pandemic will be temperature of 1.9 K and the magnet training campaign has started. contained in the coming months, allowing a gradual return to pre- The current schedule, which is mainly dictated by the completion of COVID-19 conditions. the ATLAS and LHCb upgrades, foresees a test with beams at the end of September and the start of Run 3 in February 2022. This will Last year’s MTP provided a first implementation of the be revisited in June 2021, while the plans for the start and duration recommendations of the ESPP, which was updated by the Council in of LS3 will be reviewed at the beginning of 2022. June 2020. No major new elements are being introduced in this year’s MTP, except for the provision of a second cryostat for the In line with the highest priority given by the ESPP to the full DUNE experiment at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) in exploitation of the LHC, in March the CERN Research Board has the United States, which is discussed in more detail below. approved a special run to provide proton-oxygen and oxygen-oxygen
4 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 collisions, which will enrich the heavy-ion programme and in Since its inception in 2014, the Neutrino Platform has played a particular allow additional studies to be made of the emergence of crucial role in supporting the European neutrino physics community collective effects in small systems. This run, which raised strong involved in long-baseline accelerator projects in the United States physics interest also from the cosmic-ray community, will take place and Japan and made crucial scientific and technical contributions in towards the end of Run 3. particular to the LBNF facility and the DUNE experiment. The platform’s main activities have included: the extension of the EHN1 The Research Board also approved a new experiment, SND hall in the North Area to provide space and test-beam facilities for (Scattering and Neutrino Detector), to be located 480 m downstream neutrino detectors; the refurbishment of the ICARUS detector for the of ATLAS in Sector 1-2 (in a similar position as FASER in Sector 8-1). short-baseline neutrino programme at Fermilab; the construction and SND aims to measure neutrino (in particular tau-neutrino) production operation of two prototypes for DUNE (based on the single- and dual- cross-section off-axis and to search for feebly interacting particles phase liquid-argon time-projection chamber technology), which were over the pseudo-rapidity range 7.2 < 휂 < 8.6, using nuclear emulsions key to establishing the detector feasibility, validating the technology followed by a muon detection system. It will explore a different and finalising the technical choices; the preparations for the angular range than FASER, with different relative contributions of the construction of the cryostat for the first (out of four) modules of the various neutrino sources. The total cost of the experiment is about DUNE experiment; and the contributions to the construction of the 1.7 MCHF, with CERN contributing 140 kCHF for the infrastructure. Baby-Mind and ND280 near detectors for the T2K experiment in Installation is planned by the end of 2021, and the experiment’s goal Japan. The cryostats for the DUNE modules present demanding is to record 150 fb-1 over the course of Run 3, corresponding to a requirements in terms of size (18 x 19 x 66 m3 each), liquid-argon sample of more than 1000 neutrino interactions. contents (17 kilo-tonnes) and (underground) assembly. The only On the HL-LHC front, the main challenges come from the suitable technology is that of membrane cryostats used for the development and construction of the new niobium-tin (Nb3Sn) dipole maritime transport of liquefied natural gas. CERN has worked with and quadrupole magnets, the latter being crucial to achieve the the world market-leader, French engineering company GTT, to adapt luminosity targets of the HL-LHC. Three out of four 11 Tesla Nb3Sn this technology to DUNE’s needs, and this led to the successful dipoles reached nominal current (~12 kA) but showed erratic construction and operation of the two cryostats for the DUNE quenches following additional thermal cycles. Their installation has prototypes, which are 20 times smaller than the DUNE detector therefore been postponed. A three-phase plan of investigation and modules. The design of the first full-sized cryostat for DUNE has now recovery has been developed and was discussed with the CERN been completed, with the procurement and manufacturing scheduled Machine Advisory Committee in March this year. This matter will be for the period 2021-2023, shipment in 2023-2024, and installation in followed up at the next HL-LHC cost and schedule review, which will South Dakota in 2024-2026. The cost is estimated to be 35 MCHF. take place in November.
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 5
A review panel including external experts has recently been a myriad of technologies (vacuum, cryogenics, new materials, etc.) appointed to carry out a more detailed cost assessment. In triggered by new studies and operational needs arising from the December 2020, the Council supported the Management’s proposal facilities currently in operation. that CERN provide a second cryostat for DUNE as an in-kind The R&D and design studies for future high-energy colliders aim contribution. The necessary resources have therefore been allocated to achieve the following goals by the end of 2025, as input for the in this MTP. next update of the ESPP: The main component of the work to prepare CERN’s future is a FCC: carry out the technical and financial feasibility study and reinforced accelerator R&D programme covering a broad portfolio summarise the results in a “Feasibility Study Report”. The and aimed at developing the technologies needed for a Future feasibility study addresses the technical, administrative and Circular Collider (FCC) and for alternative options in case, following environmental feasibility of the tunnel in close collaboration with the FCC feasibility study recommended by the ESPP and discussed CERN’s Host States; the financial feasibility of a possible future below, this project is not pursued. In last year’s MTP, significant project, which will call for significant contributions from outside additional resources were secured for the development of high-field the CERN budget to be identified; and R&D on high-field superconducting magnets, in strong collaboration with laboratories superconducting magnets, superconducting radiofrequency and institutes in the Member States and beyond, for a total budget of accelerating structures, high-efficiency power production and 190 MCHF over the period 2021-2030. R&D on key technologies for other sustainable and environmentally friendly technologies. CLIC also continues, at the level of 4 - 5.5 MCHF/year in order to Resources for the feasibility study were allocated in last year’s maintain it as a future collider option for CERN. Contributions to the MTP for a total of 100 MCHF. International Linear Collider (ILC) come partly from the CLIC resources, e.g. for R&D items of common interest, and partly through CLIC: finalise the development of the X-band acceleration personnel from technical and other departments involved in the work technology with a view to construction readiness, improve the of the ILC International Development Team. A new initiative for muon power efficiency, and optimise the luminosity for the first-stage colliders was launched in 2020, with the goal of boosting European machine (√s=380 GeV). The results will be summarised in a efforts and determining whether the technology is viable. Plasma “Project Readiness Report”. The total budget allocation is wakefield acceleration is being pursued at AWAKE, the only facility 23.5 MCHF. in the world using proton beams to drive electron acceleration, whose Muon colliders: address the main challenges, including muon second run will start in 2021, supported by CERN’s resources source and cooling, fast-ramping magnets, accelerator and amounting to 24.5 MCHF; a cost and schedule review of AWAKE will collider rings, neutrino background and civil engineering, so as to take place in 2021. More generally, R&D work continues at CERN on
6 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
determine whether investment in a muon collider demonstrator needs to ramp up during Run 3, a separate, dedicated facility will be and a conceptual design report is justified from the scientific required. Construction of the PCC will start at the beginning of 2022 perspective. Resources amounting to about 10 MCHF were and the centre is expected to become operational in the second half allocated to these studies in the 2020 MTP. of 2023. It will initially provide a power of 4 MW, with an eventual upgrade capability to 12 MW, and will be designed to ensure a PUE1 From 2026 onwards, once the input to the next Strategy update has of 1.1 compared to 1.5 for the current data centre on the Meyrin site, been submitted, the funding for CLIC, FCC and muon colliders will thereby generating significant electrical power savings compared to be merged into a single “High-energy frontier” line, with a preliminary the existing facilities. All CERN’s future computing resources, budget allocation of 20 MCHF/year, to allow their work to continue including future upgrades to the online farms of the experiments, will pending the ESPP recommendations. Towards the end of the be centralised in the PCC. decade, this line will have to ramp up to support the preparatory work for the construction of whichever future collider is ultimately The site and building renovation programme is designed to meet approved. the needs of a modern, international laboratory and to provide CERN’s community with the work space, infrastructure and the On the computing front, in December 2020 the Finance Committee variety of services they need to accomplish the Organization’s adjudicated the contract for the construction of a new computing mission. The programme for 2022-2031 is based on an allocation of centre on the Prévessin site (the PCC), which is needed to meet 549.5 MCHF, which includes the additional resources of 15-20 CERN’s obligations as the Tier 0 centre in the Worldwide LHC MCHF/year secured in the 2019 and 2020 Medium-Term Plans, Computing Grid (WLCG) for the second part of Run 3 and the shared between the construction of new buildings (51%), an HL-LHC era. Given the limited room for expansion at the existing expanded campaign for the renovation and maintenance of existing computing centre on the Meyrin site (Building 513), which currently infrastructures (42%) and the renovation of CERN’s extensive provides 2.9 MW of computing power and cooling capability, and the network of technical galleries (7%). termination of the successful contract with the Wigner centre in Hungary at the end of 2019, a new computing facility is required, with The new buildings programme includes: Tier 0 functionality and high-speed connectivity to the experiments Large buildings housing offices and some technical areas, and the 13 Tier-1 centres. This will be provided temporarily by the namely Building 777 in Prévessin for the accelerator teams and use of spare capacity (amounting to 1 MW) in the computing Building 140 in Meyrin for the experiment community; containers of LHCb at Point 8. However, as the LHCb computing
1 Power-usage effectiveness, or PUE, is the ratio of the total amount of energy used by a data centre to the energy delivered to its computing equipment.
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 7
A new building for the Directorate, the International Relations The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on CERN’s activities has sector and other units (Building 90), which will also include a new resulted in additional savings of some 3.9 MCHF since September Council meeting room and will allow the Main building (Building 2020 (due to e.g. fewer in-person meetings at CERN, less travel, less 60) to be renovated; expenditure on contracts, cancellation of certain education and outreach activities), a further reduction in revenues of 5 MCHF A new learning centre on the Meyrin site (Building 34). (hostels, stores, shop, etc.) and additional expenses of 3.4 MCHF These projects will allow several old buildings to be demolished and mainly for health and safety measures (RT-PCR tests, maintenance costs to be thus reduced, as well as allowing CERN’s contact-tracing devices, helpline and miscellaneous support, space management policy to be reformulated in accordance with reinforced cleaning, etc.). In total, since the beginning of the CERN’s environmental and urban objectives (the so-called 2030 pandemic, savings amounted to some 37 MCHF and expenses or Masterplan). revenue losses to some 18 MCHF.
Renovation and maintenance work is planned according to a In recent months, CERN’s personnel have taken much less leave prioritised risk-based approach, with the highest priority given to than usual due to the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in a paid leave safety-related work, followed by the renovation of buildings of provision of 11 MCHF in 2020. This amount is expected to be strategic value to CERN’s scientific programme. Renovations also re-absorbed once travel becomes possible again and personnel start bring about a significant reduction in energy consumption once the taking leave again. work is completed. This MTP includes 35 MCHF over the period 2022-2027 for the The renovation of the technical galleries consists in consolidating in-kind provision of the second cryostat for the DUNE experiment about 70 tunnels, located just below the surface, for the distribution at LBNF, as explained above. Additional personnel resources of water, heating, gas, drainage systems, cables and optical fibres, amounting to 3.6 MCHF have been allocated to the Neutrino Platform etc. In two-year cycles, sets of galleries are surveyed and services for the construction and testing of the single-phase module-zero, the disconnected and dismantled, thereby allowing civil engineering development of the vertical-drift technology, the cryostat cost and risk work to go ahead and new services to be installed. analysis and other technical coordination matters.
Additional expenses for the accelerator complex include the following items: the preparations and infrastructure needed for the Main changes since the previous MTP oxygen run and the SND experiment; the continuation of the de- The main changes compared to last year’s MTP, which was cabling campaign in the PS and SPS, which started during LS2; approved by the Council in September 2020, are set out below. spares for the cryogenic plants; laser surface treatment for electron-
8 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 cloud mitigation; and support for the testing at CERN of the magnets energy to heat buildings on the Prévessin site, personnel for radiation for the FAIR project at GSI. The additional resources allocated to the protection and radiological impact work, and the use of plasma accelerator complex over the period 2022-2026 amount to some cleaning instead of detergent-based degreasing to clean activated 7.6 MCHF. accelerator equipment, for a total of about 2 MCHF over the period 2022-2026. In the area of software and computing, additional investment is needed for several important items, totaling 5.5 MCHF over the In this MTP, additional resources are allocated to scientific period 2022-2026 and 7 MCHF over the period 2022-2031. The educational activities, in recognition of the fact that they are a contract for the new computing centre in Prévessin, which was priority if CERN wants to increase its impact on society and the return adjudicated in December 2020, turned out to be some 12 MCHF to the Member and Associate Member States. Due to work for the more expensive than the initial estimate of 22 MCHF, which was HL-LHC, the exhibition at SM18, one of the most spectacular based on a tender carried out in 2017. Most of the extra cost technical halls at CERN, has had to be discontinued; resources have (8 MCHF) will be covered by the WLCG budget, thanks to savings now been allocated to create a new visits hub in SM18 showcasing from the termination of the contract with the Wigner centre, and the CERN’s technologies, with the aim of attracting more than 70 000 delayed purchase of computing resources due to the delayed start of visitors on guided tours per year. The construction of the Science Run 3, coupled with the fact that the prices for computing equipment Gateway began at the end of 2020, despite the pandemic; have continued to decrease. The remaining additional investment consequently, a faster ramp-up than foreseen in last year’s MTP is needed amounts to 4 MCHF. The cost of the PCC will be amortised needed ahead of full operation, including the recruitment of dedicated in about ten years of operation. Costs of new or renewed licenses personnel and other preparations in order to be ready for a public (e.g. invoicing software, Mathematica, MATLAB) amount to some opening in early 2023; external income (parking fees, shop revenues 1 MCHF over the period 2022-2026 and 2 MCHF over the period and rental of the auditorium) will start ramping up only over the 2022-2031. Finally, additional anti-virus software is needed to course of 2023, once the facility has opened to the public. reinforce computer security for CERN-owned devices, as well as IdeaSquare is a platform that brings CERN scientists involved in privately-owned equipment used by personnel when teleworking. early-stage developments of detector and other technologies together with cross-disciplinary masters and PhD students and Safety and environmental protection are top priorities. Additional young entrepreneurs to work on projects addressing societal resources are allocated in this MTP to resolve residual electrical non- challenges. It also serves as an incubator and coordinator for the EU- conformities, following safety assessments, and for safety funded ATTRACT project. Since its inception in December 2014, inspections during LS3, amounting to about 2.6 MCHF over the IdeaSquare has hosted some 2000 students involved in 350 projects period 2022-2026. Investments in environmental protection and covering environment, safety, health and other topics. Finally, the sustainability include a heat-recovery system to re-use the PCC
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 9
CERN multimedia studio, which is used for example to record on-line pandemic while demand (from medical applications, aerospace, courses for students, to produce live-interaction events, to support electronics industry, etc.) increased, with the market being currently high-level virtual happenings such as signing ceremonies with under high pressure. As a consequence, the favourable conditions governments and other authorities, and to assist external TV crews enjoyed with the previous contract (2016-2020) have not been coming to CERN, needs an equipment upgrade to continue extended by the suppliers and the prices for CERN have doubled. supporting the Laboratory’s communication strategy with the highest- This MTP thus includes a provision for an additional 6.5 MCHF over quality products. The total investment required in the above the period 2021-2025 to cover anticipated costs in this period. A new educational activities is 3.5 MCHF over the period 2022-2026. tendering of the contract is currently being carried out for implementation in 2022. The allocation in the 2022 MTP will be CERN’s total helium inventory at any given time is around adjusted according to the result of the contract award. 170 tonnes, of which 136 tonnes are used to cool the magnets in the LHC ring and in the ATLAS and CMS detectors. In recent years, At the June 2020 Finance Committee, the contract for the supply of CERN has managed to reduce helium annual losses at the LHC to electricity for the period 2021-2023 (with options for up to two some 10% of the total annual inventory, i.e. to 15 tonnes. In addition, one-year extensions beyond the initial three-year period) was the cryogenics team performs in situ helium liquefaction for central adjudicated to EDF (Electricité de France). The total cost for the services (up to 45 tonnes per year) and distribution by means of three-year period amounted to 193 MCHF, and included 166 MCHF mobile containers to facilities without a dedicated cryogenic plant of electricity cost plus some 27 MCHF of obligations, namely (e.g. the AD-ELENA experiments and several test benches). For the 4.7 MCHF for capacity obligations (mécanisme de capacité) and non-LHC programme and test benches, the helium losses account 22 MCHF for energy-saving certificates (Certificats d’économie for about 15-20 tonnes per year. As a consequence, during an d’énergie, CEE). The price at adjudication was based on operational year with beam, CERN needs to purchase some assumptions valid at that time (e.g. regulated and unregulated 35 tonnes of helium. CERN places renewable contracts (of varying market prices, level of charges from the obligations) and was subject durations depending on the operational schedule) with world leading to revision. Since then, the (expected) cost has increased, mainly industrial partners. In order to secure logistics and deliveries, CERN driven by the capacity obligations (going progressively up from has always promoted the selection of several contractual suppliers 19.5 k€/MW to 60 k€/MW over the period 2020-2026) and the CEE with direct access to several worldwide sources (in USA, Qatar, (from 5.1 to 8.2 €/MWh over the same period). Therefore, this MTP Algeria, etc.), closely following the evolution of a somewhat volatile includes these additional costs and provisions and, prudently, extend market. Over the past years, the budget needed for the purchase of them over the full ten-year period, even though the electricity contract helium amounted to some 1.5 MCHF/year. Recently, the worldwide will be retendered in 2-4 years (depending on whether or not the helium production and supply was impacted by the COVID-19 option for the extension of the current contract with EDF is taken).
10 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
The level of electricity consumption at CERN has also been revised Financial and budgetary considerations to take into account the most recent accelerator schedule, in The cumulative budget deficit (CBD) over the years 2020 to 2031 is particular the delayed restart of the LHC. It turns out that the presented in the figure below. The three curves show the total CBD, increased cost of electricity over the period 2021-2026 is fairly well as well as the individual contributions from the additional cost of compensated by the reduced consumption over that period, with utilities (helium and electricity) plus the 11 MCHF leave provision and minimal impact on the budget. On the other hand, over the period from the second cryostat for DUNE. 2027-2031 additional resources amounting to 23 MCHF had to be allocated, mainly related to the obligations previously described. The CBD in 2021 (-261 MCHF) will be about 70 MCHF lower than CERN continues to make significant and successful efforts to monitor anticipated in last year’s MTP (-331 MCHF), primarily as a result of and forecast its energy consumption with an accuracy of a few the budget reprofiling for some activities to 2022 and following years percent, and is thus regularly awarded EDF bonuses. However, and reduced electricity consumption due to the delayed start of CERN is subject to the market volatility and to external decisions Run 3. With the pandemic likely to be significantly mitigated by the concerning obligations. The electricity allocations will be updated end of 2021, the years 2022 and 2023 are expected to be those annually in the context of the MTP exercise. where the reprofiled resources from previous years will be spent.
Other expenses include a new guards contract following the In the years 2024-2025, where the CBD is at its peak, the additional bankruptcy of the previous contractor, installation of full perimeter 50-60 MCHF compared with last year’s MTP derive mainly from three fencing on the Meyrin and Prévessin sites, and personnel costs sources: an additional leave provision of 11 MCHF in 2020, which following the reorganisation of sectors and departments and for should be re-absorbed in future years; the increased cost of helium, high-priority activities (ASIC developments for the LHC experiments, for a total of 6.5 MCHF over the period 2021-2025; and expenses for the Zenodo open-access platform, etc.). Other expenses amount to the second cryostat for DUNE, amounting to 25 MCHF over the a total of 13 MCHF over the period 2022-2026 and 23 MCHF over period 2022-2025. In the years 2027-2030, the difference in the CBD 2022-2031. shown in this MTP compared with last year’s is largely due to the increased price of electricity (capacity obligations and energy-saving In summary, the total additional expenses amount to some 74 MCHF certificates). over the period of the plan, i.e. from 2022 to 2026, and 110 MCHF over the ten-year period from 2022 to 2031. Savings since last year’s Following last year’s debt restructuring, no short-term loans are MTP amount to 14 MCHF. expected to be required for the years until the end of 2023, provided that the Member and Associate Member States’ contributions are
paid in full and on time.
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 11
Chart a: Cumulative budget deficit Year
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 0
-200
-400 MCHF
-600
Financial statements
MTP 2020 (September) -800
Utilities and saved leave provision
2nd cryostat for DUNE -1 000 MTP 2021
-1 200
12 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
Cumulative charts
The figures below show the cumulative resources (materials and personnel) for several projects as a function of time. The resources before 2021 correspond to the budget actually spent by the project, whereas the resources in 2021 and future years correspond to the budget allocated.
Chart b: HL-LHC project
This chart shows the
cumulative resources for the
HL-LHC project (CERN budget + in-kind contributions). The in-kind contributions amount to 135 MCHF out of a total cost- to-completion of 989 MCHF.
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 13
Chart c: CERN contribution to LHC detectors upgrades
This chart shows the cumulative resources for the LHC experiments since the end of Run 1 and includes CERN’s contributions to the
Phase I and Phase II upgrades of the detectors, as well as its obligations as host lab.
Chart d: Neutrino Platform project
This chart shows the cumulative resources for the Neutrino Platform project (CERN budget +
external contributions). The external contributions correspond to about 2% of the total.
14 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
Chart e: Linear collider studies
This chart shows the
cumulative resources for linear collider studies, including CLIC, CTF3, ILC and R&D for linear collider detectors.
Chart f: Future Circular Collider studies
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 15
Chart g: Muon collider studies
Chart h: High field superconducting magnets R&D
This chart shows the
cumulative resources for high field superconducting magnets R&D (CERN budget + in-kind contributions), including R&D on magnets that was under the FCC budget heading from 2015
to 2020. The in-kind
contributions correspond to about 7% of the total.
16 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
Chart i: AWAKE project
This chart shows the cumulative resources for the AWAKE project (CERN budget + in-kind contributions). The in-kind
contributions correspond to about 20% of the total.
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 17
II. RESOURCES PLAN FOR THE YEARS 2022-2026
18 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
1. REVENUES PLAN Figure 1: Anticipated revenues
Revised Total Total (in MCHF, 2021 prices, rounded off to 0.1 MCHF until 2026, 1 MCHF thereafter) 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2021- 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2021- Budget 2026 2031 REVENUES 1 399.5 1 370.2 1 328.2 1 329.5 1 306.4 1 291.4 8 025.1 1 287 1 284 1 286 1 285 1 283 14 450
Member States' contributions 1 168.9 1 168.9 1 168.9 1 168.9 1 168.9 1 168.9 7 014 1 169 1 169 1 169 1 169 1 169 12 858 Associate Member States' contributions 29.9 30.3 30.3 30.3 30.3 30.3 182 30 30 30 30 30 333 Contributions anticipated from new Associate Member 0.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 5 1 1 1 1 1 10 States Special contributions to HL-LHC 40.8 13.2 20.7 27.7 17.7 5.9 126 2 0 0 0 0 128 EU contributions 9.6 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 50 8 8 8 8 8 90 Additional contributions 9.4 16.5 18.6 12.2 2.0 1.4 60 1 0 0 0 0 61 HFM, AWAKE, FAIR, Hostlab 9.4 14.9 17.0 11.7 1.5 1.4 56 1 0 0 0 0 57 External contributions to the Neutrino Platform (Swiss, 0.0 1.6 1.6 0.5 0.5 0.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 in-kind) Personnel paid from third-party accounts 16.9 13.1 9.6 8.3 6.8 5.8 61 5 5 5 5 5 88 Personnel on detachment 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 Internal taxation 34.7 34.4 33.7 33.3 33.2 33.3 203 33 33 33 33 33 370 Knowledge transfer 3.1 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 10 1 1 1 1 1 17 Other revenues 85.2 82.5 35.5 38.1 37.0 35.3 314 36 35 38 37 35 494 Sales and miscellaneous 27.3 26.3 26.1 28.7 27.7 26.1 162 27 26 29 28 26 297 SCOAP3 revenues 9.9 9.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20 0 0 0 0 0 20 OpenLab revenues 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Donations 41.6 36.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 78 0 0 0 0 0 78 Financial revenues 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 12 2 2 2 2 2 22 In-kind¹ 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 8 1 1 1 1 1 14 Housing fund 2.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 32 6 6 6 6 6 62 ¹Theoretical interest on the FIPOI loan.
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 19
Comments on Figure 1:
The Member States’ contributions are constant. to the end of LS3. The external contributions to the Neutrino Platform include a contribution of 2.3 MCHF from Switzerland to the The Associate Member States’ contributions include the infrastructure of the LBNF facility and the DUNE experiment, contributions from Cyprus, Estonia2 and Slovenia as Associate through CERN, and 2 MCHF of pledges from other countries and Members in the pre-stage to Membership, and from Croatia, India, sources. The Management will continue its efforts to identify Lithuania, Pakistan, Turkey and Ukraine as Associate Members. additional contributions from outside CERN’ budget.
Conservative assumptions are made for additional contributions The compensation headings for personnel paid from third-party from new Associate Member States, i.e. only countries at an accounts or on special leave have no impact on the budget advanced stage of negotiations are included. It is assumed that balance due to identical headings under expenses. These headings Latvia will become an Associate Member State in the last quarter of will be updated regularly to account for actual contract changes. 2021. Internal taxation is calculated for the book closing every year and The total value of special contributions to the HL-LHC project is will be adjusted accordingly (no impact on the budget balance due unchanged compared to last year’s MTP. The high value in 2021 to the identical heading under expenses). comes from part of the US in-kind contribution for which past development expenses are recognized in 2021 following the formal For knowledge transfer, a conservative estimate of 1.3 MCHF signature of the agreement earlier this year. annual revenues is assumed.
This MTP includes all current agreements with the EU and future Other revenues: (conservative) estimates of about 8 MCHF per year. These EU The sales and miscellaneous heading include 17 MCHF of contributions are offset by expenses and thus have no impact on revenues (offset by the same amount of expenses) the budget balance. corresponding to materials expenditure recharged to teams and Additional contributions are in-kind or cash contributions from collaborations, as agreed with the External Auditors. The collaborating institutes to projects such as AWAKE, FCC and high- remaining part, amounting to about 10 MCHF per annum, field superconducting magnets (HFM) or to fund work done by reflects last years’ budget out-turn, Covid-19 related reductions CERN for other institutions (e.g. FAIR). This line also includes (mainly CERN shop’s revenues) and the latest profile of CERN experiments’ contributions to critical infrastructure and services up cars’ sale back to the supplier within the car-pool activity.
2 Estonia became an Associate Member State in the pre-stage to Membership on 1 February 2021
20 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
9.9 MCHF per year external revenues from the SCOAP3 Donations cover the secured contributions from donors to the consortium are foreseen during the third phase of SCOAP3 Science Gateway project (offset by the same amount under (2020-2022). The SCOAP3 revenues are compensated by the expenses). same amount under expenses. The theoretical interest on the FIPOI loans, under the “In-kind” The revenues and corresponding expenses for OpenLab are heading, is assumed to remain constant. based on the contracts signed at the time of publication of this The housing fund revenues in 2021 are lower due to the impact MTP. The OpenLab management is currently in the process of of COVID-19 on the hostel occupancy. preparing the contracts for the next 3-year phase of the collaboration (Phase VII), which started in 2021. Thus, no amounts are shown for the future years yet.
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 21
22 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
2. ESTIMATED EXPENSES AND BUDGET BALANCES Figure 2: Estimated expenses and budget balances
Revised Total Total (in MCHF, 2021 prices, rounded off to 0.1 MCHF until 2026, 1 MCHF thereafter) 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2021-2026 2021-2031 Budget EXPENSES 1 349.2 1 395.0 1 347.6 1 322.4 1 246.6 1 185.3 7 846 1 127 1 102 1 115 1 103 1 077 13 371 Running of scientific programmes and support 1 064.4 1 054.0 1 017.6 1 004.2 974.0 975.4 6 089 992 1 035 1 049 1 037 1 010 11 212 Scientific programmes 508.0 486.7 474.5 471.2 492.2 488.8 2 921 478 515 514 515 536 5 479 Accelerator programme 307.5 290.5 294.6 293.1 316.5 308.3 1 810 291 311 311 312 333 3 370 Experiments and research programme 200.5 196.1 180.0 178.1 175.7 180.5 1 111 186 204 203 203 203 2 110 Infrastructure and services 556.4 567.3 543.0 533.0 481.8 486.6 3 168 515 520 534 521 474 5 733 General infrastructure and services (incl. admin, external relations, safety) 291.7 289.8 253.0 236.3 230.5 234.7 1 536 232 234 230 234 234 2 699 Site facilities (incl. infrastructure consolidation, buildings and renovation) 67.9 71.7 86.8 99.2 95.8 81.7 503 95 91 106 97 91 984 Centralised expenses 196.8 205.9 203.3 197.5 155.5 170.2 1 129 187 195 199 191 149 2 050 Centralised personnel expenses 38.4 39.7 39.0 37.8 37.4 38.3 231 38 38 38 38 38 422 Internal taxation 34.7 34.4 33.7 33.3 33.2 33.3 203 33 33 33 33 33 370 Internal mobility, pers. paid special leave or paid from third-party accounts 17.7 13.8 10.4 9.2 7.4 6.3 65 6 6 6 6 6 94 Energy and water, insurance and postal charges, miscellaneous 97.4 110.0 112.8 110.6 71.6 87.2 590 105 113 118 111 69 1 106 Interest, bank and financial expenses, in-kind ¹ 8.6 8.0 7.3 6.6 5.9 5.1 41 4 4 3 3 2 58 Scientific projects 284.8 341.0 330.1 318.2 272.6 209.9 1 757 135 67 67 67 67 2 159 LHC upgrades 212.1 234.0 228.7 218.4 184.5 137.3 1 215 63 2 2 2 2 1 287 LHC injectors upgrade (LIU) 7.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7 0 0 0 0 0 7 HL-LHC upgrade 162.9 159.7 156.6 150.5 131.7 98.0 860 38 0 0 0 0 897 LHC detectors upgrades (Phase I) and consolidation 7.9 3.8 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.2 19 2 2 2 2 2 30 LHC detectors upgrades (Phase II) and R&D 33.9 70.5 70.1 65.8 51.8 37.1 329 23 0 0 0 0 352 Future colliders studies 18.6 27.5 33.0 31.3 22.9 19.8 153 20 20 20 20 20 252 Linear collider 5.4 5.1 4.7 4.2 4.1 0.0 23 0 0 0 0 0 23 Future Circular Collider 11.7 20.2 26.3 25.1 16.8 0.0 100 0 0 0 0 0 100 Muon colliders 1.5 2.3 2.0 2.0 1.9 0.0 10 0 0 0 0 0 10 High-energy frontier 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.8 20 20 20 20 20 20 119 Accelerator technologies and R&D 26.8 35.5 31.5 28.6 31.3 28.2 182 27 26 25 25 25 311 R&D for future detectors 7.5 8.0 7.7 7.3 4.1 4.1 39 4 4 5 5 5 61 Scientific diversity projects 19.7 36.1 29.3 32.6 29.9 20.5 168 20 15 15 15 15 247 Neutrino Platform 8.8 23.0 17.1 20.0 18.4 9.0 96 9 4 4 4 4 119 Physics Beyond Colliders 2.3 4.2 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.3 20 3 3 3 3 3 36 EU supported computing R&D, support to external facilities 8.7 8.9 8.5 9.1 8.2 8.2 51 8 8 8 8 8 91
BALANCE
Annual balance 50.3 -24.9 -19.5 7.1 59.8 106.1 160 181 171 182 206
Capital repayment allocated to the budget (FIPOI 1, 2 and 3, debt restructuring) -1.1 -1.1 -1.1 -1.1 -1.1 -22.9 -45 -45 -45 -45 -1
Recapitalisation Pension Fund -60.0 -60.0 -60.0 -60.0 -60.0 -60.0 -60 -60 -60 -60 -60
Annual balance allocated to budget deficit -10.8 -86.0 -80.6 -54.0 -1.3 23.2 55 77 66 77 145
-Cumulative balance (at 31/12 of the year)²- - 250.1 -260.9 -346.8 -427.4 -481.4 -482.6 -459.4 -404 -327 -261 -184 -39
¹ Including theoretical interest on the FIPOI loan (compensated by a corresponding heading in the revenues). ² The cumulative balance of -250.1 MCHF is the accumulated budget deficit at 31/12/2020 as stated in the Financial Statements for 2020 (CERN/FC/6494, page 17).
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 23
Comments on Figure 2:
Figure 2 shows the estimated expenses and the annual balances, programme has been secured in this MTP to cover the increased the latter being the difference between revenues and expenses. cost of helium. Expenses include both materials and personnel (M+P), and cover the The LHC Injectors Upgrade project ends in 2021 with a 2 MCHF operation of the current facilities and experiments as well as design lower cost to completion than announced at the fourth cost and studies, R&D and construction of new projects (HL-LHC). Capital schedule review held in November 2019. repayment for long-term loans and the contribution to the recapitalisation of the Pension Fund are allocated to the budget The CERN materials budget allocation for Phase II detector balance. The sum of these headings and the annual balances give upgrades of ATLAS and CMS is unchanged since the last MTP. In the annual balance allocated to the budget deficit. this MTP some personnel budget was reallocated from operation to upgrades. Additionally, 37 MCHF of expenses up to 2027 (offset by The general infrastructure and services heading includes the the corresponding revenues) was added to reflect experiments’ allocation of 35 MCHF over 2021-2023 for the construction of the contributions to critical infrastructure and services. new computing centre in Prévessin. Since last years’ MTP, an amount of 12 MCHF was added to the project’s budget following the Following the recommendations of the updated European Strategy contract adjudicated in December 2020, and 0.7 MCHF to cover the for Particle Physics, the “Future colliders studies” budget line installation of the 3 MW heat-recovery system. includes about 20 MCHF/year for FCC for the period 2021-2025 (no change compared to last year’s MTP) to support the feasibility Under the budget allocation for site facilities, additional resources for studies of the colliders and related infrastructure. It also includes 3.6 MCHF were granted for the new guards contract, following the some 4.7 MCHF/year for R&D on key CLIC technologies, while bankruptcy of the previous provider, and the perimeter fencing of the additional 600 kCHF/year of personnel resources are now under the Meyrin and Prévessin sites. CLEAR facility (under accelerator technologies and R&D budget The significant reduction in Centralised expenses in 2025-2027 and line). Muon colliders are funded with 2 MCHF/year. 2031 is due to the reduction of energy consumption during the period Accelerator technologies and R&D have been reinforced in last of LS3 and LS4 respectively. In this MTP the electricity budget takes year’s MTP following the recommendation of the 2020 Strategy into account the increased price of capacity obligations and energy- update. This line notably includes about 20 MCHF/year for high-field saving certificates, for a total of 23 MCHF for the period 2027-2031. superconducting magnets R&D. An additional total budget of 6.5 MCHF under the Accelerator
24 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
Taking into account the strategic importance for Europe to provide drift solution, and to work on the cryostat cost and risk analysis and the second cryostat for the DUNE experiment at LBNF, an additional other technical coordination matters. budget of 35 MCHF (of which 2 MCHF are expected to come from Following the strong support to a diverse scientific programme in the external contributions, see Comments on Figure 1) was allocated to 2020 Strategy update, the budget for Physics Beyond Colliders was the Neutrino Platform to cover its construction. Additional 3.6 MCHF increased to some 3 MCHF/year in last year’s MTP. resources are allocated for personnel for the construction and test of the single-phase module-zero and the development of the vertical-
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 25
26 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
3. RESOURCES ALLOCATIONS AND EXPENSES Figure 3: Accelerator programme
Fact Revised 2021 (in MCHF, 2021 prices, rounded off) 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Total 2021-2026 sheet Budget
Accelerator programme 307.5 290.5 294.6 293.1 316.5 308.3 1 810.5 1 LHC machine 133.6 131.7 134.9 134.7 162.3 165.8 862.9 Personnel 60.6 54.8 52.5 54.4 59.8 73.6 355.6 Materials 73.0 76.9 82.4 80.3 102.6 92.2 507.3 2 SPS complex 43.0 44.9 46.6 46.8 48.0 43.4 272.7 Personnel 22.5 22.7 21.3 21.1 20.0 20.3 127.9 Materials 20.5 22.2 25.3 25.7 28.0 23.1 144.8 3 PS complex 72.9 56.4 55.0 54.5 47.8 43.4 330.0 Personnel 41.3 37.1 35.3 34.6 31.7 28.1 208.1 Materials 31.7 19.3 19.7 19.9 16.0 15.3 121.9 4 Accelerator support 58.0 57.6 58.0 57.2 58.4 55.8 344.9 Personnel 40.2 41.1 41.5 41.7 44.1 41.6 250.1 Materials 17.7 16.5 16.5 15.5 14.3 14.2 94.7 0 % of total revenues 21.97 % 21.20 % 22.18 % 22.04 % 24.23 % 23.87 %
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 27
Comments on Figure 3:
Figure 3 shows the costs directly related to the operation, provision of the spare radio-frequency quadrupole for Linac4. An maintenance and consolidation of the accelerators. allocation of 5 MCHF has been granted in this MTP for the continuation of the de-cabling campaigns in the PS and SPS and for In addition to the operation costs, the LHC machine heading the consolidation of safety lighting systems in the SPS tunnel. The includes rolling consolidation programmes (machine protection, budget for the preparations and infrastructure needed for the oxygen cooling and ventilation, electrical substations, power converters, run (0.6 MCHF) and the SND experiment (140 kCHF) has also been optical fibre network, handling and lifting equipment, controls and secured in this MTP. electronics, etc.), spares, and consolidation in preparation for HL-LHC. An allocation of 6.5 MCHF to cover the cost increase of The cost of the operation of the injectors and of the associated helium has been granted, as well as 0.8 MCHF for spares for the accelerator support and services is driven by the need to deliver cryogenic plants. beams to the LHC.
PS and SPS complexes: These headings include all costs for the Accelerator support includes cryogenic fluids for non-LHC operation of Linac4, Booster, PS, SPS, as well as the n_TOF, HIE- experiments, operation of the cryolab, the polymer laboratory, ISOLDE, AD-ELENA, and the North Area and East Area facilities, magnetic measurements and vacuum infrastructure, accelerator and for their consolidation. The larger materials expenses in 2021 controls, as well as items that are common to all accelerators at compared to the following years are due to the completion of the LS2 CERN (e.g. resources for FLUKA developments). The upgrade of the activities. The SPS consolidation budget includes items such as the SM18 magnet test facility is also included under this heading replacement of radiation-damaged cables, power converters, warm (completion in 2021). magnets, electrical safety and the staged replacement of the vacuum In addition to the direct costs shown in Figure 3, the accelerator ion pumps. For the PS machine, the budget covers the continuation programme has indirect costs, which constitute the largest share of of rolling consolidation programmes, the replacement of Linac3 the costs shown in Figure 5, “Infrastructure and services”. radio-frequency amplifiers, the n_TOF target replacement and the
28 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
Figure 4: Experiments and research programme
Fact Revised 2021 (in MCHF, 2021 prices, rounded off) 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Total 2021-2026 sheet Budget
Experiments and research programme 200.5 196.1 180.0 178.1 175.7 180.5 1 110.9 5 ATLAS 16.6 15.5 14.7 13.9 13.4 12.9 87.0 Personnel 13.5 12.6 11.9 11.0 10.4 9.8 69.2 Materials 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.1 17.8 6 CMS 16.0 15.4 14.0 13.3 12.5 12.0 83.3 Personnel 12.6 12.4 11.1 10.5 9.5 9.0 65.2 Materials 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.8 3.0 3.0 18.1 7 LHCb 13.1 13.2 12.7 12.3 11.6 11.0 73.9
Personnel 11.6 11.9 11.4 11.0 10.2 9.5 65.6
Materials 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 8.3 8 ALICE 13.9 13.8 13.3 12.4 12.5 12.4 78.4
Personnel 11.9 12.2 11.7 10.8 10.8 10.8 68.2 Materials 2.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 10.2 9 Other LHC experiments 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 8.0 Personnel 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9 6.3 Materials 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.7 10 Scientific diversity programme 6.8 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.4 34.3 Personnel 4.8 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.2 25.9
Materials 1.9 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 8.4 11 Theory 10.6 9.9 9.9 9.6 9.7 9.7 59.4
Personnel 9.4 8.9 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.7 53.2 Materials 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.0 6.3 12 Scientific computing 40.1 41.0 36.1 38.6 36.1 37.2 229.1 Personnel 18.3 18.0 17.2 17.2 17.4 17.4 105.4 Materials 21.9 23.0 18.9 21.4 18.8 19.8 123.7 13 Scientific support 82.2 80.3 72.2 71.2 72.9 78.6 457.5 Personnel 48.4 47.1 49.1 49.7 52.6 57.6 304.6 Materials 33.8 33.2 23.1 21.4 20.3 21.1 152.9
0 % of total revenues 14.33 % 14.31 % 13.55 % 13.40 % 13.45 % 13.98 % 0.00 %
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 29
Comments on Figure 4:
Scientific diversity programme: This heading includes funding for Scientific support: The materials heading covers support for non-LHC experiments (HIE-ISOLDE, n_TOF, AD-ELENA, PS fixed detectors (mechanics and electronics development) as well as target, the North Area experiments, etc.). scientific software tools. The funding for scientific exchanges The Theory allocation maintains a stable workforce for staff. The (summer students and scientific associates) is also included here, as slight reduction in the personnel budget after 2022 is due to the end well as the operational activities of and CERN’s contribution to the of current EU projects for which CERN will actively submit new SCOAP3 consortium. A budget of 1.8 MCHF is allocated to this proposals. It should be noted that some 45% of the personnel budget heading for 2021 to support the permanent relocation of some covers the Theory department’s fellows (about 40 FTE) whereas the workshops, laboratories and offices to make space for the materials budget supports visitors and other associated members of construction of the new building 140. personnel.
Scientific computing: The materials expenses include CERN’s contribution to the CPU and storage resources of the WLCG in line with its Tier-0 role (~ 20% of the total WLCG resources). The spending profile follows the needs of the experiments for the various running periods.
30 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
Figure 5: Infrastructure and services
Fact Revised 2021 (in MCHF, 2021 prices, rounded off) 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Total 2021-2026 sheet Budget
Infrastructure and services 556.4 567.3 543.0 533.0 481.8 486.6 3 168.1 14 Safety, health and environment 48.6 46.8 46.7 47.7 49.5 46.2 285.5 Personnel 29.7 28.7 27.0 26.4 26.2 26.0 164.0 Materials 18.9 18.2 19.7 21.3 23.3 20.2 121.5 15 Site facilities 67.9 71.7 86.8 99.2 95.8 81.7 502.9 Personnel 16.6 17.3 17.3 18.0 18.1 18.2 105.5 Materials 51.3 54.4 69.5 81.1 77.7 63.5 397.5 16 Technical infrastructure 61.7 61.6 57.9 63.1 59.7 65.4 369.4 Personnel 38.4 38.9 38.5 38.7 39.4 39.2 233.1 Materials 23.3 22.7 19.4 24.5 20.3 26.2 136.3 17 Informatics and computing infrastructure 49.5 54.6 61.9 39.9 37.5 37.2 280.5 Personnel 27.5 24.6 23.8 23.3 23.1 23.3 145.6 Materials 22.0 30.0 38.1 16.6 14.3 14.0 135.0 18 Administration 61.8 62.1 59.6 58.7 58.1 57.9 358.1 Personnel 51.7 50.9 49.5 48.6 48.0 47.8 296.4 Materials 10.1 11.2 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 61.7 19 External relations 70.2 64.7 26.8 27.0 25.8 28.0 242.5 Personnel 19.2 18.2 17.2 16.9 16.8 16.8 105.1 Materials 51.0 46.6 9.6 10.1 9.0 11.1 137.4 20 Centralised expenses 196.8 205.9 203.3 197.5 155.5 170.2 1 129.1 Centralised personnel expenses 38.4 39.7 39.0 37.8 37.4 38.3 230.7 Internal taxation 34.7 34.4 33.7 33.3 33.2 33.3 202.6 Personnel internal mobility 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 1.8 Personnel on paid special leave 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.0 2.3 Personnel paid from third-party accounts 16.9 13.1 9.6 8.3 6.8 5.8 60.5 Energy and water 68.0 80.0 82.8 77.9 39.8 57.1 405.7 Insurance, postal charges, miscellaneous 29.3 30.0 30.0 32.8 31.8 30.1 183.9 Interest, bank and financial expenses 7.1 6.5 5.9 5.2 4.5 3.8 33.0 In-kind 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 8.5 0 % of total revenues 39.76 % 41.41 % 40.89 % 40.09 % 36.88 % 37.68 % 0.00 %
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 31
Comments on Figure 5:
Safety, health and environment covers safety services, such as the support, video conferencing, telephony, computer networking, etc.). Fire Brigade and the Medical Service, CERN-wide safety, safety The budget increase from 2021 to 2023 is linked to the construction training, and the part of radiation protection and safety inspections of the new computing centre in Prévessin. that is not allocated to the projects. This MTP includes an additional Administration: This heading covers the cost of central amount of 2.6 MCHF for safety-related matters, such as the follow- management and administrative services (e.g. for the DG office and up work on electrical non-conformities and the safety inspections services, and the HR, FAP and IPT departments), as well as during LS3, and 2 MCHF additional investment in environmental business computing. protection and sustainability. External relations: This heading covers the activities of the Site facilities includes site management (cleaning, guards, etc.), International Relations Sector, including: relations with Member logistics (goods reception, mail service, transport, etc.), building States, Associate Member States and non-Member States, relations maintenance, consolidation and renovation, as well as the operation with international organisations, education, communications and of the CERN service desk. The allocation takes into account outreach. It also includes the Science Gateway project, with a total recurrent running costs as well as the budget for new buildings. This cost of 87 MCHF (2019-2022), offset by the matching revenues from MTP secures funding for the new guards contract (1.6 MCHF), the donations. An additional budget of 2.4 MCHF has been secured in replacement of one damaged boiler of the Meyrin heating plan this MTP for operation of the Science Gateway before external (1.4 MCHF) and the perimeter fencing of the Meyrin and Prévessin revenues start to ramp up in 2023. The external relations heading sites (2 MCHF). also includes knowledge transfer and medical applications activities.
Technical infrastructure includes various systems (cooling and Centralised personnel expenses: This heading mainly covers ventilation, electrical distribution, heavy handling, access, fire and CERN’s contribution to the health insurance premiums for gas detection, etc.), as well as engineering facilities and workshops. pensioners, arrival and departure indemnities, unemployment The materials budget mainly covers industrial services and benefits, etc. maintenance contracts. This heading also includes the consolidation of technical galleries. Internal taxation: The estimates for 2021 and beyond are in line with the actual staff numbers and their positions in the salary grid. They Informatics and computing infrastructure covers computing are offset by the corresponding heading in the revenues. Personnel infrastructure, as well as tools and services for the full CERN’s costs in all other headings are thus net costs without taxes. community (including computer centre operation, service desk
32 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
Personnel internal mobility is a central fund to ease the transfer the electricity budget takes into account the increased prices of from one organisational unit to another, and to temporarily obligations (capacity and energy-saving certificates), for a total of compensate for salary differences. 23 MCHF for the period 2027-2031.
Personnel on paid special leave relates to staff on secondment to Insurance, postal charges and miscellaneous: Miscellaneous other institutes. The expenses are compensated by corresponding include expenditures rechargeable to third-party accounts (offset by revenues. the same amount of revenues) as well as provision for departmental expenses funded with revenues. Personnel paid from third-party accounts: This heading has corresponding revenues and therefore does not impact the annual Interest, bank and financial expenses: This heading covers bank balance. charges, and the remaining interest for the long-term Fortis loan and for the UBS credit facility, with a deferred capital reimbursement from Energy and water: This heading is dominated by the electricity 2026 onwards. consumption for the general infrastructure, the accelerator complex and the computer centre. It also includes water and heating In-kind: This heading has corresponding revenues and covers the expenses. Energy consumption 2021 takes into account the theoretical interest on the FIPOI loans. progressive restart of the accelerator complex after LS2. In this MTP
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 33
34 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
Figure 6: Scientific projects Fact sheet (in MCHF, 2021 prices, rounded off) Revised 2021 Budget 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Total 2021-2026 Scientific projects 284.8 341.0 330.1 318.2 272.6 209.9 1 756.6 21 LHC injectors upgrade 7.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.4 Personnel 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 Materials 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 22 HL-LHC upgrade 162.9 159.7 156.6 150.5 131.7 98.0 859.6 Personnel 47.0 47.4 41.5 38.8 37.0 33.5 245.0 Materials 116.0 112.4 115.2 111.8 94.7 64.6 614.5 23 LHC detectors upgrades 41.9 74.3 72.1 67.8 52.8 39.3 348.1 LHC detectors upgrades (Phase I) and consolidation 7.9 3.8 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.2 18.9 Personnel 2.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 Materials 5.3 3.4 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.2 15.8 LHC detectors upgrades (Phase II) and R&D 33.9 70.5 70.1 65.8 51.8 37.1 329.2 Personnel 20.8 23.1 22.4 20.8 21.1 18.8 126.9 Materials 13.2 47.4 47.7 45.1 30.7 18.3 202.3 24 Future colliders studies 18.6 27.5 33.0 31.3 22.9 19.8 153.1 Linear collider 5.4 5.1 4.7 4.2 4.1 0.0 23.5 Personnel 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 0.0 12.2 Materials 2.7 2.6 2.4 1.8 1.7 0.0 11.2 Future Circular Collider 11.7 20.2 26.3 25.1 16.8 0.0 100.1 Personnel 7.3 7.5 6.4 6.2 6.2 0.0 33.6 Materials 4.4 12.7 19.9 18.9 10.6 0.0 66.5 Muon colliders 1.5 2.3 2.0 2.0 1.9 0.0 9.7 Personnel 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.0 5.5 Materials 0.4 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.0 4.3 High-energy frontier 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.8 19.8 Personnel 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.6 6.6 Materials 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.2 13.2 25 Accelerator technologies and R&D 26.8 35.5 31.5 28.6 31.3 28.2 181.8 RF technologies R&D 3.4 4.0 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.7 18.6 Personnel 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 3.8 Materials 2.4 3.2 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.2 14.8 High field superconducting accelerator magnets R&D 15.4 22.6 20.1 18.4 22.4 20.5 119.4 Personnel 3.6 3.4 3.5 4.0 4.1 0.0 18.7 Materials 11.7 19.2 16.6 14.4 18.3 20.5 100.7 Proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration (AWAKE) 3.1 4.6 4.1 3.8 2.9 2.4 20.9 Personnel 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.4 9.5 Materials 1.8 2.8 2.5 2.2 1.3 0.9 11.5 CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research (CLEAR) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 9.1 Personnel 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 4.4 Materials 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 4.7 Other accelerator R&D 3.4 2.7 2.6 2.2 1.7 1.1 13.8 Personnel 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 0.7 8.9 Materials 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.7 0.3 0.3 4.9 26 R&D for future detectors 7.5 8.0 7.7 7.3 4.1 4.1 38.7 Personnel 4.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 20.7 Materials 3.2 4.7 4.4 4.1 0.8 0.8 18.0 27 Scientific diversity projects 19.7 36.1 29.3 32.6 29.9 20.5 168.0 Neutrino platform 8.8 23.0 17.1 20.0 18.4 9.0 96.2 Personnel 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.0 2.8 2.3 19.5 Materials 4.9 19.2 13.5 16.9 15.6 6.7 76.7 Physics Beyond Colliders 2.3 4.2 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.3 20.2 Personnel 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 2.8 Materials 1.8 3.6 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 17.4 EU supported computing R&D 5.7 6.8 7.1 7.9 8.0 8.0 43.4 Personnel 1.4 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 Materials 4.4 6.0 6.9 7.9 8.0 8.0 41.2 Support to external facilities 3.0 2.1 1.4 1.2 0.2 0.2 8.1 Personnel 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.5 Materials 2.1 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.0 0.0 5.6 % of total revenues 20.35 % 24.89 % 24.85 % 23.93 % 20.87 % 16.25 % 0.00 %
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 35
Comments on Figure 6:
LHC Injectors Upgrade: This heading covers the upgrade of the Future colliders studies: This heading includes funding, at the level Booster, PS and SPS to provide the high-brightness beams required of about 20 MCHF/year over the period 2021-2025, for the Future in the HL-LHC era. The project ends in 2021 with a 2 MCHF lower Circular Collider, covering the feasibility studies of the colliders and cost to completion than in last year’s MTP. related infrastructure, as per the recommendation of the 2020 ESPP. The budget for CLIC (23.5 MCHF over the period 2021-2025) HL-LHC upgrade: This heading covers the construction work to supports the continuation of R&D on key technologies, such as X- upgrade the LHC to ultimate performance, aiming for completion at band accelerating structures, beam dynamics, etc. This heading also the end of LS3 (2027). In last year’s MTP, the cost-to-completion has includes 2 MCHF/year over the period 2021-2025 for muon collider been revised up to a value of 989 MCHF, out of which some studies. From 2026 onwards, these three studies are merged 135 MCHF are expected to come from in-kind contributions from together into a single “High-energy frontier” line. outside CERN’s budget. The next HL-LHC cost and schedule review will take place in November 2021. Accelerator technologies and R&D were reinforced in last year’s MTP. The budget line high-field superconducting accelerator LHC detectors upgrades (Phase I) and consolidation, which magnets R&D of about 20 MCHF/year covers R&D activities on covers CERN’s contribution to the detector consolidation and superconducting materials (Nb3Sn, HTS and emerging alternatives), enhancements needed to fully benefit from the luminosity increase magnet technology, models and prototypes as well as the provided by the LHC Injectors Upgrade, as well as host laboratory’s infrastructure required to perform material and magnet testing. It is contributions to infrastructure and services, is close to completion. complemented by 2.7 MCHF/year for RF technologies and R&D, From 2021 onwards, the personnel are redirected to experiment including SCRF and the development of high-efficiency klystrons. operations and Phase II upgrades. Funding for the second run of AWAKE (about 25 MCHF) was already LHC detectors upgrades (Phase II) and R&D: This line includes secured in previous MTPs. The operation of the CLEAR test facility CERN’s contribution to the R&D for, and construction of, the (1.5 MCHF/year) is also covered. Phase II upgrades of ATLAS and CMS. Host laboratory’s The Other accelerator R&D heading covers R&D activities that are contributions are also provided for a total of 54 MCHF over 7 years, not part of approved studies and projects, such as surface chemistry covering the period from the end of LS2 to the end of LS3. Additional and coating, beam transfer components, energy extraction systems, 37 MCHF of experiments contributions to critical infrastructure and etc. An allocation of 0.6 MCHF was secured in this MTP for laser services has been recorded in this MTP (and is offset by surface treatment for electron-cloud mitigation. corresponding revenues).
36 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
R&D for future detectors: Since 2020, this line includes all detector This heading also includes activities carried out for other research R&D for collider and non-collider experiments across CERN’s studies institutes and projects, such as FAIR and ITER, as well as projected and projects. expenses for EU projects, both of which are largely offset by equivalent revenues. Resources of 0.6 MCHF have been allocated Scientific diversity projects: An additional budget of 35 MCHF is in this MTP to support the tests being performed at CERN of the allocated in this MTP to the Neutrino Platform to cover the magnets for the FAIR project at GSI. construction of the second cryostat for the DUNE experiment at LBNF.
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 37
III. 2022 DRAFT BUDGET
38 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 39
1. OVERVIEW OF REVENUES Figure 7a: Overview of revenues
Variation of 2022 Draft Revised 2021 Budget 2022 Draft Budget (in MCHF, 2021 prices, rounded off) Budget with respect to (2021 prices) (2021 prices) Revised 2021 Budget REVENUES 1 399.5 1 370.2 -2.09 % Member States' contributions 1 168.9 1 168.9 0.00 % Associate Member States' contributions 29.9 30.3 1.51 %
Contributions anticipated from new Associate Member States 0.3 1.0 300.00 % Special contributions to HL-LHC 40.8 13.2 -67.70 % EU contributions 9.6 8.0 -16.71 % Additional contributions 9.4 16.5 76.04 % HFM, AWAKE, FAIR, Hostlab 9.4 14.9 58.59 % External contributions to the Neutrino Platform (Swiss, in-kind) 0.0 1.6 0.00 % Personnel paid from third party accounts 16.9 13.1 -22.73 %
Personnel on detachment 0.7 0.7 0.00 % Internal taxation 34.7 34.4 -1.14 % Knowledge transfer 3.1 1.5 -50.49 %
Other revenues 85.2 82.5 -3.07 % Sales and miscellaneous 27.3 26.3 -3.50 % SCOAP3 revenues 9.9 9.9 0.00 % OpenLab revenues 0.8 0.0 -100.00 % Donations 41.6 36.9 -11.44 % Financial revenues 2.0 2.0 0.00 % In-kind ¹ 1.6 1.5 -3.85 %
Housing fund 2.0 6.0 200.00 %
¹ Theoretical interest on the FIPOI loan.
40 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
Figure 7b: Overview of 2022 revenues – comparison between MTP 2021 and MTP 2020
2022 Draft Budget 2022 Draft Budget Variation of 2022 Draft (in MCHF, rounded off) (2020 prices) (2021 prices) Budget between MTP MTP 2020 MTP 2021 2021 and MTP 2020 REVENUES 1 339.5 1 370.2 2.29 %
Member States' contributions 1 168.9 1 168.9 0.00 %
Associate Member States' contributions 28.9 30.3 5.09 % Contributions anticipated from new Associate Member States 2.0 1.0 -50.00 % Special contributions to HL-LHC 13.2 13.2 0.00 % EU contributions 8.0 8.0 0.00 % Additional contributions 3.7 16.5 348.84 % HFM, AWAKE, FAIR, Hostlab 2.5 14.9 485.04 % External contributions to the Neutrino Platform (Swiss, in-kind) 1.1 1.6 0.00 % Personnel paid from third party accounts 8.4 13.1 55.13 % Personnel on detachment 0.7 0.7 0.70 % Internal taxation 34.2 34.4 0.39 % Knowledge transfer 1.4 1.5 7.83 % Other revenues 70.0 82.5 17.93 % Sales and miscellaneous 26.0 26.3 1.02 % SCOAP3 revenues 9.9 9.9 0.00 % OpenLab revenues 0.0 0.0 0.00 % Donations 24.6 36.9 50.00 % Financial revenues 2.0 2.0 0.00 % In-kind ¹ 1.5 1.5 0.00 % Housing fund 6.0 6.0 0.00 %
¹ Theoretical interest on the FIPOI loan.
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 41
Comments on Figure 7b
Estonia became an Associate Member State in the pre-stage to infrastructure and services that have been introduced in this year’s Membership on 1 February 2021, thus decreasing the anticipated MTP. contributions and increasing the Associate Member States’ The compensation headings for personnel paid from third-party contributions by 1 MCHF. accounts have been updated to account for actual contract changes Furthermore, the Scale 2022 calculation of the Associate Member and have no impact on the budget balance due to identical headings States’ contributions resulted in an increase of revenues of 0.4 under expenses. MCHF. The secured contributions from donors to the Science Gateway The variation of the additional contributions comes from reprofiling project under donations are matching the new spending profile and and new in-kind contributions (i.e. contracts signed since MTP 2020) total cost-to-completion of 87 MCHF, offset by the same amount of mainly for high field superconducting magnets (HFM) project. This expenses. heading also includes the 2022 experiments’ contributions to critical
42 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 43
2. OVERVIEW OF EXPENSES Figure 8a: Overview of expenses
Variation of 2022 Draft Budget Revised 2021 Budget 2022 Draft Budget (in MCHF, 2021 prices, rounded off) with respect to Revised 2021 (2021 prices) (2021 prices) Budget EXPENSES 1 349.2 1 395.0 3.40 % Running of scientific programmes and support 1 064.4 1 054.0 -0.98 %
Scientific programmes 508.0 486.7 -4.20 % Accelerator programme 307.5 290.5 -5.50 % Experiments and research programme 200.5 196.1 -2.19 % Infrastructure and services 556.4 567.3 1.96 % General infrastructure and services (incl. admin, external relations, safety) 291.7 289.8 -0.65 % Site facilities (incl. infrastructure consolidation, buildings and renovation) 67.9 71.7 5.61 % Centralised expenses 196.8 205.9 4.58 % Centralised personnel expenses 38.4 39.7 3.57 % Internal taxation 34.7 34.4 -1.14 % Internal mobility, pers. paid special leave or paid from third-party accounts 17.7 13.8 -22.04 % Energy and water, insurance and postal charges, miscellaneous 97.4 110.0 12.95 % Interest, bank and financial expenses, in-kind ¹ 8.6 8.0 -7.52 % ¹ Including theoretical interest on the Scientific projects 284.8 341.0 19.76 % FIPOI loan (compensated by a LHC upgrades 212.1 234.0 10.31 % corresponding heading in the revenues). LHC injectors upgrade (LIU) 7.4 0.0 -100.00 % HL-LHC upgrade 162.9 159.7 -1.97 % LHC detectors upgrades (Phase I) and consolidation 7.9 3.8 -51.52 % LHC detectors upgrades (Phase II) and R&D 33.9 70.5 107.60 % Future colliders studies 18.6 27.5 47.81 % Linear collider 5.4 5.1 -5.41 % Future Circular Collider 11.7 20.2 72.44 % Muon colliders 1.5 2.3 45.95 % Accelerator technologies and R&D 26.8 35.5 32.25 % R&D for future detectors 7.5 8.0 7.09 % Scientific diversity projects 19.7 36.1 82.79 % Neutrino Platform 8.8 23.0 162.39 % Physics Beyond Colliders 2.3 4.2 82.02 % EU supported computing R&D, support to external facilities 8.7 8.9 2.48 %
BALANCE
² The cumulative balance of -250.1 Annual balance 50.3 -24.9 0.00 % MCHF is the accumulated budget deficit Capital repayment allocated to the budget (FIPOI 1, 2 and 3, debt restructuring) -1.1 -1.1 0.00 % at 31/12/2020 as stated in the Financial Recapitalisation Pension Fund -60.0 -60.0 0.00 % Statements for 2020 (CERN/FC/6494, page 17). Annual balance allocated to budget deficit -10.8 -86.0 0.00 % -Cumulative balance (at 31/12 of the year) ²- - 250.1 -260.9 -346.8 0.00 %
44 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
Figure 8b: Overview of 2022 expenses – comparison between MTP 2021 and MTP 2020
2022 Draft Budget 2022 Draft Budget Variation of 2022 Draft (in MCHF, rounded off) (2020 prices) (2021 prices) Budget between MTP 2021 MTP 2020 MTP 2021 and MTP 2020 EXPENSES 1 316.1 1 395.0 5.99 % Running of scientific programmes and support 1 003.9 1 054.0 4.99 % Scientific programmes 477.9 486.7 1.83 % Accelerator programme 285.1 290.5 1.92 % Experiments and research programme 192.8 196.1 1.70 % Infrastructure and services 526.0 567.3 7.86 % General infrastructure and services (incl. admin, external relations, safety) 261.8 289.8 10.69 % Site facilities (incl. infrastructure consolidation, buildings and renovation) 66.7 71.7 7.36 % Centralised expenses 197.4 205.9 4.26 % Centralised personnel expenses 39.7 39.7 0.00 % Internal taxation 34.2 34.4 0.39 % Internal mobility, pers. paid special leave or paid from third-party accounts 9.3 13.8 48.98 % Energy and water, insurance and postal charges, miscellaneous 106.2 110.0 3.53 % Interest, bank and financial expenses, in-kind ¹ 8.0 8.0 0.00 % ¹ Including theoretical interest on the Scientific projects 312.2 341.0 9.23 % FIPOI loan (compensated by a LHC upgrades 214.6 234.0 9.02 % corresponding heading in the revenues). LHC injectors upgrade (LIU) 0.0 0.0 0.00 % HL-LHC upgrade 157.4 159.7 1.47 % LHC detectors upgrades (Phase I) and consolidation 5.2 3.8 -26.30 % LHC detectors upgrades (Phase II) and R&D 52.0 70.5 35.41 % Future colliders studies 33.9 27.5 -18.78 % Linear collider 6.5 5.1 -22.54 % Future Circular Collider 25.3 20.2 -20.30 % Muon colliders 2.0 2.3 12.75 % Accelerator technologies and R&D 27.5 35.5 28.97 % R&D for future detectors 11.6 8.0 -31.08 % Scientific diversity projects 24.6 36.1 46.61 % Neutrino Platform 12.5 23.0 84.27 % Physics Beyond Colliders 3.4 4.2 21.52 % EU supported computing R&D, support to external facilities 8.7 8.9 2.30 %
BALANCE ² The cumulative balance of -250.1 Annual balance 23.3 -24.9 0.00 % MCHF is the accumulated budget deficit Capital repayment allocated to the budget (FIPOI 1, 2 and 3, debt restructuring) -1.1 -1.1 0.00 % at 31/12/2020 as stated in the Financial Recapitalisation Pension Fund -60.0 -60.0 0.00 % Statements for 2020 (CERN/FC/6494, page 17). Annual balance allocated to budget deficit -37.8 -86.0 0.00 % -Cumulative balance (at 31/12 of the year) ²- - 250.1 -368.5 -346.8 0.00 %
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 45
Comments on Figure 8b:
The variation of the accelerator programme comes from the The difference in the LHC detectors upgrades (Phase II) and R&D allocation of resources for the continuation of the de-cabling is mainly due to the reprofiling of the CERN host laboratory’s campaigns in the PS and the SPS granted in this MTP as well as contributions and to the accounting of the corresponding budget reprofiling for some consolidation programmes: electrical contributions from the experiments (offset by the matching network, North Area renovation, access systems. revenues).
The general infrastructure and services heading includes the new The reprofiling of expenses for the site investigations explains the spending profile for the Science Gateway project, offset by matching variation of the Future Circular Collider heading. revenues from donations. In addition, new allocations are granted in Under the accelerator technologies and R&D heading the variation this year’s MTP to cover e.g. follow-up work on electrical non- of the budget is linked to reprofiling and new in-kind contributions (i.e. conformities and a new visit hub in SM18, and an updated cost and contracts signed since last year’s MTP) for the high field spending profile for the construction of the new computing centre in superconducting magnets project, offset by the same amount under Prévessin have been introduced. revenues. In addition, some reprofiling has been made for AWAKE The variation of the site facilities heading is explained by the Run 2, RF technologies and other R&D activities. resources allocated in this year’s MTP for the perimeter fencing of Some streamlining of the personnel resources allocation resulted in the Meyrin and Prevessin sites, as well as by the reprofiling of the decrease of the R&D for future detectors heading, expenses for a few items. compensated by some increases in other headings. The personnel paid from third party accounts heading, updated The increased budget for the Neutrino platform is due to the to account for actual contract changes, has corresponding revenues reprofiling of some expenses from 2020-2021 and the allocation of and therefore does not impact the annual budget balance. resources for the second cryostat for the DUNE experiment at LBNF in this year’s MTP.
46 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
3. SCALE OF CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE MEMBER STATES AND ASSOCIATE MEMBER STATES FOR 2022
The percentage distribution of the scale of contributions for 2022 is presented to Council for approval in the document CERN/FC/6502-CERN/3576. The annual contribution in Swiss francs is based on 2021 prices, as the Cost-Variation Index proposal will be submitted to Council for approval in December 2021. Figure 9 (1/2) : Scale of Contributions of the Member States and Associate Member States for the Financial Year 2022
Net National Net National Income Exchange rates Income 2022 2022 at factor cost Theoretical Due at factor cost Contribution Contribution in millions in national currency national currencies in Swiss francs in MCHF Average 1 Country Currency 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018 2019 in % in % Cyprus became an Associate Member State in 2017 to 2019 the pre-stage to Membership on 1st April 2016 Austria EUR 252 653 264 947 277 519 1.1114 1.1547 1.1125 298 491 2.20841% 2.20841% and will pay 68.5% of its theoretical contribution Belgium EUR 322 464 333 202 345 796 1.1114 1.1547 1.1125 375 944 2.78145% 2.78145% in 2022 as provided for in Council Resolution Bulgaria BGN 73 575 78 943 85 978 0.5682 0.5906 0.5688 45 777 0.33868% 0.33868% CERN/3034/RA. 2 Czech Republic CZK 3 282 308 3 500 683 3 694 389 0.0422 0.0450 0.0433 152 136 1.12559% 1.12559% Estonia became an Associate Member State in Denmark DKK 1 572 261 1 619 929 1 693 166 0.1494 0.1549 0.1490 246 060 1.82049% 1.82049% the pre-stage to Membership on 1 February 2021 Finland EUR 155 820 160 714 164 991 1.1114 1.1547 1.1125 180 769 1.33743% 1.33743% and will pay 75% of its theoretical contribution in 2022, as provided for in Council Resolution France EUR 1 619 700 1 657 262 1 685 826 1.1114 1.1547 1.1125 1 863 084 13.78418% 13.78418% CERN/3482/C Germany EUR 2 436 537 2 510 109 2 564 131 1.1114 1.1547 1.1125 2 819 660 20.86148% 20.86148% 3 Slovenia became an Associate Member State in Greece EUR 119 398 120 264 125 028 1.1114 1.1547 1.1125 136 887 1.01277% 1.01277% the pre-stage to Membership on 4 July 2017 and Hungary HUF 25 064 464 27 728 662 30 883 449 0.0036 0.0036 0.0034 98 742 0.73055% 0.73055% will pay 50% of its theoretical contribution in 2022 Member States Israel ILS 932 362 979 192 1 039 079 0.2736 0.2723 0.2788 270 455 2.00098% 2.00098% as provided for in Council Resolution Italy EUR 1 218 394 1 252 564 1 261 474 1.1114 1.1547 1.1125 1 401 282 10.36750% 10.36750% CERN/3288/RA. 4 Netherlands EUR 545 645 573 947 592 271 1.1114 1.1547 1.1125 642 689 4.75499% 4.75499% Croatia became an Associate member State on Norway NOK 2 481 673 2 704 435 2 644 697 0.1191 0.1202 0.1130 306 530 2.26789% 2.26789% 10 October 2019 and will pay the statutory minimum contribution of 1 MCHF in 2022, as Poland PLN 1 415 981 1 504 301 1 636 834 0.2611 0.2710 0.2588 400 339 2.96194% 2.96194% provided for in Council Resolution CERN/3403/C. Portugal EUR 129 163 134 014 139 899 1.1114 1.1547 1.1125 151 312 1.11949% 1.11949% 5 India became an Associate Member State on Romania RON 616 734 684 618 759 620 0.2433 0.2482 0.2344 166 000 1.22816% 1.22816% 16 January 2017 and will pay 10% of its Serbia RSD 3 422 418 3 649 171 3 889 102 0.0092 0.0098 0.0094 34 559 0.25568% 0.25568% theoretical contribution in 2022, as provided for in Slovakia EUR 59 230 63 300 66 035 1.1114 1.1547 1.1125 70 795 0.52378% 0.52378% Council Resolution CERN/3274/RA. Spain EUR 861 297 893 303 924 742 1.1114 1.1547 1.1125 1 005 839 7.44178% 7.44178% 6 Lithuania became an Associate Member State Sweden SEK 2 974 908 3 100 320 3 283 229 0.1153 0.1126 0.1051 345 759 2.55812% 2.55812% on 8 January 2018 and will pay the statutory Switzerland CHF 511 346 530 682 555 807 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 532 612 3.94057% 3.94057% minimum contribution of 1 MCHF in 2022, as United Kingdom GBP 1 489 889 1 540 437 1 585 634 1.2683 1.3052 1.2683 1 970 388 14.57807% 14.57807% provided for in Council Resolution CERN/3315/RA/Rev. Total Member States 13 516 107 100.0000% 100.0000% 7 Pakistan became an Associate Member State Cyprus ¹ EUR 14 464 15 417 15 999 1.1114 1.1547 1.1125 17 225 0.12744% 0.08730% on 31 July 2015 and will pay 10% of its Associate Member States Estonia ² in the pre-stage to Membership EUR 16 287 17 984 19 304 1.1114 1.1547 1.1125 20 114 0.14882% 0.11161% theoretical contribution in 2022 as provided for in Slovenia ³ EUR 28 139 30 458 32 430 1.1114 1.1547 1.1125 34 174 0.25284% 0.12642% Council Resolution CERN/3142/RA. Total Associate Member States 8 71 514 0.5291% 0.3253% Turkey became an Associate Member State on in the pre-stage to Membership 6 May 2015 and will pay 10% of its theoretical Croatia ⁴ HRK 264 193 277 217 288 817 0.1489 0.1557 0.1438 41 345 0.30589% 0.03059% contribution in 2022 as provided for in Council India ⁵ INR 122 918 294 136 467 975 146 009 148 0.0150 0.0142 0.0139 1 937 730 14.33645% 1.43365% Resolution CERN/3106/RA. Lithuania ⁶ EUR 30 640 33 399 35 792 1.1114 1.1547 1.1125 37 479 0.27729% 0.02773% 9 Associate Member States Ukraine became an Associate Member State on Pakistan ⁷ PKR 22 948 680 24 900 942 27 258 337 0.0095 0.0088 0.0073 212 209 1.57005% 0.15700% 5 October 2016 and will pay the statutory Turkey ⁸ TRY 2 252 794 2 703 512 3 101 240 0.2700 0.2077 0.1751 570 959 4.22428% 0.42243% minimum contribution of 1 MCHF in 2022 as Ukraine ⁹ UAH 2 145 088 2 561 284 2 855 885 0.0370 0.0359 0.0385 93 771 0.69377% 0.06938% provided for in Council Resolution Total Associate Member States 2 893 494 21.4077% 2.1408% CERN/3082/RA .
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 47
Figure 9 (2/2) : Scale of Contributions of the Member States and Associate Member States for the Financial Year 2022
2022 2022 2022 Maximum contribution Annual contribution Annual contribution acc. to the corridor principle (*)
in CHF in CHF Country in % 2021 prices 2022 prices Austria 25 814 600 2.20841% 26 330 900 Belgium 32 513 000 2.78145% 33 163 250 Bulgaria 3 958 900 0.33868% 4 038 100 Czech Republic 13 157 250 1.12559% 13 420 400 Denmark 21 280 100 1.82049% 21 705 700 Finland 15 633 500 1.33743% 15 946 150 France 161 126 400 13.78418% 164 348 950 Germany 243 854 600 20.86148% 248 731 700 Greece 11 838 500 1.01277% 12 075 250 Hungary 8 539 550 0.73055% 8 710 350 Member States Israel 23 389 900 2.00098% 23 857 700 Italy 121 188 000 10.36750% 123 611 750 Netherlands 55 582 150 4.75499% 56 693 800 Norway 26 509 850 2.26789% 27 040 050 Poland 34 622 800 2.96194% 35 315 250 Portugal 13 085 950 1.11949% 13 347 650 Romania 14 356 250 1.22816% 14 643 400 Serbia 2 988 700 0.25568% 3 048 450 Slovakia 6 122 600 0.52378% 6 245 050 Spain 86 988 600 7.44178% 88 728 350 Sweden 29 902 450 2.55812% 30 500 500 Switzerland 46 062 200 3.94057% 46 983 450 United Kingdom 170 406 400 14.57807% 173 814 550 Total Member States 1 168 922 250 100.0000% 1 192 300 700
Cyprus 1 020 450 1 040 900 Associate Member States 1 304 650 1 330 750 in the pre-stage to Membership Estonia Slovenia 1 477 750 1 507 300 Total Associate Member States 3 802 850 3 878 950 in the pre-stage to Membership Croatia 1 000 000 1 000 000 (*) CERN/FC/5366-CERN/2864 India 16 758 250 17 093 400 and CERN/FC/5644-CERN/3023 Lithuania 1 000 000 1 000 000 Associate Member States Pakistan 1 835 200 1 871 900 Turkey 4 937 900 5 036 650 Ukraine 1 000 000 1 000 000 Total Associate Member States 26 531 350 27 001 950
Grand TOTAL 1 199 256 450 1 223 181 600
48 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
4. EXPENSES BY SCIENTIFIC AND NON SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMES Figure 10: 2022 Draft Budget (Personnel, Materials and Interest & financial costs)
* Including centralised personnel expenses, internal mobility and personnel on detachment (3%), Personnel paid from third-party accounts (0.9%), Insurance, postal charges, miscellaneous (2.1%), In-kind (theoretical interest on the FIPOI loan) (0.1%)
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 49
Figure 11: Scientific programme
Revised 2021 Budget 2022 Draft Budget (2021 prices) (2021 prices) Activity Variation of 2022 (a) (b) Draft Budget with respect to Revised
FTE kCHF Fact FTE kCHF 2021 Budget
Personnel Personnel Materials Total sheet Personnel Personnel Materials Total
942.6 164 620 142 845 307 465 Accelerator programme 894.8 155 645 134 895 290 540 -5.5 % 380.4 60 585 72 990 133 575 1 LHC machine 360.4 54 765 76 920 131 685 -1.4 % 131.8 22 535 20 450 42 985 2 SPS complex 127.4 22 725 22 220 44 945 4.6 %
228.5 41 260 31 665 72 925 3 PS complex 200.6 37 105 19 255 56 360 -22.7 % 201.8 40 240 17 740 57 980 4 Accelerator support 206.4 41 050 16 500 57 550 -0.7 %
688.2 131 390 69 125 200 515 Experiments and research programme 669.3 128 525 67 590 196 115 -2.2 % 69.4 13 475 3 085 16 560 5 ATLAS 63.9 12 635 2 860 15 495 -6.4 % 6 67.8 12 570 3 405 15 975 CMS 65.7 12 360 3 040 15 400 -3.6 % 54.5 11 630 1 455 13 085 7 LHCb 55.0 11 885 1 330 13 215 1.0 % 57.7 11 875 2 065 13 940 8 ALICE 59.2 12 185 1 575 13 760 -1.3 % 3.1 910 365 1 275 9 Other LHC experiments 4.9 1 095 265 1 360 6.7 % 23.6 4 840 1 910 6 750 10 Scientific diversity programme 21.5 4 330 1 340 5 670 -16.0 % 55.9 9 380 1 175 10 555 11 Theory 52.0 8 940 985 9 925 -6.0 %
83.6 18 290 21 850 40 140 12 Scientific computing 79.5 17 975 23 030 41 005 2.2 % 272.6 48 420 33 815 82 235 13 Scientific support 267.7 47 120 33 165 80 285 -2.4 %
1 630.8 296 010 211 970 507 980 Grand Total 1 564.1 284 170 202 485 486 655 -4.2 % 0 21.15% 15.15% 36.30% % of total revenues 0 20.74% 14.78% 35.52% 0
50 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
Figure 12: Infrastructure and services
Revised 2021 Budget 2022 Draft Budget (2021 prices) Activity (2021 prices) Variation of 2022 (a) (b) Draft Budget with respect to Revised
FTE kCHF Fact FTE kCHF 2021 Budget sheet Personnel Personnel Materials Total Personnel Personnel Materials Total
1 149.1 273 830 282 590 556 420 Infrastructure and services 1 060.6 266 405 300 935 567 340 2.0 % 185.4 29 710 18 930 48 640 14 Safety, health and environment 174.4 28 660 18 180 46 840 -3.7 % 93.4 16 595 51 255 67 850 15 Site facilities 97.2 17 280 54 375 71 655 5.6 % 218.2 38 380 23 300 61 680 16 Technical infrastructure 211.2 38 900 22 655 61 555 -0.2 % 157.9 27 455 22 000 49 455 17 Informatics and computing infrastructure 131.7 24 620 29 955 54 575 10.4 % 263.6 51 660 10 095 61 755 18 Administration 260.1 50 875 11 235 62 110 0.6 %
107.0 19 205 50 995 70 200 19 External relations 96.7 18 175 46 565 64 740 -7.8 % 123.6 90 825 106 015 196 840 20 Centralised expenses 89.4 87 895 117 970 205 865 4.6 %
0.0 38 365 0 38 365 Centralised personnel expenses 0.0 39 735 0 39 735 3.6 %
0.0 34 745 0 34 745 Internal taxation 0.0 34 350 0 34 350 -1.1 %
0.0 60 0 60 Personnel internal mobility 0.0 10 0 10 -83.3 %
2.2 720 0 720 Personnel on paid special leave 2.0 720 0 720 0.0 %
121.4 16 935 0 16 935 Personnel paid from third-party accounts 87.4 13 080 0 13 080 -22.8 %
0.0 0 68 035 68 035 Energy and water 0.0 0 80 020 80 020 17.6 %
0.0 0 29 335 29 335 Insurance, postal charges, miscellaneous 0.0 0 29 955 29 955 2.1 %
0.0 0 7 085 7 085 Interest, bank and financial expenses 0.0 0 6 495 6 495 -8.3 %
0.0 0 1 560 1 560 In-kind 0.0 0 1 500 1 500 -3.8 %
0 19.57% 20.19% 39.76% % of total revenues 0 19.44% 21.96% 41.41% 0
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 51
Figure 13: Scientific projects
Revised 2021 Budget 2022 Draft Budget (2021 prices) Activity (2021 prices) Variation of 2022
(a) (b) Draft Budget with respect to Revised
FTE kCHF Fact FTE kCHF 2021 Budget sheet Personnel Personnel Materials Total Personnel Personnel Materials Total
563.4 104 385 180 375 284 760 Scientific projects 502.7 99 725 241 310 341 035 19.8 % 20.1 3 295 4 070 7 365 21 LHC injectors upgrade 0.0 0 0 0 -100.0 % 22 261.6 46 955 115 960 162 915 HL-LHC upgrade 249.3 47 355 112 355 159 710 -2.0 % 110.7 23 420 18 440 41 860 23 LHC detectors upgrades 103.0 23 550 50 750 74 300 77.5 %
17.3 2 670 5 250 7 920 LHC detectors upgrades (Phase I) and consolidation 2.5 465 3 375 3 840 -51.5 %
93.3 20 750 13 190 33 940 LHC detectors upgrades (Phase II) and R&D 100.4 23 085 47 375 70 460 107.6 % 51.4 11 145 7 460 18 605 24 Future colliders studies 49.3 11 225 16 275 27 500 47.8 %
11.5 2 690 2 670 5 360 Linear collider 9.0 2 460 2 610 5 070 -5.4 %
34.4 7 315 4 385 11 700 Future Circular Collider 33.8 7 460 12 715 20 175 72.4 %
5.5 1 140 405 1 545 Muon colliders 6.5 1 305 950 2 255 46.0 % 48.9 8 720 18 090 26 810 25 Accelerator technologies and R&D 46.0 8 390 27 065 35 455 32.2 %
5.6 940 2 440 3 380 RF technologies R&D 3.5 765 3 235 4 000 18.3 %
19.8 3 645 11 720 15 365 High field superconducting accelerator magnets R&D 16.7 3 370 19 240 22 610 47.2 %
8.3 1 370 1 775 3 145 Proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration (AWAKE) 13.3 1 830 2 795 4 625 47.1 %
3.4 740 750 1 490 CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research (CLEAR) 3.4 725 790 1 515 1.7 %
11.8 2 025 1 405 3 430 Other accelerator R&D 9.1 1 700 1 005 2 705 -21.1 % 26 33.7 4 310 3 165 7 475 R&D for future detectors 24.0 3 275 4 730 8 005 7.1 % 37.1 6 540 13 190 19 730 27 Scientific diversity projects 31.2 5 930 30 135 36 065 82.8 %
18.8 3 895 4 880 8 775 Neutrino platform 18.0 3 825 19 200 23 025 162.4 %
2.7 455 1 825 2 280 Physics Beyond Colliders 3.2 595 3 555 4 150 82.0 %
11.5 1 355 4 360 5 715 EU supported computing R&D 6.8 780 5 975 6 755 18.2 %
4.1 835 2 125 2 960 Support to external facilities 3.1 730 1 405 2 135 -27.9 %
7.46% 12.89% 20.35% % of total revenues 7.28% 17.61% 24.89%
52 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
Multi-annual projects Figure 14 (1/3): Expenses – Details of projects included in the activity headings It details the amounts of non-recurrent expenses for 2021 and 2022 split by programme and project. (in kCHF, rounded off) Revised 2021 Budget 2022 Draft Budget Variations of 2022 Draft Budget with (2021 prices) (2021 prices) respect to Revised 2021 Budget Programme Project (a) (b) (c) = (b)-(a) (d) = (c)/(a) Personnel Materials Total Personnel Materials Total kCHF % 26 685 66 375 93 060 Sub-total Accelerator programme 22 650 64 550 87 200 -5 860 -6% 12 940 33 705 46 645 LHC machine 11 685 41 815 53 500 6 855 15% 255 355 610 Collimation system enhancements 155 375 530 - 80 -13% 770 2 280 3 050 Electrical network 2025 1 065 1 780 2 845 - 205 -7% 480 30 510 Experimental areas consolidation 515 515 5 1% 430 430 IT Long shutdown work 795 795 365 85% 6 380 6 590 12 970 LHC consolidation 6 010 17 695 23 705 10 735 83% 10 460 470 LHC diodes consolidation 650 650 180 38% 155 255 410 LHC magnet repair 175 285 460 50 12% 770 4 615 5 385 LHC spares 730 790 1 520 -3 865 -72% 330 190 520 POPS repair, spare and consolidation 440 1 485 1 925 1 405 270% 2 105 2 115 4 220 Radiation to electronics (R2E) 1 145 3 730 4 875 655 16% 340 15 265 15 605 Spares and consolidation in the framework of HL-LHC 245 12 960 13 205 -2 400 -15% 1 345 1 120 2 465 Support to LHC experiments 1 205 1 270 2 475 10 0% 12 585 29 405 41 990 Accelerator PS and SPS complex 10 465 19 880 30 345 -11 645 -28% 7 415 12 550 19 965 programme Accelerator consolidation 5 940 7 545 13 485 -6 480 -32% 630 3 775 4 405 Included in Figure 3 AD consolidation 560 995 1 555 -2 850 -65% 325 4 755 5 080 East area renovation -5 080 -100% 400 475 875 ELENA - 875 -100% 125 1 645 1 770 ISOLDE nano laboratory 65 65 -1 705 -96% 450 1 670 2 120 Linac4 RFQ spare 480 2 890 3 370 1 250 59% 2 165 2 970 5 135 North area consolidation 2 240 6 480 8 720 3 585 70% 95 95 Oxygen run preparation 110 255 365 270 284% 495 665 1 160 PS and SPS spares 605 1 050 1 655 495 43% 580 805 1 385 SPS electrical substations consolidation 465 665 1 130 - 255 -18% 770 2 810 3 580 Accelerator support 220 2 635 2 855 - 725 -20% 15 15 General accelerator developments 1 640 1 640 1 625 10833% 620 1 605 2 225 SM18 infrastructure upgrade -2 225 -100% 150 1 190 1 340 TE infrastructure consolidation 110 500 610 - 730 -54% Other accelerator support projects 110 495 605 605 260 300 560 EU projects 150 110 260 - 300 -54% 130 155 285 KT projects 130 110 240 - 45 -16% 7 405 32 335 39 740 Sub-total Experiments and research programme 5 955 32 250 38 205 -1 535 -4% 115 115 Other LHC experiments - 115 -100% 115 115 LHC host lab - FASER - 115 -100% 325 90 415 Scientific diversity programme 330 85 415 325 90 415 Experiments and AEgIS 330 85 415 5 425 18 165 23 590 research LHC Computing Grid 5 140 19 525 24 665 1 075 5% 60 11 455 11 515 programme Scientific support 12 205 12 205 690 6% 10 10 Included in Figure 4 Bldg 513 exhibition for WWW invention 80 80 70 700% 60 95 155 Computer security hardening 55 55 - 100 -65% 790 790 EP Safety and consolidation 1 430 1 430 640 81% 345 345 HVAC system building 42 - 345 -100% 125 125 PCB Workshop machine - 125 -100% 10 090 10 090 SCOAP3 10 640 10 640 550 5% 935 1 720 2 655 EU projects 305 435 740 -1 915 -72% 660 790 1 450 KT projects 180 180 -1 270 -88%
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 53
Figure 14 (2/3): Expenses – Details of projects included in the activity headings
(in kCHF, rounded off)
Revised 2021 Budget 2022 Draft Budget Variations of 2022 Draft Budget with (2021 prices) (2021 prices) respect to Revised 2021 Budget Programme Project (a) (b) (c) = (b)-(a) (d) = (c)/(a) Personnel Materials Total Personnel Materials Total kCHF % 12 405 93 470 105 875 Sub-total Infrastructure and services 9 195 102 645 111 840 5 965 6% 5 170 8 560 13 730 Safety, health and environment 4 205 10 015 14 220 490 4% 295 1 200 1 495 CEPS 235 2 430 2 665 1 170 78% 540 540 Emergency 530 530 - 10 -2% 45 45 Fire brigade safety control room - 45 -100% 775 740 1 515 Fire safety projects 420 675 1 095 - 420 -28% 2 215 3 780 5 995 Radioactive waste management 1 870 3 660 5 530 - 465 -8% 1 215 840 2 055 Ramses II light 1 100 965 2 065 10 0% 670 1 415 2 085 Other safety projects 580 1 755 2 335 250 12% 3 075 24 530 27 605 Site facilities 3 535 28 185 31 720 4 115 15% Building 107 (surface treatment) 220 220 220 100 100 Building 140 (office building in Meyrin for EP department and users) 2 405 2 405 2 305 2305% 45 3 725 3 770 Building 38 (hotel renovation) 30 30 -3 740 -99% 5 5 Building 599 (material science) relocation - 5 -100% 245 245 Building 777 (offices & laboratories in Prévessin) 1 925 1 925 1 680 686% 3 220 3 220 Building 937 (offices & laboratories in Prévessin) -3 220 -100% 5 495 500 Consolidation works for the hotels 5 505 510 10 2% 10 90 100 Joint learning center 105 340 445 345 345% 315 315 Library reading room 1 340 1 340 1 025 325% 40 440 480 Restaurant consolidation 40 40 - 440 -92% 170 170 Science Gateway interfaces 710 710 540 318% 755 755 Security improvement measures 3 795 3 795 3 040 403% 2 975 14 970 17 945 Infrastructure and Surface and technical infrastructure consolidation (roofs, facades, heating, etc.) 3 355 16 945 20 300 2 355 13% 245 3 430 3 675 services Technical infrastructure 105 5 795 5 900 2 225 61% 210 140 350 Included in Figure 5 CAD upgrade 80 30 110 - 240 -69% 35 985 1 020 Investment in new mechanical technologies 25 1 045 1 070 50 5% 290 290 LHC point 8 heat recovery for CPAG - 290 -100% 345 345 Replacement of water-cooled cables 300 300 - 45 -13% 1 040 1 040 Smarteam replacement 910 910 - 130 -13% 490 490 Technical galleries consolidation 3 460 3 460 2 970 606% 140 140 Other infrastructure projects 50 50 - 90 -64% 1 885 11 900 13 785 Informatics and computing infrastructure 395 19 555 19 950 6 165 45% 200 200 CERN firewall replacement and upgrade 620 620 420 210% 440 440 Computing network consolidation 3 040 3 040 2 600 591% 470 470 IT HPC clusters 560 560 90 19% 605 2 035 2 640 Microsoft transition 80 1 660 1 740 - 900 -34% 450 450 NXCALS hosting consolidation and upgrades 195 195 - 255 -57% 1 175 430 1 605 Openlab 235 555 790 - 815 -51% 7 020 7 020 Prévessin computing centre 11 685 11 685 4 665 66% 830 830 Quantum technology initiative 1 240 1 240 410 49% 105 25 130 Other informatics and computing infrastructure projects 80 80 - 50 -38% 405 405 Administration 705 705 300 74% 245 245 FAP projects 630 630 385 157% 160 160 Risk management 75 75 - 85 -53% 900 42 960 43 860 External relations 630 37 805 38 435 -5 425 -12% 85 85 Alumni 40 40 - 45 -53% 300 300 CERN studio upgrade 70 70 - 230 -77% Consolidation and renovation of services and Infrastructure 80 80 80 40 205 245 High School Students Internship Programme - 245 -100% 15 545 560 IdeaSquare building 220 220 - 340 -61% 800 41 440 42 240 Science Gateway 630 36 895 37 525 -4 715 -11% 250 250 SM18 visit point reinstatement 395 395 145 58% 45 135 180 Other outreach projects 105 105 - 75 -42% 870 540 1 410 EU projects 255 140 395 -1 015 -72% 260 1 145 1 405 KT projects 70 445 515 - 890 -63%
54 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
Figure 14 (3/3): Expenses – Details of projects included in the activity headings
(in kCHF, rounded off)
Revised 2021 Budget 2022 Draft Budget Variations of 2022 Draft Budget with (2021 prices) (2021 prices) respect to Revised 2021 Budget Programme Project (a) (b) (c) = (b)-(a) (d) = (c)/(a) Personnel Materials Total Personnel Materials Total kCHF % 98 630 176 335 274 965 Sub-total Scientific projects 94 585 237 570 332 155 57 190 21% 3 295 4 070 7 365 LHC Injectors Upgrade -7 365 -100% 46 955 115 770 162 725 LHC luminosity upgrade project (HL-LHC) 47 355 112 355 159 710 -3 015 -2% 23 910 18 440 42 350 LHC detectors upgrades 24 170 50 750 74 920 32 570 77% 225 50 275 ALICE ITS 3 215 100 315 40 15% 23 115 6 860 29 975 LHC detectors upgrade 23 575 27 700 51 275 21 300 71% 555 7 935 8 490 LHC host lab 125 20 940 21 065 12 575 148% 15 100 115 LHCb phase II 255 200 455 340 296% R&D for HL-LHC detectors 3 465 3 465 1 410 1 410 -2 055 -59% SXA5 CMS building 30 30 400 400 370 1233% 11 140 7 350 18 490 Energy frontier studies 11 225 16 275 27 500 9 010 49% 2 690 2 675 5 365 CLIC 2 460 2 610 5 070 - 295 -5% 7 310 4 270 11 580 Future Circular Collider study 7 460 12 715 20 175 8 595 74% 1 140 405 1 545 Muon colliders 1 305 950 2 255 710 46% 5 275 14 675 19 950 Accelerator technologies and R&D 5 490 23 835 29 325 9 375 47% 250 570 820 Scientific projects High efficiency klystron R&D 255 995 1 250 430 52% 3 555 11 325 14 880 Included in Figure 6 High-field superconducting accelerator magnets (HFM) R&D 3 370 19 240 22 610 7 730 52% HTS ondulator 135 135 - 135 -100% 1 335 1 645 2 980 Proton plasma wakefield acceleration (AWAKE) 1 830 2 795 4 625 1 645 55% 25 85 110 Shape memory alloy rings as UHV connectors 25 165 190 80 73% SM18 extension for superconducting RF 340 340 - 340 -100% 110 575 685 Superconducting RF infrastructure upgrade 10 640 650 - 35 -5% 3 305 3 065 6 370 R&D for future detectors 2 185 4 725 6 910 540 8% 3 305 3 065 6 370 R&D for future detectors 2 185 4 725 6 910 540 8% 2 900 7 615 10 515 Scientific diversity projects 3 195 23 640 26 835 16 320 155% 2 305 4 695 7 000 CERN Neutrino Platform 2 495 18 995 21 490 14 490 207% 455 1 825 2 280 Physics Beyond Colliders study 595 3 555 4 150 1 870 82% 140 1 095 1 235 Upgrade of Building 180 test facility (FAIR) 105 1 090 1 195 - 40 -3% 1 755 4 890 6 645 EU projects 965 5 990 6 955 310 5% 95 460 555 KT projects - 555 -100% 145 125 368 515 513 640 Grand Total 132 385 437 015 569 400 55 760 11%
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 55
56 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
5. SUMMARY OF EXPENSES BY NATURE Figure 15: Materials expenses by nature (including interest and financial costs)
(in kCHF, rounded off)
Revised 2021 Budget 2022 Draft Budget Variation of 2022 Draft Budget with respect to
Nature Revised 2021 Budget (2021 prices) (2021 prices)
(a) (b) (b)/(a)
Materials expenses 666 420 736 880 10.6% Goods, consumables and supplies 357 380 406 920 13.9%
Electricity, heating gas and water 68 035 80 020 17.6% Industrial services 136 765 133 855 -2.1%
¹ From 2018 this heading includes Service contracts 131 420 127 855 -2.7% administrative fees paid to home institutes of Temporary labour 5 345 6 000 12.3% project associates. Previously, those fees were recorded under various materials lines Associated members of the personnel¹ 41 170 45 305 10.0% and not under a dedicated one. Other overheads 63 070 70 780 12.2%
² Including insurances, postal and telephone Consultancy 18 350 18 350 charges, library, training, shipping, bank Contributions to collaborations 7 565 7 565 charges, depreciation of current assets. Miscellaneous² 37 155 44 865 20.8%
Interest and financial costs 8 515 7 850 -7.8%
Interests on bank loans 5 935 5 330 -10.2% ³ Theoretical interest at market rate for FIPOI 1, 2 and 3 loans of 0%. This heading is In-kind (FIPOI interest 0%)³ 1 560 1 500 -3.8% compensated by the corresponding revenue Other financial expenses 1 020 1 020 line "Other revenues / In-kind". TOTAL MATERIALS 674 935 744 730 10.3%
Comments on Figure 15:
The electricity consumption in 2022 reflects a normal operation year With situation fully back to normal after the travel restrictions related with a year-end technical stop at the beginning of the year. The to the COVID-19 pandemic, heading for the associated members of budget includes the allocation of 0.9 MCHF related to the increase of personnel is expected to increase in 2022 with higher exchanges of the capacity obligations and the CEE. scientific personnel and full running of the student programs.
The heading for the service contracts will decrease in 2022 following The increase of the miscellaneous is explained by the costs of the the completion of the long-shutdown activities in 2021. Science Gateway exhibitions and the duty and hospitality component of various budget lines (visits, events, conferences, training, recruitment, etc.).
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 57
Figure 16: Breakdown of materials expenses by nature
Materials expenses: 98.9%
Interest and financial costs: 1.1%
* Total of industrial services: 17.2% + 0.8% = 18%. ** Including insurances and postal charges, consultancy, CERN contributions to collaborations, shipping, bank charges, depreciation of current assets.
58 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
Figure 17: Personnel expenses by nature Overall complement: The 2022 personnel budget covers 2589.9 FTEs staff (2522.2 FTEs on CERN’s core budget, 2.0 FTEs on EU projects, 0.4 FTE on KT, 7.2 FTEs paid by external parties and 58.4 FTEs paid from third-party accounts) and 537.5 FTEs fellows (491.3 FTEs on CERN’s core budget, 10.2 FTEs on EU projects, 1.9 FTE on KT, 4.9 FTEs paid by external parties and 29.2 FTEs paid from third-party accounts).
(in kCHF, rounded off)
Revised 2021 Budget 2022 Draft Budget Variation of 2022 Draft Budget with Nature respect to Revised 2021 Budget (2021 prices) (2021 prices) (a) (b) (b)/(a) ¹ Staff members 524 160 518 050 -1.2% Basic salaries (incl Saved Leave) 339 480 335 665 -1.1%
Basic salaries 341 255 337 320
Performance payment (non-pensionable) 4 425 4 425
Contribution to Saved Leave schemes -6 200 -6 080 Allowances 67 695 66 740 -1.4% Non-resident allowances / International indemnities 19 385 19 170 Family and child allowances 26 370 26 225 Special allowances 3 075 3 040 Overtime 2 385 2 025
Various allowances 16 480 16 280 Social contributions 116 985 115 645 -1.1% Pension Fund 89 860 88 830 Health Insurance 27 125 26 815
Fellows² 76 955 58 165 -24.4%
Centralised personnel budget 73 110 74 085 1.3% Centralised personnel expenses 38 365 39 735 3.6% Installation, recruitment and termination of contracts 8 395 10 265 Installation and removal costs 1 500 1 800 Termination allowances 6 895 8 465 Additional periods of membership in the Pension Fund for shift work 500 Contribution to Health Insurance for pensioners incl. Long-term care 29 470 29 470 Contribution to Health Insurance for pensioners 26 700 26 700
Contribution to Long Term Care for pensioners 2 770 2 770
Internal taxation 34 745 34 350 -1.1% TOTAL PERSONNEL 674 225 650 300 -3.5% 1 Including staff paid from third-party accounts (10.9 MCHF in 2021 and 10.0 MCHF in 2022). 2 Including fellows paid from third-party accounts (6.1 MCHF in 2021 and 3.1 MCHF in 2022).
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 59
Comments on Figure 17:
The total CERN personnel budget for 2022 amounts to 650.3 MCHF. The centralised personnel expenses total 39.7 MCHF. This amount This include13.1 MCHF for staff and fellows paid from third-party is slightly higher compared to previous years as it includes provision accounts. for higher termination indemnities.
Additional fellowship funding will be made available in the course of Internal taxation is expected to amount to 34.4 MCHF and is 2021 and 2022 from materials to personnel budget transfers in the compensated by an equivalent line in the revenues. context of the GET fellows programme and the Technical Trainees programme.
Figure 18: Breakdown of personnel expenses by nature
Staff members: 79.7%
Fellows: 8.9%
Centralised personnel budget: 11.4%
60 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
Energy and water Figure 19: Expenses – Energy and water
(in MCHF, rounded off) Revised 2021 Budget 2022 Draft Budget Variation of 2022 Draft Budget with respect to Revised 2021 Budget Nature (2021 prices) (2021 prices) (a) (b) (b)/(a) Energy and water (baseload) 14.95 14.20 -5.0%
Electricity 7.50 7.20 -4.0%
Heating oil and gas 3.90 3.90 Water and waste water 3.55 3.10 -12.7% Energy for basic programmes 53.08 65.82 24.0% Experimental areas¹ 9.89 17.98 81.8% CERN Data Center 1.99 1.89 -4.7% Accelerators 18.85 19.63 4.1% AD 0.63 0.65 2.4% PS 3.90 3.81 -2.3% SPS 14.32 15.16 5.9% LHC 22.35 26.32 17.7% TOTAL ENERGY 68.04 80.02 17.6%
¹ This covers most of the experiments: LHC experiments, including test beams into East, West and North Areas, plus PS and SPS fixed target experiments and ISOLDE.
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 61
6. FINANCIAL POSITION OF THE ORGANIZATION Statement of cash flow Figure 20: Estimated statement of Cash Flow for Financial Years 2021 and 2022
2021 2022 (in MCHF, rounded off, estimated as at 01/06/2021) (2021 prices) (2021 prices)
(A) START OF THE YEAR 0 0 0 0 0
0 Liquid assets brought forward 0 0 187 * 117 (1) CASH INFLOW 0 0 0 1 417 1 437 0 Contributions 0 0 1 193 1 200 0 Teams and collaborations 0 0 120 120 0 EU, KT, UBS credit facility, other revenues 0 0 104 117
(2) CASH OUTFLOW 0 0 0 1 488 1 526 0 Payments 0 0 1 231 1 309 0 Teams and collaborations 0 0 160 120 0 Interest, bank and financial expenses 0 0 7 6 0 Capital repayment Fortis and FIPOI 0 0 30 30 0 Recapitalisation of the Pension Fund 0 0 60 60 (3) VARIATION OF CASH POSITION 0 0 -70 -89 (B) END OF THE YEAR 0 0 0 0 0 0 Estimated liquid assets 0 0 117 28 * For 2022, it is an estimated amount.
Comments on Figure 20: The statement of Cash Flow is an estimate based on the assumption instalment dates. Under these assumptions, no short-term loans will that Member States’ contributions will be paid by the expected be required in 2022.
62 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
Short-term bank loans and overdrafts UBS credit facility
No short-term bank loans and overdrafts are expected in 2022, In the framework of the restructuring of the BNP Paribas Fortis loan provided that Member States’ contributions are settled on the a new credit facility was signed with UBS in 2020. The first fixed scheduled instalment dates and by the end of the year at the latest. advance was drawn down at the end of 2020. The upcoming advances are to be drawn in 2021 and 2022 as per the contract
terms. This new credit facility will postpone the full capital repayment Loan from BNP Paribas Fortis bank until 2030.
The outstanding amount to BNP Paribas Fortis Bank amounts to 140.3 MCHF at the end of 2021 and will reduce to 110.9 MCHF by Loan from FIPOI the end of 2022. The loan will be fully reimbursed by the end of June 2026. The FIPOI loans are interest free. The capital repayment for the existing three FIPOI loans amounts to 1.1 MCHF per year; the financial benefit is accounted for as in-kind.
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 63
IV. APPENDICES
64 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
1. DETAILS OF ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTS (FACT SHEETS) Accelerator programme 1. LHC machine
Reliable operation of the LHC as a 13 TeV centre-of-mass energy proton-proton collider. Depending on the magnet training Goal programme in 2021 the energy may be increased above 13 TeV. Reliable operation of the LHC with Pb82+ ions with collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 Z TeV or higher. This heading also includes continuing studies to improve the performance of the LHC complex. Approval 1996 Start date R&D 1990, Construction 1998; First high energy collisions 2010 Total costs of the operations programme, the consolidation programme, and of the continuing studies to improve the performance Costs of the LHC are under continuous evaluation. The consolidation heading for LHC reliability is of a non-recurrent nature but on-going without an end date since it is comprised of many smaller-scale items necessary for reliable LHC operation. The material costs associated with foreseen LHC consolidation over the period 2022-2026 amounts to 110 MCHF. Running Following COVID-19 delays in the experiments the restart with beam is now foreseen for February 2022. Extensive post LS2 conditions hardware commissioning and magnet training is foreseen in 2021, with the aim of operating during Run 3 at a collision energy exceeding 13 TeV. Run 3 of the LHC will last until end-2024, punctuated by year end technical stops. Competitiveness Highest centre-of-mass energy collisions worldwide combined with high luminosity and excellent availability. Organisation Technical management via a specific committee structure. Overall organisation under the Directorate for Accelerators and Technology. Operational risks are scrutinised by internal review committees (LHC Machine Committee, LHC performance workshop) that make sure that technical challenges are met and decide about corrective measures wherever needed. These committees are advised by the LHC-CSAP (Complex Safety Advisory Panel) for safety matters. During Long Shutdowns, risks in matters of safety and schedule are scrutinised by the Long Shutdown Coordination Committee. Whenever new risks are identified, due, say, to the ageing of the LHC and the technical infrastructure components, priorities of the Risks consolidation programme are shifted and the items with the highest priority will have budget allocated to ensure the maximum reliability of the machine and availability of spare components. In addition, external review committees (CERN Machine Advisory Committee and LHCC, and HL-LHC Cost and Schedule Reviews) monitor progress of the LHC and the experiments and make sure technical challenges are met. They provide advice in case of difficulties. Radiation damage to the Inner Triplets will become significant as the total delivered luminosity approaches 350 fb-1. Careful management of the accumulated dose will be needed to preserve these elements during Run 3. The priority for operation in 2022 will be to reestablish pre-LS2 performance. This will require an extended commissioning period, 2022 targets an electron cloud scrubbing campaign and a progressive intensity ramp up. The last month of operation in 2022 will be dedicated to heavy ions physics.
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 65
The final energy for operation in 2022 will be decided after a careful magnet retraining campaign which takes place during the hardware commissioning of the machine in 2021. The total integrated luminosity target for 2022 will be decided during the LHC performance workshop to be held in January 2022. On the consolidation front 2022 will be a rather quiet year, with the main tasks being renovation of the ME10 electrical substation, and continued consolidation of controls, machine protection systems and the ex-LEP cryoplants. In line with the European Strategy, full exploitation of the physics potential of the LHC will carry on with a collision energy between Future prospects 13 and 14 TeV. The medium-term luminosity goal is 350 fb-1 delivered to ATLAS and CMS before LS3. & longer term Continuation of the ion programme as defined by the Physics committees. Continuous efforts to increase the reliability, availability and performance of the machine: an outlined planned consolidation programme up to LS3 now exists and will continuously be refined on an annual basis based on a risk analysis. Beam losses throughout the LHC accelerator may produce some activated equipment. The beam-cleaning areas and the high- Specific Health & luminosity insertions will become particularly activated. Sites are identified for the treatment and storage of this equipment. Budget Safety issues is set aside to deal with the disposal of activated accelerator components. RP plans and surveys all such operations following the ALARA principle. Outreach The LHC is highly visible in the press and public domain.
Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments CERN budget for (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) 2022 360.4 54 765 76 920 131 685
66 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
2. SPS complex
This heading comprises the facilities forming the SPS complex. Included is the SPS accelerator, which provides a range of beams to Goal the SPS fixed-target experiments in the North Area and periodically to HiRadMat and AWAKE. SPS is also the main injector for the LHC. The goal is to deliver the requested intensities for the experiments and provide beam to the LHC upon request with high availability and beam parameters respecting stringent constraints. The general consolidation heading for injectors, experimental areas and infrastructure systems is of a non-recurrent nature and is an Costs on-going activity since it is comprised of several smaller-scale items. For most items, there is no cost to completion but a foreseen funding level. The important new North Area Consolidation project will be integrated into the overall resource plans. The goal is to restart SPS beam commissioning in Spring 2021. Priority will be to re-establish pre-LS2 performance for the various Running beams for the North Area and LHC. Given the scale of the interventions made in the machine during LS2, the recommissioning period conditions will be significantly longer than usual and involve an extensive electron cloud scrubbing campaign. North Area physics will start in Summer 2021. The COVID-19 crisis will inevitably impact the schedule but the principle goals remain and should be met with some delay. The SPS complex represents a unique facility over a range of particle types and energies. Of particular note is the unique combination Competitiveness of high energy and slow extraction to the North Area, making it competitive in a worldwide landscape. It is heavily solicited by dedicated experiments and shorter-term test beam users. Organisation There is a specific organisation of each facility with CERN being in charge of the resources and technical operation. Overall organisation under the Directorate for Accelerators and Technology. Operational risks are scrutinised by internal committees (Injector Performance Panel, LHC Injector and Experimental Facilities Committee, Sector level management boards) that make sure that objectives are set and technical challenges are met, and that propose and decide on corrective or preventive measures wherever needed. These committees are advised by the SPS-CSAP (Complex Safety Advisory Panel) for safety matters. During Year-End Technical Stops and Long Shutdowns, risks in matters of safety and schedule are scrutinised by the Facility Coordinator and by the Long Shutdown Coordination Committee. When important new insights in risks are obtained, for instance due to ageing of the injectors or their technical infrastructure Risks components, priorities of the consolidation programme are shifted or new lines proposed. The items with the highest priority will have budget allocated to ensure reliability and safety of the machine and availability of spare components. External review committees (CERN Machine Advisory Committee and systematic Cost and Schedule Reviews of specific large consolidation projects) monitor progress of the injectors and make sure technical challenges are met. They provide advice in case of difficulties. The CERN host state authorities monitor closely the implementation of state-of-the-art radiation protection and radiation safety. In addition to the accelerators themselves, risks to the experimental programme exist due to the state of the beam line equipment and technical infrastructure. When the level of risk is high, renovation projects are implemented as mitigation measure. The initial 2022 goal is to finish the commissioning of the slip-stacking for the 50 ns ion beam and to commission the proton beam to the increased 25 ns performance for LHC. The SPS then should provide reliably through the year the required proton and ion beams 2022 targets for LHC, the North Area experiments and for the other users, including the in-ring experiments and facilities. These final intensity and associated performance targets will depend on the finalization of the requests from the experiments of the facility. The machine development program should advance the understanding of the performance with the new beam conditions, define obtainable
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performance limits for some PBC experiments and allow decisions to be made on remaining possible equipment upgrades for LS3. The detailed preparation of LS3 will be under way, including the execution of the North Area Consolidation, replacement of radiation damaged cables, preparation of warm magnet coils, electrical safety improvements and replacement of vacuum ion pumps. Future The experimental facilities of the SPS form a significant part of CERN’s diversity programme. Performance improvements and new prospects & experiments or facilities are being studied as part of the ‘Physics Beyond Colliders’ (see factsheet 27b). longer term Preparation is continuing towards major consolidation efforts during LS3. Beam losses throughout the accelerator complex produce some activated equipment. A continuous effort is in progress to reduce the Specific Health operational losses, which includes R&D and machine development tests. Sites are identified for the treatment and storage of this & Safety issues equipment. Budget is set aside to deal with the disposal of activated accelerator components. The Radiation Protection Group plans and surveys all such operations following the ALARA principle. Regular reporting is given to the CERN host state authorities in matter of radiation protection and radiation safety within the tripartite agreement.
Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments CERN budget for (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) 2022 127.4 22 725 22 220 44 945
68 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
3. PS complex
This heading comprises the accelerators and facilities forming the PS complex. Included are Linac4, PS Booster, PS, AD-ELENA. These machines provide a range of beams to several experimental facilities, namely ISOLDE, n_TOF, AD, and the PS fixed-target Goal experiments and test beam facilities in the East Area. Linac4, PS Booster, PS and SPS also form the proton injector chain for the LHC. The goals of PS complex are to deliver the requested intensities for the PS-complex experiments and the SPS and LHC programmes with high availability while respecting tight constraints on beam quality. Also included are the specific machines that serve the SPS and LHC heavy-ion programmes (Linac3 and LEIR). The consolidation heading for injectors, experimental areas and infrastructure systems is of a non-recurrent nature and is an on-going Costs activity since it is comprised of several smaller-scale items. For that reason, there is no cost to completion but a foreseen funding level. The major LS2 upgrades are complete and ELENA readiness reached ready for 2021 physics operation. The impact of the ongoing COVID-19 crisis means that the planned recommissioning with beam of the PS complex in 2020 will extend into 2021 for both the Running Booster and the PS with an inevitable knock-on to the planned physics programmes. In 2021, the PS complex will deliver beams to conditions the facilities as and when required with the priority being to deliver beam to commission the SPS. Physics beam delivery to the other facilities is scheduled to start in June for AD and ISOLDE, October for the East Area and September for n_TOF. ELENA will be commissioned in August. The CERN accelerator complex represents a unique facility over a range of particle types and energies. The East Area hosts the CLOUD experiment, unique test facilities (IRRAD, CHARM) and providing a dense test beam programme for LHC experiments, detector R&D. For training and outreach, it also runs the annual “Beamline For Schools” initiative. The AD and ELENA provide unique Competitiveness and world leading antiproton research capabilities and is heavily solicited by a strong experimental community. (HIE)ISOLDE, a world- class facility, produces a large variety of radioactive ion beams for many different experiments in the fields of nuclear and atomic physics, solid-state physics, materials science and life sciences. n_TOF is designed to study neutron-nucleus interactions for neutron kinetic energies ranging from a few MeV to several GeV. The facility serves a wide range of experiments engaged in the study of neutron-induced reactions in a variety of research fields. There is a specific organisation of each facility with CERN in charge of the resources and technical operation. Overall organisation is under the Directorate for Accelerators and Technology. Organisation Consolidation project management is via an approved management structure with regular reports to the IEFC (Injectors and Experimental Facilities Committee) and LS2 Committee during the Long Shutdown under the Directorate for Accelerators and Technologies. Operational risks are scrutinised by internal committees (Injector Performance Panel, LHC Injector and Experimental Facilities Committee, Sector level management boards) that make sure that objectives are set and technical challenges are met, and that propose and decide on corrective or preventive measures wherever needed. These committees are advised by the PS-CSAP Risks (Complex Safety Advisory Panel) for safety matters. The CERN host state authorities monitor closely the implementation of state-of- the-art radiation protection and radiation safety. During LS2, inspection of the Linac4 RFQ has revealed the presence of worm-like features and craters arising from electrical breakdowns within the structure. Given the criticality of Linac4, a spare production programme has been launched. During Long Shutdowns, risks in matters of safety and schedule are scrutinised by the Long Shutdown Coordination Committee.
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Whenever new insights in risks are obtained, due to ageing of the injectors and their technical infrastructure components, priorities of the consolidation programme are shifted and the items with the highest priority will have budget allocated to ensure reliability of the machine and availability of spare components. External review committees (CERN Machine Advisory Committee and systematic Cost and Schedule Reviews of specific large consolidation projects) monitor progress of the injectors and make sure technical challenges are met. They provide advice in case of difficulties. In addition to the accelerators themselves, risks to the experimental programme exist due to the state of the beam line equipment and infrastructure systems. When the level of risk is deemed high, renovation projects are implemented as mitigation measures. In 2022 the PS complex will deliver operational beam to its different experiments and facilities through the year. The detailed individual goals will be defined by the experiments and users of the facilities. The objective for the 2022 performance reach for the LHC injector chain (Linac4, PSB, PS) will be to deliver the beam for regular LHC operation, while supplying also the increased intensity and brightness proton beam to the SPS to reach the intermediate LIU commissioning target which is well above the pre-LS2 performance levels. Pb ions should be in regular operation (Linac3, LEIR and PS), while preparations for light ions for LHC will continue. 2022 targets With a full year of machine operation for all machines and facilities (East Area, AD/ELENA, ISOLDE, n_TOF) the opportunities for new installations and upgrades will be limited. Some important consolidation programmes will nevertheless be under way (e.g. the new spare PS main power supply and displacement of the PS extraction kicker powering), as well as replacement of radiation damaged cables, preparation of warm magnet coils, electrical safety improvements and replacement of vacuum ion pumps. In addition, there will be ongoing provision of spares, and preparation studies for the more important consolidation activities to be performed in LS3. The spare RFQ for Linac4 should be completed and tested by mid-2022. Future The experimental facilities served by the PS complex forms a significant part of CERN’s diversity programme. The complex will prospects & continue to evolve as a consequence of any request from ‘Physics Beyond Colliders’ (See factsheet 27b) and on the outcome of the longer term European Strategy. Beam losses throughout the accelerator complex produce some activated equipment. Appropriate locations are identified for the Specific Health treatment and storage of this equipment. Budget is set aside to deal with the disposal of activated accelerator components. The & Safety issues Radiation Protection Group plans and surveys all such operations following the ALARA principle. Regular reporting is given to the CERN host state authorities in matter of radiation protection and radiation safety within the tripartite agreement.
Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments CERN budget for (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) 2022 200.6 37 105 19 255 56 360
70 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
4. Accelerator support
This heading includes the following activities: Accelerator engineering: cryogenic fluids for non-LHC experiments, cryolab operation, polymer laboratory operation, magnetic measurements, vacuum infrastructure operation, as well as the SM18 infrastructure upgrade project; Activities Controls and operation: hardware, software, interlocks; Accelerator general services: general technical and administrative support for accelerators, accelerator planning and safety support, Fluka simulations, survey, quality control; Special technologies: vacuum special technologies and thin film coating. Risks to accelerator services are mitigated by the consolidation and upgrade of technical infrastructure. Consolidation in general implies the progressive replacement of ageing and obsolete components/systems or consolidation of engineering facilities (e.g. main Risk workshop machines or refurbishment of laboratories), or, when required, is complemented by projects to upgrade and extend the capabilities of existing infrastructure to adapt to new needs, such as the testing of magnets and cavities in building SM18, the polymer laboratory or the magnetic measurement building. Accelerator Engineering: After completing the consolidation and upgrade of the SM18, o To adapt all clusters to be compatible with the testing of the special configuration of the HL-LHC magnets and correctors while preserving the full testing capacity for the LHC magnets. o To prepare and adapt all SM18 infrastructures to install and operate the HL-LHC STRING facility while preserving all magnets and RF cavities testing capacities. To complete the consolidation and upgrade of the coating laboratory (building 101) which capabilities have been enhanced to 2022 targets respond to an increased demand for coating by diversifying the technical solutions; Controls and operation: Major deployment of new hardware and software for both the industrial and the machine control systems have be launched. For the industrial controls this includes the deployment of new PLC hardware throughout the complex and the upgrade of many SCADA systems following the needs of the upgrades foreseen in the various systems. For the machine controls there will be a significant deployment of new and upgraded front-ends to match the new and consolidated installations as well as a major release of new controls software infrastructure; After the successful completion of the LS2, accelerator general services will be now reviewed in view of the major overhauling planned for LS3 to smooth as much as possible the execution plans by anticipating some activities to the intermediate technical stops. The support to the CERN projects/studies for the design and construction of accelerator equipment, prototypes and assembly tools will be maintained and adapted if needed to new requirements of the HL-LHC project. Some examples are the superconducting Future magnets, SC link, collimators, RF crab cavities and hollow electron lenses. The engineering support will also start for the preparation prospects & of LS3. longer term To continue providing the required resources and tools to guarantee the highest level of safety and availability of the technical infrastructure and support to the experimental areas. To consolidate all workshop equipment in conformity to current standards and to adapt them to state-of-the-art of the technologies.
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Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments CERN budget for (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) 2022 206.4 41 050 16 500 57 550
72 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
Experiments and research programme 5. ATLAS
Goal Study physics at the tera electron-volt (TeV) energy scale: electroweak symmetry breaking and Higgs boson properties, search for new phenomena. Approval 31 January 1996 Start date 1998 Costs Total CERN share of materials for construction of the current ATLAS experiment: 128.8 MCHF. Total personnel and materials (CERN share, project, tests and operation until 2008 incl.): 509.2 MCHF. Running Runs above full design luminosity for pp collision data. Capable of taking data with luminosity up to the LHC levelling limit of around 34 -2 -1 conditions 2 x 10 cm s and up to about 60 pileup collisions per beam crossing (depending on the number of bunches). In addition, capable of taking heavy ion collision data up to highest possible luminosities delivered by the LHC. ATLAS is a general-purpose detector running at the high energy frontier and covering essentially all physics targeted by the LHC collisions. Together with the CMS experiment, it has the unique capability to study Higgs and electroweak boson physics as well as Competitiveness perform direct searches for new phenomena at the highest reachable energy and mass scales. It is also competitive in several important high-precision Standard Model physics measurements with earlier lepton colliders (for example the W mass and the weak coupling strength). Furthermore, the sensitivity to dark matter is competitive and complementary with direct and indirect searches performed at dedicated experiments. A total of 180 institutions (235 institutes and 9 technical associate institutes) from 38 countries with about 2900 scientific authors. The collaboration counts about 1200 PhD students. Governing body: Collaboration Board (one representative per member institution) and chair. Executive bodies: Management: spokesperson and two deputies, technical coordinator, resource coordinator and upgrade Organisation coordinator. Executive Board co-chaired by the spokesperson and technical coordinator. Subsystem projects led by project leaders. Activity areas (Operations, Trigger, Data preparation, Computing & software, Physics) led by activity coordinators. Physics analysis and performance working groups are led by two co-conveners per working group. Interface with CERN through a dedicated CERN team. In Summer 2020, a new ATLAS spokesperson was elected who takes office in March 2021, keeping the same management team that is active since March 2019 with one new incoming deputy spokesperson. No major managerial, technical and financial risks identified. General risk related to the operation of a very complex detector system including many different detector technologies. Examples are loss of humidity control in Tracker volume, water coolant leaks into the detector, precocious radiation damage, fire, etc. A succession plan is required for technical teams in order to ensure the expertise needed to maintain and run the detector during its lifetime. Risks COVID-19 impact: During the CERN safe mode period which ended on 18 May 2020, there was limited progress with the preparation of the ATLAS sub-detectors, due to the lack of access to the facilities. The safe mode had a large impact on the integration of detector chambers on wedges for the New Small Wheel project, and the delivery chain for the necessary components effectively ground to a halt. Since then, work has resumed on all aspects of LS2, Phase I, and Phase II activities, though wherever possible, teleworking is used to ensure the safe, though less efficient, continuation of activities. At CERN and at home institutes around the world, access to
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research facilities is still limited to essential tasks that can be performed in a socially distanced manner. With the exception of the New Small Wheels, Phase I upgrades (TDAQ and LAr upgrade, BIS 7/8 muon spectrometer installation) and maintenance work (cryogenics, magnet, inner detector, muon spectrometer, forward detectors, LAr and Tile calorimeters) are on track to complete in time for the February 2022 restart of the LHC. Not understood noise issues with some of the New Small Wheel chambers cast uncertainty on the planning of the timing of the completion of this project. The availability of foreign experts remains a major uncertainty, due to varying travel restrictions, uncertainties for the entry to France and Switzerland, departure from home country and uncertainty of returning home (due to quarantine) and the granting of permission from some countries for work at CERN. The recommissioning of the ATLAS detector, resulting from the many LS2 and Phase I upgrade activities and the start of Run 3 data- taking, span the following activities: Commissioning of the Phase I upgrades, including the new LAr digital trigger electronics, with first LHC collisions and integration of Phase I TDAQ upgrades with the new detector components, New Small Wheel and BIS 7/8: at least one if not both New Small Wheels of the muon system is expected to be installed prior to the start of Run 3. Preparation and validation of the early Run 3 trigger menus. Operation of ATLAS detector and data reconstruction chain during first year of Run 3. Completion 2022 targets and validation of the reprocessing of Run 2 real and simulated data with the new software release for combination with Run 3 data, and of the new analysis model with significantly reduced and simplified data derivations. Preparation of the combined-performance parameter recommendations for the Run 2 reprocessed data and for early Run 3. Monte Carlo productions in view of early Run 3 physics analyses, including usage of the new version of the fast calorimeter simulation deployed in 2021. Continuation of physics analyses using the full Run 2 dataset with emphasis on challenging topologies and precision measurements. Continuation of the construction of the Phase II upgrades for Run 4 and beyond, and preparation of the accompanying software, computing, trigger, and analysis model for the HL-LHC era. Commission the Phase I upgrade projects installed during LS2. Operate detector during Run 3 data taking. Run 3 is expected to more Future than double the dataset collected during the LHC Run 2, at possibly higher centre-of-mass energy. The new data will allow ATLAS to prospects & increase the precision on Higgs boson measurements and sensitivity to searches for rare Higgs boson channels such as its decay to two muons and di-Higgs production. It will also allow to deepen the studies of electroweak and top-quark physics, and to access longer term higher transverse momentum kinematic regimes. New physics searches will benefit from both higher collision energy and the additional integrated luminosity collected during Run 3. Continue construction of Phase II upgrades. Outreach Organised by the Collaboration and documented in the ATLAS communication plan. Linking regularly with CERN outreach efforts. Infrastructure in the experimental area. Strong contribution towards the technical coordination of the experiment including the CERN subsystem installation. Providing Tier 0 centre as well as some analysis capability. Important contributions to all sub-systems of the contribution operating detector and to subsystems for the Phase I (6 MCHF CORE plus non-CORE) and Phase II upgrades. A total of 128 MCHF was spent for the current ATLAS detector, financial contributions to Phase II need to be defined. At present, a total 78 staff, 52 fellows, 17 doctoral and technical students and 29 associates (staff 72.4 FTE equivalents). Very important contribution to the physics results.
Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments CERN budget for (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) 2022 63.9 12 635 2 860 15 495 Of which M&O: 1.3 MCHF
74 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
6. CMS
Goal Verify the Standard Model and search for new physics. Approval 29 April 1998 Start date 1998 Costs Cost to completion (CERN share of materials): 127.8 MCHF. Total personnel and materials (CERN share, project, tests and operation until 2008 incl.): 488 MCHF. Running Runs up to, and above, full design luminosity for pp collision data. Expected to take data with luminosity up to levelling limit of around conditions 2 x 1034 cm-2s-1 (depending on the number of bunches). In addition, take heavy ion collision data up to highest possible luminosities. CMS is a general purpose detector running at the high energy frontier. As such, it is competitive with ATLAS, and other LHC Competitiveness experiments, but also with other types of experiments. For example, dark matter limits are competitive with and complementary to direct and indirect searches. A total of 210 institutes finance the CMS experiment, funded by 50 funding agencies from 47 countries with 2358 signing scientists with PhD (or equivalent). 32 more institutes, and 7 more countries have the status of collaborating or associate. Organisation Governing body: Collaboration Board (one representative per member institution) chaired by an elected chairperson (2-year mandate). Executive bodies: Management Board, Executive Board, Finance Board. Spokesperson (2-year mandate), technical coordinator, resources manager, system managers. Interface with CERN through a dedicated CERN team. No major managerial and financial risks identified. The Phase I upgrade of the detector is completed. Technical: Risks include loss of humidity control in the Tracker volume, leaks in the detector and other general risks related to the operation of a very complex detector system including many different detector technologies. Examples are water coolant leaks into the detector, precocious radiation Risks damage, fire etc. Risks to the Magnet include delamination of the magnet coil structure during warm-up and subsequent cool-down or damage to the current leads and contamination of the cryogenic system. A succession plan is required for technical teams in order to ensure the expertise needed to maintain and run the detector during its lifetime. This is already being implemented during the remainder of LS2, which will serve as a training opportunity for personnel assuming these functions in the future. CMS is looking forward to Run 3 data taking starting in Spring 2022. Following the updated schedule of LS2, the installation of the new beam pipe and of the refurbished Pixel detector will drive the critical path in 2021, followed by the participation in a pilot beam test in October 2021 and eventually by the rotating shield work due before large luminosity collection in Run 3. The beginning of 2022 will be focused on the commissioning of the detector to prepare for data taking. The COVID-19 lockdown and subsequent travel restrictions have had an impact on the LS2 program quantifiable in a 3-4 months delay. If the restrictions will not be hardened we do 2022 targets not expect further delays. The commissioning phase of the detector starting in summer 2021 and extending until the start of Run 3 is heavily relying on local shift personnel and it might require adaptation in case COVID-19 restrictions are still in place. On the physics analysis side CMS expects to have completed and published most measurements and searches based on Run 2 data with extended usage of the Legacy reprocessing and of the special B-parking dataset. The Legacy reprocessing, with final data-tiers matching the formats foreseen for Run 3, will ease the combination of Run 2 and Run 3 datasets in the long term. New phase space will be explored in the search for new physics by using innovative long-lived particle trigger techniques and, based on the Run 2 experience, data scouting and parking will be extensively used as an integral part of the CMS physics programme. In addition, machine learning
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techniques are being systematically deployed at all levels in the reconstruction of the raw data. End-to-end analysis exercises in preparation for Run 3 are scheduled to happen in autumn 2021. A fundamental change in paradigm is expected in the High Level Trigger (HLT) with the adoption of large scale hybrid computing. For Run 3 the HLT computing units are expected to be augmented with low power GPUs. The current HLT reconstruction has already being partially ported to GPU with advantages in terms of physics performance and speed (i.e. rate). The usage of GPU at the HLT level will also represent an invaluable test bench for the computing architecture for the High Luminosity LHC phase. CMS is entering an intense period where new detector construction must take place in parallel with Run 3 operation, continued analysis of the increasing data sample, routine detector maintenance and Phase II infrastructure preparations. Several Phase II Future infrastructure works are meant to be completed by the end of LS2. The first Phase II sub-detector (the GEM planes of the the first prospects & endcaps) has been successfully installed. The prototyping effort for the other Phase II detectors is reaching an advanced phase, moving steadily towards authorising the start of construction from spring 2022 onwards. Meanwhile, the aim is to continue optimise longer term the physics performance of the Phase I detector during Run 3 (intregating also the new GE 1/1 Muon detector in the forward region), whilst simultaneously continuing infrastructure preparations for the Phase II upgrade, exploiting in particular the Extended Year-End Technical Stops of Run 3. Outreach Organised by the collaboration and regularly reported to the Collaboration Board for the activities financed by M&O-A. Linking regularly with CERN outreach efforts. Complete responsibility for the experiment infrastructure, common systems and safety. Leading role in the DAQ, financially and CERN technically. Other very important contributions to ECAL, HGCal, Tracker, Muon Chambers and BRIL. Providing the Tier 0 facilities. contribution Strong contribution to software tools and data analysis. Many CERN staff occupy top-level managerial positions in CMS. Oversight of the technical work and resource utilisation throughout the duration of the CMS project to guarantee coherence and minimise risk.
Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments CERN budget for (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) 2022 65.7 12 360 3 040 15 400 Of which M&O: 1.0 MCHF
76 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
7. LHCb
Goal Search for physics beyond the Standard Model in CP violation and rare decays of beauty and charm hadrons. Approval September 1998 Start date 1998 (construction) Costs Cost to completion (CERN share of materials): 20.5 MCHF. Total personnel and materials (CERN share, project, tests and operation until 2008 incl.): 121 MCHF. Running 32 -2 -1 33 -2 -1 conditions From a levelled luminosity of 4 x 10 cm s for Run 2, to a luminosity of 2 x 10 cm s starting in 2022.
Competitiveness Large number of beauty and charm hadrons produced by LHC compared to the existing facilities. Efficient inclusive heavy flavour trigger and hadron particle identification compared to the other LHC experiments. LHCb has submitted over 550 publications. A total of 89 institutes from 18 countries with 957 authors (PhD or equivalent), out of a total of 1304 participants (as of February 2021), Organisation students included. Governing body: Collaboration Board (one representative per member institute) and chair. Executive bodies: Management: spokesperson and deputy, technical coordinator, resource coordinator. Interface with CERN through a dedicated CERN team. No major managerial and financial risks identified. Technical: no specific risks identified. General risk related to the construction of a very complex detector system including many different detector technologies. Risks COVID-19 impact: The availability of foreign experts is a major uncertainty, due to varying travel and working restrictions, both from the host states and from their respective home countries. The time contingencies in the schedule defined in November 2020 to complete the LHCb upgrade installation by February 2022 have already been absorbed. Any further COVID-19 related delays may have an impact on the overall completion of the project. Finish detector installation for the LHCb upgrade. Continue to use computing infrastructure for data analysis, while finalizing the implementation of the new structures. As soon as all new needed infrastructure and logistic elements at the experimental site can be 2022 targets achieved, start a robust commissioning of hardware and software, in order to be ready for early physics measurements with the first physics beams. Due to COVID-19 related delays, both contingency and commissioning times are expected to be at risk. CERN is primarily involved with coordinating and managerial responsibilities in the VELO, RICH, UT and SciFi detectors as well as full responsibility for the Online system. Continue R&D and further define objectives and methods for the HL-LHC phase. LHCb could be sensitive to new physics with the data samples collected in 2011-2012 and 2015-2018 in the areas of rare decays, and of CP violation in b or c hadron decays. A vigorous physics analysis and computing effort are foreseen to exploit all the Future experiment’s data. The upgraded detector is being installed and commissioned during LS2 to enable the LHCb experiment to operate prospects & at 10 times the design luminosity of the original detector, i.e. at about 2 x 1033 cm-2s-1, to collect a data sample of ~50 fb-1. LHCb is longer term committed to producing early measurements with varying pile-up, and aims to record up to 10 fb-1 of physics data by the end of 2022. Planning of goals and technologies are continuing for the HL-LHC phase. Detailed plans are being developed to define (CERN) costs and commitments for this phase, to be achieved during LS3 and LS4. Outreach LHCb places a strong emphasis on communication to the general public as well as to specifically targeted interest groups, such as students, schools and journals.
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CERN CORE contribution 13.5 MCHF plus iron blocks for the muon filter. Total cash investment to the experiment 23.1 MCHF, which also contribution includes providing infrastructure and R&D. A total of 69 FTEs (staff plus fellows) paid by CERN.
Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments CERN budget for (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) 2022 55.0 11 885 1 330 13 215 Of which M&O: 0.7 MCHF
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8. ALICE
Study of heavy ion collisions: investigation of the properties of deconfined QCD matter formed in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions at the LHC. Study of proton-proton (pp) collisions: establishing reference data for the study of the quark-gluon plasma and studying Goal properties of pp collisions where ALICE has unique capabilities thanks to particle identification and low-pT acceptance. Study of pA collisions, fundamental to understand cold matter effects in heavy-ion collisions, but also to probe the nuclear structure at very high energy, accessing very low x values. Approval 1997 Start date 1998 Costs Cost to completion (CERN share of materials): 28.6 MCHF. Total personnel and materials (CERN share, project, tests and operation until 2008 incl.): 182.9 MCHF. Running conditions Dedicated heavy ion and proton-ion running and systematic pp running (levelled to low luminosity).
Competitiveness ALICE is the only detector dedicated to heavy ion physics at the LHC. It covers in a single experiment all the main measurements and allows major improvements for most variables in comparison to the RHIC experiments. 174 institutes from 39 countries with 628 participants with PhD (or equivalent). Governing body: Collaboration Board with one representative each of the participating institutes, chaired by an elected chairperson. Organisation Executive bodies: Management Board: spokesperson plus two deputies, technical, resources, computing, upgrade and physics coordinators, project leaders, and elected members. Interface with CERN through a dedicated CERN team. COVID-19 impact: The LS2 plans are complicated by the pandemic. A detailed re-evaluation of the installation and commissioning Risks schedule is taking place as the situation evolves, in accordance with CERN’s policy for on-site activities. The possibility that ALICE collaborators from outside institutes will be able to take part in the installation and commissioning activities at CERN, is the largest uncertainty for the ALICE schedule. ALICE plans to complete the upgrade installation by June 2021. Global commissioning of the detectors and the data processing with cosmic rays is planned to start in July 2021. It will continue until the LHC will start its operation with proton beams in 2022. ALICE 2022 targets plans to run during the full pp period in order to commission and gain experience with a detector that is substantially upgraded. The collected data will enable a complete validation of the data processing chain, including the calibration and the analysis. Moreover, this campaign will serve as a useful prelude to the rich pp physics programme. The Pb-Pb run at the end of the year is the ALICE primary objective in 2022. Future At the moment ALICE is completing a major upgrade of the detector and the computing system under installation during LS2. In the prospects & years after LS2, ALICE foresees running again for one month per year with either PbPb or pPb collisions complemented by pp running. In the current LHC plan this programme extends to the 4th Long Shutdown LS4. At the same time, ALICE is also planning further longer term upgrades for LS3 and beyond. Specific Health & Safety issues Nothing specific identified.
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Outreach Organised by the collaboration, in collaboration with the ALICE CERN Team. Effort to increase visibility of ALICE, and to guarantee the dissemination of correct information on the scientific results to the mass media. Overall scientific, technical and financial coordination, including safety. Experimental infrastructure and responsibility for installation and planning and execution of shutdown activities. CERN Participation in detector construction, maintenance and operation projects: ITS upgrade (deputy project leader), TPC (field cage, contribution electronics) until the end of LS2, HMPID and Muon Arm (magnet). Participation in other systems: responsibility for the O2/FLP and O2/PDP projects, DCS, ALICE-LHC interface and infrastructure/installation, including test beam areas. Electronics coordination. Coordination of offline computing, including simulation and data processing. Spokesperson from the CERN team for the term 2020-2022.
Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments CERN budget for (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) 2022 59.2 12 185 1 575 13 760 Of which M&O: 0.5 MCHF
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9. Other LHC experiments
TOTEM: Measurement of total cross-section, elastic scattering and diffractive phenomena. LHCf: Measurement of forward production spectra of π0’s and neutrons at the LHC energy for the purpose of verification of hadron interaction models for cosmic-ray physics. MoEDAL: Monopole and Exotics Detector At the LHC (MoEDAL). The prime motivation of this experiment is to search for the direct production of magnetic monopoles at the LHC. In addition, MoEDAL is sensitive to a number of highly ionising, slow moving, singly Goal or multiply electrically charged particles from a number of new physics arenas including supersymmetric and extra spatial dimension scenarios. The goal of MoEDAL at Run 3 is to extend the search for new physics to include milli-charged particles and very long-lived particles using the MAPP (MoEDAL Apparatus for Penetrating Particles) and MALL (MoEDAL Apparatus for extremely Long Lived charged particles) detector upgrades. FASER: Search for light, weakly coupled new physics particles (such as dark photons) in the very forward region of the IP1 collisions. In addition, measure neutrino cross-sections in unexplored energy regime (FASERnu). TOTEM: Research Board decision of July 2004. LHCf: June 2006. Approval MoEDAL: MoEDAL Run 1/2 approval December 2009. The COVID-19 safe mode at CERN and elsewhere will delay any approval of the MoEDAL-MAPP upgrade for Run 3 by an estimated 6 months. FASER: March 2019 (FASERnu approved December 2019). TOTEM: 2005 construction, physics with first LHC stable beams. LHCf: 2006. Start date MoEDAL: 2010. If approved MoEDAL-MAPP construction 2020, physics 2022. The COVID-19 safe mode at CERN and at the MoEDAL institutes will delay the estimated start-up of MoEDAL-MAPP experiment for Run 3 by approximately 6 months. FASER: Construction 2019, physics 2022. TOTEM: Total foreseen for the period 2022–2026: 6.7 MCHF (1.4 MCHF Materials + 5.4 MCHF Personnel). FASER: CERN Host Lab responsibilities cost to completion 0.6 MCHF for the period 2019–2021. Costs MoEDAL: Construction of the MoEDAL MAPP Phase I detector, including manpower costs in 2020/21 has a cost to completion of roughly 0.7 MCHF. The COVID-19 shutdowns around the world have added approximately 5% to the construction costs. All funding for Phase I is in place. The cost to completion for Phase II MoEDAL-MAPP and MALL detectors is estimated to be 3 MCHF. TOTEM: Special runs: with large β* (90 m, 1540 m and 2500 m) and with standard optics but reduced luminosity; continuous running under normal LHC beam conditions. LHCf: Short low luminosity (~ 2 x 1029 cm-2s-1) and high β* (11 m or larger) runs. Runs with different energy would also be interesting Running to verify interaction models. conditions MoEDAL: During Run 3 the MoEDAL, MAPP and MALL detectors would take data during all periods with collisions in IP8. The main physics will be done with high luminosity, high-energy data taking. FASER: Take data during all periods with collisions in IP1. The main physics will be done with high luminosity, high-energy data taking. Competitiveness TOTEM: The total cross-section and elastic scattering measurements have competition from ATLAS (ALFA). Diffractive studies are complementary to ATLAS and CMS, but TOTEM has the most complete proton measurements.
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LHCf: Other zero-degree hadron calorimeters in the LHC experiments, but they are complementary to each other since the LHCf is dedicated to measuring neutral particles, mainly EM components (photons and neutral pions), but also hadrons (neutrons). MoEDAL: Complementarity to other searches at LHC is achieved thanks to full angular coverage, calibrated sensitivity to highly ionising avatars of new physics such as magnetically charged particles and also slow-moving electrically charged particles with excellent efficiency. MoEDAL’s MMT array is the only LHC detector capable of directly detecting the presence of magnetic charge via detection of trapped monopoles in a remote SQUID array. If approved the MoEDAL-MAPP upgrade would add the capability to detect milli-charged particles and very long-lived, weakly coupled new particles. This would make MoEDAL competitive in a complementary way with FASER and other planned experiments dedicated to the search for new long-lived particles. The MALL upgrade would add a sensitivity to extremely long-lived charged particles that is complementary to existing LHC detectors. FASER: With the Run 3 dataset, FASER will have world leading sensitivity for low mass, weakly coupled new particles produced in pion and other light meson decays, in important regions of signal parameter space. Competition can come from SPS beam dump experiments NA62, NA64 as well as experiments away from CERN (HPS, SeaQuest). New experiments under consideration could also provide stronger sensitivity in the future. For FASERnu there are currently no competing experiments for measurements at the covered energy range. TOTEM: A total of 12 institutes from 8 countries with ~70 participants with PhD (or equivalent). Governing body: Collaboration Board (one representative per member institute) and chair. Executive bodies: Management: spokesperson and deputy, technical coordinator, resource coordinator. Management Board. Technical Board chaired by technical coordinator. Subsystem projects led by project leaders. Physics and Analysis groups chaired by physics and analysis coordinators. TOTEM will merge with CMS after completion of the high cross-section runs. Corresponding agreements are being put in place. Organisation LHCf: 32 members from 4 countries participating (including 22 PhDs, 9 students); spokesperson, deputy spokesperson, technical coordinator, GLIMOS. MoEDAL: Physicists from Algeria, Canada, CERN, the Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Korea, India, Italy, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the US. FASER: There are currently a total of 60 collaboration members from 19 institutes in 8 countries in FASER. The collaboration currently has two spokespersons, a Collaboration Board chair, and an executive board also including the project leaders of the different detector systems as well as for the offline software. TOTEM: Technical risks: radiation damage of detectors close to beam, for example silicon sensors in RPs; possible construction and installation of a new T2 for low-luminosity running at 14 TeV. TOTEM needs to be ready early in Run 3 for special runs dedicated to Risks luminosity measurements: delays related to COVID-19 should be minimized, since they may impact installation and maintenance of Roman Pots in the LHC tunnel, and installation testing and commissioning of the new T2 detector. LHCf & MoEDAL: No financial, technical or managerial risks identified. FASER: The main risk is of damaging the detector during installation in March 2021. TOTEM: Data-taking at the highest possible energy and at all possible β* to measure total cross-section and elastic scattering, in particular β* = 90 m. Very high β* (≥1.5 km) for Coulomb interference studies; service and preparation work for post-LS2; install new 2022 targets T2 detector for the measurement of cross-section at 14 TeV after LS2. LHCf: In 2022 the LHCf collaboration will install both the Arm1 and Arm2 detectors in the LHC tunnel for a low luminosity and low pileup run with p+p collisions at 14 TeV. An upgrade of the Arm2 DAQ system in ongoing and a preliminary beam test at SPS is
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foreseen by the end of 2021 in preparation to the 2022 run. After the 2022 run the detectors will be removed from the tunnel and placed in an appropriate depositary for cooling down in view of the oxygen run under discussion. FASER: The start of LHC beam in 2022 will allow the FASER detector, trigger and software to be commissioned with beam. The operations model will also be commissioned. Once the detector is taking good data, performance and physics analysis will start, with first physics results to be released before the end of 2022. MoEDAL: We are currently in Technical Proposal stage of the MoEDAL Collaboration’s Phase I plan for Run 3. If approved we will redeploy the MoEDAL detector and install the MAPP-mQP detector for data taking with proton collisions at 14 TeV centre-of-mass energy, starting in 2022. We envisage that the first physics studies based on Run 3 data taking will also be produced during 2022. Additionally, we will continue to produce physics results, based on data taken during Run 2, during 2022. TOTEM: Completion of 2022 targets in case of delayed high-beta optics run. LHCf: Data-taking in proton-light-ion collisions like oxygen and p-p collisions with ATLAS using the upgraded readout electronics. MoEDAL: The plan for Run 3 and beyond is to reinstall the baseline MoEDAL detector, as well as the MAPP and MALL upgrade detectors. If approved by the LHCC it will take place in three phases. Phases I & II would take place during LHC’s Run 3 (2022-2026). In Phase I, the MoEDAL detector will be redeployed along with a new detector, MAPP-mQP. The purpose of this detector is to detect Future feebly interacting and/or milli-charged particles. For Phase II (2023-) the MAP-LLP (long-lived particle) detector would be deployed to prospects & search for very long-lived neutral particles from beyond the Standard Model. Also in 2023, the MALL subdetector would be installed longer term to monitor the trapping detector volumes for the decay of extremely long-lived charged particles stopped in MoEDAL’s trapping detector. An extended version of the MAPP-LLP detector, MAPP-2, will be deployed for LHC’s Run 4. FASER: Physics searches with the full Run 3 dataset (150 fb-1 at 14 TeV). There are ideas for a larger FASER detector to be installed in a future Long Shutdown, which would have world leading sensitivity to new physics particles produced in heavy meson decay (such as dark Higgs bosons). This may be done as part of a new Forward Physics Facility which could allow multiple new experiments to be situated on the collison axis line-of-sight. TOTEM: Spin-off from the TOTEM development of edgeless silicon detectors and VFAT chips (front-end readout and trigger) for industrial applications. Very radiation-hard diamond detector development and spin-off from the TOTEM developments related to Outreach picosecond timing detector and electronics (ultra-fast timing technologies). LHCf: Communicate information to the public using web, publicity and press releases, etc., and create interdisciplinary connection between cosmic ray physics and particle physics. FASER: Communicate information to the public using web, public talks, and press releases, etc. TOTEM: Spokesperson; overall technical coordination for the experiment including the subsystem installation; infrastructure in the experimental area; coordination of the physics data analysis; leading responsibility in the Roman Pot system including silicon detectors and timing detector electronics; run coordination; RP data calibration with LHC optics and offline computing. The CERN-TOTEM team is 5 FTEs strong. CERN LHCf: Overall technical coordination for the experimental infrastructure, installation, planning and execution of shutdown activities. contribution General interface to the machine before and during data taking. GLIMOS, computer administration and outreach activities. FASER: CERN contributions as part of the Host Lab responsibilities include civil engineering in TI12, preparation of the area, installation of services, and installation of the detector. The FASER magnets are being constructed by the CERN magnet group, but paid for by collaboration funds. In the collaboration, CERN is responsible for the calorimeter and scintillator systems, as well as making contributions in the TDAQ and the tracking detector. CERN personnel are responsible for the technical coordination and experiment safety, and experiment management (one of the spokespersons is from CERN).
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Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments CERN budget for (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) 2022 Of which M&O : No direct CERN contribution for Materials 4.9 1 095 265 1 360 for LHCf and MoEDAL.
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10. Scientific diversity programme
SPS fixed-target NA58 (COMPASS): Reduce by a factor of two the uncertainty of the Sivers function measured in Drell-Yan with respect to the published result from the 2015 run. NA61: Pilot study of charm production in heavy ion collisions and its relation with quark-gluon plasma production. Hadron production cross-section measurements relevant for the Fermilab neutrino experiments. Pilot measurements of galactic cosmic ray fragmentation cross-sections. NA62: Measurement of kaon rare decays in-flight. Data taking underway. The main focus is the K+ + process which provides insight to short distance fundamental interactions complementary to that achievable at colliders. NA63: Continued investigation of scattering of high energy particles in crystalline structures. NA64: New experiment to search for dark sector physics and feebly interacting particles. The focus is on firmly discovering or disproving the basic predictive models of thermal dark matter below the electroweak scale and clarification of several experimental anomalies. NA65: Study of tau neutrino and charmed particle production in 400 GeV proton interactions. NA66 (AMBER): pilot run of the charged proton radius measurements, data taking for the first part of the approved Phase I proposal, including pion induced Drell-Yan, antimatter production cross-section and proton radius measurements. Submission of a Phase II Goal proposal. PS fixed-target PS 215 (CLOUD): continued exploitation of the state-of-the-art large volume chamber to study the influence of cosmic rays on climate and to reduce uncertainties in atmospheric aerosol/cloud radiative forcing and so sharpen climate change projections for the 21st century. AD, ISOLDE, n_TOF AD: ALPHA, ASACUSA and BASE use decelerated antiprotons and positrons to measure differences if any between protons and antiprotons, or between hydrogen and antihydrogen. Three experiments (AEgIS, ALPHA-g and the new AD-7 experiment GBAR under construction) aim to measure the gravitational interaction of antihydrogen. The recently approved PUMA experiment is aiming for a study of short-lived radioisotopes with antiprotons. ISOLDE: Study the structure of short-lived (exotic) nuclei and employ them in neighbouring disciplines (nuclear astrophysics, weak interaction studies, condensed matter physics, life sciences). n_TOF: Measure neutron-induced reaction cross-sections of relevance for nuclear astrophysics, advanced nuclear technologies, medical applications and fundamental nuclear physics. Non-accelerator-based experiments CAST: Continue to search for solar and relic axion particles and solar chameleon particles. OSQAR: Optical research for QED vacuum magnetic birefringence, axion and photon regeneration using spare LHC dipoles. Approval ISOLDE: First approved in 1964, latest approval for continuation in June 2007. n_TOF: first approved April 1999. AD: latest approval for extension (approval of ELENA decelerator) in June 2011.
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ISOLDE: first beam 1967, at present location first beam June 1992. First post-accelerated beam October 2001. HIE-ISOLDE approved Start date September 2009, first beams in 2014. n_TOF: first beam November 2000 until 2004, resume operation end of 2008. AD: first beam July 2000. These unique experiments have been recommended by the SPSC or INTC and approved by the Research Board. The facilities at Competitiveness CERN (SPS, PS, ISOLDE, n_TOF, AD) support the requirements of substantial communities and provide unique conditions for numerous experiments. Organisation Each experiment or facility has a specific organisation, similar for all collaborations. Each is controlled by a specific MoU. The total number of protons which can be delivered to the experiments and the beam time for requested experiments and tests is lower than requested due to the many groups which wish to carry out experiments and tests. Progress in AD experiments is partly Risks tied to future technical breakthroughs. The increasing need for liquid He by the AD experiments is challenging the liquification plant capacity. A large fraction of approved experiments for HIE-ISOLDE were not able to take data before LS2 due to beam time limitations. Many new low-energy experiments are looking for (unavailable) space in the ISOLDE hall. Fixed target experiments in the SPS North Area depend on the maintenance and consolidation of the infrastructure. AD: Extended run with focus on existing long term objectives (spectroscopy, gravity, precision measurements) as well as expansion of the physics reach and opportunities to systems beyond antihydrogen, antiprotons and antiprotonic helium. PUMA: commissioning of the pulsed drift tube, and beam optics validation (transmission measurements), antiprotons trapping and measurement of annihilation rate, as well as first tests with the TPC detector, and first transportation test. AEgIS: pulsed formation of an antihydrogen beam for gravity measurements. CLOUD: Analyse the data from the CLOUD15T technical beam-run of autumn 2021 to re-commission CLOUD after re-building the facility, the T11 beam and experimental zone as part of the East Area Renovation. Together with data from earlier CLOUD runs, prepare the scientific results for submission to journals. Complete the installation and commissioning of the new FLOTUS chamber for aging organics prior to injection into CLOUD. Execute the CLOUD15 beam-run in September-December 2022. COMPASS (NA58): completion of polarised SIDIS data taking for d and u quark transversity measurement, aiming to halve the present uncertainty on the value of the proton tensor charge. Analysis of Drell-Yan, Compton and SIDIS data. 2022 targets AMBER (NA66): Start of the proton charge radius measurement, submission of the Phase II proposal for Drell-Yan, J/psi, prompt photons and spectroscopy measurements with RF-separated kaon and antiproton beams. NA61: Measurements of charm hadron production in Pb-Pb collisions at 150A GeV/c, of nuclear fragmentation cross-sections for cosmic-ray experiments, and of hadron production on nuclear targets relevant for the Fermilab and J-PARC neutrino experiments. NA62: Continuation of the physics programme and successful data collection in 2022. Process and analyse data collected in 2021. Further results are expected in the fields of rare kaon decay, lepton universality and lepton flavour violation. Preparation for further data taking after 2022. NA63: Measurement of the trident process in diamond and silicon crystals of varying thicknesses to reveal the contributions of direct and sequential trident production in strong fields. NA64: Data taking with the upgraded detector at the new location at the H4 beamline with the goal to accumulate ~1012 electrons on target. First physics run at the M2 muon beamline with the new NA64setup. NA65: The second of the two planned physics runs. Take data with 400 GeV protons interacting in tungsten/molybdenum targets. Analysis of tau neutrino and charmed hadron production.
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n_TOF: Commissioning of the beam characteristics of neutrons feeding the experimental areas EAR1 and EAR2 will be completed during 2022 (neutron flux, beam profiles and energy resolution). The experimental programme will continue with measurements of neutron cross-sections for applications in nuclear astrophysics (capture on molybdenum, niobium and selenium isotopes), advanced nuclear technologies (fission on Am243 and other actinides) and basic nuclear physics (neutron-neutron scattering length). ISOLDE: Perform state-of-the-art experiments using exotic short-lived radioactive isotopes in a variety of fields: nuclear structure, nuclear reactions and nuclear astrophysics at energies between 40 keV and 10 MeV/nucleon, as well as research in fundamental interaction studies and materials research (hard, soft, and quantum materials). OSQAR: completion of data analysis and publication of the results of the search of Chameleons, i.e. dark energy particles. Preparation of a new proposal with an upgrade of the sensitivity of OSQAR-LSW, i.e. the Light Shining through Wall experiment, within the framework of the JURA initiative discussed within the PBC. AD: Increased efficiency for antihydrogen trapping and cooling; precision spectroscopy. Beam formation; measurement of gravitational properties of antimatter. The new cooling ring (ELENA) will help increase the production and trapping of antiprotons by up to 2 orders of magnitude. Increase possible in the number of experiments, which will then run in parallel. PUMA will make measurements at ELENA with stable nuclei (ion source) and antiprotons, R&D on antiproton stacking, cooling and transport for measurements at ISOLDE. CLOUD: Study formation of highly-charged cloud-active aerosols, including consequences on climate impact. Enlarged T11 beam-area, renovated during LS2, will allow increase in the number of measurement instruments. North Area: AMBER: Phase I proposal has been approved (proton radius measurement, unpolarized Drell-Yan and antimatter production cross- section measurements), and submission is planned of a Phase II proposal on Drell-Yan, prompt photons and spectroscopy measurements with RF-separated kaon and antiproton beams. NA61: Measurements of charm hadron production in Pb-Pb collisions at 40A and150A GeV/c, of nuclear fragmentation cross-sections for cosmic-ray experiments, and of hadron production on nuclear Future targets relevant for the Fermilab and J-PARC neutrino experiments. NA62: Considering additional data taking to reach the ultimate prospects & sensitivity in rare kaon decays and in the search for light exotics. Active participation in the process of the Physics Beyond Colliders (PBC) study. NA63: Higher-order processes, such as trident production and/or photon splitting in strong electromagnetic fields will be longer term the focus of runs to be proposed in 2021-2024. NA64: Considering additional data taking with electrons to cover the light dark matter, dark photon, X17 and ALP parameter space. A new proposal has been submitted to the SPSC to search for dark sector weakly coupled to muons. A pilot run with muons is in preparation. Active participation in the PBC BSM group activity. n_TOF: A new special- purpose area, independent from the operation of the other experimental area, close to the spallation target, is being conceived for nuclear astrophysics measurements. NA65: Provide tau neutrino flux for neutrino experiments at the SPS. Further studies of parton models. ISOLDE: New precision experiments to search for physics beyond the Standard Model are in preparation, as well as several new materials research experimental set-ups and an experiment to bombard antiprotons with radioactive ions (PUMA). Space in the ISOLDE hall is lacking to host all these experiments. Therefore, a design study for two additional target stations (as part of the EPIC proposal), along with a new ISOLDE building, is ongoing with support of the ISOLDE collaboration. OSQAR proposes to evolve towards JURA, a meta-collaboration including OSQAR and ALPSII from DESY, to build a LSW experiment at CERN with unprecedented sensitivity. ISOLDE: Some experiments involve handling of open radioactive sources. For these cases individual training by RP is done. To Specific Health provide a safe working environment for producing nano-actinide targets, an extension to the existing Class A type laboratories is & Safety issues underway with commissioning in the spring of 2021. AD: Safety issues related to the use of radioactive sources or e-linac; these have been cleared by CERN safety authorities.
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CLOUD: During East Area renovation special attention to safety matters, in close collaboration with BE-EA and HSE. Safety issues related to earlier frequent radiation alarms at T11-CLOUD are being solved with the new, improved radiation shielding. North Area: improved radiation shielding being implemented for the COMPASS Drell-Yan target. Outreach Continue to promote the diversity of CERN physics, through visits, workshops, teacher and student programmes. CERN contribution General support in line with the general conditions applicable to experiments performed at CERN.
Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments CERN budget for (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) 2022 21.5 4 330 1 340 5 670
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11. Theory
The main goals of the activities of the Theory Department are: Produce cutting-edge research in all areas of theoretical particle physics; Provide a centre where theorists from the international scientific community can meet, be informed of new developments, discuss Goal with experts, study, and do research; Promote the education of young theoreticians at the post-graduate level; let them gain experience and reach maturity, while preparing them to form the next generation of professors in European universities; Contribute to the activities of the Organization at all levels: support for the experimental programme, data interpretation, planning of future facilities, training, educational and outreach programmes, promotion of scientific events. Competitiveness The CERN Theory Department continues to be one of the world’s most active and prestigious centres in theoretical particle physics. Organisation Theoretical Physics Department. Risks No financial, technical or managerial risks identified. Besides pursuing the general goals, an immediate target for 2022 will be a full recovery of all scientific activities as in pre-COVID-19 2022 targets times. The lessons learned during the pandemic crisis will be useful to expand our programme of TH-Institutes, seminars and discussion sessions held in virtual mode, thus offering a service to a broader community. Maintaining the traditional level of excellence in theoretical physics research remains a priority for the future of the Theory Department. Moreover, the Department plans to increase its openness towards the international physics community, by promoting the participation Future of external physicists to its scientific activities and by sharing its resources with the rest of the community. In particular, this will be prospects & achieved with an intense programme of TH-Institutes and other initiatives organised together with external physicists. There are also longer term plans to strengthen the research activities not only in collider-related physics, but also in string theory, formal aspects of quantum field theory, cosmology, astroparticle physics, and lattice field theory. Continuing efforts will be dedicated to promote an inclusive working environment where everyone, regardless of non-scientific considerations, can develop her or his talent. The Theory Department has a long tradition in active participation in CERN outreach. Indeed, theoretical ideas uniquely inspire the Outreach public, attracting interest towards science. Members of the department regularly give public lectures at CERN and outside, and play a leading role in all educational CERN programmes (physics schools, academic training, summer students, high-school teachers). CERN contributes to the logistics and general support. The Department is run by 20 research physicists (including 3 shared with CERN neighbouring Institutions) and 4 administrative assistants. Each year it hosts more than 50 fellows. CERN provides the resources for contribution an intense visitor programme, which is essential for achieving the scientific goals of the Theory Department. Including scientific associates, corresponding associates and short-term visitors, the Department hosts almost 1000 scientists each year.
Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments CERN budget for (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) 2022 52.0 8 940 985 9 925
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12. Scientific computing
Goal Build, maintain, and operate a data storage and analysis infrastructure for the worldwide LHC physics community. Approval 2001 Start date 2002 Costs Total Personnel and Materials (CERN share, project and operation) for the period 2022-2026: 189 MCHF. Service to run 24 hrs x 365 days a year; distributed infrastructure allows individual external sites to be down while maintaining overall service; Typical data rates over 40 GB/s globally with significantly higher peak rates from CERN to Tier 1s, equivalent rates between Tier 1/2 sites; From 2022, plan to manage well in excess of 2 M jobs per day. Running 2022 will be the first year of Run 3, after the changes in the LHC schedule due to COVID-19. The activities of the experiments in conditions Q1 2022 will prepare for Run 3 data, by generating Monte Carlo samples at the Run 3 conditions and commissioning the software. In Q2, Run 3 data taking is expected to start. The experiments will initially focus on commissioning the new detectors with real data and finally processing and analysing pp and Heavy Ions physics events. The Tier 0 services will be used for first pass prompt reconstruction during data taking and for simulation, and analysis when possible. In addition, the HLT farms of the experiments will be used for offline processing when available. The T0 compute and storage capacity will be hosted at the CERN Meyrin data centre and at the containers co-located with LHCb. Competitiveness Largest ever computing endeavour to store and analyse massive amounts of physics data for access worldwide. WLCG is a unique facility. CERN + 13 Tier 1 sites + 88 Tier 2 federations (~161 sites); Organisation Dedicated boards (C-RRB, OB, MB, GDB, CB) and committees (LHCC, C-RSG, AF); Resources mainly in IT Department, some EP, and external in the collaborating institutes; Collaboration established with a Memorandum of Understanding signed by 42 countries. Run 3 seems resource-wise manageable in a flat budget scenario; there are uncertainties however on the LHC performance that could achieve challenging scenarios for computing after 2022. Some of the experiments also will need resources above flat budget to exploit the full physics program. Mitigation strategies are in place: the use of tape as an active media has been commissioned for an increasing number of workflows and will reduce the impact on storage. CERN can procure enough tape capacity for the experiments at relatively short notice, to secure data taking. Risks The hardware technical evolution is recently far more subject to market forces than to technology. This includes the commercial uncertainty of the tape market that could have a significant impact on the cost of storage in the medium and long-term. However, continuous efforts are taking place to be able to exploit various type of processing hardware and alternative disk based storage solutions that could potentially replace tape technologies are being prototyped. The COVID-19 situation might impact resource availability in the short and medium term and delays in procurement are expected. In anticipation, the T0 2022 resources have already been ordered.
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Levels of effort for distributed computing development are still very limited and in addition, the experiments are losing skilled effort in software and computing. Necessary developments for adopting new technologies and optimising the system may not be feasible in the short term and this may in turn increase costs. The community is investing in software training and raising the awareness at the level of institutes and Funding Agencies about the needs of software and computing professional in HEP. CERN is leading many of those initiatives in the context of the HEP Software Foundation. Support the full worldwide workloads of the LHC experiments during the last months of LS2 and the start of Run 3, with an emphasis on commissioning of the new software, computing models and detectors: Processing (reconstruction) of Run 3 data. Reprocessing of Run 1 and Run 2 data where needed; 2022 targets Analysis of Run 1, Run 2 and possibly Run 3 data; Support for simulation campaigns needed for physics analyses of Run 1 and Run 2 data, and for the Run 3 program; Use of the HLT farms where possible to support various workflows as appropriate to each experiment: Data distribution worldwide between Tier 0, Tier 1 and Tier 2 centres for archiving, processing and analysis – global data rates of > 40 GB/s. Anticipate continual evolution of the computing models and infrastructure, tools and services in order to address the needs of the experiments in Run 3, although the expected running conditions are not yet well defined after 2022. Longer term planning and R&D for computing for the upgrades is in progress, with a community white paper published in 2017 and a strategy paper delivered in 2018. Future These led to a number of R&D projects to adapt the computing models and global infrastructure to the long-term needs. These projects prospects & are expected to deliver evolutionary improvements in efficiency and performance during Run 3. The computing progress towards HL-LHC went through a first LHCC review in May 2020. The next phase of the review will take place in Fall 2021, focusing on the longer term main software products commonly used by more than one experiment. This process will lead to computing TDRs for HL-LHC in 2024, to be reviewed by the LHCC in the same year. A major aspect is in software performance, portability and sustainability, and a number of initiatives have started in that area. The evolving infrastructure will need to be able to support a much more heterogeneous set of computing resources and computing techniques and technologies than in the past. Working with CERN openlab partners to improve knowledge transfer; Outreach Frequent Computer Centre tours, and large number of VIP visits; Up to date LCG website (http://cern.ch/WLCG), WLCG dissemination material; volunteer computing projects in the LHC experiments and LHC@HOME. CERN Tier 0 and analysis facility to provide ~20 % of total computer and storage resources. Project management and coordination of all contribution activities.
Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments CERN budget for (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) 2022 79.5 17 975 23 030 41 005
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13. Scientific support
Support to the various experiments at CERN on detector mechanics, electronics development, and scientific software tools; design, construction, installation and maintenance (including associated service infrastructure), and provision of administrative and logistics services to the community of users. Design and manufacture of high complexity PCBs and prototype detector components where the Goal development and production time would be too long or cost in industry would be too high. For the LHC physics centre at CERN (LPCC), coordinate and optimise existing resources, and introduce new initiatives, dedicated to the best possible exploitation of the LHC data. Participation in detector upgrade programmes during the development, design, construction, installation phases through strategic R&D collaborations or direct participation in projects, and provide centralised resources and expertise for development of future detector technologies. Strategic R&D on experimental technologies for a future generation of detectors. General scientific computing, technical, logistical and administrative support for experiments. The EP-SFT group provides and maintains general applications software required for the reconstruction and analysis of experimental Running data or the corresponding simulations. The detector technologies (EP-DT) and electronics (EP-ESE) groups are involved the design, conditions construction and operation of the experiments and provide on-call services. The resources are shared between design, operation and new initiatives, the sharing being adapted to the requests for operation and shutdown periods of the experiments and their upgrade programmes. The resources are used on a multi-project basis, focusing mainly on common activities for all experiments. Competitiveness The LHC physics centre at CERN is complementary to LHC analysis centres worldwide, and provides scientific support to the whole LHC community. Groups of EP involved: AGS, DI, DT, ESE and SFT. Steering boards involving representatives from experiments and EP management Organisation periodically review the current activities, agree on new common or specific activities, and define the priorities. The Scientific Information Service, including the CERN Library (RCS-SIS) is attached hierarchically to the Director for Research and Computing. No major financial, technical or managerial risks identified, provided that the level of resources and equipment replacements is kept at least at the present level to preserve expertise and to provide support to the community of users. COVID-19 impact: Due to the pandemic, for which the full consequences are not yet fully clear, delays of the order of several months have to be expected. The successful development of custom radiation-hard ASICs in advanced technology nodes and their proper verification is crucial to the correct functioning of modern HEP detectors. A service framework (CHIPS) has been put in place in the EP-ESE group to Risks strengthen the support made available to the community for state of the art design and verification practices. A global shortage of wafer-fabrication capacity is affecting the worldwide supply of electronic components.The production of ASICs for the upgrades of LHC experiments is at risk of suffering delays in 2021 and 2022. Mitigation measures for engineering orders in 2021 have been put in place. Cyclical economical events or the political situation in particular countries may prevent SCOAP3 partners to transfer the contributions agreed in the MoU. Risk related to preservation of the paper-based records, in particular in the CERN Historical Archive. 2022 targets AGS: continue to deliver a wide range of secretarial and logistic services for the entire scientific community (User’s Office, Experiments’ secretariats, Scientific Committees and CERN Physics Schools secretariat, Space Management and Infrastructure).
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SFT: A major version of the Geant4 is expected with changes in the core of the simulation toolkit, more precise physics models and quality support for the experiments. The R&D activities to speed up the simulation will continue, with the development of a demonstrator (AdePT) to make use of accelerators, such as GPUs, that will provide first results; and fast simulation techniques integrated into Geant4. ROOT's evolution towards features and performance for the HL-LHC will advance while ensuring ROOT's sustainability. The new web graphics/GUI system will be ready for production use, the new I/O format RNTuple will be adopted by LHC experiments, the analysis interface RDataFrame will feature a multi-threaded and a distributed mode. Many other components, such as RooFit, will see drastic improvements for speedup and usability. The web-based analysis service (SWAN) will evolve to JupyterLab for the user interface, giving access to computational clusters that offer physicists easy access to powerful computational resources of nodes with GPUs. The CernVM software components will continue to be fully functional and to play a role as mission critical systems for LHC experiments’ data processing, with improved usability and scaling of CernVM-FS based container deployments. New versions of the complete software stack (LCG releases) used in production by, amongst others, ATLAS, LHCb, FCC, SWAN and the BE department, will continue be produced with procedures streamlined and consolidated. The evaluation of the Spack tool for building these software stacks will be completed. A fairly complete turnkey software stack (Key4HEP), integrating other EP R&D software development projects, will be released to fully support FCC (and other) detector studies. Work in the context of the HEP Software Foundation, through leadership positions in working groups and the coordination group, will align and promote the group’s R&D with wider community needs and ensure a proper response to HL-LHC computing requirements.
DT: Construction of new detectors, related infrastructures (gas and CO2-cooling systems, controls) and engineering efforts on detector installation and integration for some ALICE and LHCb subsystems will be completed; focussed R&D for future upgrades of ALICE and LHCb will be ongoing. The development phase for the ATLAS and CMS trackers for HL-LHC will be completed and the production phase for the light-weight mechanical supports will be in full swing. Contributions to other specific components of the Phase II upgrades of ATLAS and CMS, such as the characterization of the sensors for CMS HGCAL and the production of large size GEM detectors for CMS GE2/1 will be ongoing. Focused R&D on CO2 detector cooling technologies for very large tracker systems based on the DEMO cooling plant will be completed, providing the required input to design the highly distributed plants for the upgraded ATLAS and CMS experiments. R&D on gas systems technologies and gas mixtures will continue to ensure reduction of gases exhausted from LHC detectors. Contributions to smaller size experiments such as NA62 and CLOUD continue as well as contributions for the Neutrino Platform and the DUNE project at the SURF facility (US). The latter are in relation to design and implementation of the DCS and DAQ systems. A vigorous R&D programme on detector technologies in view of future large scale projects of the Organization is in its 3rd year. It includes studies of strategic value on radiation hard silicon strips, CMOS pixels, MPGDs and various aspects of services and integration.
ESE: The ASICs for Phase II upgrades of the LHC experiments will be in production in most cases. High density hybrid circuits and complex FPGA boards will be in pre-production or in the final stages of their development cycle. Deliveries to experiments are: ATLAS (ABCstar ASIC, Central Trigger boards, etc.), CMS (MPA and SSA ASICs, Front-End Hybrids for Outer Tracker, etc.). Deliveries of common electronics for Phase II upgrades of both ATLAS and CMS are: RD53 pixel ASICs, LpGBT ASIC, Versatile Link PLUS opto- transceiver, BPOL DC/DC converters, etc. In addition to hardware and firmware deliveries, EP-ESE will continue to provide support to LHC experiments and users: procurement and maintenance framework for power supplies, Electronics pool, support for access to ASIC technology, tools and foundry, and for ASIC design services. A robust R&D effort will permit to secure the group expertise
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beyond the Phase II upgrades: investigation of next-generation IC-technology nodes (28 nm CMOS), silicon photonics, monolithic CMOS and GaN power converters. COVID-19 impact: The pandemic impact is expected to be mainly a time delay in the delivery of ASICs to experiments, in particular in cases where irradiation testing has to be postponed. In such cases, delays of up to 6 months may be incurred. More importantly, a global shortage of wafer-fabrication capacity is affecting the worldwide supply of electronic components. The production of ASICs for the upgrades of LHC experiments is at risk of suffering delays in 2022, but an accurate forecast is not currently possible.
Scientific Information Service: Expand the CERN LHC Open Data policy to all other CERN experiments and enable the widest possible reuse of data by a systematic preservation of all research artefacts through the CERN Analysis Preservation framework. After the successful roll-out of all components of the new INSPIRE service, add new functionalities to capture other relevant scientific content accompanying scientific articles. Continue the stable operation of the international SCOAP3 consortium, and prepare the future expansion and extension of the initiative. Develop a framework to measure CERN’s impact on society based on its scientific literature and other scholarly content. Align the numerous collaborative initiatives in the different domains of Open Science and formulate and execute an institutional Open Science initiative. Support operation and consolidation for running experiments, in particular during the Long Shutdowns. Support running experiments in their use of common software and continue consolidation of software tools used for the analysis of LHC data. Effort on R&D will increase in order to re-engineer common LHC software for improving performance on new CPU architectures. Support will also be given to activities important for the future of the Laboratory (such as for a future collider). Participation in the HEP Software Foundation will continue to ramp up with a view to expanding collaboration with software units in other HEP laboratories to provide community- wide software services. Contribute with engineering and technical expertise to new detector construction projects, and play a central role on detector R&D and new technologies. Design of electronic systems and ASICs for the upgrade of the LHC experiments. Future Development of a faster and lower power version of Data Transfer links. Standardisation of the Crate and Power Supply infrastructure prospects & equipment for the experiments’ upgrades. Preparation for deeper submicron technologies and silicon photonics. Increase the R&D effort on novel detector technologies (including aspects such as composite development, evaluation of new materials, quality longer term assurance for detector component production, radiation hardness assurance of detector components), new control systems, gas and detector cooling systems to ensure LHC experiments’ longevity. Provide an integral approach for detector design and technical support at all phases of the projects. Develop and retain know-how, technical space, concentrate resources and expertise related to detector development. Liaison with other CERN departments and groups to focus on the needs of future experiments or upgrades. Prepare for a future generation of detector systems. For the LHC physics centre at CERN (LPCC), continue organising scientific activities centred on the LHC physics programme and its future upgrades (workshops, lectures and working groups, combination of results). Using CERN’s various Open Science activities as a basis, a wider disciplinary Open Science policy will be developed following the priorities set in the latest ESPP update. Publication and regular updating of activities on web sites. Publication of a DT Annual Report of activities. The expertise developed Outreach in the support groups is regularly consulted by external institutes (computing, detector technologies and electronics). Participation in R&D collaborations, European funded projects and KT activities. Provide input on open science policy matters and sharing CERN’s best practices around collaborative open science. CERN contribution Administrative, logistical, computing, technical and general support.
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Personnel Personnel Materials Total Activity Comments (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) Scientific software 32.1 7 320 895 8 215 Detector technology 78.9 13 980 4 285 18 265 CERN budget for Detector electronics 49.1 9 280 855 10 135 2022 Physics general services 76.1 11 005 6 015 17 020 Scientific exchanges 3.5 425 8 000 8 425 (students and associates) Scientific information 28.0 5 110 13 115 18 225 services
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Infrastructure and services 14. Safety, health and environment
Activities and related expenses for the implementation of CERN’s safety policy, CERN’s corporate safety objectives and the agreements with the Host States aiming at continuous improvement in incident prevention and emergency preparedness covered by the following domains: Occupational health and safety: Workplace safety, including monitoring and diagnostics of specific risks such as asbestos and other infrastructure related pollutants; Safety promotion, safety awareness campaigns and safety training (e-learning, face-to-face, hands-on); Expert advice and support in matters of safety to project leaders and operating units; Technical safety inspections and safety coordination. Occupational medicine & emergency preparedness: Medical service, medical checks of CERN’s workforce, work-related health studies/statistics, preventive health campaigns, First Aid, preventive assessments of health risks in the workplace (e.g. ergonomics, nano particles); Fire brigade (on-site, operational 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year), firefighting equipment, communication systems, preventive measures. Safe operation, maintenance and consolidation of CERN’s beam facilities: General and continuous safety consolidation of beam and experimental facilities. Activities Radiation protection: Operational radiation protection (risk assessments with respect to ionising radiation and its impact on workers and persons, job and dose planning, classification of potentially radioactive material); Radioactive waste management (reception, intermediate storage, characterisation, treatment, validation, elimination); Dosimetry and calibration service, export and import of radioactive goods, management of radioactive sources; Design studies/estimates/simulations on radiological impact of CERN’s facilities, in particular in case of modifications, upgrades or new projects; development of Monte Carlo models and tools for RP studies; Radiation monitoring – maintain, upgrade and extend fixed installed network of sensors to control ambient dose rate levels as well as the releases of radioactivity by air and water; Responsibility for regulatory framework in matters of Radiation Protection; contribution to the implementation of the Tripartite agreement on radiation protection and radiation safety. Environmental protection: Evaluate CERN’s environmental impact and regular reporting to Host States’ authorities; Environmental monitoring: maintain, upgrade and extend fixed installed network of sensors to control chemical releases by air and water; Environmental incident prevention (risk assessment and risk control expertise for activities/projects, preparedness (training, drills) and response (intervention, investigation, mitigation) in collaboration with the fire brigade;
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Elaboration of environmental hazard inventories, objectives, strategies and internal/external reports in collaboration with the departments and experiments. Safety rules: Revision of safety rules established prior to 2006 (according to agreed roadmap); Establishment of new rules and complementary documents as required for the functioning of the Organization. Costs This heading includes the CEPS project (30.6 MCHF of material budget from 2018 to 2031) and the SPS Fire project with material cost to completion of 13.7 MCHF (from 2016 to 2025). The main risks associated with not reaching the stated objectives are as follows: Unavailability of medical services due to limited personnel resources, software failure or obsolete material will lead to degraded occupational medicine follow-up (medical visits, psychosocial factors, and degradation of services provided), and expose the Organization to the risk of non-compliance with its own Staff Rules and Regulations. The emergency preparedness of CERN Fire & Rescue Service, in particular regarding the coordination with external partners, is of crucial importance to maintain the continuity of CERN’s operations should a major incident occur. Reducing resources might lead to long and significant unavailability of facilities due to the application of inappropriate and outdated intervention plans to large-scale events. Keeping installations in conformity with Safety standards is key to ensure safe working conditions at CERN. In this context, past and existing investments in electrical safety of equipment, and efforts to fix known non-conformities must be pursued at steady pace. Priorities and challenging objectives in matters of environmental protection have been defined in CERN’s first public environmental Risks report published in 2020. Delaying agreed projects, and the funds required, would impact the success of the Organization in meeting the objectives, would shift the definition of the strategy beyond 2025 and would damage the reputation of CERN. Delaying the construction of the Radioactive Waste Treatment Centre (RWTC) Access & Office Building will directly impact working conditions of CERN staff and contractor personnel and would not allow implementing a more cost-efficient radioactive waste management. Security threats observed worldwide are increasing. The global, international and open nature of CERN puts the Organization at risk of being adversely impacted in its most critical facilities, assets and areas, including radioactive material and sources. Investments in site security must be kept at a level compatible to keep such threats unlikely. The current COVID-19 crisis has negatively impacted the operational objectives of the Unit as a majority of HSE resources were redirected on the implementation of measures to fight the pandemic. Impact of successive, cumulative reductions in operations budget dominated by incompressible costs. Efforts to provide adequate Safety Training during COVID pandemic were huge; any delay or budget reduction to build the « CERN Learning Centre », a state of the art facility, will prevent the Safety training teams to build upon the experience gained during the pandemic. Occupational health and safety: 2022 targets Review the implementation and effectiveness of the PESS (Project and Experiment Safety Support) Type 3 team (all beamline and experiment facilities as well as all projects in underground); adopt any identified changes into the PESS processes and procedures.
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Fire Safety: continue revision of the fire safety rules, continue the FIRIA (Fire Induced Radiological Integrated Assessment) Phase II project: assessment of at least 3 facilities according to the priority list through a modular and scalable approach. Monitor incidents and accidents, optimize the assessment tools for accident follow-up CERN wide. Based on the lessons learnt by using methodologies for risk-based inspections of pressure equipment, develop such methodologies for other technical safety domains (lifting equipment, fire prevention, electrical inspections, etc.). Provide support and expertise to the departments for improving the electrical safety (electrical non-conformity project, ad hoc tools for recording and managing electrical non-conformities, etc.). Continue the improvement of the general safety inspections through their evolution into safety reviews, start with performing at least five safety reviews. Occupational medicine & Emergency preparedness: Recovery post-COVID-19: The Medical Service to identify lessons learnt and propose elements to be optimised if relevant. Start the implementation of Risk Based Health Surveillance of Workers and update the related processes (occupational health as well as insurance medicine). Further improve the coordination between CERN Medical Service and Fire and Rescue Service in matters of medical emergencies; ensure that CERN commitments in the framework of the CERN-HUG Collaboration are met. Focus emergency preparedness on intervention plans for installations/activities with increased chemical risk. Continue to implement the emergency preparedness and incident command framework that aims at enhancing CERN’s response in case of a major incident, with the goal of supporting continuity of CERN’s operations. Environmental protection: Provide expert support with respect to environmental protection to CERN Departments for the Organization’s existing activities in line with the PESS activity, and for future projects (for example for the new learning centre or the CO2 cooling project in ATLAS and CMS). Further consolidate CERN’s environmental monitoring network, integrating new and consolidated environmental field instrumentation (e.g. upgrade of 5 environmental aerosol samplers and 8 stray monitoring stations). Commissioning of the extension of CERN’s environmental laboratory and alignment of related laboratory practices and procedures. Support the implementation of environmental objectives proposed by the CERN Environmental Protection Steering board (CEPS) and approved by the CERN directorate (F-GAS, biodiversity, waste). Enhance the collaboration with external environmental experts and the partnership with key stakeholders, in relation to the activities of the CTE (Comité Tripartite Environnement) and FCC (Future Circular Collider).
Radiation protection: Support an efficient and safe start of Run 3 and its experimental programme; support HL-LHC and LHC experiment upgrade studies, by RP risk assessment for upgrade works. Continue with production and improvements of the next generation of radiation monitoring equipment (CROME) in preparation of the replacement of the RAMSES system. Further enlargement and optimization of CERN’s radioactive waste elimination programme; development of elimination pathways for radioactive waste of low and medium activity (FMA category).
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Support of the FCC Feasibility Study and the Physics Beyond Collider Program. Safety training & promotion: Streamline training catalogue by optimising the training programmes. Integrate new learning methods (virtual classroom, interactive video, blended learning, …). In collaboration with Finance and Administrative Processes (FAP) and Human Resource (HR) departments, contribute to the improvement of the CERN Learning Management System. Devise training needs for LS3, taking into account LS2 feedback. Follow-up, with HR and SCE, of infrastructure project for a CERN Learning Centre for LS3. Safety rules: Continue the revision of safety rules established prior to 2006 according to the agreed roadmap, in particular related to fire, non- ionising radiation and Safety Incident Management. Establishment of new safety rules as required. Future Further improvement in the field of occupational health and safety as well as environmental protection for both radiological and prospects & conventional risks. Further collaboration possibilities regarding conventional environmental protection between the Host States longer term authorities and CERN will be investigated.
Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments CERN budget for (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) 2022 174.4 28 660 18 180 46 840
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15. Site facilities
Those consist in the site facility management (cleaning, guards, green areas, site management and registration services), logistics (i.e. stores, shipping, goods reception, personnel transport/mobility and mail services), building maintenance, consolidation and new Activities building construction, Service Management support and operation of the CERN Service Desk. The materials cover industrial service supplies, maintenance contracts and civil construction contracts. This heading is a stable baseload over time with variations due to new construction projects. General infrastructure covers machine, experiment and tertiary buildings, caverns and tunnels. Machine-specific infrastructures such as electrical power distribution and cooling systems are not included. Over the years since LHC project approval, the maintenance of this infrastructure has been kept to a strict minimum. Only vital repairs have been executed. During the next few years, a major consolidation programme will be executed to allow the Organization to face the challenges of LHC operation in terms of site usage. Goal In addition, the evolution of sustainable development and responsible energy usage in tertiary applications, i.e. heating/air conditioning, environment, etc., will have to be taken into account in line with developments in society in general. Deliver the site facility and logistics services at the best affordable quality level in an efficient and best practice manner. Deliver Service Management best practice support and facilitate effective and efficient service delivery through the availability of a generic CERN Service Desk. Both the Site Management and Operation and Logistics headings are of a recurrent nature. Costs The Infrastructure Consolidation and Renovation headings are of a non-recurrent nature but an on-going activity since they include large-scale multi-annual projects on the one hand and various campaign and smaller-scale targeted interventions on the other hand. The Buildings heading covers the one-off construction of new buildings. The current COVID-19 crisis is likely to have an impact on the efficiency of the activities and might lead to a reschedule of tasks and a reprofiling of projects. Many technical and general infrastructure systems are reaching the end of their lifetime and still need urgent Risks consolidation in order to guarantee both the scientific and technical excellence of CERN’s infrastructure and good working conditions for the people on site. The combined effect of physical security risks and the global, international and open nature of CERN, exposes the Organization being adversely affected regarding its people and its most critical facilities and assets. Perform global consolidation of strategic technical buildings and infrastructures; in particular, finalize the execution of B180 and adjacent buildings. Further streamline the consolidation methodology by grouping campaigns aligned to the Departments and scientific project needs in order to optimize cost and resources. Integrate environmental considerations in the conception of new buildings and renovations. Prepare for the construction of major buildings focusing on the needs and expectations of the scientific community, including the 2022 targets development of the Prévessin site (B777). Optimize the use of land and space at CERN. Pursue the standardisation of site services in line with the market’s best practices and improved efficiency within the Organization. Increase collaboration with internal partners and customers. Modernize IT tools used to execute supply chain services. Continue increasing the service management process maturity by offering more targeted reporting capabilities and by integrating more services to the framework.
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Pursue the implementation of CERN Enterprise Mobility Plan. Deploy a new version of the car sharing service. Ensure the site security measures to safeguard people and protect facilities against potential threats and align their deployment following a revised CERN security policy. Further improve services to the users and staff as well as the maintenance of the site for reliable operation. Secure overtime budgets supporting the contractual commitments and regular investments to maintain a high level of availability of services in the most efficient Future (least resources) and effective (aligned with customer needs) way. prospects & Pursue the site consolidation programme based on a risk analysis approach giving the highest priority to actions improving safety and longer term compliance with the applicable standards. Refurbishment of the envelope (roof and façade) of buildings. Refurbishment of overheated water and clean water network. Replacement of ageing HVAC and electrical installation. Safety upgrade and asbestos remediation, improving environmental impact through optimising energy consumption. Specific Health Many buildings constructed in the 1950s and 1960s still contain asbestos and/or lead-based paint. Their refurbishment or demolition & Safety issues require – costly – specific treatment and attention.
Personnel Personnel Materials Total Activity Comments (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF)
Site management and CERN budget for 60.1 11 060 29 405 40 465 2022 operation Infrastructure consolidation, 21.2 3 500 23 885 27 385 buildings and renovation Logistics 15.9 2 720 1 085 3 805
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16. Technical infrastructure
This consists of infrastructure systems (i.e. cooling and ventilation, electrical distribution, heavy handling, access and safety systems, fire and gas detection). The materials cover essentially industrial service supplies and maintenance contracts. This heading is a stable Activities baseload over time. It also includes engineering facilities and workshops: mechanical design, integration, production facilities and material sciences. Consolidate the technical galleries in the Meyrin and Prévessin sites, with the exception of trenches, buried network and beam tunnels. Although several consolidation and upgrade projects have taken place, many technical and general infrastructure systems still need urgent consolidation because they are at the end of their lifetime. The main effort will continue to be for corrective maintenance, with preventive maintenance a long-term goal. Risks to the technical infrastructure are mitigated through consolidation. This implies the progressive replacement of ageing components or consolidation of engineering facilities (e.g. main workshop machines), or, when required, is complemented by projects Risks to upgrade and extend the capabilities of existing infrastructure. For technical galleries: Outage of one service may lead to activity interruption, including for accelerators and experiments; Work progress delay due to potential limited available resources (during technical stops and shutdown) may require further prioritisation; The final consolidation cost of each gallery will depend on the compensatory measures needed to ensure uninterruptible services during the renovation (major supply backbones). Ensure a high level of availability for the CERN technical infrastructure. Some of the main aims for 2022 are: Continuation of the technical infrastructure consolidation programme based on a risk analysis approach with the highest priority to safety and conformity; 2022 targets Continuation of consolidation of the mechanical workshop equipment, upgrading machines and embracing new technology to ensure state of the art services, as well as enhanced safety for the operators; Installation of the technical infrastructure equipment in HL-LHC surface buildings; Renewal of industrial service contracts for integration activities and electrical equipment maintenance, as well as supply contracts for crane rails, a 100 t road tractor, 48V DC batteries, UPS systems, optical patch cords, and alarm systems. For technical galleries: Consolidate pilot technical galleries in order to optimize the intervention processes for the future galleries. Continue to provide the required resources and tools to guarantee the highest level of safety and availability of the technical infrastructure. Support for CERN projects in terms of design and construction of accelerator and experimental equipment and prototypes will also continue. Future For technical galleries: prospects & The planning will be consolidated with the confirmed input on the installed services requirements and in synergy with other projects longer term (e.g: the new Prévessin Computing Centre, the North Area consolidation project etc.); Priority is first given to the most demanding Meyrin site galleries; Work impacting accelerators operation will only be planned during technical stops and shutdown; Approved resources will define the progress of the consolidation programme.
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Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments CERN budget for (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) 2022 211.2 38 900 22 655 61 555
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17. Informatics and computing infrastructure
Informatics provides all the computing infrastructure, tools and environments for more than 10 000 CERN users and staff. This includes the Computer Centre operations, service desk support, local and global electronic communications including telephony, Activities videoconferencing and computer networking. Support for databases and information services, including web services, for administrative and technical computing as well as desktop services such as mail, windows and mac support. In the context of COVID-19 pandemic, large-scale teleworking services and solutions have been provided to support CERN activities. Unavailability of services due to various causes: software or hardware failures; corruption of data induced by human errors or malicious acts; The continuing high number of attack attempts combined with their increasing sophistication and the distributed nature of CERN’s informatics, raises the risk of data being adversely affected/impacted regarding its confidentiality, availability and integrity; Risks Maintaining/having long-term dependence with external IT providers that continuously raise the price of their products and services, might severely increase operating costs in the short/medium term; Impact of successive, cumulative reductions in operations budget dominated by incompressible costs; Limited resources to implement the process developed to respect security and confidentiality of personal data, might slow down delivery of some CERN services; The COVID-19 situation is bringing uncertainties on the IT markets and is increasing cybersecurity risks inherent to teleworking. Study/implement alternative strategies and solutions to reduce reliance on commercial products and software providers 2022 targets dominating the market; Continue implementing measures to enhance the protection of personal data; Start the construction of the Prévessin Computing Centre. Future prospects & Reduce reliance on commercial software and cloud services providers dominating the market; longer term New Data Centre in Prévessin.
Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments CERN budget for (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) 2022 131.7 24 620 29 955 54 575
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18. Administration
Generic expenses of the Director-General’s office and dedicated services, human resources management, financial services Activities (accounting, planning, controlling), business computing and purchasing. It also includes the expenses related to the Council and its Committees and the training budget for the EU fellowship programme. Streamline administrative processes, regularly review and adapt processes and activities in order to be compliant with international Goal norms (IPSAS), and establish best practices. Improve administrative processes to fulfil the needs, be transparent and service-oriented and provide high-quality services whilst limiting the total P+M cost so that it does not exceed the current level. Human Resources: Ensuring timely resourcing to meet the Organization’s needs and objectives with a continuously growing and diversified population across CERN bring challenges for HR to manage the breadth of programmes, people and projects and to ensure sustained wellbeing and engagement of the workforce. Procurement: The Procurement Service advises and supports CERN’s research and technical departments as well as the recognized experiments and assists them in identifying procurement strategies and defining the best solutions within budgetary and time constraints. However, the increased procurement activities for a widening array of various new projects (several new major building projects such as the Science Gateway, as well as for DUNE/LBNF, DarkSide, the HFM project, FCC, etc.) may impact the Procurement Service’s capability to provide the required service at the same high level as previously; Worldwide volatility of energy- and raw material prices is increasing and may lead to significant cost increases in certain areas; CERN’s recognised expertise in implementing e-procurement tools and applications allowed the Organization to handle the Risks changes in working methods imposed by the Covid-19 pandemic without any major impact. Discontinuing the streamlining of processes and the investment of improved or new procurement software would put at risk the support provided to the technical departments; The mission of the Procurement Service includes the objective for CERN to achieve balanced industrial return for the CERN Member and Associate Member States. This requires to proactively identify potential suppliers and contractors in all Member and Associate Member States. However, the increased number of Member and Associate Member States bring challenges for the Procurement Service to carry-out this identification and to keep updated a reliable supplier data base for all CERN’s Member and Associate Member States. Financial services: Late payment of the contributions which may lead to significant cash flows deficits. Business Computing: Continued heavy reliance on bespoke developments would lead to increasingly expensive support and maintenance, in turn impacting the effectiveness and cost containment of business computing Human Resources: Five-Yearly Review of financial and social conditions: 2022 targets o Implementation of proposals. CERN’s graduate programme portfolio: implementation; Follow up on COVID-19 lessons learned (telework, absence management and other HR processes);
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Ongoing key HR projects including: Work Well Feel Well, addressing workplace grievances, addressing inappropriate behaviour in the workplace, D&I initiatives & contract policy. Procurement: Ensure the efficient follow-up of the various strategic supply and service contracts, such as those for the HL-LHC project; Continue the streamlining of processes in order to improve service levels by e.g. evaluate the replacement of the different existing software packages used with a new e-procurement application; Support technical departments in defining procurement strategies aiming at increasing competition between bidders and at reducing cost; Improve sourcing in poorly balanced Member States and Associate Member States. Financial services: Consolidate and streamline financial services (fast book closing, payments, official travel, reporting); Review how to record workforce across the organisation, for example in the project work breakdown structures; Enhance key performance indicators metrics. Business Computing: Strategy for ERP consolidation roadmap – reduction of technical debt by updating existing software platforms and combine whenever possible; Implement Service Level Agreements for all product lines and product roadmap in place; Implement the manufacturing support in the ERP landscape; In the scope of the Data Strategy, develop the Data governance and operating model thereby increasing user autonomy and improving the quality of the data assets of the FHR sector. Future prospects & Continue to streamline administrative processes and regularly review and establish best practices to maintain the service in spite of growing demands and population. longer term
Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) Human resources 78.0 14 320 1 260 15 580 CERN budget for Procurement 25.5 5 180 385 5 565 2022 Financial services and 107.0 19 455 6 440 25 895 business computing Directorate and related 49.7 11 920 3 150 15 070 services
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19. External relations
The International Relations (IR) Sector implements the Organization’s international relations strategy to generate and secure sustained political, financial and public support for CERN’s scientific and broader societal missions. Target groups comprise Member State representatives, Host State authorities, decision-makers in Associate Member and Non- Member States, international organisations, the wider scientific community, the local community, the media and influencers, the general public, teachers and students, CERN alumni, the International Geneva community, the arts community, as well as corporations, foundations and individuals with an interest in supporting the mission of CERN. The main goals for these different target groups include: Strengthen the partnership between CERN and its Member and Associate Member States, as well as enhancing relations with Non-Member States in the context of CERN's geographical enlargement policy and strategy; Maintain effective relations with the relevant Host State authorities and local community; Build partnerships with international organisations and other stakeholders to serve as a voice for fundamental research in global policy debates and in support of the Sustainable Development Goals agenda; Advance public knowledge and understanding of CERN's achievements in research, technology, education and training, and their impact on society, by fostering engagement with CERN and embedding science in mainstream culture through audience-targeted communication and outreach channels; Development of a new education and outreach facility (CERN Science Gateway); with construction funded through external donations via the CERN & Society Foundation; Goal / activities Engage and motivate school teachers, update them regarding CERN research and provide them with teaching resources to enhance physics education at high-school level and inspire school students with physics or CERN science; Develop a constituency and generate support for education and outreach, innovation and knowledge exchange, and culture and creativity through the CERN & Society Foundation; identification of prospects, cultivation and relationship-building with supporters; Provide mechanisms for continuous connection and active engagement with the Organization for CERN alumni; Ensure efficient protocol service for visiting dignitaries, with organisation of about 140 high-level visits annually to the Laboratory; Provide free guided tours of the Laboratory including exhibit-based itineraries for close to 200 000 visitors per year, and manage the CERN Shop and public reception; Develop the content and maintain exhibitions across the visit itineraries included in the guided tours; Display of CERN travelling exhibitions (Accelerating Science, CERN in Images, LHC interactive tunnel) in Member and Associate Member States and other countries with an interest in CERN research; Implementation of the Arts at CERN programme as part of CERN's Cultural Policy for Engaging with the Arts; Implementation of the annual non-Member State Summer Student Programme. Knowledge transfer and medical applications The main goal of the Knowledge Transfer at CERN is to promote and demonstrate the impact that CERN has on Society. The principal activities are: Maximise the dissemination of CERN technologies and know-how. Promote, in collaboration with other groups and services at CERN, KT activities carried out CERN-wide; Participate to / manage EC funded projects, in particular for aspects related to KT;
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A very important knowledge transfer activity of the Organization is related to Medical Applications: using technologies and Infrastructures that are uniquely available at CERN - accelerators, detectors and computing - the aim is to transfer know-how and technologies from CERN to the medical field and disseminate the results of its work to society as widely as possible. Costs For Medical Applications, at steady state, a budget of 0.7 MCHF materials and 1.7 MCHF personnel per year are provided by CERN. This heading also includes limited support to the MEDICIS operation, which should be in principle financed by the external partners. Knowledge transfer and medical application projects shall be identified and established, taking into account, in particular: Running The objective of maximising the impact of CERN’s engagement; conditions Complementarities and synergies with the work in other laboratories of the Member States; The existence of sufficient external funding to support each project; The availability of resources, taking into account that CERN’s priority is its core mission of fundamental particle physics research. CERN is uniquely placed to integrate science in the international agenda by leveraging relations with States and international organisations, the high media and public profile of the LHC experiments, and the vast scientific and alumni community associated with the Laboratory; by engaging the public and in particular students and teachers with science; and by generating financial support Competitiveness to fund related projects and initiatives. CERN’s KT activities, and in particular the medical applications-related activities, shall focus on projects, using technologies, know- how and infrastructures that are uniquely available at CERN. This approach seeks to minimise any duplication of research efforts taking place in CERN’s Member States. Organisation A specific organisation for Medical Applications since 2016, strategy document approved by Council in June 2017. The main risks associated with not reaching the stated objectives are as follows: The economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic may affect negatively the readiness of States to assume new commitments in particle physics, leading in the longer term to reduced funding for CERN’s scientific programme, as well as impacting the fundraising potential for the CERN Science Gateway and other projects, causing delays, requiring re-scoping or impacting operations; Travel and other restrictions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic may continue to limit the number of visitors on guided tours, in teacher and student programmes, travelling exhibitions and other educational and outreach activities, which would undermine the visibility of and support for the Organization’s work in different stakeholder groups; Limited visibility of CERN and of basic science in traditional and new media may weaken public interest and decrease support Risks from Member and Associate Member States, non-Member States and other stakeholder groups; Insufficient responses to reputational challenges and crises could have a major negative impact on public opinion of CERN, together with a decrease in confidence of CERN's stakeholders; Reduced capability to inspire young talent to take up careers in STEM subject, due to insufficient outreach and lack of compelling projects, may affect the longer-term ability of the Organization to pursue its activities. The amount of external revenues depends on CERN’s success to conclude new partnerships and KT contracts, and on CERN & Society success in fundraising. Risk of not executing KT projects within the deadlines foreseen due to lack of resources. For Medical Applications, most of these studies can only be undertaken with significant external funding. Resources for KT activities are limited by CERN’s success in concluding new KT partnerships and contracts and by CERN & Society success in fundraising for KT projects. A shortage of resources might reduce the number of KT activities, leading in the long term to
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reduce public support to CERN. This is particularly true in the case of some medical application projects as they can only be undertaken with external funding. The low availability of Departmental resources for knowledge-transfer activities could lead to significant delays in the execution of KT projects or to the inability to start new, high-profile projects. In the long term, this may negatively impact the reputation of the Organization, in terms of missed opportunities to demonstrate to the general public the benefits of basic research for society and of attractiveness for industry and other partners. The COVID-19 pandemic will most likely have a lasting impact, by causing delays in projects’ achievements and reduce the capability of our external partners in investing in KT activities; this is particularly true for hospitals and medical research organisations. For Internal Relations: Implementation of Communications and Engagement Strategy 2021-2025 in support of European Strategy for Particle Physics Update, focused on impact communication and partnership-building; Completion CERN Science Gateway construction and preparation for opening 2022/2023; Roll-out of online CERN shop; Implementation of enlargement strategy in line with priorities (completing ongoing processes; strengthening system of ICAs; capacity-building); Continued development of online outreach and engagement activities to complement the on-site/in-person offer; Hosting of second edition of Sparks! 2022 targets For knowledge transfer and medical applications: Continue the coordination of / participation to relevant EC funded projects (e.g. I-FAST, HITRIPlus, AIDAinnova, Radnext, Prismap) and the management of the BIC network; Foster collaborations with new industrial partners to transfer CERN’s technologies and know-how to fields outside HEP; Continue to foster market pull by targeting application areas that are attractive for industry and of strategic importance for CERN and society (e.g. environment, energy, health); Increase CERN’s knowledge-transfer activities related to SDGs, in particular through the CERN Impact Fund instrument; Continue supporting the NIMMS (Next Ion Medical Machine Study) initiative aimed at the collaborative design of key components for a new generation of compact, cost-effective ion therapy accelerators and gantries; Continue supporting the design of a facility for FLASH therapy based on CLIC technology; MEDICIS: continue to support the project as needed, according to the outcome of the 2021 negotiations with the partners. The International Relations Sector will continue to expand relations with relevant stakeholders and develop initiatives in education, communications and outreach in support of the implementation of the recommendations of the updated European Strategy for Particle Physics. The focus of education and outreach activities will be the CERN Science Gateway, expanding the opportunities for on-site Future engagement and the development of new programmes for Member and Associate Member States. Efforts to support an expansion prospects & of the participation in CERN’s scientific programme through institutional relations will continue, notably through the implementation of longer term the geographical enlargement policy and strategy. The fundraising strategy will be pursued through the CERN & Society Foundation to secure additional sources of funding for projects in the areas of education and outreach, innovation and knowledge exchange, and culture and creativity. Planning for events, notably in Member and Associate Member States, to mark the 70th anniversary of the Organization (2024) will be started.
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Promote CERN’s achievements and potential in all areas of knowledge transfer (research, technology, education and training). Identify new ways to properly recognise and highlight the transfer of knowledge from CERN to society and to find new areas for medical applications.
Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) International relations 16.0 3 860 340 4 200 Knowledge transfer (incl. CERN budget for 28.6 5 210 3 130 8 340 medical applications) 2022 Education, communication 48.7 8 345 4 840 13 185 and outreach Science Gateway 3.4 760 38 255 39 015
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20. Centralised expenses
Centralised Covers CERN’s contribution to the health insurance for its pensioners, installation and removal expenses and termination personnel indemnities for employed members of personnel and unemployment benefits. The variation of the leave provision is also recorded expenses under this heading. The heading evolves as a function of number of recruits, departures and CERN’s pensioners. Internal taxation Internal taxation is calculated on remuneration, stipends and other financial benefits received by employed members of personnel. The offset appears in revenues. Personnel internal It is a central fund with limited funding to ease the transfer from one organic unit to another and to temporarily compensate for salary mobility differentials by allocating these amounts to the supervising Department. Internal mobility is one of the key priorities for Human Resources management. Personnel on paid Concerns staff on secondment to other organisations for which CERN recovers the expenses as revenues. The heading is updated special leave regularly to take the contractual situation into account. Personnel paid from third-party Concerns staff and fellows funded by third parties. The offset appears in revenues. accounts Energy and water This heading contains the consumptions for both baseload as well as scientific programme. Insurances, postal The in depth review of the insurances portfolios will be pursued. The main objectives will be to consolidate existing contracts, charges, improve or extent existing coverages and avoid or minimize premiums increase due to the unfavorable market trend. Miscellaneous include expenditures rechargeable to third-party accounts (offset by the same amount of revenues) as well as miscellaneous provision for departmental expenses funded with revenues. Interest, bank and financial expenses Includes the interest on the bank loans, bank charges and financial expenses (i.e. net exchange loss).
In-kind Relates to the fair value of the imputed interest expense on interest-free loans granted to CERN, the offset of which appears in revenues.
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Personnel Personnel Materials Total Activity Comments (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) Centralised personnel 39 735 39 735 expenses Internal taxation 34 350 34 350 Personnel internal mobility 10 10 Personnel on paid special 2.0 720 720 CERN budget for leave 2022 Personnel paid from third- 87.4 13 080 13 080 party accounts Energy and water 80 020 80 020 Insurance, postal charges, 29 955 29 955 miscellaneous Interest, bank and financial 6 495 6 495 expenses In-kind 1 500 1 500
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Scientific projects 21. LHC injectors upgrade
Project expected to terminate end of June 2021.
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22. HL-LHC upgrade
The main objective of HL-LHC is to implement a hardware configuration and a set of beam parameters that will allow the LHC to reach the following targets: Operability of the LHC until 2040. A nominal levelled luminosity of 5×1034 cm-2s-1 in the two high-luminosity experiments with the potential to increase up to an ultimate value of 7.5×1034 cm-2s-1, allowing an integrated luminosity of 250 fb-1 per year, enabling a total of 3000 fb-1 twelve years after the upgrade. This heading contains: New High-Field Large Aperture Quadrupoles using Nb3Sn (new low-beta inner triplets) and all other magnets that need to be changed to achieve the HL-LHC goals; The new collimation system upgrade, including Hollow Electron Lenses for beam halo control; The upgrade of the shielding blocks TAS and TAN at the detector – machine interfaces and the associated infrastructure allowing fully remote interventions; Goal Developing 11 T dipole magnets for the LHC (to enable the insertion of additional collimators in the DS regions of IR7); The development and construction of superconducting links, for the cold powering of HL-LHC that will, in combination with the new underground areas, be an essential feature in an effort to enhance machine availability and reduce radiation dose to personnel; The development and construction of crab cavities in IP1 and IP5 for luminosity increase and pile-up density reduction; Upgrades to the Injection and Beam Dump systems, including additional dilution kickers and new beam dump absorbers (included as in-kind contribution since the C&SR 2019); Addition of a hollow electron lens system for beam halo cleaning (since the C&SR of 2019); All necessary modifications and interventions on the LHC to make sure it will operate in high luminosity conditions with the necessary flexibility and reliability. The project also includes the modifications required to increase the luminosity of ion collisions and allow the increase in luminosity for proton collisions in LHC P8 (LHCb Phase I); The improvement and modification of LHC technical infrastructure, including major civil engineering works, underground and at ground level, necessary for the installation of new equipment for the upgrade. The HL-LHC study started in 2010, following the closing of the Phase I upgrade. The project was endorsed with the special session of the CERN Council of May 30, 2013 held in Brussels. During that session the new EU strategy for High Energy Physics has been -1 Approval adopted, fully endorsing the goal of increasing the LHC luminosity design value by a factor ten, i.e. up to 3000 fb . Following the Cost and Schedule Review of March 2015, the cost to completion of the project has been integrated in the MTP 2016-2020. The HL-LHC project was approved, with a cost to completion of 950 MCHF (2015 prices), by the CERN Council during the June 2016 session. Since the Cost and Schedule Review held in November 2019, the cost to completion has been revised up to a value of 989 MCHF. Start date HL-LHC construction project was officially launched in November 2013. The associated H2020-QUACO programme, for developing a new model of prototyping procurement in magnet technology and partly supported by the EC, started in 2016 and will end in 2021. Since the Cost and Schedule Review held in November 2019, the cost to completion has been revised in last year’s MTP to a value Costs of 989 MCHF in order to take into account 19 MCHF of extra cost (mainly due to the tendering of the Civil Engineering construction) and about 20 MCHF of new equipment, previously not in the scope of the project. The new equipment, that LHC operation has
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indicated as necessary, are: 1) hollow e-lens (HEL); 2) new beam dump absorbers and dilution kickers (LBDS); 3) crystal collimators. The 20 MCHF cost of this equipment are covered at a level of 2/3 through in-kind contribution by Russia. The personnel needs of the project amount now to about 2000 FTE-y. The cost includes all hardware needed for the project baseline, including their installation up to the start of the commissioning in the machine. HL-LHC success is closely linked to other internal CERN projects, such as: Running LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project, under commissioning now, which will provide beam of appropriate characteristics to the conditions HL-LHC machine; The LHC consolidation and R2E projects, implementing hardware modifications in view of HL-LHC; Detector Phase II Upgrades. On the timescale of 2025-2040, HL-LHC will be a unique facility for Higgs production and for the direct study of physics beyond the Competitiveness standard model, with no competitor and will constitute a big leap forward for HEP. It defines the forefront of the HEP energy frontier in collider machines. It is also a unique test bed for technologies that are essential for future projects (like HE-LHC, FCC and to a lesser extent e+e- and e-ion colliders). As a major CERN project with important external contributions, the project is subdivided into 18 main work packages (WP). The project is supervised by the Collaboration Board (CB). Representatives of institutes making a considerable in-kind contribution to Organisation the project are members of the CB. This is the case for institutes originating from Member States (France, Italy, Spain, Sweden and UK) as well as non-Member States (Japan, the US, Canada, China and Russia). A Coordination Group has been set up to ensure good communication with the detector Phase II upgrades. The Coordination Group reports to the HL-LHC Executive Committee. The first long Nb3Sn quadrupole magnets reaching nominal design and the successful demonstration of the Superconducting Link design concepts have reduced the risk for the Nb3Sn technology of the quadrupoles and their cold powering system. However, the observation of performance degradation in the 11 T Nb3Sn dipole magnets have put on hold the installation of the 11 T dipole magnets in IR7, initially planned during LS2. The root causes are under investigation. Risk related to maximum beam current and brilliance will be mitigated by including in the baseline the HEL (Hollow e-lens) and improvements of beam dump system. Residual risk on full performance of the crab cavities is dealt with by pursuing an engineering design of the long-range beam-to-beam compensating wire system in combination with additional beam studies with prototype systems during Run 3. Risk associated with the 11 T dipoles is Risks mitigated, for ions, through the installation of crystal collimators. Risk of budget cuts by partners is strongly reduced (US project passing CD3-DoE milestone, UK assigning all funds requested for the HL-UK second agreement, Russian agreement on HL-LHC in-kind contributions. Risk of extra cost for Civil Engineering due to COVID-19 impact is still present as negotiations are open with the CE companies. Risks of cost and schedule nature are scrutinised during dedicated Cost and Schedule Reviews organised every 18 months, and with the results being reported to the Director for Accelerators and Technology and to the SPC. The financial risk on the project had been decreased from an initial 170 MCHF (C&SR#1) to about 50 MCHF (C&SR#4). The shift of the start of LS3 by one year further reduced the risk of impact on installation of unexpected delays during construction. The Risk exposure will be fully re-assessed during the C&SR in November 2021. Main targets foreseen for 2022 include: 2022 targets Completion of the civil engineering work; Launch of series production for the D1 and D2 separation and recombination dipoles; Launch of the MQXFB series production at CERN;
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Completion of the HO Corrector production at LASA, Italy; Delivery of the first cryostated MQXFA magnets from the US; Delivery of the first cryostated Crab Cavities from TRIUMF to CERN; Start of IT String assembly in SM18 at CERN; Delivery of the first DFH (sc link) and DFHX and DFHM feedboxes. The prospects are very positive for HL-LHC after the success of the fourth international Cost and Schedule Review that has endorsed the new cost of the project with equipment added to the scope to reinforce robustness vs beam intensity effect. The signature with Future Russian Institutes will increase the in-kind contributions considerably; CERN is signing with FNA the MoU for HL-LHC and the UK- prospects & STFC has approved all requests of our collaborating Institutes for the second phase of the UK contribution to HL-LHC. Negotiation longer term for an increase of the in-kind contribution by Japan to HL-LHC, beyond the D1 magnets, is continuing. At present, with the Russian contributions, the total in-kind value sum up to about 125-130 MCHF, for a total prospect of HL-LHC in-kind value of 135 MCHF. The approval of FCC Design Study, based on Nb3Sn magnet technology, SC links, Class 0 power converters, etc., makes the technology developed for HL-LHC pivotal for CERN’s future, enhancing the importance of HL-LHC also as a “necessary technological step”. The LHC insertions will be dismantled and new ones will be reinstalled after collecting about 350-400 fb-1 of luminosity. The ALARA Specific Health principle will be used to dismantle and design the components. A specific programme to cope with work in highly activated areas & Safety issues (based on remote operation/manipulation, augmented reality and robotics) has been launched in coordination with already existing R&D.
Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments CERN budget for (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) 2022 249.3 47 355 112 355 159 710
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23. LHC detectors upgrades
-1 Goal The overall aim is to improve the performance of the detectors for the bulk LHC running (yielding typically 300 fb at nominal energy) expected until LS3, as well as to prepare for an order of magnitude more luminosity at the HL-LHC in the following decade. Approval The upgrade programme of approved detectors is under continuous review by the LHCC. Costs Total foreseen for the period 2022-2026: 307 MCHF (200 MCHF Materials + 107 MCHF Personnel). Running This activity consists of many projects, which will take place in the next 4 to 5 years. Thus, the quantum is a sub-project, not the yearly conditions budget. The requested budget corresponds to the CERN share of a substantial effort by all funding agencies. It includes HL-LHC detector R&D (Phase II R&D) as well as the CERN share for the HL-LHC detector construction. Competitiveness The high luminosity running at the nominal energy of 14 TeV will make it possible to fully exploit the discovery potential of the LHC accelerator. Organisation The projects include contributions from many different institutions. They are organised by the management of the experiments, reviewed by the LHCC committee and technically coordinated by the project office led by the technical coordinator of each experiment. Most of the upgrades are technologically very challenging and delays due to a longer R&D phase, resource limitations and/or construction problems cannot be excluded. Specific concerns are related to the development of complex ASICs for the readout Risks electronics, and delivery of large amount of silicon sensors by only one vendor. COVID-19 impact: these plans are subject to delays depending on the continuing of the lockdown measures and travel restrictions due to the pandemic. ALICE: Continue the R&D towards the preparation of the Technical Design Reports for the upgrade of the ITS (ITS3) and for adding a new forward high-granularity calorimeter (FoCal), both to be installed in LS3. A concept of a next-generation heavy-ion detector (ALICE 3) to be installed during the Long Shutdown 4 (LS4) was developed by the collaboration and submitted as input to the 2020 European Particle Physics Strategy update. Physics and detector performance studies as well as R&D activities towards the preparation of an LoI have started in 2020 and are continuing in 2021. The R&D activities for ALICE 3 will continue in 2022. CMS: For the Endcap Calorimeter upgrade: Qualify the pre-series of full sensors and launch the production. Launch the production of the SiPM, tile modules and front-end ASICs. Qualify the final modules and prepare for launch of module assembly. Finalise the mechanical design and validate it with ad-hoc testing, including CO2 cooling tests. Procure the thermal screen. Finalise the design of the installation tool and procure it. 2022 targets For the Tracker: Complete the testing of the Outer Tracker pre-production sensors and start testing of hybrids, start production of Outer Tracker module mechanics. Finalise the pre-production of mechanical structures, launch final system production. Finalise Inner Tracker prototype modules and mechanical structure design and validate them. Start IT sensor testing and launch IT CROC production. For the DAQ: Evaluation of DTH400 and DAQ800 prototype boards together with systems and preparing part of LS3 infrastructure in the DAQ room at P5. For BRIL: First prototype of FBCM components with newly developed ASIC arriving 2022. Prototype FPGA firmware for online pixel cluster counting. For Muons: GE1/1 commissioning and first operation with LHC beam, GE2/1 and iRPC demonstrator commissioning and operation, operation of an R134a recuperation system operational prototype, in the framework of the CERN CEPS activities for GHG reduction.
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For common systems: Complete the test plan of the CO2 cooling full-scale prototype for Tracker, MTD and Calorimeter Endcap, finalise the specification of the CO2 transfer lines and launch procurement for first batch. Launch procurement of primary cooling systems (cooling towers, R744 primary). Build the new Control Room and prepare infrastructure for DAQ migration on surface. COVID-19 impact: the lockdowns of labs, test beam areas and irradiation facilities (Tracker, HGCAL ASICs, sensors and SiPMs), are the most problematic holdups, as important systems tests (HGCAL front-end boards; TK hybrid; DAQ DTH testing) and hardware studies such as those on mock-ups are on hold. Visits to companies during the procurement process are not possible, e.g. steel for HGCAL. Designs of ASICs, software, firmware and design of electronics and mechanical structures are, at a slower pace, ongoing with people working at home. The impact on the Phase II schedule is being evaluated as this will depend on how long the current situation lasts. ATLAS: The Phase II upgrade programme includes the upgrades of the Trigger-DAQ (TDAQ) system, the new silicon Inner Tracker (ITk), the replacement of the Liquid Argon (LAr) and Tile Calorimeters readout electronics, the recently approved High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) in the end-cap region, and the upgrade of several detectors, of the trigger and of the readout electronics in the Muon spectrometer. The TDAQ project has planned to revisit its strategy for track reconstruction in the high-level trigger system (Event Filter), and started a process that will target a decision by autumn 2021 selecting between the custom-hardware modular electronics, currently the baseline described in the TDAQ TDR, an heterogeneous computing architecture based on commodity servers, and the purely software reconstruction in CPU-based servers. Furthermore, TDAQ will complete the specification phase for most of its deliverables and entering preliminary design and prototype construction for the FELIX and for several of the Level-0 trigger ATCA boards. Similarly, the calorimeters will advance the designs of their readout electronics and continue the evaluation and development of the firmware blocks of the FPGAs in the processing units, approaching the final designs that eventually will be used for the pre-productions. The Tile calorimeter upgrade project is also starting the production of the mechanical and structural elements that will house and support the on-detector readout front-end. For the ITk, prototypes and demonstrators will verify mechanics, services and electronics to ensure that most of ITk components will have passed reviews, in particular the Preliminary or Final Design Reviews (PDRs, FDRs) of the modules, of the local supports and global mechanics. Market surveys and tendering processes will continue. Sensor production is expected to start for the ITk-Strip sub-project after a successful completion of the Production Readiness Review (PRR). Front-end ASICs of both ITk-Pixel and ITk-Strips are planned to go for the final production run towards the end of 2021 or early 2022. For the HGTD, full-size sensors (15x15 arrays) will be procured from different manufacturers, and a second version of the readout ASIC prototype (ALTIROCv2) will be submitted for fabrication. A demonstrator being setup in B.180 at CERN, will be instrumented with sensors and ASIC prototypes to allow the project to establish and demonstrate the thermal properties and stability of the system under different environmental conditions. In the Muon Phase II upgrade project, the Monitored Drift Tubes (MDTs) are expected to be in production in both sites (MPI and Michigan). The Thin Gap Chamber (TGC) electronics will advance and complete production, while the Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) detectors and electronics will be in the prototyping phase. On the preparation of the infrastructure, the CO2 cooling design and prototyping for the ITk and the HGTD will be carried out. This is, together with CMS, a CERN-wide project. At the ATLAS experimental cavern, beam shielding for the HL-LHC will be installed as well as preparing the electronic rack area in USA-15. Exploiting synergies with the preparation for LHC Run 3, software and computing will be prepared for multi-threading, and developments for the upgrade of the data management systems will further advance. COVID-19 impact: The pandemic had a large impact on the upgrades, introducing delays and uncertainties at the moment under evaluation, which can be properly estimated only once the activities at CERN and at the collaborating Institutes are fully restarted. Travel restrictions and limited access to test beam and irradiation facilities contribute significantly to the delays and uncertainties in the schedule. The availability of foreign experts is also a major uncertainty and risk, due to varying travel restrictions, uncertainties for
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the entry to France and Switzerland, departure from home country and uncertainty of returning home (due to quarantine) and the permission from some countries for work at CERN still needs to be granted. Wherever possible, and thanks to the available IT infrastructure and to the remote access to CAD/CAE software tools, teleworking has been used to mitigate the accumulating delays, in particular to advance designs of several components for the upgrades. There are clear indications that the activities have been progressing since the second half of 2020. LHCb: Finish detector installation for the current LHCb upgrade. Continue to use computing infrastructure for data analysis, while finalizing the implementation of the new structures. Undertake a robust commissioning of hardware and software, in order to be ready for early physics measurements with the physics beams. Further define objectives and methods for the HL-LHC phase. An expression of interest and a physics motivation report for this phase have been submitted to the LHCC. The main strategy points to a two-step model, where some consolidation should be achieved during LS3, in principle maintaining the same luminosities, and moving towards a complete refurbishment of the detector during LS4 for operation at a higher luminosity of ~1.5 x 1034 cm-2s-1. Plans are being finalized and a “Framework TDR” is being prepared to be submitted to the LHCC in the Autumn of 2021, in agreement with the RB recommendations. COVID-19 impact: The time contingencies in the installation schedule of the current upgrade, defined in November 2020, have already been absorbed. Any further pandemic related delays may have an impact on the overall completion of the project. Future prospects & Prepare for optimal exploitation of LHC at ultimate luminosity. longer term
Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) LHC detectors upgrades CERN budget for 2.5 465 3 375 3 840 (Phase I) and consolidation 2022 LHC detectors upgrades 100.4 23 085 47 375 70 460 (Phase II) and R&D
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24. Future colliders studies
24a. Linear collider
The design and implementation studies for the CLIC e+/e- multi-TeV linear collider are at an advanced stage. The main feasibility issues, cost and project timelines have been developed, demonstrated and documented in a comprehensive project implementation plan for the accelerator, and a summary report covering the physics, detector and accelerator status, including future plans. An initial stage at 380 GeV was presented in detail for the European Strategy update (ESPP), together with upgrade paths to higher energy stages, 1.5 and 3 TeV. During 2019-20 further potential improvements in luminosity performance and components designs were introduced and will be a focus of further studied. On the design side the parameters for running at multi-TeV energies, with X-band or other RF technologies, will be studied further, in particular with energy efficiency guiding the designs. The work-programme, technical R&D and design studies, are carried out by a collaboration of 53 institutes providing the overall (M&P) resources for the activities. The CLIC accelerator studies are closely connected with associated physics and detector studies with 30 institutes involved. During the coming years the focus will remain on core technology development and spread making use of existing facilities (High Gradient Test Stand and the CLEAR beam facility), optimising X-band components for performance and manufacturability towards Goal full modules, and efficient use of the abovementioned collaborations with the many laboratories and universities now using the technology in linac systems. This allows CLIC to remain a future accelerator option for CERN, and increases the overall availability and knowledge of the technology, with modest investments. The use of the CLIC technology - primarily X-band RF, associated components and nano-beams - in compact medical, industrial and research accelerators in many of the CERN Member States has become increasingly important development and test grounds for CLIC, and is destined to grow further. An EC supported design study with 24 partners pursue the use of the technology in future FELs facilities (CompactLight). The International Linear Collider (ILC) studies are progressing rapidly lead by an International Development Team (IDT) where CERN participates. The CERN linear collider studies support this effort through combined activities with CLIC, co-operation with KEK for specific technology developments where CERN has expertise, and studies using ATF2 facility. The future of the ILC focussed part of linear collider activities will depend on the progress of the ILC project in Japan, building on the commonalities between CLIC and ILC, common R&D interests between CERN and KEK, and extensive European activities and capabilities related to ILC studies and technologies, inside and outside CERN. Approval Accelerated CLIC R&D by the CERN Council in 2004. July 2004 with as goal a CDR 2011-2012 demonstrating feasibility. The goals for the 2019 ESPP update – an optimised design of an Start date electron-positron machine at the high-energy frontier and associated high gradient R&D – were set out in the European Strategy from 2013. The LC study programme goals for the coming period are defined according to the most recent ESPP update, for CLIC, for R&D on applications of high gradient technologies in compact linacs, and for ILC. The material budget foreseen for the Linear Collider studies over the MTP period is 11.2 MCHF (from 2021 to 2025). In addition, Costs 12.2 MCHF are planned for personnel on the same period. The CLIC collaboration provides important external contributions complementing the resources from CERN and numerous specific technical contributions from the collaborating institutes are integral parts of the work programme.
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Running The CLIC study is organised as a collaboration with the institutes represented in a Collaboration Board with a Collaboration Board conditions chair, and an elected spokesperson. The contributions of the institutes are described in MoU addenda and R&D contracts. The ILC activities are organised as part of the ILC IDT and agreements between CERN and KEK for specific technology development projects. The CLIC machine is the only possibility to reach multi-TeV e+/e- collision energies with high luminosities in the foreseeable future. The construction of such a machine is motivated by the unique physics potential of a machine with this capability, addressing Standard Competitiveness Model physics studies and Beyond the Standard Model searches. However, an initial stage at 380 GeV for CLIC is currently the primary focus for implementation, covering Higgs and top studies. There are several collaborative efforts with ILC based on RF superconducting structures operated as a potential future Higgs-factory. ILC is foreseen to start at 250 GeV and is upgradable to a factor two and later possibly four higher energy. A CLIC nucleus study team hosted at CERN and reporting to the CLIC Collaboration Board with representatives of all collaborating institutes. Work packages and agreements are defined, distributed and followed up by the CLIC Steering Committee and executed Organisation by CERN groups and/or external collaborators. The International Linear Collider (ILC) studies are led by an International Development Team (IDT) where CERN participates. The CERN team also plays an important role in organising and facilitating European planning for the ILC preparation phase. With the widening use of X-band technology in local projects world-wide, the collaboration engagement is good and there are no Risks obvious risks to the programme outlined. The ILC activities are part of an international effort and focus on collaborative technical developments with relevance for ILC, CERN projects and specific R&D topics. Hence there are no significant risks also in this area. Development of X-band technology with industry and collaboration partners; structures, RF networks and high efficiency power units, as needed for CLIC R&D, the high gradient test-stands and applications in compact linacs in general; Continue studies of the luminosity performance at 380 GeV and multi-TeV energies, including nanobeam hardware developments 2022 targets as needed for these, and power efficiency studies; Conclude the most central collaboration agreements for the period 2022-2025, including collaborations for applications of the core technologies in research and medical linacs; Participate in relevant working groups for ILC and organize collaborative R&D efforts with KEK for ILC and CLIC; Continue to play a coordinating and facilitating role for European planning and contributions to the ILC as the project evolves. Future Maintain CLIC core technology activities including operating user facilities/e-beams for high gradient testing and accelerator R&D, as prospects & well as linear collider design capabilities; exploit the use of CLIC developed technologies in collaborative projects with key partners for medical, industrial and research linacs. Provide support and coordination of the European involvement in the ILC project in Japan longer term towards a potential Higgs-factory facility. Specific Health High power and radiation issues for High Gradient components tests in test-stands, linear collider (LC) tests programme in the CLEAR & Safety issues beamline and associated experimental area. Overall coordination of the CLIC studies and hosting of the CLIC Collaboration; validation, organisation and follow up of the CLIC work-packages and collaboration agreements; CERN Operation of the High Gradient test stands; contribution With the help of KT follow up and organise projects/studies that enable the use CLIC technology in accelerators for medical and industrial purposes; Contribute to the ILC design and preparation, including European coordination.
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24b. Future Circular Collider
The main goals of the first phase of the FCC study (2014-2018) were conceptual design reports, technology demonstration and cost estimates for high-energy circular collider options in a new tunnel of 80-100 km circumference, successfully submitted in time for the current update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics 2019-2020. The integrated FCC programme includes, as first stage, a high-luminosity energy-frontier electron-positron collider (FCC-ee) operating at centre-of-mass energies between 90 and 365 GeV. The long-term goal and second stage of FCC is a 100 TeV energy frontier proton-proton collider (FCC-hh). FCC-hh heavy ion collisions and options for lepton-hadron scenarios (FCC-he) were also documented. The first phase of the FCC study also included the conceptual design, performance and cost analysis of a HE-LHC, housed in the LHC tunnel, and based on the same high-field magnet technology as the FCC-hh hadron collider. The FCC study further covered an elaboration of the physics cases, detector concepts for all three types of collider, as well as the conception of staging and implementation scenarios.
+ - Goal Parameter optimisation, optics design and beam dynamics studies for the e e and pp colliders remain core activities of the FCC study. Work on civil engineering and technical infrastructure concepts, satisfying the requirements of both collider options, will be further intensified, along with the elaboration of site implementation scenarios and other preparatory activities with host states, as well as development of governance and financing models. Main goals for technology developments are: Optimising the components, layout and parameters of large superconducting RF systems. R&D to significantly improve energy efficiency of RF power sources in continuous wave mode. Determination and refinement of optimum cavity technologies and cryogenic operating temperatures, balancing complexity and power consumption of the cryogenic system against the need to reliably reach large quality factors (푄0) and accelerating gradients. For FCC-ee the RF system must provide a total voltage of up to 12 GV (at 365 GeV) and continuously compensate for synchrotron radiation losses of order 100 MW (at all energies); R&D on specific technologies, e.g. for synchrotron radiation handling, collimation, beam dump, and machine protection; Coordination with long-term R&D of high-field superconducting magnet based on Nb3Sn and HTS, in view of FCC-hh. Approval Following European Strategy Update 2013 study approved by CERN Council in 2013. Start date 12 February 2014 (International FCC kick-off meeting). The CERN material budget foreseen for the FCC studies over the MTP period is 67 MCHF (from 2021 to 2025). In addition, 33 MCHF Costs are planned for personnel during the same period. The FCC study collaboration is assumed to provide external contributions complementing the resources from CERN. The FCC design study is organised as an international collaboration. Participating institutes are represented in a Collaboration Board. The collaboration is based on the FCC Memorandum of Understanding, and individual contributions of collaboration members are described in specific addenda. Running The FCC Horizon 2020 design study ‘EuroCirCol’, was completed at the end of 2019; it had covered a subset of the FCC study, conditions promoted the vision of a large-scale post-LHC research infrastructure under European leadership, and provided input to the European Strategy Update 2019-20. A Marie-Curie Training Network, EasiTrain, addressing key superconducting technologies for the FCC, approved in 2017 will continue until autumn 2021.
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In March 2020 the FCC Horizon 2020 design study project ‘FCCIS’ was accepted for funding by the EC Launched in November 2020, it will extend over four years. FCCIS will focus on the design of the FCC-ee collider and on administrative activities in the regional context and with host states, in view of preparation of FCC implementation. The FCC-ee collider, as a first step in the realisation of the FCC integrated programme, is the most powerful lepton collider presently proposed for precision studies of the Z, W, and H bosons and of the top quark (c.m. collision energy range from 90 GeV to 365 GeV), at luminosities significantly higher than achievable with linear colliders. FCC-ee results are expected to indicate the energy scale of Competitiveness possible new physics. FCC-ee would also enable the search of rare Higgs and Z decays. The FCC-hh collider, as second step of the integrated programme, represents the only possibility for reaching collision energies at the 100-TeV scale in the foreseeable future, with high luminosity and at affordable power consumption. The additional FCC-he collider option would allow high precision deep inelastic scattering and provide access to complementary Higgs physics. The FCC Study Coordination Group, constituted from a CERN core team together with a few global experts, organises and carries out the conceptual design study at international level. It reports to an International Steering Committee, consisting of 2-3 representatives per region, which is determining and refining the goals of the study, approving the work programme and reviewing Organisation the study progress. An International Collaboration Board, with one representative per institute, is reviewing the resources and the channelling of the external contributions. The Collaboration Board reports to the Steering Committee. An International Advisory Committee, consisting of 1 or 2 experts per technical area, reviews the scientific and technical progress of the study and submits recommendations to the Steering Committee. The overall study progress depends strongly on availability of CERN staff resources and contributions from outside institutes, while other CERN major projects, relying on the same core competences, are under construction or installation. Another type of risk Risks concerns the implementation of the project in the region, considering the fast evolution of regional development plans of the host states. Technical risks are linked to progress in challenging R&D programmes such as SRF technologies and high-field magnets, sometimes strongly pronounced by the limited number of industrial suppliers in key domains. Identification of a preferred implementation variant and of the associated specific high-risk areas; preparation of the corresponding 2022 targets initial site investigation contracts; review of the CDR designs for accelerators and technical infrastructure, and their update, based on the preferred implementation variant; development of a communication plan for local areas and regions; work towards consolidated physics case for the integrated FCC programme and further optimisation of specific detector concepts for both colliders. Detailed conceptual/technical design for FCC-ee and updated conceptual design for FCC-hh, documented in a “Feasibility Study Future Report” delivered by end 2025, in time for the anticipated next EPPSU (2026/27). Detailed site investigations as input for advanced prospects & civil engineering planning to prepare for tendering of infrastructure construction. Reinforcement of key-technology R&D, in particular, longer term in the areas of SRF and energy efficient RF power sources for FCC-ee. Preparation of project funding and governance strategies at international level. Outreach Cost benefit studies on large-scale research infrastructures. Public travelling exhibition to inform about HEP and future infrastructures. Various public events, related to workshops and conferences. CERN Overall coordination of the FCC study and hosting of the global collaboration; contribution Organisation, follow up and technical contributions for FCC study work packages; Collaboration with host state authorities to define administrative frameworks and associated processes for project preparation.
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24c. Muon colliders
The muon collider study has the aim of evaluating the feasibility of a muon collider. Such a facility could allow lepton collision energies Goal beyond the range achieved in linear colliders to be reached and hence define the lepton energy frontier. Workshops and meetings were organized since 2018, with increasing interest demonstrated by the physics community. The feasibility study shall build on this interest and aim at forming an international collaboration. Approval Presented to Council in 2020. Start date 1.1.2021 During the first couple of years, the feasibility study only foresees spending budget on personnel including fellows, students and associates in order to advance with the conceptual design, and to determine the main axes of R&D to be pursued. Minor expenses Costs will be dedicated to travel for setting up and expanding the Collaboration and for the organisation of workshops. External contributions are essential to the study and will be put in place through a collaboration framework. If and when the European Accelerator Roadmap identifies the need for hardware developments, additional resources will have to be secured. The muon collider study provides input on the feasibility of a muon collider, as requested for the next EPPSU. If its feasibility can be Competitiveness established, Muon colliders open another option to maintain CERN's world-leading role in particle physics and push the high-energy lepton frontier. The study will collaborate with similar initiatives ongoing in the US and Asia, exploring the feasibility of hosting such a facility in Europe. The muon collider concept has to be further developed to assess whether it is a credible option for the future of particle physics. The Risks R&D mitigates the risk that the next ESPPU is not in a position to seriously include the muon collider in its considerations and to make fully informed choices. The LDG will develop the European Accelerator Roadmap in 2021. In 2022, the muon collider study collaboration will start to address 2022 targets the highest priority R&D items that will have been identified in this roadmap. This will require the necessary resources to be secured through the institutes participating to the collaboration. Some adjustments of the anticipated distribution of work, both within the collaboration and at CERN might be necessary depending on available funding. Future The study will address fundamental feasibility issues and limitations for the energy reach. It will develop a baseline concept and prospects & prepare an R&D programme that can lead to a CDR. In the first half of the period toward the next EPPSU the specific high energy longer term limitations will be explored. In the second half of this period a wider effort will address all critical technical systems.
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24. Total for Future collider studies Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) CERN budget for Linear collider 9.0 2 460 2 610 5 070 2022 Future Circular Collider 33.8 7 460 12 715 20 175 Muon colliders 6.5 1 305 950 2 255
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25. Accelerator technologies and R&D
AWAKE: Advanced Acceleration Techniques: Contribute to the global effort in developing the use of plasma wakefields for accelerating particle beams and take leadership in the development of proton driven plasma wakefield acceleration technology. The goal of AWAKE Run 2 after LS2 is to bring the R&D development of proton driven plasma wakefield acceleration to a point where the electron beam is accelerated to high energies with average gradients of ~1 GV/m, while preserving the electron beam quality to a level where particle physics applications can be proposed and realised. To this end, design, modify, construct and run a facility for studying and optimising the electron acceleration in plasma wakefields, driven by a self-modulated proton beam (AWAKE). CLEAR: The CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research user facility is a general purpose beamline heavily used for accelerator R&D and irradiation studies including: innovative instrumentation and high gradient RF, wakefield/impedance effects, novel accelerator concepts such as electron driven plasma acceleration, THz applications, irradiation effects on electronics for particle physics and space – with ESA, medical high energy electron irradiation studies and dosimetry, training of next generation accelerator scientists and engineers. It also has an important role in maintaining hands-on experience with electron accelerators at CERN. RF Technologies R&D: The goal is to assure CERN’s ability to maintain and enhance RF technologies at CERN. This heading covers mainly two R&D fronts: Superconducting RF and High Efficiency klystrons. Superconducting RF is one of CERN’s priorities to enhance a vigorous accelerator R&D programme, complementary to FCC developments. It covers installation, upgrade, operation and maintenance of the necessary infrastructure for design, fabrication Goal and testing of material samples, single-cell and multi-cell cavities. It allows for improved design and engineering of cavities and cryomodules including ancillaries, which includes new materials, new cavity fabrication methods, improved coating techniques, and improved methods for increased surface cleanliness all of which is fundamental for developing SRF systems with increased energy efficiency and higher performance. This heading also covers the continuation of R&D activities undertaken in collaboration with international partners, highlighting the complementary strength of all partners. This RF R&D line also targets the energy efficiency of RF systems. Energy is given to particle beams by RF systems, which convert it with limited energy efficiency from electric energy. RF power is typically generated with klystrons, which have a typical conversion efficiency in operation of about 50%, meaning that half of the supplied energy is converted directly to heat and thus lost. The goal of this R&D is to develop higher efficiency klystrons, targeting values of above 70% in operation. Novel ideas hint toward possibilities to reach these values ultimately, but R&D is necessary to develop these ideas and convert them to demonstrators and prototypes. The results to be expected are important for any large future accelerator facility, including FCC and CLIC. If successful, higher efficiency klystrons will allow to keep the overall power consumption of future large facilities at bay. The results will have direct impact on other installations requiring large RF powers, reducing their energy consumption and the size of their cooling systems and reducing their carbon footprint. High-field superconducting accelerator magnets (HFM) R&D: R&D on high-field superconducting accelerator magnets (HFM), is a key technology for future accelerators, and one of CERN’s priorities. This programme is a comprehensive accelerator magnet technology R&D, aiming at advancing HFM technology beyond the state-of-the-art reached with HL-LHC. The programme includes HFM technology for all future hadron accelerator options, including HTS, and addresses the demands of FCC-hh, as well as demands
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from other studies such as muon colliders. The main driver of this R&D is to push the performance envelope of superconducting accelerator magnets along two lines: Extend the field reach of superconducting accelerator magnets, developing the next generation of magnet design, technology and engineering solutions that outperform HL-LHC magnets, with a target of 16 T for LTS and 20 T for HTS dipoles (and comparative performance in other accelerator magnets such as arc and low-beta quadrupoles); Develop a mature technology of high-field superconducting accelerator magnets, as would be required for a large-scale manufacturing, based on the principle of value engineering applied to high-field superconducting accelerator magnets. Specifically, the work covers: Superconducting materials R&D (Nb3Sn and HTS), as well as emerging alternatives (e.g. IBS). This requires infrastructure upgrade and novel diagnostics and measurement technology for R&D on superconducting wires and cables; Magnet technology, as requested to advance all magnet performance indicators: maximum field produced, as well as accelerator quality (homogeneity, alignment), protection features, mechanical robustness, dielectric strength, and cost; Models and prototypes to demonstrate the engineering choices and technology advancements; Infrastructure required to perform material and magnet testing, including characterization facilities relevant to HFM: critical current test facilities for wires/tapes with background field in the range of 16-20 T, cable and inserts test facility with background field in the range of 13-15 T, magnet test facilities with very high current capacity, in the range of 20-50 kA; The work is performed to a significant extent in collaboration with associated research laboratories and universities, as well as industry in the Members States and Worldwide. AWAKE: Approval of the AWAKE experiment in the Research Board of August 2013. CLEAR: Approved by the Director of the Accelerator and Technology Sector in December 2016 as part of the CERN Linear Collider (LC) studies after completion of CTF3 programme. It is now a successful user facility covering accelerator R&D well beyond the LC Approval studies, and is therefore presented under this general heading. RF Technologies R&D: In line with the recommendations of the European Strategy Update 2013 approved by CERN Council in 2013, further updated in 2020. High-field superconducting accelerator magnets (HFM) R&D: In line with the recommendations of the European Strategy approved by CERN Council in 2013, further updated in 2020. Start date RF Technologies R&D: July 2014 High-field superconducting accelerator magnets (HFM) R&D: January 2021 AWAKE: The material cost to completion of the AWAKE phase 2 project (2020 to 2028) is 11.8 MCHF. It is complemented by external in-kind contributions of 2.2 MCHF and 12.5 MCHF of personnel. CLEAR: The costs are estimated to 1.5 MCHF/year for material and personnel. RF Technologies R&D: Combination of personnel and material resources required to run the fabrication, assembly and test facilities Costs and necessary for projects and studies. SCRF material costs: 1.7 MCHF/year, of which 0.5 MCHF reserved for fellows and students plus external contributions (support of EU programmes and other contributions). High Efficiency Klystrons material costs: 0.5 MCHF/year, half of which is reserved for fellows and students. High-field superconducting accelerator magnets (HFM) R&D: The programme is projected to require approximately 20 MCHF/year for material and personnel. The effort for LTS magnets is about 85 % of the total proposal, while for HTS magnets the effort represents about 15 % of the total. This is mainly driven by the maturity of the technology. Overall, the cost of the High-Field
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SC Magnet R&D is largely driven by conductor material costs. Superconductor procurement and R&D represents approximately 40 % of the total request. Magnet R&D represents approximately 45 % of the total request. The remainder, approximately 15 %, is for creation and upgrade of new infrastructure. The CERN requested funding represents approximately 50 %, with the rest approximately equally split between financing of collaborations (25 %) and industrial procurement (25 %). AWAKE: The facility is operated by the AWAKE collaboration. CERN is the host laboratory of the experiment, and is responsible for the installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance of the necessary infrastructure, including the proton and electron beam lines, the laser transport lines, the electron source system, the experimental area and the associated services. CERN also contributes to the experiment with diagnostics, data analysis and simulations. CLEAR: The facility is operated as a user facility 35-38 weeks yearly. Operation and installation support for experiments is provided by CERN, external users contribute with hardware for experiments and manpower for operation and tests. Running RF Technologies R&D has been initiated and is presently driven and coordinated by CERN’s SY-RF group. It requires tight conditions collaboration with other CERN groups, with projects like HL-LHC, with studies like FCC and CLIC, with other laboratories and with industry. It also requires the operation and development of running facilities at CERN. High-field superconducting accelerator magnets (HFM) R&D: The HFM R&D responds both to specific and generic technology demands on accelerator magnets for the next generation of accelerators. For this reason, it requires tight and effective coordination with the existing projects, studies and R&D programmes, first and foremost HL-LHC and FCC. The programme is built as a highly collaborative initiative, encompassing all centre of competences, laboratories and industries in the Member States and Worldwide. Therefore, it also requires close and effective connection with the laboratories and institutes, within the scope of the EU-funded collaborations (e.g. I-FAST, FuSuMaTech), as well as worldwide initiatives (e.g. US-MDP, Japanese HFM). AWAKE is a facility to study a new acceleration technology based on the use of a proton beam to drive plasma wake-fields. This is the first facility of its kind worldwide. Using the AWAKE acceleration scheme for new particle physics experiments offers great potential for future high energy applications. CLEAR: CLEAR is one of a few electron beam facilities in the few hundred MeV energy range available to users for general purpose R&D and irradiation. Availability, ease of access and local accelerator and technical expertise put it at the forefront of the field. Recently CLEAR has taken a world-leading role as a facility for Very High Energy Electron (VHEE) and FLASH cancer therapy studies. RF Technologies R&D: Superconducting RF technology is used in the present CERN accelerators (LHC, HIE-ISOLDE) and for their upgrades (HL-LHC Crab Cavities). SRF technology is a common denominator and critical technology in many potential future projects (FCC, neutrino facilities, ILC …). State-of-the-art competence in design, construction and testing of superconducting RF cavities and Competitiveness their cryomodules is essential for preparing these potential new projects. To this effect, CERN is re-establishing its capacities in SRF in general, maintaining its leading competence in thin film technology and fabrication techniques. Klystrons were invented 80+ years ago, but only recently ideas how to significantly increase their efficiency came up at CERN and elsewhere. Once these new ideas are implemented, power RF systems would be significantly improved in terms of the energy efficiency. This would pay off in less energy consumption and a smaller carbon footprint. High-field superconducting accelerator magnets (HFM) R&D: HFM is a key technology enabling future accelerators required by high-energy hadron colliders, muon colliders, neutrino beams, and has no competitor as the performance exceed any of the other Big Science instruments. It can have disruptive impact on societal applications such as ultra-high field MRI’s, medical accelerators, including gantries, or thermonuclear fusion. The CERN HFM R&D is aiming at fostering this technology, maintaining existing and develop new unique worldwide testing facilities.
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AWAKE: The CERN AWAKE project leader coordinates the contributions from CERN departments and external laboratories worldwide. The organisation of CERN’s involvement is under the Directorate for Accelerators and Technology. The CERN project leader is the technical coordinator of the AWAKE Collaboration, which is steered by an international Collaboration Board with one representative per institute. CLEAR: The CLEAR International Scientific Board reviews periodically the progress of the experimental programme and referees the new user proposals on the basis of their R&D interest and the availability of the facility. The CLEAR facility coordinator leads the Technical Board, which reviews the technical, safety and radioprotection issues of the proposed experiments, and with its help defines Organisation the detailed experimental programme following the recommendations of the Scientific Board. The CERN contribution is under the control of the Directorate for Accelerators and Technology. RF Technologies R&D: All RF technologies R&D activities are centrally coordinated by the SY department (SY-RF Group). This includes the coordination of the work performed jointly with external partners, both laboratories, universities and industry, as well as the coordination with the studies requiring the results of the R&D, like FCC and CLIC, under the supervision of the Directorate for Accelerators and Technology. High-field superconducting accelerator magnets (HFM) R&D: All HFM R&D activities, including those under projects and operation, are coordinated centrally by the TE department, under the Directorate of Accelerators and Technology. AWAKE: The overall study progress for the design of the different phases of AWAKE Run 2 depends strongly on the availability of CERN staff, fellow and student resources as well as contributions from outside institutes. The COVID-19 situation will inevitably cause delays to the progress of the study as well as the general schedule. Technical risks are linked to the progress in the studies of the high energy electron source and beam line, the plasma cell and diagnostics design. Additional risks are linked to the required enlargement of the AWAKE area, which will involve dismantling of the CNGS target area, which could have an impact on the schedule and resources of the AWAKE Run 2 programme. Issues during operation of the first phase of AWAKE Run 2 (e.g. electron seeding, ionization of the plasma) could have an impact on the physics results and on the schedule. CLEAR: As a relatively small facility run by a small local team with the help of several user groups, CLEAR depends on maintaining a critical mass in the operation team – composed mainly of fellows, students and external associates – and on the continued support Risks from CERN technical services. The COVID-19 situation, having delayed some of the planned experiments due to the interruption of the 2020 run and to travel and access restrictions, may continue to have issues linked to similar access restrictions for user teams and external collaborators. RF Technologies R&D: This R&D programme addresses technologies that entail high risk, but also high potential of significant performance improvement in future accelerators, as well as high societal impact. Progress and success depends on the availability of the facilities and on the allocation of human resources. High-field superconducting accelerator magnets (HFM) R&D: This R&D programme addresses technologies that entail high risk, but also high potential of significant performance improvement in future accelerators, as well as high societal impact. Success depends on novel engineering solutions beyond present standards. Progress depends strongly on the availability of the facilities and on the allocation of human resources. AWAKE: 2022 targets Continue with the benchmarking of plasma simulations; Operate the AWAKE facility with protons: continue to run the first phase of AWAKE Run 2 with the existing facility to study electron seeding;
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Continue analysis and publication of AWAKE physics Run 2 data; Perform detailed studies and preparation works for the next phases of AWAKE Run 2, including optimisation studies for a physics programme; Construct new equipment (rubidium vapor source, X-band components, diagnostics …); Develop designs for a several meters long, scalable, helicon and discharge plasma cell; Continue studies on possible use of plasma wakefield acceleration technology for high energy physics as an ‘exploratory study group’ within the Physics Beyond Colliders project. CLEAR: Analysis, review and eventual publication of experimental data from the 2021 run (about 12 different experiments planned so far) in collaboration with user groups; CLEAR run 2022: execute the experimental programme defined end 2021/early 2022. Typically, 35-40 weeks of operation, including machine studies; Consolidate and improve installed hardware; Improve beam parameters and adapt the beamline layout following user requests. RF Technologies R&D: Procurement of cryo-cooler for sample testing; Controls consolidation for cold testing in the cryolab; Replacement of V6 vertical cryostat including magnetic compensation of ambient magnetic field; Horizontal bunker M9 instrumentation and controls consolidation; Design and integration planning for a dedicated SRF building, or alternatively a comprehensive upgrade and consolidation plan for existing SRF buildings. In the latter case start upgrading infrastructure including clean rooms, ultra-pure water generation, high-pressure rinsing, cranes, etc; Fast reactive tuner prototype for LHC transient detuning; Resonant ring for fundamental power coupler testing; Machining trials, and prototypes of power couplers and cavities. Coating and testing of these; SRF sample testing; Collaborate with IJCLab on PERLE; HV RF feedthrough design and prototyping for HE klystrons; Construction follow-up of HE LHC compatible klystron in industry; HE L-Band klystron design aimed at construction in industry. High-field superconducting accelerator magnets (HFM) R&D: Advanced procurement of Nb3Sn wires and cables for the magnet programme, at present HL-LHC producer. Expect reception of at least 50 % of the order for approximately 2 tons of material (quantity to be confirmed in 2021); Results from validation tests (SMC/eRMC) of high-performance Nb3Sn wires and cables obtained from alternative producers worldwide; Procurement of REBCO tape (approx. 2 km) from worldwide producers, initiating targeted conductor R&D for HTS demonstrators.
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Complete commissioning of the KIT Coated Conductor Laboratory and first results from REBCO tape R&D (produce few lengths of 10 m for process validation); Test of SMC, eRMC and RMM magnets to explore magnet technology variants (e.g. resins) in the range of 12…16 T; Results of screening of insulation systems, and identification of candidates for targeted development; Value proposition for HFM. Initiate dissemination with KT of collaborators. The AWAKE experiment performs benchmarking tests using proton bunches to drive wakefields, to understand the physics of the self-modulation process in plasma, to demonstrate high gradient acceleration of a bunch of electrons in the wake of a proton bunch and to pursue R&D studies towards first particle physics applications of this technology as well as towards the TeV frontier. The first phase of AWAKE Run 2 starts after LS2 and will continue beyond LS3 in order to eventually accelerate electrons to several GeV while at the same time preserving the electron beam quality in order to demonstrate the scalability of the acceleration process and allow its use for first high energy physics applications such as fixed target experiments. CLEAR: Maintain the know-how on electron accelerators at CERN, in particular for electron sources and hands-on operation of electron linacs. Continue the successful general accelerator R&D programme, covering high-gradient acceleration and RF technology, novel accelerator concepts using plasma and THz radiation and advanced beam diagnostics. Establish the feasibility of Very High Energy Electron (VHEE) and FLASH techniques for radiotherapy of deep-seated tumors. Provide an easy-access irradiation facility to internal and external users for studies of the radiation hardness of electronics with applications to space missions and particle Future accelerators and detectors. A potential upgrade with a second electron source in the 50-100 MeV range – developed in collaboration prospects & with INFN and AWAKE – is being considered and would enhance substantially the capability of the facility for several of the above activities. longer term RF Technologies R&D: Retain and develop the expertise necessary for the design, prototyping, fabrication and testing of superconducting RF equipment. Enable cutting-edge research for next generation of SRF cavities, complementary to the FCC programme: findings on improved coatings may lead to cost-effective cavities; possible operation at optimised cryogenic temperatures may lead to reduced operational cost. Keep operational facilities needed for the running of LHC, HIE-ISOLDE and HL-LHC cavities. Additional prospects in exploring practical efficiency limits for high power klystrons. Comparatively study the different ideas for efficiency enhancement and classify them in terms of frequency range, duty factor, power range and operational aspects. High-field superconducting accelerator magnets (HFM) R&D: Demonstration of ultimate field achievable with LTS (Nb3Sn) and HTS superconductors. Value Engineering on robust high-field magnets in the perspective of large-scale production. Critical current test facility upgrade to 20 T. High-field cable and insert test facility for both LTS and HTS. Development and characterization of rad-hard insulation for high-field magnets. Development of instrumentation for magnet diagnostic and protection (e.g. distributed sensing, heat-treatment resistant). Specific Health & Safety issues AWAKE: Installation work and operation will be carried out following the applicable safety rules and the ALARA principle. AWAKE: New acceleration technology and the acceleration of electrons to GeV levels in proton driven plasma wakefields for the first Outreach time have already led to many newspaper and media publications. The plasma cell test area in the CERN North Area has become a central visitor point for VIP visits.
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High-field superconducting accelerator magnets (HFM) R&D: HFM materials (Nb3Sn, HTS) and coils (SMC) are exposed among superconducting magnets and materials at the visit point in SM18 and the Microcosm. HFM is a technology of interest for medical applications (e.g. ultra-high-field MRI) and could receive much public attention.
25. Total for Accelerator technologies and R&D
Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF)
RF technologies R&D 3.5 765 3 235 4 000
High field superconducting 16.7 3 370 19 240 22 610 CERN budget for accelerator magnets R&D 2022 Proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration 13.3 1 830 2 795 4 625 (AWAKE) Other accelerator R&D 9.1 1 700 1 005 2 705 CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research 3.4 725 790 1 515 (CLEAR)
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26. R&D for future detectors
Instrumentation is a key ingredient for progress in experimental high energy physics. This project addresses a strategic research and development programme on detector technologies for future experiments. The results of this new R&D programme will be building blocks, demonstrators and prototypes, which will form the technological basis for possible new experiments and experiment upgrades beyond the LHC Phase II upgrades scheduled for Long Shutdown LS3. These include in particular technologies appropriate for Goal detectors at CLIC, FCC-ee and FCC-hh but also further upgrades of the LHC experiments. The main challenges come on the hadron collider side from the very high luminosity operation, leading to extreme pile-up, track density, radiation loads and data throughput, but also from the need for unprecedented precision in vertexing and tracking, combined with very low material budgets, and highly granular calorimetry on the lepton collider side. The programme targets the primary detector challenges together with the corresponding challenges in the domains of electronics, mechanics, cooling, magnets and software. Approval Clustering of all strategic detector development activities for future experiments under a single organisation within the Experimental Physics department, proposed to start in 2020. Funding included in the MTP published in 2019. Start date January 2020. Costs 31.2 MCHF over 5-year period (2022-2026) for materials and personnel. Running The running conditions mainly concern the use of test beams and irradiation facilities. In this context, the availability of beam time and conditions the efficient operation of these facilities are crucial for the success of the detector R&D programme. Detector requirements for future experiments, whether at the energy frontier, the luminosity frontier or the precision frontier, are increasingly challenging. To stay at the forefront of physics, these challenges have to be addressed in a long-term advanced detector Competitiveness R&D effort, to be carried out by the particle physics community as a whole. The EP R&D programme focuses on those technology areas where CERN has significant expertise and infrastructure and already plays a leading or unique role. The developments will be carried out jointly with external groups. Enlarging the collaborative efforts with other research institutes and with industrial partners is an integral part of the objectives. The Strategic EP Detector R&D is guided by a Steering Committee representing the major experiments and support groups in the EP Organisation department. A coordinator is in charge of the implementation. The selection of topics and the established work plans are the result of a transparent and open process, which took place in 2017-2018. Many activities are performed in close co-operation with detector development groups in the CERN member states and beyond. The risks related to this activity mainly concern the availability of experts and financial resources, as well as the time scales, that are so far mildly affected by the COVID-19 crisis. The project partially draws on expertise currently heavily engaged in construction Risks projects, like HL-LHC. Particle physics depends on industry for crucial deliverables (e.g. custom semiconductor, microelectronics and optoelectronics components), often with long lead times and subject to economic cycles. A particular threat may be the currently observed world-wide shortage of wafers due to a strong increase of demand in the semiconductor industries. Both factors add risk to the detector R&D and may stretch the inherent lead times even further. Timely and forward-looking R&D is therefore important. The 8 work packages of the EP R&D programme will follow their work plans, with some delays originating from COVID-19 related 2022 targets restrictions in 2020 and 2021. Following a recommendation of the 2020 Europen strategy update, ECFA has launched in early 2021 a major community-wide process to establish a detector R&D roadmap. This is expected to be well aligned with the EP R&D programme, but its outcome may lead to a moderate adaptation and possibly a small extenson of the EP R&D work programme. A
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possible new field of research, currently not covered in the EP R&D work programme, may be quantum sensing. The EU funded AIDAinnova project will kick off in spring 2021. Many of the tasks in which CERN is involved are conceived to lead to synergies with the EP R&D programme, which should become apparent in 2022 and the following years. The aim of this R&D is to achieve the full technological basis for experiments at future facilities like FCC-ee, FCC-hh and CLIC, as Future well as further upgrades of the LHC experiments beyond the Phase II upgrades already scheduled for LS3. The outcome is foreseen prospects & in the form of building blocks, demonstrators and prototypes, as proofs of feasibility to fulfil core detector requirements. The strategic longer term EP Detector R&D lays the ground for future implementations (and separate future funding) in experiment-specific designs and larger scale prototypes. Outreach Activities and results will be presented at two public events (‘R&D days’) per year and disseminated through international conferences and publications. CERN The CERN contribution focuses on those technology areas where CERN has significant expertise and infrastructure and already plays contribution a leading or unique role. Facilitating and enlarging the collaborative efforts with other research institutes and with industrial partners is part of the CERN objectives.
Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments CERN budget for (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF) 2022 24.0 3 275 4 730 8 005
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27. Scientific diversity projects
27a. Neutrino platform
This heading covers a number of neutrino-related R&D activities: The main purpose is to provide to the experimental community an effective platform to develop at CERN a new generation of neutrino detectors based on various technologies; Test and qualify such detectors in test beams at the SPS; Assist the neutrino community in their efforts towards a short- and long-baseline type of neutrino experiments and infrastructures. These goals are in line with the 2013 European Strategy document (CERN-Council-S/106). Several activities have been approved as Goal experiments at CERN by the Research Board (NP01, NP02, NP03, NP04, NP05). They require a phase of construction with very large prototypes/demonstrators which will need at CERN basic infrastructure support in term of buildings, test facilities, cryogenics infrastructure, etc. An extension of the North Area test facility has been constructed in 2016 to host these large detectors as well several buildings at CERN where the assembly can be done in optimal conditions. Technical support in fields like LAr cryogenics, where CERN has a unique expertise, will also be part of these activities. In a second phase two new experiments have been approved (NP06 and NP07), and two were extended (NP02 and NP04) (2019) with the goal of supporting with construction activities at CERN the effort of the Japanese and US neutrino programmes. Approval 2014 Start date Studies for future neutrino detectors: A design team has been set up during 2014 and has provided the basis for an effective start of the R&D activities in 2015. More refined details will be investigated and summarised in dedicated documents/publications. The funding of the neutrino programme reflects the commitments towards the US Short and Long Baseline Neutrino Facility project at Fermilab described in previous MTPs and a commitment towards the T2K Japanese programme. A flat funding profile has been assumed for the Neutrino Platform activities beyond 2026. About one quarter of the cost is related to basic infrastructure support (new North Area experimental extension in particular), another quarter is related to hosting at CERN neutrino physics detectors project and related R&D activities, including items such as integration of services and cryogenics support. About half of the allocated resources Costs will cover the in-kind delivery by CERN of the first cryostat for the LBNF/DUNE project to be operated in the underground neutrino laboratory to be constructed in South Dakota and the effort related to neutrino short baseline at FNAL. The CERN material budget foreseen for the Neutrino platform over the MTP period is 71.9 MCHF (from 2022 to 2026). In addition, 10.6 MCHF are planned for personnel on the same period. The Swiss contribution to the CERN Neutrino Platform finances the increase of the budget for the CERN in-kind contribution to be delivered to DoE/Fermilab in the context of the deployment of the infrastructure in support to the LBNF/DUNE experiment. Running The design study for future neutrino detectors and facilities is envisaged as a global international collaboration effort. A collaboration agreement with the US programme has been signed. Design studies are proceeding with the US partners at FNAL aiming at setting conditions up possible synergies in neutrino physics between Europe and US, as indicated in the recent European Strategy document. Competitiveness The technologies developed within these programmes are crucial for potential future projects in the field. For example, LAr based Time Proportional Chambers are key technologies in the present plan for a long- and short-baseline neutrino project. LAr cryogenics,
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LAr purity, large cryostats assembly, and large solenoidal fields are a common denominator. State-of-the-art competence in design construction and testing of such technologies is essential for preparing these potential new large projects. Embedded within the CERN department structures with the project leader managing contributions from most CERN departments and Organisation external laboratories worldwide. The overall organisation falls under the Directorate for Research and Computing, via an overall project leader. Risks Today most of the risks associated rely on the readiness of the technology adopted for such unprecedented large-scale detectors. All prototype activities now under execution have the purpose to reduce in an important way the technological risks. Support activities related to the LBNF/DUNE and T2K program. For T2K complete the NP07 program and send all material ready for installation to Japan. For the US programme start the procurement of the large cryostat mechanics, proceed with the module-0 2022 targets activities in the two ProtoDUNE facilities at CERN, and bring the overall project to the stage of starting mass production for some of the key components. CERN will continue to be a key facility there for the overall detector integration and installation engineering inside the cryostats. The aim is an effective start of the new generation of neutrino detectors R&D and development, which will take several years to mature Future towards a new generation of detector capable of meeting the challenges of a long-baseline type of experiment. Assist the community prospects & in the preparation and construction of the short- and long-baseline experiments and facilities. COVID-19 impact: With the pandemic, work has continued without interruption, the various prototypes have been kept operational longer term from remote and all the research plans have continued. The engineering effort has been done from remote. Only some hardware activities, not on the critical path, have been paused, waiting for a proper restart.
27b. Physics Beyond Colliders (PBC)
PBC is an exploratory study aimed at exploiting the full scientific potential of CERN's accelerator complex and its scientific infrastructure through projects complementary to the LHC, HL-LHC and other possible future colliders. These projects would target fundamental physics questions that are similar in spirit to those addressed by high-energy colliders, but that require different types of beams and experiments. Goal A kick-off workshop was held in September 2016 and identified a number of areas of interest. Following this meeting and consultation with the relevant communities, the study team has defined the structure and the main activities of the group and appointed conveners of thematic working groups. The scientific findings were collected in a report delivered at the end of 2018. This document served as input to the 2020 update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics. Included under the auspices of the PBC study are the feasibility studies for the SPS Beam Dump Facility (BDF). Resources for these studies were included in the 2016 MTP. Approval Presented to Council 2016 Start date 6 September 2016 (Physics Beyond Colliders kick-off).
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The material cost to completion up to 2031 of the PBC and BDF studies, CERN funding, is 35.3 MCHF. In addition 3.9 MCHF are Costs planned for personnel over the period 2021-2031 The PBC study is assumed to accommodate external contributions complementing the resources from CERN. The PBC study provides input for the future of CERN’s scientific diversity programme, which today consists of several facilities and Competitiveness experiments at the Booster, PS and SPS, over the period until ~2040. Complementarity with similar initiatives elsewhere in the world should be sought, so as to optimise the resources of the discipline globally, create synergies with other laboratories and institutions, and attract the international community. CERN should be well placed to exploit opportunities that are identified for implementation. The PBC study represents a portfolio of experiments and facilities at various stages of maturity. Those experiments utilising the existing facilities (North Area, LHC, SPS) at CERN will come under the remit of existing safety regulations; oversight will be executed by the relevant bodies and identified risks (such as machine access, radiation, cryogenics safety considerations) will mitigated as Risks required. No major novel risks have been identified. Of the proposed new facilities, the SPS Beam Dump Facility, if approved, has associated risks in the operation of intense proton beam on a high Z target with implications for radiation protection and remote handling. The published study has examined all identified risks and safety aspects in depth and fully integrated the necessary measures in the preliminary design. Risk mitigation would certainly be an important consideration in future studies. The studies required to optimize the design of a beam dump facility at the SPS and to conceive new beam configurations in the North Area in view of new proposed experiments will be pursued together with those aiming at controlling and extracting the LHC beam 2022 targets halo for possible fixed target physics experiments. A selection of the activities to be supported and the corresponding revision of the PBC organisation will be completed taking into account the conclusions of the European Particle Physics Strategy Update (EPPSU) as well as new proposals and technologies emerging, in particular quantum sensors that would benefit from the contribution of CERN competences. The long-term vision for the exploitation of the accelerator complex will continue to be explored. Backed by strong physics case, Future initiatives supported and pursued will provide a valuable to complement to CERN’s collider programme. Continued support for a prospects & number of the options presented to the EPPSU is foreseen – these options are recognized as timely, cost-effective experiments with longer term clear physics potential. The PBC will continue to offer support to new proposals and provide generic accelerator-based support to help the proposals make initial progress towards possible realization.
27c. EU supported computing R&D
On-going projects: AARC2, ARCHIVER, DEEP-EST, EOSC-Hub, EOSCsecretariat.eu, OpenAIRE-Advance, OpenAIRE-Connect, Up To University (UP2U), Xtreme Data Cloud (XDC), Open Clouds for Research Environments (OCRE), European Science Cluster of Activities Astronomy & Particle physics ESFRI research infrastructures (ESCAPE). CERN-IT actively contributed to defining the direction and scope of the European Open Science Cloud by participating in EC organised events and authoring influential documents that were endorsed by the DG’s of the EIROForum members.
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Via HNSciCloud, the commercial cloud services providers have made significant IaaS capacity available for the pilot phase deployment that supports HEP use-cases. Based on our participation in EGI, EUDAT and Indigo-DataClouds, we were invited to become a funded partner in the XDC and EOSC-Hub projects. Ensure the distributed computing infrastructure deployed by the LCG project can continue to support the increasing data quantities and processing needs of the Laboratory’s physics programme. Expand CERN’s influence in a range of scientific disciplines through Goal distributed computing, exascale data management, open access digital repositories and participation in the European Open Science Cloud. Explore means for introducing commercial cloud services to support the Organization’s scientific programme. Risks Inability to comply with European legislation, including data protection and IT service certification, may limit the possibility for CERN to be funded via future EC programmes. The COVID-19 situation may impact the Horizon Europe focus and budget. 2022 targets Active participation in the European Open Science Cloud with financial support via final Horizon 2020 funding calls and initial Horizon Europe funding calls. Future prospects & Evolution of CERN’s computing to make use of latest hardware and software architectures and services as well as heightened engagement with research communities beyond high energy physics. longer term
27d. Support to external facilities
CERN’s support to other organisations such as FAIR, ITER, ESS, etc., for which some partial external funding exists are grouped Activities under this heading. Personnel detached to and working on this external support compromises the available workforce for CERN’s core activities. Risks There are no identified risks for CERN, as, in the context of this fact sheet, CERN is providing support and expertise to other institutions. ESS: Maintain the active exchange of expertise and knowledge depending on the needs of both parties. Particular areas of mutual interest include: RF, controls, beam instrumentation, machine protection and safety. There is CERN representation on ESS’s Technical Advisory Committee, and some secondment of personnel. FAIR: prepare and maintain cryogenic magnet test facility at CERN for the test of FAIR magnets. Collaborate with GSI@CERN in Targets 2022 execution of the magnet testing and magnetic measurements. Active engagement with the FAIR community in a diverse range of areas, including: development work for high-field superconducting septa, development of control system components, consultancy for the development of the FAIR Personnel Access System, accelerator physics studies, collaboration on high performance beam simulation tools, and the exchange of information and ideas in the vacuum systems domain. ITER: Provide support in the field of technology covered in individual Implementation Agreements between CERN and ITER. Of particular note is the metallurgical and material testing support for the construction of the ITER magnet system.
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27. Total Scientific diversity projects
Personnel Personnel Materials Total Comments (FTE) (kCHF) (kCHF) (kCHF)
Neutrino platform 18.0 3 825 19 200 23 025 CERN budget for 2022 Physics Beyond Colliders 3.2 595 3 555 4 150 EU supported computing 6.8 780 5 975 6 755 R&D Support to external facilities 3.1 730 1 405 2 135
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2. LIST OF ACRONYMS
Acronym Meaning Complementary information Authentication and Authorisation for A AARC Research and Collaboration Authentication and Authorisation for AARC2 Research and Collaboration 2 ATLAS Binary Chip, built in a 130 nm ABCstar process ACT ALICE Configuration Tool Decelerator in use since 2000, decelerating the antiproton beam from a AD Antiproton Decelerator momentum of 3.57 GeV/c to 100 MeV/c. Accelerated demonstrator of electromagnetic AdePT Particle Transport Antihydrogen Experiment: Gravity, AEgIS Interferometry, Spectroscopy AF Architects Forum Coordination of common application – part of the LHC Grid organisation AFP ATLAS Forward Proton Advanced European Infrastructures for AIDA Detectors at Accelerators Advancement and Innovation for Detectors AIDAinnova Horizon 2020 project at Accelerators
Concept or philosophy that assumes that there is no “safe” dose of radiation. Under this assumption, the probability for harmful biological effects increases with increased radiation dose, no matter how small. Therefore, it ALARA as low as reasonably achievable is important to keep radiation doses to affected populations (for example, radiation workers, minors, visitors, students, members of the general public, etc.) as low as is reasonably achievable.
ALFA Absolute Luminosity For ATLAS ALICE A Large Ion Collider Experiment Experiment at the LHC ALP Axion-Like Particles
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information ALPHA Antihydrogen Laser Physics Apparatus Experiment that makes neutral antihydrogen atoms by taking antiprotons ALPHA-g from Antiproton Decelerator and biding them with positrons from a sodium- 22 source. ALPIDE Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor for the ALICE ITS upgrade Experiment at DESY that utilizes the concept of resonant enhancement to improve on the sensitivity of traditional light shining through a wall style ALPSII Any Light Particle Search II experiments. These experiments attempt to detect photons passing through an opaque wall by converting to relativistic weakly interacting sub-eV particles and then reconverting back to photons. COMPASS++/AMBER starts a new generation of experiments with the AMBER flagship goal of investigating the emergence of hadron mass Agence nationale pour la gestion des ANDRA déchets radioactifs (France) Archiving and Preservation for Research ARCHIVER Environments
ARCON Area controller
Accelerator Research and Innovation for ARIES European Science and Society LHCf detector with two 24-cm-long towers stacked on their edges and offset Arm2 Independent LHCf detector from one another; Arm1 is the right, Arm2 is the left one Free distribution service and open access archive for more than 1,600,000 scholarly articles in the fields of physics, mathematics, computer arXiv science, quantitative biology, quantitative finance, statistics, electrical engineering and systems science, and economics Atomic Spectroscopy And Collisions Using ASACUSA Slow Antiprotons ASICs Application Specific Integrated Circuit Advanced Telecommunication Computing ATCA Architecture ATEX ATmospheres EXplosives
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information ATF2 Accelerator Test Facility ATLAS A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS Experiment at the LHC ATRAP Antihydrogen trap ATS Accelerators and Technology sector Accelerators and Technology Management ATSMB Board breAkThrough innovaTion pRogrAmme for ATTRACT deteCtor / infrAstructure eCosysTem AUP HL-LHC Accelerator Upgrade Project Approved by the US Department of Energy in 2015 The AWAKE project has been proposed as an approach to accelerate an AWAKE Advanced WAKefield Experiment electron beam to the TeV energy regime in a single plasma section B Beta function at the interaction point Related to beam size at the interaction point BaBar is a particle physics experiment designed to study some of the most BaBar fundamental questions about the universe by exploring its basic constituents, elementary particles BabyMIND Magnetised Iron Neutrino Detector (MIND) A magnetised spectrometer for the WAGASCI experiment Physics potential and future solar axion searches with the International Baby-IAXO AXion Observatory BASE Baryon Antibaryon Symmetry Experiment BCMS Batch Compression Merging and Splitting BCP Buffered Chemical Polishing BDF Beam Dump Facility BE Beams department The Belle experiment is centred around the data gathered by the Belle multilayered particle detector called the Belle detector, which began taking data in 1999 BE-RF BE Radiofrequency group BE2 One of the CERN electric substations BIC Business Incubation Centres
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information BINP Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics Biomedical research facility created by modifying the existing Low-Energy BioLEIR Ion Ring (LEIR) BLM Beam Loss Monitor BPM Beam Position Monitor Replacement of the FEAST2 family of converters tailored to the radiation BPOL environment of the LHC trackers CMS Beam Radiation Instrumentation and BRIL Luminosity BSM Beyond Standard Model C CAD Computer-Aided Design CAE Computer-Aided Engineering
Collaboration to develop new, high-performance detectors for high-energy CALICE CAlorimeter for LInear Collider Experiment positron–electron experiments at a future International Linear Collider
CARA COVID Airborne Risk Assessment tool
CAST CERN Axion Solar Telescope A solar-axion search using a decommissioned LHC test magnet CB Collaboration Board CBD Cumulative Budget Deficit CC Crab Cavities Comité de Concertation Permanent CCP (Standing Concertation Committee) CDR Conceptual Design Report CDS CERN Document Server Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux CEA énergies alternatives (French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission) CECP China Energy Conservation Programme
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information CERN Chemical Register for Environment, CERES Health and Safety Conseil Européen pour la Recherche CERN European Organization for Nuclear Physics Nucléaire CernVM Virtual Software Appliance for LHC applications CEPS CERN Environmental Protection Steering A mixed-field facility for radiation test on CHARM electronics CHIPS CERN-HEP IC design Platform and Services CHUV Lausanne Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois Lausanne (Switzerland) CLD CLIC-like detector CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for CLEAR Research CLIC Compact Linear Collider CLICdp CLIC Detector and Physics study Centre for Energy, Environment and CIEMAT Technology Research (Spain) Company designing and producing scientific instruments for synchrotron CINEL light sources, nuclear physics research and analytical laboratories CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for CLEAR Research Coupling-Loss Induced Quench System for CLIQ Protecting Superconducting Magnets PS 215 experiment or CLOUD (Cosmics A study of the link between cosmic rays and clouds with a cloud chamber at CLOUD Leaving Outdoor Droplets) the CERN PS
CM Cryomodule CERN Medical Applications Steering CMASC Committee CMB Cosmic Microwave Background
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor CMS Compact Muon Solenoid Experiment at the LHC National Centre for Oncological Hadron CNAO Therapy (Italy) Communications Networks, Content and CNECT Technology
CNGS CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
Marie Skłodowska-Curie Action under the European Commission COFUND programmes that complements the CERN Fellowship programme Common Muon and Proton Apparatus for COMPASS Structure and Spectroscopy (NA58 High-energy physics experiment at the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) experiment) COMPASS++/AMBER New QCD facility at the M2 beam line of the CERN SPS
COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019
CP Charge and Parity CPU Central Processing Unit CROC CMS ReadOut Chip CROME CERN radiation monitoring electronics Common Readout Unit of the ALICE CRU experiment C-RRB (LHC) Computing Resources Review Board C-RSG Computing Resources Scrutiny Group CSAP Complex Safety Advisory Panel C&SR Cost and Schedule Review CtC Cost-to-completion CTE Comité Tripartite Environnement
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information CTF3 CLIC Test Facility CTP Central Trigger Processor CT-PPS CMS-TOTEM Precision Proton Spectrometer CVI Cost-Variation Index D DAQ Data Acquisition System A DC-to-DC converter is an electronic circuit or electromechanical device that converts a source of direct current (DC) from one voltage level to DC-DC converters another. It is a type of electric power converter. Power levels range from very low (small batteries) to very high (high-voltage power transmission). DCS Detector Control System DEEP-EST DEEP – Extreme Scale Technologies DG Director-General Directorate-General for Communications DG CNECT Networks, Content and Technology (EU) Directorate-General for Research and DG RTD Innovation (EU) Deutches Elektronen-Synchrotron (German DESY electron synchrotron facility) D&I Diversity & Inclusion Programme Diodes Insulation & Superconducting DISMAC MAgnets Consolidation DM dark matter DOE Department of Energy (USA) DP (ProtoDUNE) Dual-Phase ProtoDUNE detector DQW Double Quarter Wave Drell-Yan The Drell-Yan process occurs in high-energy hadron–hadron scattering. DS Dispersion Suppressor DT EP Detector Technologies group DTH Data Trigger Hub
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information DUNE Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering using DVCS COMPASS DYPQ Racks containing QDL/HDS/AMC for main quadropole Mmgnets in tunnel E EA East Area EASITrain H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie project EC European Commission ECAL Electromagnetic CALorimeter Calorimeter part of CMS ECFA European Committee for Future Accelerators ECO Education and Communication group ECS Experiment Control System EDH Electronic Document Handling EDM Electric Dipole Moment EDMS Electronic Document Management System
EDR Engineering Design Review
EGI European Grid Initiative
Engaging the Research Community towards EGI-ENGAGE an Open Science Commons The experimental hall located on the Prévessin site, the largest surface hall EHN1 CERN North Area Experimental Hall 1 at CERN
EHN2 CERN North Area Experimental Hall 2
EIB European Investment Bank European International Research EIROForum Organisations Forum Europe-Japan Accelerator Development E-JADE Exchange Programme
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information ELENA is a compact ring for cooling and further deceleration of 5.3 MeV ELENA Extra Low Energy Antiprotons antiprotons delivered by the CERN Antiproton Decelerator (AD)
ELMB Embedded Local Monitor Board
Project for the consolidation and upgrade of the CERN electrical distribution EL-NET2025 system EM Electromagnetic EMCAL Electro-Magnetic Calorimeter EMCI Embedded Monitoring and Control Interface EN Engineering department EN-EA EN Experimental Area group EN Mechanical & Materials Engineering EN-MME group Enhanced NeUtrino BEams from kaon ENUBET Tagging EoI Expression of interest EOSC European Open Science Cloud Integrating and managing services for the EOSC-Hub European Open Science Cloud Deliver an EOSC Secretariat that is proactive, dynamic and flexible EOSCsecretariat.eu organisational structure with all the necessary competences, resources and vision to match the ambition of the call “Support the EOSC Governance”. EOT Electric Overhead Traveling EP Experimental Physics department EP-AGS EP Administration and General Services EP-DI EP Office of the Department Leader EP-DT EP Detector Technologies group EP-ESE EP Electronic Systems to Experiments group EP-SFT EP Software Design for Experiments group
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information EPJC The European Physical Journal C European Strategy for Particle Physics ESPPU/EPPSU Update EP-SME EP Small and Medium Experiments EP SoFTware Development for Experiments EP-SFT group EPIC Exploiting the Potential of ISOLDE at CERN ERC European Research Council eRMC Enhanced Racetrack Model Coil ERP Enterprise Resource Planning ESA European Space Agency European Science Cluster of Astronomy & ESCAPE Particle Physics ESFRI research infrastructures Electronic Systems for Experiments group ESE (EP Department) European Strategy Forum on Research ESFRI Infrastructures ESI European Scientific Institute ESPP European Strategy for Particle Physics Project to realise a research centre in Lund (Sweden) for the study of ESS European Spallation Source materials using beams of slow neutrons Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule ETH Zurich Public Research University in Zürich (Switzerland) Zürich EU is used in this document as a short form for European-Commission- EU European Union supported project. European Coordination for Accelerator EuCARD Research and Development
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information Horizon 2020 project EUDAT: The collaborative Pan-European infrastructure providing research data services, training and consultancy for EUDAT2020 EUropean DATa researchers, research communities and research infrastructures and data centres European Circular Energy-Frontier Collider EuroCirCol Study EVM Earned Value Management EYETS Extended Year-End Technical Stop Technical stop from end of 2016 to April 2017 F FAIR Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research In collaboration with GSI Finance and Administrative Processes FAP department FAP-EF FAP External Funding group FASER ForwArd Search ExpeRiment FASERnu FASER Neutrino Detector FASER subdetector FB Fire Brigade fb-1 Inverse femtobarn A measure of the integrated luminosity. FCAL Forward CALorimeter Worldwide detector research and development collaboration FCC Future Circular Collider FCC-ee Future Circular e+ e- Collider FCC-hh Future Circular proton-proton Collider FCC Horizon 2020 design study project accepted for funding by the EC in FCCIS Future Circular Collider Innovation Study March 2020 FDR Final Design Review FE Front-End Single-phase synchronous buck converter developed to provide an efficient FEAST Front-End ASIC for SuperNemo Tracker solution for the distribution of power in high-energy physics experiments FELIX Front-End Link eXchange system New Detector Interface for the ATLAS Experiment FELs Free Electron Lasers
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information
FHR Finance and Human Resources
Fondation des Immeubles Pour les Non-profit organisation in Geneva that helps international organisations with FIPOI Organisations Internationales office space via financing solutions, renting and consulting fire-induced radiological integrated FIRIA Fire risk assessment of CERN facilities assessment FIT Fast Interaction Trigger Fast Interaction Trigger detector, on the C- FIT-C side of the ALICE cavern FMA “faible et moyenne activité” Radioactive waste category Technique composed of an ultra-high dose rate of radiotherapy, using FLASH therapy electrons to minimize healthy-tissue damage while targeting tumours FLOTUS FLOw Tube System FLUktuierende KAskade or Fluctuating FLUKA Cascade Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory FNAL (Fermilab) Forward electromagnetic and hadronic FoCal Possible upgrade to the ALICE experiment Calorimeter FP7 Framework Programme 7 FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array Facility for the REception of Superconducting FRESCA2 CAbles FSU Field Support Unit This includes everybody who is not unavailable due to leave entitlements FTA Active full-time equivalent built up in the past FTE Full-time equivalent FUture SUperconducting MAgnet FuSuMaTech TECHnology Gadolinium Aluminium Gallium Garnet G GAGG A newly developed scintillator crystal (Gd₃Al₂Ga₃O₁₂) GaN Gallium Nitride
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information Gravitational Behaviour of Antihydrogen at Research programme with the Antiproton Decelerator (AD) to prepare a GBAR Rest measurement of the effect of gravity on antihydrogen atoms GBT GigaBit Transceiver GDB Grid Deployment Board Dedicated board for the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid GDPR General Data Protection Regulation GEANT Pan-European data network for the research and education community Toolkit for the simulation of the passage of particles through matter. Its areas Geant4 of application include high energy, nuclear and accelerator physics, studies in medical and space science. The GeantV project aims to develop a high-performance detector simulation GeantV system integrating fast and full simulation that can be ported on different computing architectures, including CPU accelerators GEM Gas Electron Multiplier GEMPix Detector combining GEM and Medipix technologies GeV Gigaelectronvolt GEM detectors for the forward muon GE-1/1 upgrade of CMS GEM detectors for the forward muon GE-2/1 upgrade of CMS GHG Greenhouse Gas GIF Gamma Irradiation Facility GLIMOS Group Leader In Matters Of Safety GPU Graphic Processing Unit GSI GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (Germany) GSI CERN General Safety Instruction GUI Graphical User Interface H HB RBX HCAL Barrel readout boxes HCAL Hadron Calorimeter
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information Endcap, one of the CMS Hadron Calorimeter HE subdetectors HEL Hollow e-lens HE-LHC Higher-Energy LHC HELIOS HELIcal Orbit Spectrometer New experiment at HIE-ISOLDE ICHEP (International Conference on HEP), EPS-HEP (Europhysics HEP High-Energy Physics conference on HEP), IHEP (Institute of High Energy Physics)
HEV High-Energy Ventilator COVID-19 related Forward, one of the CMS Hadron HF Calorimeter subdetectors HGCal High Granularity Calorimeter HGC HGTD High Granularity Timing Detector HFM High-field magnets HI (HI run) Heavy Iron run HIE-ISOLDE High-Intensity and Energy ISOLDE HiPIMS High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering HiRadMat High-Radiation to Materials Heavy Ion Therapy Research Integration HITRIPlus Horizon 2020 project plus HL-LHC High-Luminosity LHC The High-Level Trigger combines and processes the full information from all HLT High-Level Trigger major detectors of ALICE in a large computer cluster High-Momentum Particle Identification HMPID Part of the ALICE detector Detector HNSciCloud Helix Nebula Science Cloud HPC High-Performance Computing HPS Heavy Proton Search Experiment At SLAC
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information HR Human Resources department
HR-TA HR Talent Acquisition group
Occupational Health and Safety and HSE Environmental Protection unit HSF HEP Software Foundation HTS High-Temperature Superconductor HUG Hopitaux Universitaires de Genève Geneva University Hospitals (Switzerland) HV High Voltage HVAC Heating Ventilation Air conditioning Cooling H2020 Horizon 2020 I IaaS Infrastructure as a service IBS Iron-Based Superconductor IC Integrated Circuit Imaging Cosmic And Rare Underground ICARUS Signals ICAs International Cooperation Agreements
Intel-CERN European Doctorate Industrial European Industrial Doctorate scheme hosted by CERN and Intel Labs ICE-DIP Programme Europe International Committee for Future ICFA Accelerators ICT Information and communications technology Injectors and Experimental Facilities IEFC Committee Innovation Fostering in Accelerator Science I.FAST Horizon 2020 projects and Technology ILC International Linear Collider ILC IDT ILC International Development Team
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information IMPACT CERN intervention-scheduling application support Integrating Distributed data Infrastructures Indigo-DataClouds for Global ExplOitation Integrated Sustainable Pan-European INSPIRE Infrastructure for Researchers in Europe INFN Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics ISOLDE and Neutron Time-of-flight INTC experiments Committee Internet of things IOT
IP Intellectual Property IpGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor IP1, IP2, IP5, IP8 Collision points IP1: at ATLAS, IP2: at ALICE, IP5: at CMS, IP8: at LHCb International Public Sector Accounting IPSAS Standards IPT Industry, Procurement & Knowledge Transfer IR Interaction Regions IR International Relations sector IRRAD New CERN Proton Irradiation Facility ISGTW International Science Grid This Week ISC International Strategy Committee Facility dedicated to the production of a large variety of radioactive ion beams for many different experiments in the fields of nuclear and atomic ISOLDE On-Line Isotope Mass Separator physics, solid-state physics, materials science and life sciences. The facility is located at the PS Booster (PSB). ISS ISOLDE Solenoidal Spectrometer IT Information Technology department International Thermonuclear Experimental ITER Reactor ITk Inner Tracker
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information ITN Innovative Training Networks ITS Inner Tracking System ALICE experiment J JLAB Thomas Jefferson National Laboratory Japan Proton Accelerator Research J-PARC Complex J/psi Meson or psion, subatomic particle K KEK High-Energy Accelerator Research Organization (Japan) Key4HEP Turnkey Software for Future Colliders KIT Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KPI Key Performance Indicator KT Knowledge Transfer KT-MA Knowledge Transfer – Medical Applications Kinetic Weakly Interacting Slim Particle KWISP detector Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur linéaire Orsay L LAL/Orsay (France) LAr Liquid Argon Laboratory of Accelerators and Applied LASA Laboratory in Milano, Italy. Superconuctivity LBDS LHC Beam Dump System LBNF Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility LBNL Berkeley Lab LC Linear Collider LCC Linear Collider Collaboration LCD Linear Collider Detector Global collaboration linking grid infrastructures and computer centres LCG LHC Computing Grid worldwide LD Limited Duration
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information
LEIR turns low-intensity ion pulses injected from CERN’s Linac3 into high- LEIR Low-Energy Ion Ring density bunches which are accelerated from 4.2 MeV/u to 72 MeV/u
LEP Large Electron–Positron collider LGAD Low-Gain Avalanche Detector LH2 Liquid hydrogen
LHC Large Hadron Collider http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/LHC/LHC-en.html LHC-CSAP LHC Complex Safety Advisory Panel LHCb Large Hadron Collider beauty experiment Experiment at the LHC LHCC Large Hadron Collider Committee Verification of interaction model for very high-energy cosmic rays at LHCf Large Hadron Collider forward experiment 1017 eV. The LHCf experiment uses forward particles created inside the LHC as a source to simulate cosmic rays in laboratory conditions. Linac2 LINear Accelerator 2 50 MeV linear accelerator for protons in use since September 1978 Linac3 LINear Accelerator 3 4.2 MeV/u Heavy Ion Linac in use since 1994 160 MeV linear accelerator built to replace Linac2 as injector to the PS Linac4 LINear Accelerator 4 Booster (PSB) LIU LHC Injectors Upgrade project LLP Long-lived particle LoI Letter of intention LNG Liquefied natural gas LPCC LHC Physics Centre at CERN LpGBT Low Power GigaBit Transceiver LS1 Long Shutdown 1 Shutdown of the accelerator complex in 2013-2014 LS2 Long Shutdown 2 Shutdown of the accelerator complex in 2019-2020 LS3 Long Shutdown 3 Shutdown of the accelerator complex in 2023-2025 LSS Long straight section
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information LSW Light Shining through the Wall dark matter search experiment LTS Low-Temperature Superconductor L1T Upgrade of the CMS Level-1 Trigger system MoEDAL Apparatus for extremely Long- M MALL Lived charged particles MAPF Medical Applications Project Forum MAPP MoEDAL Apparatus for Penetrating Particles MB Management Board MCH Muon Chambers MCHF Million Swiss francs MDT Monitored Drift Tubes Recuperation of the dumped CERN protons for the production of medical MEDICIS Medical isotopes collected from ISOLDE isotopes in the ISOLDE class A work sector MeV Megaelectronvolt MFT Muon Forward Tracker MIND Magnetised Iron Neutrino Detector MIP Muon Integration Project MKI injection kicker magnet MM Micromegas A detector technology MMT Magnetic Monopole Trapper M&O Maintenance and Operation
Detector of the LHC that searches for the massive stable (or pseudo-stable) MoEDAL Monopole and Exotics Detector At the LHC particles, such as magnetic monopoles or dyons, produced at the LHC
MoU Memorandum of Understanding For maintenance and operation of the LHCb detector MoP Members of the Personnel MPA Associated Member of the Personnel
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information MPA/SSA Macro Pixel ASIC / Short Strip ASIC MPE Employed Member of the Personnel M&P Materials and Personnel MPGD Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors MQ Quadrupole magnet MQXF Long Model Quadrupole for the HiLumi LHC MQXFA Quadrupole for the HiLumi LHC MQXFB 7.2-m-Long Low-β Quadrupole for the HiLumi LHC upgrade MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging mSv millisievert Unit of ionizing radiation dose MUCTPI Muon-to-Central-Trigger-Processor Interface MIP (Minimum Ionizing Particle) Timing MTD Detector for the CMS Phase II upgrade MTP Medium-Term Plan MW Megawatt N NA North Area NA58 North Area 58 experiment or COMPASS Common Muon and Proton Apparatus for Structure and Spectroscopy Study of Hadron Production in Hadron-Nucleus and Nucleus-Nucleus NA61 North Area 61 experiment or SHINE Collisions at the CERN SPS NA62 North Area 62 experiment Experiment to measure the very rare kaon decay K+-> π+ nu nubar Continued investigation of scattering of high-energy particles in crystalline NA63 structures Fixed-target experiment at the CERN SPS combining the active beam dump NA64 North Area 64 experiment or P348 and missing energy techniques to search for rare events The NA65/DSTau is an experiment in SPS. The scope is to investigate the NA65 tau neutrino production using nuclear emulsion.
NA66 New name of the AMBER experiment in SPS.
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information
Nb3Sn Niobium-Tin NDT Nuclear Track Detector system (MoEDAL) NIMMS Next Ion Medical Machine Study NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NP Neutrino Platform ns nanosecond NSW New Small Wheel NTD Nuclear Track Detectors n_TOF is a pulsed neutron source coupled to a 200 m flight path designed n_TOF neutron Time-Of-Flight facility to study neutron-nucleus interactions for neutron kinetic energies ranging from a few meV to several GeV nuSTORM Neutrinos from STORed Muons A novel combined online and offline computing system for the ALICE O O2 experiment O2/FLP O2 First Level Processors O2/PDP O2 Plasma Display Panel OB Overview Board Dedicated board for LHC computing Open Clouds for Research Environments OCRE Horizon 2020 project project ODP CERN Office of Data Privacy Open Access Infrastructure Research OpenAIRE2020 Horizon 2020 project Information Open Access Infrastructure Research OpenAIRE-Advance Horizon 2020 project Information Advancing Open Scholarship OpenAIRE-Connect will introduce and implement the concept of Open OpenAIRE-Connect Science as a Service (OSaaS) on top of the existing OpenAIRE infrastructure
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information CERN openlab is a collaboration between CERN and industrial partners to develop new knowledge in information and communication technologies Openlab through the evaluation of advanced tools and joint research to be used by the worldwide community of scientists working at the LHC Optical Search for QED vacuum magnetic OSQAR birefringence, Axions and photon Regeneration experiment OT Outer Tracker
P P2UG Phase II Upgrade Group A review committee reporting to the LHCC
Collisions between one parton from the proton and the colour fields of the pA collisions Proton-nucleus collisions nucleus
PANDA Pension Fund Beneficiary software
PB Petabyte PBC Physics Beyond Colliders Pb82 Lead ion PCB Printed Circuit Board PCC Prévessin Computing Centre PCP Pre-Commercial Procurement PDM Product Data Management PDR Preliminary Design Review PEPIC Electron–proton/ion collider Powerful Energy Recovery Linac for PERLE Facility hosted at LAL/Orsay Experiments PESS Project and Experiment Safety Support PHOS PHOton Spectrometer Part of the ALICE detector PIMMS-2 Proton Ions Medical Machine Study PLC Programmable Logic Controller
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information An expression to describe total expenses, i.e. combined expenses in P+M Personnel and Materials personnel and materials costs
PMT Photomultiplier tubes
A novel 60 MW Pulsed Power System based on Capacitive Energy POPS Power for PS Storage Set of standard operating system interfaces based on the Unix operating POSIX Portable Operating System Interface system pp proton–proton pPb proton-lead PPE Property, Plant and Equipment PPE Personal protective equipment The European medical isotope programme: Production of high purity Prismap isotopes by mass separation. Horizon 2020 project PRR Production Readiness Review PPS Pre-Production Service PS Proton Synchrotron PS 215 experiment or CLOUD (Cosmics A study of the link between cosmic rays and clouds with a cloud chamber PS 215 Leaving Outdoor Droplets) at the CERN PS PSB Proton Synchrotron Booster PSI Paul Scherrer Institute (Switzerland) PUMA antiProton Unstable Matter Annihilation PyROOT Python bindings to ROOT Q QA Quality Assurance QCD Quantum chromodynamics QED Quantum electrodynamics QGP Quark–gluon plasma QGS Quark-gluon string
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information QPR Quadrupole resonator QUACO QUAdrupole Corrector The goal of the R2E project is to study and propose mitigation actions (e.g. relocation or redesign of equipment, shielding, etc.) with the aim of R R2E Radiation to Electronics increasing the mean time between failures of the LHC machine to one week for failures of controls electronics caused by radiation at ultimate beam conditions RADES Relic Axion Detector Exploratory Setup RADiation facility Network for the Exploration Radnext Horizon 2020 project of effects for indusTry and research RaDoM Radiation Monitor Radiation Monitoring System for the RAMSES The LHC radiation monitoring system for the environment and safety Environment and Safety RCS Research and Computing sector RCS-SIS Scientific Information Service group RD53 ASIC Pixel readout integrated circuits for extreme rate and radiation R&D Research and Development RDI Research, Development and Innovation REBCO Rare-earth barium copper oxide REGA Swiss Air-Rescue REX-ISOLDE Radioactive Beam Experiment at ISOLDE RF Radiofrequency RFD RF-Dipole RFQ RF-Quadrupole RHI Renewable Heat Incentive RHIC Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider RICH Ring Imaging CHerenkov detector RILIS Resonance Ionisation Laser Ion Source
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information RISE Research and Innovation Staff Exchange RMM Racetrack Model Magnet The RNTuple represents a live dataset, whose structure is defined by a RNTuple RNTupleModel ROOFIT Toolkit for modeling the expected distribution of events in a physics analysis A modular scientific software toolkit. It provides all the functionalities needed to deal with big data processing, statistical analysis, visualisation and ROOT storage. It is mainly written in C++ but integrated with other languages such as Python and R. RORO Roll On Roll Off RP Radiation Protection RP Roman Pot RPC Resistive Plate Chamber RPs Resource Provisioning Services RRB (LHC) Resources Review Board RRR Residual Resistivity Ratio RSO Risk Safety Officer RSSO Radiation Safety Support Officer RTD Research & Technological Development S SAMPIC SAMpler for PICosecond time pick-off SBND Short-Baseline Neutrino Detector Part of the short-baseline neutrino programme at Fermilab SC Superconducting SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SCE Site and Civil Engineering department SciFi Scintillating Fibre SCM Superconducting Magnet R&D Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access SCOAP3 Publishing in Particle Physics
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information CERN S'Cool LAB is a hands-on particle physics learning laboratory for S’Cool LAB high-school students and their teachers from around the world SCRF Superconducting RF SCT Semiconductor Tracker SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SDIS 01 Ain fire and rescue service The Fermilab E-906/SeaQuest experiment is part of a series of fixed-target SeaQuest Drell-Yan experiments designed to measure the quark and antiquark structure of the nucleon and the modification of the structure South East European International Institute SEEIIST for Sustainable Technologies SEU Single-Event Upset S-FRS FAIr Super-FRagment Separator Magnets Super FRS Software Design for Experiments group (EP SFT department) Study of Hadron Production in Hadron-Nucleus and Nucleus-Nucleus SHINE North Area 61 experiment or SHINE Collisions at the CERN SPS SHiP Search for Hidden Particles Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering SIDIS data SiPM Silicon Photomultiplier SIS Geneva fire and rescue service SM Standard Model SM18 Superconducting magnets test facility SMB Site Management and Buildings SMC Short Model Coil sMDT small-diameter Muon Drift Tube
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information SME Small and Medium-sized Experiments SMOG System for Measuring Overlap with Gas Service Mobile d’Urgence and de SMUR Réanimation CERN annual two-day multidisciplinary science innovation forum and Sparks! “serendipity” forum public event SP (DUNE) Single-phase ProtoDUNE detector SPC Scientific Policy Committee SPS Super Proton Synchrotron SPSC Super Proton Synchrotron Committee Superconducting Quantum Interference SQUID Device SRF Superconducting Radiofrequency Readout ASIC for strip sensor featuring high-speed synchronous SSA Short Strip ASIC communication SSM Seeded Self-Modulation SSPA Solid State Power Amplifier Science, Technology, Engineering, and STEM Mathematics sTGC small-strip Thin Gap Chamber A detector technology STFC Science & Technology Facilities Council
Underground laboratory near Lead, South Dakota, which houses multiple SURF Sanford Underground Research Facility physics experiments in areas such as dark matter and neutrino research
SVC Static Var Compensator
SWAN Service for Web-based Analysis SY Accelerator Systems department SYM Supersymmetric Yang-Mills
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information SY-RF SY Radio Frequency group
T T tesla Unit of magnetic flux density New detector for the TOTEM experiment designed to measure the rate of T2 inelastic proton-proton events in low luminosity special runs dedicated to the measurement of the total cross section at the highest LHC energy. Neutrino experiment in Japan designed to investigate how neutrinos change from one flavour to another as they travel. Tokai and Kamioka are the T2K Tokai to Kamioka locations of the accelerator and the detector, respectively. http://t2k- experiment.org/ TAN Neutral Beam Absorber An absorber installed in the LHC tunnel to protect the accelerator TANB components from particles produced by collisions occurring in the LHCb experiment TAS Target Absorbers TCC2 North Area consolidation programme TDAQ Trigger and Data Acquisition TDC time-to-digital converter TDIS New injection protection absorber TDR Technical Design Report TE Technology department TE-CRG Cryogenics group TE-VSC Vacuum, Surfaces and Coatings group TeV Teraelectronvolt TH Theoretical Physics department THz Terahertz TIDVG Target Internal Dump Vertical Graphite TI2, TI8 Injection transfer lines
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Acronym Meaning Complementary information TI12 Side tunnel, 480 m downstream from the ATLAS interaction point Tier 0 First layer of the computing grid The first layer is the CERN Computing Centre
These are large computer centres with sufficient storage capacity and with Tier 1 Second layer of the computing grid round-the-clock support for the Grid. There are currently 11 of these centres.
The Tier 2s are typically universities and other scientific institutes, which can Tier 2 Third layer of the computing grid store sufficient data and provide adequate computing power for specific analysis tasks. There are currently 129 Tier 2 centres globally.
Hybrid active pixel detectors, which were developed with the Medipix Timepix collaboration
TOF Time of Flight TOTal cross section, Elastic scattering and TOTEM diffraction dissociation Measurement at the Experiment at the LHC LHC TPC Time Projection Chamber TREF Tripartite Employment Conditions Forum TRIUMF Canada’s particle accelerator centre TRT Transition Radiation Tracker TT2 is a transfer line from the Proton Synchrotron to storage rings and other TT2 accelerators such as the now redundant ISR tunnel, the Antiproton Decelerator and the Super Proton Synchrotron TTC Timing, Trigger and Control Timing, Trigger and Control – Passive TTC-PON Upgrade for off-detector TTC Optical Network TTE Technician Training Experience The UA9 collaboration is investigating how tiny bent crystals could improve U UA9 how beams are collimated in modern hadron colliders such as the LHC uCTPI Muon-to-Central-Trigger-Processor Interface
168 Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026
Acronym Meaning Complementary information United Nations Educational, Scientific and UNESCO Cultural Organization UP2U Up To University Horizon 2020 project
UPS Un-interruptible power supply US United States USA-15 First large underground hall for LHC US-MDP US Magnet Development Program UT University of Twente UT Upstream Tracker V VAX Vacuum assembly for experimental area VELO VErtex LOcator detector Part of the LHCb detector Velopix New hybrid pixel readout ASIC for the LHCb VELO LS2 upgrade VFAT Very Forward ATLAS–TOTEM VFE Very Front-End VHEE Very–High-Energy Electron VIC Joint Inspection Visit VIP Very Important Person VLPlus Versatile Link PLUS Experiment to measure vacuum magnetic VMB@CERN birefringence
V3Si Vanadium-Silicon W WDP Work and Dose Planning WHO World Health Organization WLCG Worldwide LHC Computing Grid WOW Wide Open Waveguide
Medium-Term Plan for the period 2022-2026 169
Acronym Meaning Complementary information Flexible and scalable infrastructure for designing complex control and data X xTCA acquisition systems XDC Xtreme Data Cloud Horizon 2020 project Y YETS Year-End Technical Stop Z ZS Electrostatic septa