World War II World War II Background Who Leaders . Military . Political Strategies/tactics Turning points World War II Support (homefront) Successes/failures End of war Consequences “Between the Wars” 1920s – 1930s Kingdom of Italy
Victor Emmanuel III “Between the Wars” 1920s – 1930s
Benito Mussolini 1921 - National Fascist Party
“fascio” 1934 – Vienna 1935 – Ethiopia (Abyssinia) “Between the Wars” 1920s – 1930s Germany Adolph Hitler 1921 – National Socialist (“NAZI”) Party
1923 – Hitler Youth & Schutzstaffel (“SS”)
1925 - Mein Kampf 1933 - Chancellor 1936 – Germany, Italy, Japan “Between the Wars” 1920s – 1930s Empire of Japan
Emperor Hirohito 1931 - Manchuria 1937 – Nanking (Nanjing) Japanese expansion 1938 – Austria & Czechoslovakia Aug 1939 “Non-aggression Pact”
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Sept 1, 1939 – Invasion of Poland Sept 3, 1939 June 14, 1940 – Paris Summer 1940 Battle of Britain
Winston Churchill Sept, 1940 Tripartite Act
“Axis Powers” June 1941 “Operation Barbarossa” German-controlled by 1942 U.S. Reaction Neutral Selling arms & supplies Lend-Lease Act (Jan 1941) December 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor USS Arizona USS West Virginia (sunk), USS Tennessee (Damaged), USS Arizona (sunk) USS Shaw
“Yesterday, December 7th, 1941 -- a date which will live in infamy -- the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan…” - President Franklin Roosevelt Doolittle Raid
Lt Col James Doolittle
“Internment” Camps Executive Order 9066 . authorized the "removal from designated areas of persons whose removal is necessary in the interests of national security."
Allied Strategy Defeat Hitler & Mussolini first 2-front African War Defeat Italy “Second front” in Europe North African Campaign Italian Campaign Sept 1943 – Italy surrenders Cairo Conference Nov 1943
Chiang Kai-Shek, Roosevelt, Churchill “Second front” in Europe “Operation Overlord” D-Day D-Day
Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juneau, Sword June 6, 1944
“Atlantic Wall” Yalta Conference Feb 1945
Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin Apr 12, 1945
Harry S. Truman Apr 30, 1945 May 7, 1945 “VE Day”
War in the Pacific
Admiral Chester Nimitz
General Douglas MacArthur “Island-hopping” Campaign Allied Victories Midway Guadalcanal New Guinea Philippines Saipan Tinian Guam Iwo Jima Feb 1945 Iwo Jima Feb 1945
Mount Suribachi Okinawa Mar – Jun 1945 Potsdam Conference Begins July 16, 1945
Stalin, Truman, Churchill July 16, 1945 “Trinity” “Manhattan Project”
Robert Oppenheimer
Gen. Leslie Groves “I realize the tragic significance of the atomic bomb... It is an awful responsibility which has come to us... We thank God that it has come to us, instead of to our enemies; and we pray that He may guide us to use it in His ways and for His purposes.” - President Harry Truman Aug 6, 1945 Hiroshima Hiroshima
Before After Ultimatum to Japan
“If they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware.” - President Harry Truman Aug 9, 1945 Soviet invasion of Manchuria Aug 9, 1945 Nagasaki Aug 14, 1945 “VJ Day”
Sept 2, 1945 USS Missouri Aftermath of War Loss of life/property Social/Cultural Economic Political Diplomatic Loss of life 60 – 80 million total . military dead: 22 – 25 million . civilian dead: 40 – 52 million
Loss of life NAZI Holocaust deaths . 6 million Jews . 6 - 10 million others Loss of life Japanese War Crimes dead . 5.5 million civilians . + 500,000 POWs Social/Cultural Changes Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944 (“GI Bill of Rights”) Social/Cultural Changes Civil Rights Movement . “Double-V Campaign” . NAACP Social/Cultural Changes Civil Rights Movement . LULAC . American GI Forum
Dr. Hector Garcia Civil Rights Movement . Executive Order 9981 Economic Consequences European Recovery Program . “Marshall Plan” Economic Consequences “Truman Doctrine” Political Consequences Disruptions = opportunity for change New governments Soviet “satellite” nations End of colonial rule Independence movements Political Consequences New governments . Germany . Italy . Austria . Poland . England Political Consequences Soviet “satellite” nations
. Central & Eastern Europe . Balkan nations
“Iron Curtain” Political Consequences Occupied Germany Berlin – occupation zones Berlin Blockade and Airlift 1948-1949 Germany partitioned “Eastern bloc” nations – by 1950 . Soviet-controlled Political Consequences Occupied Japan Political Consequences Korea divided Political Consequences French Indochina Independence India & Pakistan
Mohandas Gandhi
Muhammad Jinnah Independence Philippines Malaysia (formerly British) Indonesia (formerly Dutch) African nations Political Consequences Partition of Palestine State of Israel
UN Plan Israel China . Nationalists vs. Communists
Chiang Kai-Shek Mao Zedong “Fall” of China - 1949 Diplomatic Consequences War crimes trials Nuremberg Trials
Hermann Göring Tokyo Trial (International Military Tribunal for the Far East) Diplomatic Consequences NATO Diplomatic Consequences Warsaw Pact NATO & Warsaw Pact nations Diplomatic Consequences United Nations
“First Lady of the World”
Eleanor Roosevelt “Cold War”
“superpowers”