Alien species in ’s national parks

Dian Spear 1* , Melodie A. McGeoch 2, Llewellyn C. Foxcroft 3 and Hugo Bezuidenhout 4

Addresses: 1Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa. 2Centre for Invasion Biology and Cape Research Centre, South African National Parks, P.O. Box 216, Steenberg 7947, South Africa. 3Centre for Invasion Biology and Conservation Services, South African National Parks, Private Bag X402, Skukuza 1350, South Africa. 4Scientific Services, South African National Parks, P.O. Box 110040, Hadison Park, Kimberley, 8306, South Africa.

*Correspondence: [email protected]

Online Checklist . Checklist of alien species in South Africa’s 19 national parks. The list is organised by kingdom, class, then family. Common names can be seen in the Online Index. Information sources for the data are provided below the checklist.

National Parks: AE: Addo Elephant, AG: Agulhas, AF: Augrabies Falls, BO: , CA: Camdeboo, GG: Golden Gate Highlands, GR: Garden Route, KG: Kalahari Gemsbok, KA: , KR: Kruger, MO: Mokala, MP: Mapungubwe, MR: Marakele, MZ: Mountain Zebra, NA: Namaqua, RI: , TK: Tankwa Karoo, TM: Table Mountain, WC: West Coast

Data sources are divided into publications, grey literature and databases. The specialists and park staff that provided information are listed in the acknowledgements of the paper. Publications include peer-reviewed literature and books. Grey literature includes reports. Databases include the Working for Water Information Management System, online databases such as the Birds in Reserves Project and National Parks databases such as CyberTracker data.

SA South African species, now outside its historical distribution range (extralimital), * Range expanded, BC Biocontrol agents Checklist of alien species in South Africa’s 19 national parks AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Animalia 24 13 5 15 10 27 12 3 13 48 8 8 7 6 5 6 52 6 21 Actinopterygii 7 4 8 2 5 1 2 1 3 Centrarchidae Lepomis macrochirus 1 1 Micropterus dolomieu 1 1 Micropterus punctulatus 1 Micropterus salmoides 1 1 1 1 Cichlidae Oreochromis mossambicus SA 1 Oreochr omis niloticus 1 1 1 Tilapia sparrmanii SA 1 Clariidae Clarias gariepinus SA 1 1 1 Cyprinidae Cyprinus carpio 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Labeo capensis SA 1 Labeo umbratus SA 1 Labeobarbus aeneus SA 1 Tinca tinca 1 Poeciliidae Gambusia affinis 1 1 Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss 1 Salmo trutta 1 1 Amphibia 1 Hyperoliidae Hyperolius marmoratus SA 1 Anthozoa 1 Sagartiidae Sagartia ornata 1 Arachnida 3 Galumnidae Orthogalumna terebrantis 1 Sarcoptidae Notoedres cati 1 Varroidae Varroa destructor 1

AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Animalia Ascidiacea 3 2 Cionidae Ciona intestinalis 1 1 Clavelinidae Clavelina lepadiformis 1 Didemnidae Diplosoma listerianum 1 1 Aves 2 3 6 5 4 2 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 7 4 6 Anatidae Anas platyrhynchos 1 1 1 1 Columbidae Columba livia 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fringillidae Fringilla coelebs 1 Numididae Numida meleagris SA* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Passeridae Passer domesticus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Phasianidae Gallus gallus 1 Sturnidae Acridotheres tristis 1 1 1 1 Sturnus vulgaris 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Threskiornithidae Bostrychia hagedash SA* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bivalvia 1 2 1 Mytilidae Mytilus galloprovincialis 1 1 1 Ostreidae Crassostrea gigas 1 Chilopoda 1 Scutigeridae Scutigera coleoptrata 1 Diplopoda 2 Julidae Brachyiulus c.f. pusillus 1 Ommatoiulus moreletii 1

AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Animalia Entognatha 2 2 10 Brachystomellidae Brachystomella parvula 1 1 Hypogastruridae Hypogastrura armata 1 1 Hypogastrura purpurescens 1 Mesogastrura libyca 1 Xenylla maritima 1 Isotomidae Entomobrya nivalis 1 1 Hemisotoma thermophila 1 Parisotoma notabilis 1 Proisotoma minuta 1 Neanuridae Neanura muscorum 1 Tomoceridae Tomocerus minor 1 Gastropoda 1 5 12 2 Agriolimacidae Deroceras laevae 1 Deroceras reticulatum 1 Arionidae Arion hortensis (aggregate) 1 Cochlicopidae Cochlicopa cf. lubricella 1 Discidae Discus rotundatus 1 Gastrodontidae Zonitoides arboreus 1 Helicidae Cornu aspersum 1 Theba pisana 1 Limacidae Deroceras panormitanum 1 Lehmannia valentiana 1 Limax maximus 1 Littorinidae Littorina saxatilis 1 1 Lymnaeidae Lymnaea columella 1 AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Animalia Gastropoda Oxychilidae Oxychilus draparnaudi 1 Physidae Aplexa marmorata 1 Physella acuta 1 Pristilomatidae Vitrea contracta 1 Pupilidae Lauria cylindracea 1 Thiaridae Tarebia granifera 1 Insecta 1 3 4 8 30 1 6 Agromyzidae Calcomyza lantanae BC 1 Ophiomyia lantanae BC 1 Anisolabididae Euborellia annulipes 1 Apionidae Trichapion lativentre BC 1 Blaberidae Nauphoeta cinerea 1 Pycnoscelus indicus 1 Blattellidae Blattella germanica 1 Blattidae Periplaneta australasiae 1 Carposinidae Carposina autologa BC 1 Cecidomyiidae Dasineura dielsi BC 1 1 Cerambycidae Aphanasium australe BC 1 Chrysomelidae Leptinotarsa defecta BC 1 Leptinotarsa texana BC 1 Octotoma scabripennis BC 1 Uroplata girardi BC 1 Coccinellidae Harmonia axyridis 1 1 1 AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Animalia Insecta Crambidae Niphograpta albiguttalis BC 1 Pseudopyrausta acutangulalis BC 1 Sameodes albiguttalis BC 1 Curculionidae Cyrtobagous salviniae BC 1 Erytenna consputa BC 1 Melanterius maculatus BC 1 1 Melanterius servilus BC 1 1 1 Neochetina bruchi BC 1 Neochetina eichhorniae BC 1 Neodiplogrammus quadrivittatus BC 1 Neohydronomus affinis BC 1 Rhyssomatus marginatus BC 1 Dactylopiidae Dactylopius opuntiae BC 1 Dactylopius tomentosus BC 1 Formicidae Camponotus rufoglaucus SA 1 Lepisiota incisa SA 1 Linepithema humile 1 Gracillariidae Parectopa thalassias BC 1 1 Gryllidae Gryllodes supplicans 1 Lepismatidae Ctenolepisma longicaudata 1 Mirid Eccritotarsus catarinensis BC 1 Falconia intermedia BC 1 Noctuidae Hypena strigata BC 1 Ortheziidae Orthezia insignis 1 Pieridae Pieris brassicae 1 Pyralidae Cactoblastis cactorum BC 1 1 1 AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Animalia Insecta Tingidae Teleonemia scrupulosa BC 1 Vespidae Vespula germanica 1 Malacostraca 3 Armadillidiidae Armadillidium vulgare 1 Porcellionidae Porcellio scaber 1 Porcellionides pruinosus 1 Mammalia 12 6 2 1 4 7 1 8 3 4 2 5 3 2 3 7 2 8 Bovidae Aepyceros melampus SA 1 1 1 Antidorcas marsupialis SA 1 1 Bos taurus 1 1 1 1 1 1 Capra hircus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Connochaetes taurinus SA 1 1 Damaliscus pygargus SA 1 1 1 1 Hemitragus jemlahicus 1 Hippotragus niger SA 1 Kobus ellipsiprymnus SA 1 1 Oryx gazella SA 1 Ovis aries 1 Tragelaphus angasii SA 1 1 1 Tragelaphus strepsiceros SA 1 Canidae Canis familiaris 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cervidae Dama dama 1 1 1 1 Rusa unicolor 1 Equidae Equus asinus 1 1 1 1 Equus burchellii SA 1 Equus caballus 1 Felidae Felis catus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Leporidae Oryctolagus cuniculus 1

AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Animalia Mammalia Muridae Mus musculus 1 1 1 Rattus rattus 1 Sciuridae Sciurus carolinensis 1 Suidae Phacochoerus africanus SA 1 Sus scrofa 1 1 Maxillopoda 1 Balanidae Balanus glandula 1 Oligochaeta 4 Lumbricidae Aporrectodea caliginosa 1 Dendrobaena cognetti 1 Lumbricus eiseni 1 Lumbricus rubellus 1 Reptilia 1 Gekkonidae Lygodactylus capensis SA 1 Bacteria 1 Bacilli 1 Bacillaceae Bacillus anthracis 1 Fungi 1 1 Dothideomycetes 1 Mycosphaerellaceae Cercospora piaropi BC 1 Sordariomycetes 1 Glomerellaceae Colletotrichum gloeosporioides BC 1

AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Plantae 106 75 39 54 44 171 56 12 22 350 37 19 21 69 18 8 239 24 14 Cycadopsida 3 Cycadaceae Cycas circinalis 1 Cycas revoluta 1 Zamiaceae Encephalartos ferox SA 1 Magnoliopsida 103 69 38 54 42 162 51 12 22 341 36 19 21 68 18 8 228 24 13 Acanthaceae Acanthus mollis 1 1 Hypoestes phyllostachya 1 Justicia brandegeeana 1 Megaskepasma erythrochlamys 1 Odontonema tubaeforme 1 Sanchezia oblonga 1 Strobilanthes dyerianus 1 Thunbergia alata 1 1 Adoxaceae Sambucus canadensis 1 Agapanthaceae Agapanthus praecox SA 1 Agavaceae Agave americana 1 1 1 1 1 Agave attenuata 1 Agave sisalana 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Agave vivipara 1 Yucca aloifolia 1 Yucca gloriosa 1 Aizoaceae Zaleya pentandra SA 1 Alliaceae Allium neapolitanum 1 Allium triquetrum 1 Nothoscordum gracile 1 1 Alstroemeriaceae Alstroemeria pelegrina 1 Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera 1 1 1 1 1 1 Alternanthera ficoidea 1 Alternanthera pungens 1 1 1 Alternanthera sessilis 1 AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Plantae Amaranthaceae Amaranthus deflexus 1 Amaranthus hybridus 1 Amaranthus spinosus 1 Amaranthus viridis 1 Atriplex lindleyi 1 1 1 1 1 Atriplex nummularia 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Atriplex semibaccata 1 1 Chenopodium album 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Chenopodium mucronatum 1 Chenopodium murale 1 1 1 Chenopodium polyspermum 1 Dysphania ambrosioides 1 1 1 Dysphania carinata 1 1 Dysphania schraderiana 1 Gomphrena celosioides 1 1 Guilleminea densa 1 1 Hymenocallis littoralis 1 Iresine herbstii 1 Pupalia lappacea SA 1 1 Salsola kali 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Anacardiaceae Harpephyllum caffrum SA 1 Mangifera indica 1 Rhus lancea SA 1 Schinus molle 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Schinus terebinthifolia 1 Annonaceae Annona reticulata 1 Apiaceae Ammi majus 1 Apium graveolens 1 1 Cyclospermum leptophyllum 1 1 1 Foeniculum vulgare 1 Torilis arvensis SA 1 Apocynaceae Allamanda cathartica 1 Araujia sericifera 1 1 Asclepias curassavica 1 Beaumontia grandiflora 1 AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Plantae Apocynaceae Cascabela thevetia 1 1 Catharanthus roseus 1 1 1 1 1 Cryptostegia grandiflora 1 Gomphocarpus fruticosus 1 Hoya carnosa 1 Nerium oleander 1 1 1 1 Plumeria rubra 1 Vinca major 1 1 1 Araceae Anthurium andraeanum 1 Colocasia esculenta 1 Epipremnum pinnatum 1 Monstera deliciosa 1 Philodendron bipennifolium 1 Philodendron bipinnatifidum 1 Pistia stratiotes 1 1 1 Syngonium podophyllum 1 Araliaceae Hedera helix 1 1 Hydrocotyle americana 1 Schefflera actinophylla 1 Schefflera arboricola 1 Tetrapanax papyrifer 1 Arecaceae Archontophoenix cunninghamiana 1 Caryota mitis 1 Caryota urens 1 Chamaedorea elegans 1 Dypsis lutescens 1 Howea belmoreana 1 Livistona chinensis 1 Phoenix canariensis 1 Phoenix roebelenii 1 Ptychosperma macarthurii 1 Roystonea regia 1 Sabal palmetto 1 Syagrus romanzoffiana 1 Washingtonia robusta 1

AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Plantae Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia littoralis 1 1 1 Asphodelaceae Aloe arborescens SA 1 Aloe greatheadii SA 1 Asteraceae Acanthospermum australe 1 Acanthospermum hispidum 1 Ageratina adenophora 1 Ageratum conyzoides 1 Ageratum houstonianum 1 Anthemis cotula 1 Aster subulatus 1 Bidens bipinnata 1 Bidens biternata 1 Bidens pilosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Brachylaena discolor SA 1 Campuloclinium macrocephalum 1 Carduus tenuiflorus 1 Centaurea melitensis 1 Chromolaena odorata 1 1 Cirsium vulgare 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Conyza albida 1 Conyza bonariensis 1 1 1 1 Conyza canadensis 1 1 Conyza scabrida SA 1 Conyza sumatrensis 1 1 Cosmos bipinnatus 1 Dittrichia graveolens 1 Eclipta prostrata 1 Facelis retusa 1 Flaveria bidentis 1 1 Galinsoga ciliata 1 Galinsoga parviflora 1 Gamochaeta purpurea 1 Helianthus annuus 1 Hypochoeris brasiliensis 1 Hypochoeris glabra 1 1 Hypochoeris radicata 1 1 1 1 1 Lactuca inermis SA 1 AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Plantae Asteraceae Parthenium hysterophorus 1 1 Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum 1 1 Schkuhria pinnata 1 1 1 1 Senecio tamoides SA 1 Sonchus asper 1 1 1 Sonchus dregeanus SA 1 Sonchus oleraceus 1 1 1 1 1 Sphagneticola trilobata 1 Symphyotrichum squamatum 1 Tagetes minuta 1 1 1 Taraxacum officinale 1 1 Tithonia diversifolia 1 1 Tragopogon dubius 1 Tridax procumbens 1 Verbesina encelioides 1 1 1 1 1 Xanthium spinosum 1 1 1 1 1 1 Xanthium strumarium 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Zinnia peruviana 1 Balsaminaceae Impatiens walleriana 1 Basellaceae Anredera cordifolia 1 1 1 1 Basella alba SA 1 Basella paniculata 1 Berberidaceae Nandina domestica 1 Betulaceae Alnus viridis 1 Bignoniaceae Amphilophium buccinatorium 1 Campsis grandiflora 1 Dolichandra unguis-cati 1 1 1 1 Fridericia mollis 1 Jacaranda mimosifolia 1 1 1 1 1 Pyrostegia venusta 1 Spathodea campanulata 1 Tabebuia ochracea 1 Tecoma stans 1 1

AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Plantae Boraginaceae Echium plantagineum 1 1 1 Echium vulgare 1 1 1 Heliotropium indicum 1 Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris 1 1 1 1 1 Coronopus integrifolius 1 Descurainia sophia 1 Eruca vesicaria 1 Lepidium bonariense 1 Lepidium didymum 1 Lepidium draba 1 Lepidium ruderale 1 Nasturtium officinale 1 Neslia paniculata 1 Raphanus raphanistrum 1 1 1 1 1 Rapistrum rugosum 1 Sisymbrium orientale 1 1 Bromeliaceae Tillandsia usneoides 1 Cactaceae Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica 1 1 1 Cereus jamacaru 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cylindropuntia fulgida 1 1 Cylindropuntia imbricata 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cylindropuntia leptocaulis 1 Cylindropuntia tunicata 1 Echinopsis oxygona 1 Echinopsis spachiana 1 1 1 1 1 Harrisia martinii 1 Hylocereus undatus 1 Myrtillocactus geometrizans 1 Opuntia articulata 1 1 Opuntia aurantiaca 1 1 1 1 1 Opuntia engelmannii 1 Opuntia ficus-indica 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Opuntia humifusa 1 1 Opuntia monacantha 1 1 1 1 Opuntia robusta 1 Opuntia stricta 1 1 1 1 1 AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Plantae Cactaceae Pereskia aculeata 1 1 Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa 1 1 Cannaceae Canna indica 1 1 1 Caricaceae Carica papaya 1 Caryophyllaceae Cerastium capense SA 1 Petrorhagia prolifera 1 1 Polycarpaea corymbosa 1 Polycarpon tetraphyllum 1 1 1 Silene gallica 1 1 1 1 Spergularia media 1 Stellaria media 1 1 1 1 1 Casuarinaceae Casuarina cunninghamiana 1 1 Cleomaceae Cleome gynandra 1 Commelinaceae Callisia repens 1 Commelina benghalensis 1 1 1 Dichorisandra thyrsiflora 1 Tradescantia fluminensis 1 1 1 Tradescantia pallida 1 Tradescantia spathacea 1 Tradescantia zebrina 1 Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis 1 1 1 Cuscuta campestris 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ipomoea alba 1 1 Ipomoea cairica 1 Ipomoea indica 1 Ipomoea pes-caprae 1 Ipomoea purpurea 1 1 1 Ipomoea tricolor 1 Stictocardia beraviensis 1 Costaceae Cheilocostus speciosus 1 AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Plantae Crassulaceae Bryophyllum daigremontianum 1 Bryophyllum delagoense 1 1 1 1 Bryophyllum gastonis-bonnieri 1 Bryophyllum pinnatum 1 Kalanchoe beharensis 1 Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi 1 Cucurbitaceae Luffa cylindrica 1 Momordica charantia 1 Cyperaceae Cyperus compressus 1 Cyperus cyperoides 1 Cyperus esculentus 1 Cyperus rotundus 1 1 Schoenoplectus triqueter 1 Ericaceae Erica blenna SA 1 Erica glandulosa SA 1 Erica speciosa SA 1 Erica versicolor SA 1 Euphorbiaceae Acalypha wilkesiana 1 Codiaeum variegatum 1 Euphorbia cyathophora 1 Euphorbia helioscopia 1 Euphorbia heterophylla 1 Euphorbia hirta 1 Euphorbia hypericifolia 1 Euphorbia inaequilatera 1 Euphorbia leucocephala 1 Euphorbia milii 1 Euphorbia peplus 1 1 Euphorbia prostrata 1 1 Euphorbia pulcherrima 1 Euphorbia tithymaloides 1 Homalanthus populifolius 1 Jatropha podagrica 1 Manihot esculenta 1 Ricinus communis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Plantae Fabaceae Acacia baileyana 1 1 1 1 1 Acacia cyclops 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Acacia dealbata 1 1 1 1 1 Acacia decurrens 1 1 Acacia elata 1 1 Acacia implexa 1 Acacia longifolia 1 1 1 1 1 1 Acacia mearnsii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Acacia melanoxylon 1 1 1 1 1 Acacia paradoxa 1 Acacia podalyriifolia 1 1 Acacia pycnantha 1 1 1 Acacia saligna 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Acacia stricta 1 Adenanthera pavonina 1 Aeschynomene indica 1 Bauhinia purpurea 1 1 Bauhinia variegata 1 Caesalpinia decapetala 1 Caesalpinia gilliesii 1 Caesalpinia pulcherrima 1 Cajanus cajan 1 Calliandra brevipes 1 Clitoria ternatea 1 Delonix regia 1 1 1 Erythrina pallida 1 Genista monspessulana 1 Gleditsia triacanthos 1 Gliricidia sepium 1 Leucaena leucocephala 1 1 Lotus subbiflorus 1 Lupinus angustifolius 1 Medicago polymorpha 1 1 Medicago sativa 1 Melilotus albus 1 1 Melilotus indicus 1 Mimosa pigra 1 1 Ornithopus sativus 1 Paraserianthes lophantha 1 1 1 1 1 AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Plantae Fabaceae Parkinsonia aculeata 1 Prosopis glandulosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Prosopis velutina 1 1 Robinia pseudoacacia 1 1 1 Senna bicapsularis 1 Senna corymbosa 1 Senna didymobotrya 1 1 1 1 1 Senna multiglandulosa 1 Senna obtusifolia 1 Senna occidentalis 1 1 Senna pendula 1 Senna septemtrionalis 1 1 Senna spectabilis 1 Sesbania bispinosa 1 1 1 1 Sesbania punicea 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Spartium junceum 1 1 Tipuana tipu 1 Trifolium angustifolium 1 1 Trifolium arvense 1 Trifolium burchellianum SA 1 Trifolium repens 1 1 Trigonella glabra 1 Vicia benghalensis 1 Vicia hirsuta 1 Vicia sativa 1 1 Virgilia divaricata SA 1 Zornia diphylla 1 Fagaceae Castanea sativa 1 Quercus ilex 1 Quercus nigra 1 Quercus palustris 1 Quercus robur 1 1 Quercus suber 1 Fumariaceae Fumaria muralis 1 1 1 1 1 Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium 1 Erodium moschatum 1 1 AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Plantae Haloragaceae Myriophyllum aquaticum 1 Myriophyllum spicatum 1 Hemerocallidaceae Dianella tasmanica 1 Phormium tenax 1 Hyacinthaceae Ornithogalum thyrsoides SA 1 Hypericaceae Hypericum perforatum 1 Hypoxidaceae Molineria capitulata 1 Iridaceae Iris domestica 1 Neomarica caerulea 1 Lamiaceae Ajuga reptans 1 Cedronella canariensis 1 Clerodendrum splendens 1 Clerodendrum thomsoniae 1 Lamium amplexicaule 1 Plectranthus barbatus 1 1 1 Plectranthus scutellarioides 1 Salvia microphylla 1 Vitex trifolia 1 Lauraceae Cassytha filiformis 1 1 Cinnamomum camphora 1 1 1 Litsea glutinosa 1 Persea americana 1 Liliaceae Cordyline fruticosa 1 Lythraceae Heimia myrtifolia 1 Lagerstroemia indica 1 Lythrum salicaria 1 Malvaceae Brachychiton populneus 1 Ceiba pentandra 1 Corchorus tridens 1 AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Plantae Malvaceae Corchorus trilocularis 1 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 1 Hibiscus schizopetalus 1 Malva arborea 1 Malva neglecta 1 Malva parviflora 1 1 1 Malvastrum coromandelianum 1 1 Malvaviscus arboreus 1 Pachira glabra 1 Waltheria indica 1 Marantaceae Maranta leuconeura 1 Melastomataceae Tibouchina elegans 1 Meliaceae Melia azedarach 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Toona ciliata 1 Menispermaceae Cocculus hirsutus SA 1 Molluginaceae Mollugo nudicaulis 1 Moraceae Ficus carica 1 Morus alba 1 Moringaceae Moringa oleifera 1 Myrtaceae Callistemon viminalis 1 1 Eucalyptus camaldulensis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Eucalyptus camphora 1 Eucalyptus cinerea 1 Eucalyptus cladocalyx 1 1 Eucalyptus conferruminata 1 Eucalyptus diversicolor 1 1 1 1 Eucalyptus globulus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Eucalyptus gomphocephala 1 1 1 Eucalyptus grandis 1 1 1 1 Eucalyptus lehmannii 1 1 1 1 Eucalyptus saligna 1 AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Plantae Myrtaceae Eucalyptus sideroxylon 1 1 Eugenia uniflora 1 Leptospermum laevigatum 1 1 1 Melaleuca leucadendra 1 Metrosideros excelsa 1 Psidium guajava 1 1 1 1 1 1 Syzygium cumini 1 Syzygium paniculatum 1 1 1 Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia diffusa 1 1 Bougainvillea glabra 1 Bougainvillea spectabilis 1 Mirabilis jalapa 1 Oleaceae Fraxinus americana 1 1 Ligustrum japonicum 1 Ligustrum sinense 1 Ligustrum vulgare 1 Onagraceae Fuchsia c.f. regia 1 Oenothera indecora 1 Oenothera jamesii 1 Oenothera parodiana 1 Oenothera rosea 1 Oenothera stricta 1 Orchidaceae Epidendrum obrienianum 1 Vanilla roscheri 1 Orobanchaceae Orobanche minor 1 Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata 1 1 1 Oxalis latifolia 1 1 1 Pandanaceae Pandanus tectorius 1 Pandanus utilis 1 Papaveraceae Argemone mexicana 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Argemone ochroleuca 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Plantae Papaveraceae Papaver aculeatum SA 1 Passifloraceae Passiflora caerulea 1 1 1 1 Passiflora edulis 1 1 1 Passiflora mollissima 1 Phyllanthaceae Breynia disticha 1 Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca dioica 1 1 Phytolacca octandra 1 Rivina humilis 1 Piperaceae Peperomia marmorata 1 Pittosporaceae Pittosporum undulatum 1 1 Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata 1 1 1 Plantago major 1 1 1 Plantago virginica 1 Platanaceae Platanus acerifolia 1 Plumbaginaceae Plumbago zeylanica 1 Poaceae Agrostis avenacea 1 Aira cupaniana 1 1 Ammophila arenaria 1 Arundo donax 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Avena fatua 1 1 Axonopus fissifolius 1 Bambusa balcooa 1 Bambusa multiplex 1 Bambusa vulgaris 1 Brachypodium distachyon 1 Briza maxima 1 1 1 1 1 1 Briza minor 1 1 1 1 Bromus catharticus 1 1 1 1 Bromus diandrus 1 1 Bromus pectinatus SA 1 AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Plantae Poaceae Bromus rigidus 1 Cenchrus brownii 1 Cenchrus incertus 1 1 Chloris virgata SA 1 Cortaderia jubata 1 Cortaderia selloana 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cynodon dactylon 1 1 Digitaria nuda 1 Digitaria sanguinalis 1 1 Diplotaxis muralis 1 1 Echinochloa crus-galli 1 1 Echinochloa pyramidalis 1 Eleusine coracana SA 1 Eragrostis barrelieri 1 1 Eragrostis pilosa SA 1 Eragrostis tef 1 Eragrostis virescens 1 Hordeum murinum 1 1 1 Hordeum stenostachys 1 Lagurus ovatus 1 1 Lolium multiflorum 1 1 Lolium perenne 1 Lolium rigidum 1 Lolium temulentum 1 Melinis repens SA 1 Nasella trichotoma 1 1 Panicum maximum SA 1 Panicum schinzii SA 1 Paspalum dilatatum 1 1 1 1 1 Paspalum distichum 1 Paspalum urvillei 1 Pennisetum clandestinum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pennisetum purpureum 1 1 1 Pennisetum setaceum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Phalaris arundinacea 1 1 Phalaris minor 1 1 1 1 Poa annua 1 1 1 1 1 Poa pratensis 1 Polypogon monspeliensis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Plantae Poaceae Rostraria pumila 1 Setaria palmifolia 1 Setaria parviflora 1 Setaria verticillata SA 1 1 Stenotaphrum secundatum 1 1 Tragus berteronianus SA 1 Vulpia bromoides 1 Vulpia myuros 1 1 1 1 Polygonaceae Antigonon leptopus 1 1 Emex australis SA 1 1 1 Fallopia convolvulus 1 Muehlenbeckia platyclados 1 Persicaria lapathifolia 1 1 Persicaria limbata 1 Polygala virgata 1 Polygonum aviculare 1 1 Rumex crispus 1 1 Rumex nepalensis 1 Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes 1 1 1 1 Monochoria vaginalis 1 Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea 1 1 1 Portulaca quadrifida SA 1 1 Talinum paniculatum 1 Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis 1 1 1 1 1 Proteaceae Banksia ericifolia 1 Banksia integrifolia 1 Grevillea robusta 1 1 1 Hakea gibbosa 1 1 1 Hakea salicifolia 1 1 Hakea sericea 1 1 1 1 Hakea suaveolens 1 1 Leucadendron tinctum SA 1 Leucospermum conocarpodendron SA 1 Leucospermum cordifolium SA 1 1 AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Plantae Proteaceae Leucospermum gerrardii SA 1 Leucospermum reflexum SA 1 1 Protea burchellii SA 1 1 Protea compacta SA 1 Protea laurifolia SA 1 1 Protea magnifica SA 1 Protea neriifolia SA 1 1 1 Protea susannae SA 1 Stenocarpus sinuatus 1 1 Rosaceae Agrimonia odorata 1 1 Cotoneaster franchetii 1 1 Cotoneaster pannosus 1 1 Duchesnea indica 1 Eriobotrya japonica 1 1 1 Prunus persica 1 Pyracantha angustifolia 1 1 1 Pyracantha coccinea 1 1 Pyrus communis 1 Rosa rubiginosa 1 Rubus affinis 1 Rubus cuneifolius 1 1 1 1 Rubus fruticosus 1 1 1 Rubiaceae Coffea arabica 1 Gardenia jasminoides 1 Hamelia chrysantha 1 Ixora coccinea 1 Mussaenda frondosa 1 Richardia brasiliensis 1 Richardia humistrata 1 Ruscaceae Aspidistra elatior 1 Dracaena fragrans 1 Dracaena reflexa 1 Liriope muscari 1 Sansevieria trifasciata 1 Rutaceae Agathosma betulina SA 1 AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Plantae Rutaceae Agathosma crenulata SA 1 Citrus aurantiifolia 1 Citrus limon 1 Citrus sinensis 1 Salicaceae Populus alba 1 1 1 1 Populus canescens 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Populus deltoides 1 Populus nigra 1 Salix babylonica 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Salix fragilis 1 Sapindaceae Acer negundo 1 Cardiospermum grandiflorum 1 1 1 1 Cardiospermum halicacabum 1 Litchi chinensis 1 Scrophulariaceae Buddleja madagascariensis 1 1 Myoporum insulare 1 1 1 Myoporum montanum 1 1 1 1 Verbascum virgatum 1 Veronica persica 1 Simaroubaceae Ailanthus altissima 1 Solanaceae Browallia americana 1 Brugmansia arborea 1 Brunfelsia pauciflora 1 Capsicum annuum 1 Cestrum diurnum 1 Cestrum elegans 1 Cestrum laevigatum 1 1 1 Datura ferox 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Datura inoxia 1 1 1 Datura stramonium 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nicandra physalodes 1 1 1 Nicotiana glauca 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Physalis angulata 1 Physalis peruviana 1 1 1 1 AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Plantae Solanaceae Solanum americanum 1 1 1 Solanum betaceum 1 Solanum chenopodioides 1 Solanum elaeagnifolium 1 1 1 1 1 Solanum laxum 1 Solanum mauritianum 1 1 1 1 1 1 Solanum physalifolium 1 Solanum pseudocapsicum 1 Solanum seaforthianum 1 1 1 1 Solanum sisymbriifolium 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tamaricaceae Tamarix chinensis 1 1 Tamarix ramosissima 1 1 Tamarix usneoides SA 1 Tropaeolaceae Tropaeolum majus 1 1 Urticaceae Pilea cadierei 1 Pilea microphylla 1 Urtica dioica 1 Urtica membranacea 1 Urtica urens 1 1 Valerianaceae Centranthus ruber 1 Verbenaceae Citharexylum spinosum 1 Duranta erecta 1 1 Glandularia aristigera 1 1 1 Holmskioldia sanguinea 1 Lantana camara 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Stachytarpheta mutabilis 1 Stachytarpheta urticifolia 1 Verbena bonariensis 1 1 1 1 Verbena litoralis 1 Violaceae Hybanthus enneaspermus SA 1 Vitaceae Cissus antarctica 1

AE AG AF BO CA GR GG KG KA KR MP MR MO MZ NA RI TM TK WC Plantae Zingiberaceae Alpinia zerumbet 1 1 Hedychium coccineum 1 1 Hedychium coronarium 1 Hedychium gardnerianum 1 Zingiber zerumbet 1 Zygophyllaceae Tribulus terrestris SA 1 Pinopsida 1 6 1 5 3 1 9 1 Cupressaceae Cryptomeria japonica 1 Cupressus macrocarpa 1 Pinaceae Pinus canariensis 1 1 1 Pinus halepensis 1 1 1 1 Pinus patula 1 Pinus pinaster 1 1 1 1 1 Pinus pinea 1 1 Pinus radiata 1 1 1 1 Pinus roxburghii 1 1 1 Pinus taeda 1 1 Podocarpaceae Afrocarpus falcatus SA 1 Pteridopsida 2 1 1 4 2 6 1 2 Aspleniaceae Asplenium nidus 1 Azollaceae Azolla filiculoides 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cyatheaceae Cyathea australis 1 Sphaeropteris cooperi 1 Lomariopsidaceae Nephrolepis exaltata 1 1 1 Polypodiaceae Phlebodium aureum 1 Pteridaceae Adiantum raddianum 1 1 Salviniaceae Salvinia adnata 1 1 1 1 130 88 44 69 54 199 68 15 35 400 45 27 28 75 23 14 291 30 35 Data sources by park

Addo Elephant National Park Publications: Branch, W.R. & Braack, H.H. 1987. Reptiles and amphibians of the Addo Elephant National Park. Koedoe 30, 61-111. Robinson, T.B., Griffiths, C.L., McQuaid, C.D. & Rius, M. 2005. Marine alien species of South Africa – status and impacts. African Journal of Marine Science 27, 297-306. van Wyk, B.E., van Wyk, C.M. & Novellie, P.A. 1988. Flora of the Zuurberg National Park. 2. An annotated checklist of ferns and seed plants. Bothalia 18, 221 – 232.

Grey Literature: Addo Elephant National Park. 2006. Park Management Plan. October 2006. South African National Parks. Bezuidenhout, H. 1993. Alfabetiese lys van Addo Nasionale Park. Ongepubliseerde interne verslag. AERU kantore, Kimberley. Birds of the Addo Elephant National Park. Compiled April 2008 by Marais, C., Bird, J., Patton, C. & Brown, D. http://www.sanparks.org/groups/birders/checklists/birds-addo.pdf Accessed 20 September 2010.

Databases: Birds in Reserves Project, CyberTracker data, ISCU Biocontrol Database, Working for Water Information Management System

Agulhas National Park Publications: Rouget, M. & Richardson, D.M. 2003. Inferring process from pattern in plant invasions: a semimechanistic model incorporating propagule pressure and environmental factors. American Naturalist 162, 713-724. Russell, I.A. & Impson, N.D. 2006. Aquatic systems in and adjacent to with particular reference to the fish fauna. Koedoe 49, 45-57. Theron, J.M., Van Laar, A., Kunneke, A. & Bredendkamp, B.V. 2004. A preliminary assessment of utilizable biomass in invading Acacia stands on the Cape coastal plains. South African Journal of Science 100, 123-125.

Grey Literature: Agulhas National Park. 2008. Park Management Plan. March 2008. South African National Parks. Avery, G. 1999. Die Kelders Cave 1 (Klipgat). Human Sciences Division, South African Museum, . Bickerton, I.B. 1984. Heuningnes (CSW 19). Report No. 25. In: Heydorn, A.E.F. & J.R. Grindley (Eds.). Estuaries of the Cape. Part II: Synopsis of available information on individual systems. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR Research report no. 424). Skinner, J.D. & Smithers, R.H.N. 1990. The mammals of the southern African subregion. University of Pretoria, Pretoria. Walsh, B.N. 1968. Some notes on the incidence and control of driftsands along the Caledon, and Riversdale coastline of South Africa. Department of Forestry.

Databases: CyberTracker data, ISCU Biocontrol Database, Working for Water Information Management System Augrabies Falls National Park Publications: Zietsman, P.C. & Bezuidenhout, H. 1999. Flowering plant biodiversity of Augrabies Falls National Park: a comparison between Augrabies Falls National Park, Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, Vaalbos National Park and Goegap Nature Reserve. Koedoe 42, 95-112.

Grey Literature: Augrabies National Park. 2008. Park Management Plan. March 2008. South African National Parks. Birds of Augrabies Falls National Park. Compiled September 2004. http://www.sanparks.org/groups/birders/checklists/birds-augrabies.pdf Accessed 20 September 2010.

Databases: Birds in Reserves Project, CyberTracker data, Kimberly South African National Park Herbarium, Working for Water Information Management System

Bontebok National Park Publications: Braack, H.H. 1981. Lower vertebrates of the . Koedoe 24, 67-77. Cambray, J.A. & Stuart, C.T. 1985. Aspects of the biology of a rare redfin minnow, Barbus burchellii (Pisces, Cyprinidae), from South Africa. South African Journal of Zoology 20, 155-165. Harrison, A.C. 1963. The Olifants/Doorn River system and its fishing. Piscator 98, 25-28. Russell, I.A. 2001. Freshwater fishes of Bontebok National Park. Koedoe 44, 71-77. Winterbottom, J.M. 1967. A preliminary list of the birds of the Bontebok National Park, . Koedoe 10, 183-188.

Grey Literature: Birds recorded in the Bontebok National Park. http://www.sanparks.org/groups/birders/checklists/birds-bontebok.pdf Accessed 20 September 2010. Bontebok National Park. 2008. Park Management Plan. March 2008. South African National Parks. De Moor, J. & Bruton, M.N. 1988. Atlas of alien and translocated indigenous aquatic animals in southern Africa. South African National Scientific Programmes Report 144. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria.

Databases: Birds in Reserves Project, Working for Water Information Management System

Camdeboo National Park Publications: Masubelele, M.L., Foxcroft, L.C. & Milton, S.J. 2009. Alien plant species list and distribution for , Province, South Africa. Koedoe 51, 80-89.

Grey Literature: Appendix 4 – Lower level plan for Camdeboo National Park’s rehabilitation programme. South African National Parks. Camdeboo National Park. 2008. Park Management Plan. March 2008. South African National Parks.

Databases: CyberTracker data, ISCU Biocontrol Database, Working for Water Information Management System

Garden Route National Park Publications: Coates, T.J. 1970. Checklist of the Collembola of South African parks (Part 1), Koedoe 13, 181-184. Robinson, T.B., Griffiths, C.L., McQuaid, C.D. & Rius, M. 2005. Marine alien species of South Africa – status and impacts. African Journal of Marine Science 27, 297-306. Russell, I.A. 1999. Freshwater fish of the . Koedoe 42, 73-78. Russell, I.A. 2002. Freshwater fishes of Tsitsikamma National Park. Koedoe 45, 13-17. Skead, C.J. & Liversidge, R. 1967. Birds of the Tsitsikamma forest and coastal national park, 1966. Koedoe 10, 43-62.

Grey Literature: Bird’s of Tsitsikamma National Park. Compiled September 2004. http://www.sanparks.org/groups/birders/checklists/birds-tsitsikamma.pdf Accessed 20 September 2010. Calvo-Ugarteburu, G. 1998. The influence of environmental factors and disease on the biology and productivity of the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas in the Estuary. Project Report, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown. 77pp plus appendices. De Moor, J. & Bruton, M.N. 1988. Atlas of alien and translocated indigenous aquatic animals in southern Africa. South African National Scientific Programmes Report 144. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria. Skelton, P.H. 1993. A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers, Halfway House. Tsitsikamma National Park. 2008. Park Management Plan. March 2008. South African National Parks. Wilderness National Park. 2008. Park Management Plan. March 2008. South African National Parks.

Databases: Birds in Reserves Project, ISCU Biocontrol Database, Working for Water Information Management System

Golden Gate Highlands National Park Publications: Russell, I.A. & Skelton, P.H. 2005. Freshwater fishes of Golden Gate Highlands National Park. Koedoe 48, 87-94.

Grey Literature: Appendix 4 – Lower level plan for Golden Gate Highlands National Park’s Rehabilitation Programme. South African National Parks. Birds of Golden Gate Highlands National Park. Compiled September 2004. http://www.sanparks.org/groups/birders/checklists/birds-goldengate.pdf Accessed 20 September 2010. Gaylard, A. & Taljaard, J. 2008. Golden Gate National Park - Park Management Plan. March 2008. South African National Parks.

Databases: Birds in Reserves Project, CyberTracker data, Kimberly South African National Park Herbarium, Working for Water Information Management System

Kalahari Gemsbok National Park Publications: van Rooyen, N. & Bezuidenhout, H. 1997. New records of flowering plants and ferns from the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. Koedoe 40, 105-116.

Grey Literature: Birds of Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. September 2004. http://www.sanparks.org/groups/birders/checklists/birds-kgalagadi.pdf Accessed 20 September 2010. Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. 2008. Park Management Plan. March 2008. South African National Parks.

Databases: Birds in Reserves Project, CyberTracker data, Kimberly South African National Park Herbarium

Karoo National Park Grey Literature: Birds of . Compiled September 2004. http://www.sanparks.org/groups/birders/checklists/birds-karoo.pdf Accessed 20 September 2010. Gaylard, A. & Johnson, N. 2008. Karoo National Park - Park Management Plan. March 2008. South African National Parks.

Databases: Birds in Reserves Project, CyberTracker data, Kimberly South African National Park Herbarium, Working for Water Information Management System

Kruger National Park Publications: Braack, L.E.O., Maggs, K.A.R., Zeller, D.A. & Horak, I.G. 1995. Exotic arthropods in the , South Africa: modes of entry and population status. African Entomology 3, 39-48. Coates, T.J. 1970. Checklist of the Collembola of South African parks (Part 1), Koedoe 13, 181-184. De Kock, K.N. & Wolmarans, C.T. 1998. A re-evaluation of the occurrence of freshwater mollusks in the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 41, 1-8. De Kock, K.N. & Wolmarans, C.T. 2007. Distribution and habitats of the alien invader freshwater snail Physa acuta in South Africa. Water SA 33, 717-722. De Kock, K.N. & Wolmarans, C.T. 2008. Invasive alien freshwater snail species in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Koedoe 50, 49-53. Foxcroft, L.C., Henderson, L., Nichols, G.R. & Martin, B.W. 2003. A revised list of alien plants for the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 46, 21-44. Herbert, D.G. 2010. The introduced terrestrial Mollusca of South Africa. SANBI Biodiversity Series 15. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. MacDonald, I.A.W. & Frame, G.W. 1988. The invasion of introduced species into nature reserves in tropical and dry woodlands. Biological Conservation 44, 67-93. MacDonald, I.A.W. & Gertenbach, W.P.D. 1998. A list of alien plants in the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 31, 137-150.

Grey Literature: Biggs, H., Freitag-Ronaldson, S., Eber, S. & Venter, F. 2008. Kruger National Park - Park Management Plan. March 2008. South African National Parks. Complete checklist of birds of Kruger National Park. Compiled August 2008 by Chris Patton. http://www.sanparks.org/groups/birders/checklists/birds- kruger_comprehensive_0810.pdf Accessed 20 September 2010. Kruger National Park. Invasive alien species operational programme: plants. South African National Parks.

Databases: Birds in Reserves Project, ISCU Biocontrol Database, Working for Water Information Management System

Mapungubwe National Park Publications: Gotze, A.R., Cilliers, S.S., Bezuidenhout, H & Kellner, K. 2008. Analysis of the vegetation of the sandstone ridges (IB land type) of the north-eastern parts of the , Limpopo Province, South Africa. Koedoe 50, 72-81.

Grey Literature: Biggs, H., Freitag-Ronaldson, S. & Nemaheni, T. 2008. Mapungubwe National Park - Park Management Plan. March 2008. South African National Parks. Birders checklist for the Mapungubwe National Park and area. Compiled by Etienne Marais. http://www.sanparks.org/groups/birders/checklists/birds- mapungubwe.pdf Accessed 20 September 2010. Foxcroft, L. 2006. Mapungubwe National Park. Invasive alien species plan. June 2006. South African National Parks.

Databases: CyberTracker data, Kimberly South African National Park Herbarium, Working for Water Information Management System Grey Literature: Birds of Marakele National Park. http://www.sanparks.org/groups/birders/checklists/birds-marakele.pdf Accessed 20 September 2010. Foxcroft, L. 2006. Marakele National Park. Invasive alien species plan. June 2006. South African National Parks. Freitag-Ronaldson, S. Trennery, C. & Mugwabana, F.H. 2008. Marakele National Park - Park Management Plan. March 2008. South African National Parks.

Databases: CyberTracker data, Kimberly South African National Park Herbarium

Mokala National Park Grey Literature: Daemane, E. & Spies, A. 2008. - Park Management Plan. June 2008. South African National Parks.

Databases: Birds in Reserves Project, CyberTracker data, Working for Water Information Management System

Mountain Zebra National Park Publications: Bezuidenhout, H. & Brown, L.R. 2008. Vegetation description of the Doornhoek section of the Mountain Zebra National Park (MZNP), South Africa. Koedoe 50, 82- 92. Pond, U., Beesley, B.B., Brown, L.R. & Bezuidenhout, H. 2002. Floristic analysis of the Mountain Zebra National Park, Eastern Cape. Koedoe 45, 35-57.

Grey Literature: Birds-MountainZebra.pdf http://www.sanparks.org/groups/birders/checklists/birds-mountainzebra.pdf Accessed 20 September 2010. Gaylard, A., Mjadu, M. & de Klerk, J. 2008. Mountain Zebra National Park - Park Management Plan. March 2008. South African National Parks. Novellie, P. 1988. Mountain Zebra National Park Management Plan. South African National Parks.

Databases: Birds in Reserves Project, CyberTracker data, Kimberly South African National Park Herbarium, Working for Water Information Management System

Namaqua National Park Grey Literature: Bird checklist for . Compiled March 2006 by Japie Claassen. http://www.sanparks.org/groups/birders/checklists/birds-namaqua.pdf Accessed 20 September 2010. Namaqua National Park. 2009. Lower level alien plant clearing plan. Draft 1 of 2009. South African National Parks. Namaqua National Park. 2008. Park Management Plan. March 2008. South African National Parks.

Databases: CyberTracker data, Working for Water Information Management System

Richtersveld National Park Publications: Hendricks, H.H., Novellie, P.A., Bond, W.J. & Midgley, J.J. 2002. Diet selection of goats in the communally grazed Richtersveld National Park. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 19, 1-11.

Grey Literature: Birds of Richtersveld National Park. Compiled September 2004. http://www.sanparks.org/groups/birders/checklists/birds-richtersveld.pdf Accessed 20 September 2010. Richtersveld National Park. 2009. Lower level alien plant clearing plan. Draft 1 of 2009. South African National Parks.

Databases: CyberTracker data, Kimberly South African National Park Herbarium

Table Mountain National Park Publications: Alston, K.P. & Richardson, D.M. 2006. The roles of habitat features, disturbance, and distance from putative source populations in structuring alien plant invasions at the urban/wildland interface on the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Biological Conservation 132, 183-198. Coates, T.J. 1970. Checklist of the Collembola of South African parks (Part 1), Koedoe 13, 181-184. Herbert, D.G. 2010. The introduced terrestrial Mollusca of South Africa. SANBI Biodiversity Series 15. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. Pryke, J.S. & Samways, M.J. 2008. Conservation of invertebrate biodiversity on a mountain in a global , Cape Floral Region. Biodiversity and Conservation 17, 3027-3034.

Grey Literature: Adamson, R.S. & Salter, T.M. 1950. Flora of the Cape Peninsula. Juta, Cape Town. Birds of Table Mountain National Park. Compiled September 2004. http://www.sanparks.org/groups/birders/checklists/birds-tablemountain.pdf Accessed 20 September 2010. Moll, E.J. & Scott, L. 1981. Trees and shrubs of the Cape Penninsula. Eco-lab Trust Fund, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch. Raharinjanahary, D. 2007. Impact of Argentine ants ( Linepithema humile Mayr) on saproxylic invertebrates in forest and pine plantation of the Cape Peninsula (South Africa). Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town. Siegfried, W.R. 1962. Introduced vertebrates in the Cape Province. Cape Department of Nature Conservation Annual Report 19, 80-87. Table Mountain National Park – Central. 2009. Lower level alien plant clearing plan. Draft 1 of 2009. South African National Parks. Table Mountain National Park – North. 2009. Lower level alien plant clearing plan. Draft 1 of 2009. South African National Parks. Table Mountain National Park – South. 2009. Lower level alien plant clearing plan. Draft 1 of 2009. South African National Parks. Table Mountain National Park. 2008. Park Management Plan. March 2008. South African National Parks.

Databases: Birds in Reserves Project, ISCU Biocontrol Database, Working for Water Information Management System

Tankwa National Park Publications: Rubin, F. 1998. The physical environment and major plant communities of the Tankwa-Karoo National Park. Koedoe 41, 61-94.

Grey Literature: Bird Checklist for Tankwa Karoo National Park. Compiled July 2007 by Japie Classen. http://www.sanparks.org/groups/birders/checklists/birds-tankwa.pdf Accessed 20 September 2010. Freitag-Ronaldson, S., Strauss, C. & Coetsee, L. 2008. Tankwa Karoo National Park - Park Management Plan. March 2008. South African National Parks. Tankwa Karoo National Park. 2009. Lower level alien plant clearing plan. Draft 1 of 2009. South African National Parks.

Databases: Birds in Reserves Project, Working for Water Information Management System

West Coast National Park Publications: Avery, D.M., Rautenbach, I.L. & Randall, R.M. 1990. An annotated check list of the land mammal fauna of the . Koedoe 33, 1-18. Laird, M.C. & Griffiths, C.L. 2008. Present distribution and abundance of the introduced barnacle Balanus glandula Darwin in South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 30, 93-100. Odendaal, L.J., Haupt, T.M. & Griffiths, C.L. 2008. The alien invasive land snail Theba pisana in the West Coast National Park: is there cause for concern? Koedoe 50, 93-98. Robinson, T.B., Griffiths, C.L. & Kruger, N. 2004. Distribution and status of marine invasive species in and bordering the West Coast National Park. Koedoe 47, 79-87. Robinson, T.B., Griffiths, C.L., McQuaid, C.D. & Rius, M. 2005. Marine alien species of South Africa – status and impacts. African Journal of Marine Science 27, 297-306.

Grey Literature: Birds of West Coast National Park. September 2004. http://www.sanparks.org/groups/birders/checklists/birds-westcoast.pdf Accessed 20 September 2010. West Coast National Park. 2008. Park Management Plan. March 2008. South African National Parks. West Coast National Park. 2009. Lower level alien plant clearing plan. Draft 1 of 2009. South African National Parks.

Databases: Birds in Reserves Project, Working for Water Information Management System