Urban Forest in Copenhagen? a Landfill Restoration Story

UNIVERSITY OF COPENH AGEN FACULTY OF SCIENCE

Master’s Thesis Elena Diago Blay

The next (peri)urban forest in Copenhagen? A landfill restoration story.

Supervisors: Jørgen Bo Larsen and Jørgen Primdahl

Handed it: 8th August 2016 1

UNIVERSITY OF COPENH AGEN FACULTY OF SCIENCE

University: University of Copenhagen

Faculty: Faculty of Science

Name of department: Department of Geoscience and Natural Resources Management

Program: MSc Nature Management (Landscape, Biodiversity and Planning)

Author: Elena Diago Blay

Title: The next (peri)urban forest in Copenhagen? A landfill restoration story

Supervisor: Jørgen Bo Larsen

Co-supervisor: Jørgen Primdahl

Submitted: 8th. August 2016

Table of contents Bilingual glossary 6 Abstract 7 Preface 8 Acknowledgments 9 1. Introduction 10 1.1. Urban forest 10 1.1.1. Definition 10 1.1.2. History 10 1.1.3. The urban forest ecosystem 10 1.1.4. Management in urban forestry 11 1.1.5. Use of urban woodlands 11 1.2. Urban forests in Denmark 12 2. Background information 14 2.1. Location 14 2.2. Climate 14 2.3. History 15 2.4. The study site 16 2.5. Users of the area 18 3. Problem statement 19 4. Methodology 20 4.1. Introduction 20 4.2. Soil analysis 21 4.3. Ecological analysis 23 4.4. Landscape character analysis 24 4.5. Stakeholders analysis 24 5. Results 26 5.1. Site analysis 26 5.2. Landscape character analysis 26 5.3. Soil analysis 30 5.4. Ecological analysis 34 5.5. Stakeholder analysis 34

6. Forest plan proposal 38 6.1. How is the forest plan adapted to the environmental conditions? 38 6.1.1. Management suggestions 42 6.2. Which are the ecological values of the forest plan? How does the forest plan makes room for biodiversity? 43 6.3. What kind of recreational opportunities does the forest plan provide? 43 6.4. What aesthetic values does the forest plan include? 47 6.5. Functional from year 0 49 7. Conclusion 53 References 54 Source of figures 61 Annex 1. Climate data 62 Annex 2. Maps from local and development plans 64 Appendix A. Soil core descriptions 66 Appendix B. Biodiversity data 76 Appendix C. Ecosystem services 78 Appendix D. Summarized data from stakeholders meetings and questionnaires 79 Appendix E. Landscape character assessment 84

Bilingual Glossary

Acronym Danish English Arkitektskolen København School of Architecture Copenhagen BRAND Brandvæsen Copenhagen Fire Brigade DN Danmarks Naturfredningsforening Danish Society for Nature Conservation FF Folkets Frugtplantage The people’s orchard IGN-KU Institut for Geovidenskab og Department of Geosciences and Naturforvaltning – Københavns Natural Resource Management Universitet - University of Copenhagen

Kalvebod Miljøcenter Kalvebod Environmental Center KN Kalvebod Naturskole Kalvebod Nature school KK Københavns Kommune Municipality of Copenhagen RC. Københavns Radio controlled cars Club NPA Naturpark Amager Nature park Amager SKM Storkøbenhavns modelflyveklub Copenhagen model flying club TMF Teknik- og Miljøforvaltningen Technical and Environmental Administration

Abstract

Urban forests have a wide range of functions depending on their location within the city but also on their climate region. In Denmark, some urban forests are the result of landfill ameliorations intended to provide recreational values for an extent of population. This study approaches a new green space development in a prior landfill used for inorganic waste from construction sites in Copenhagen. The soil in the site is composed of that waste. As a consequence, the soil conditions are likely to present some difficulties for the establishment of plants. Waterlogged conditions in the topsoil were identified after a field trip to the area with technicians from Københavns Kommune and experts from IGN-KU. The soil was characterized by an EM38 analysis and description of soil cores. Additional field trips were done to identify ecological values and perform a landscape character analysis. Stakeholders were identified and interviewed by email questionnaires. Meetings and workshops with stakeholders at Teknik- og Miljøforvaltningen provided additional information. The results support the waterlogged conditions of the soil: most of the area is pseudogley soil with a high content of clay. The site has an important bird life supported by the seasonal changes of the landscape. Some users are also holding activities in the study area and others interested in new projects. According to this, a green space plan is suggested based on tree species from Forest Development Types. Potential partnerships between stakeholders are highlighted as well as ideas to increase the number users. This plan could be useful as a reference for the next Development Plan of Kalvebod Miljøcenter but also for the final restoration of the total landfill area.

Preface Back to 2012, I took a step forward that changed the course of my life. I took a plane and flew to Hämeenlinna (Finland) for the most awesome student semester of my life. Scandinavia changed my mindset about the financial and social problems we were undergoing in my homeland, Spain. Everything could be done in a successful way if different approaches and initiatives were applied. I did fall in love with that country and its system. But half a year was not enough. However, not until 2014 I had the opportunity to go on a new Scandinavian adventure. That time though, was going to be in Denmark.

During my master studies in Nature Management at the University of Copenhagen I have been embarked in many different projects. All of them make me realize the importance of working in multidisciplinary teams. By the end of the first academic year, I acknowledged how much I enjoy and love working for enhancing the value of nature by itself. But also taking into account how society benefits from it. Memories came to me awaking the dream of becoming a landscape architect. Lucky me, I had the opportunity to enroll in some courses about this topic.

In contrast with other colleagues who feared the master thesis, I was clear that the master thesis was going to be a great time. Even more, I wanted to do a real project. The thesis topic came alone with a lecturer in the ‘Urban forestry and urban greening’ course one grey morning at Rolighedsvej. Unexpectedly, I ended up being part of the team who was going to develop a master plan for an afforestation project at Københavns Kommune.

At this point, I may not hold a Landscape architect title. However, I am happy to feel ready to become a landscape planner with a strong environmental science background cooked at the University of Valencia (Spain) and an international and multidisciplinary experience in projects at the Häme University of Applied Science (Finland) and the University of Copenhagen (Denmark).

Acknowledgments Many people have made this master thesis possible:

Natalie Gulsrud was a source of inspiration at the ‘Urban forestry and urban greening’ course. She also encouraged me to take a step forward and contact Københavns Kommune.

Bo Larsen, not only a great supervisor but a genius person I wish I can share more projects with.

Jørgen Primdalh, thanks for your time, your never-ending reference books and good advice.

Anna Gerd, the project leader from Teknik- og Miljøforvaltningen. Thanks for relying on me during all the process.

Casper Szilas, for his experience and trust on me.

Per Nielsen from SKM for his kindness.

Family and friends, they always think I do things right.

Rasmus, for your optimism, support and being my unofficial third supervisor.

1. Introduction

1.1 Urban Forest

1.1.1 Definition Defining urban forest is not an easy task. Forest is a concept-term with broad conceptual approaches (Randrup,1998 in Sander and Randrup,1998) and definitions biased by the culture, history and conditions of a particular nation (Konijnendijk et al., 2005). However, urban is a much more clear term which frames the forest in a particular location: a built up settlement with human population. For the ‘City of London Urban Forest Strategy’ urban forest refers to all trees within an urban area, regardless of land use type or ownership (Blackwell and Associates Ltd., 2014). Nevertheless, the concept of urban forest is inclusive and accepts trees grown around cities such as reclaimed land from previous industrialized areas or in the urban fringe (Randrup, 1998 in Sander and Randrup, 1998). There forests provide landscape and recreational values (Hibberd, 1989). By time, the increasing interest of citizens in urban forests led to additional concepts such as community forestry where the social side of the forest overcomes the traditional uses (Konijnendijk et al., 2005).

1.1.2 History The concept of urban forestry had its first attempt in Canada in the 1960s as a new practice of tree management in which urban activities and population were integrated (Bucur, 2006). Trees in urban forests must be compatible and functional with the urban environment (Grey, 1996). According to this, Grey (1996) highlights the implied planning, developing and funding for urban forestry. In the 1980s urban forestry reached Europe. Community forests were established in England so as to generate socio-economic and environmental benefits for local communities (Johnston, 1997a in Konijnendijk et al., 2005). Nowadays, urban green scenery plays a central role in the strategy of branding green cities such as Singapore (Gulsrud, 2015).

1.1.3 The urban forest ecosystem Grey (1996) defines the urban forest ecosystem as the interactions and relationships between three dynamic elements: trees and other plants, human structures and people. According to Konijnendijk (2008) urban forests are not defined by a specific asset of vegetation and any combination of planted trees, shrubs and grasses.

Tree species selection is highly dependent on the prevailing climate. In north-western European cities, the urban forests mostly reflect the natural range of deciduous tree species but also include plantations of non-native species (Pauleit et al., 2005 in Konijnendijk et al., 2005). According to Bucur (2006), the main features for the selection of tree species in (sub) urban areas are growth and silvicultural requirements. The choice of tree species will provide a different set of ecosystem services in the urban environment. Deciduous trees support greater water evaporation and consequent cooling, while mixed trees ensure higher noise attenuation efficiency because of the evergreen canopies (Doick and Hutchings, 2013).

The fauna found in urban forest includes beetles, butterflies, dormice, water voles (Angold et al., 2006) and birds (Heyman, 2010) among others. High bat diversity is found in peri urban sites (Treby and Castley, 2016).

1.1.4 Management in urban forestry Management regimes in urban forests differ among cultures, climate and the information available (Schipperijn et. al., 2005 in Konijnendijk et. al., 2005). In general, the main function of the urban forest is likely to shape its management. For instance, clearance of the understory is common in recreational woodlands (Heyman, 2010). The raise of the state-of-the-art technology has lead to new approaches of urban forestry. For instance, i-tree Tools help communities in USA to strengthen their forest management and advocacy efforts by quantifying the structure of trees and forests, and the environmental services that trees provide (itreetools.org).

1.1.5 Use of urban woodlands Cities are expanding and are expected to keep that trend since the population living in cities is estimated to grow in the near future (WHO, 2016). For some city dwellers, urban ecosystems are the closest possibility to experience nature. For the less well-off citizens, green areas are the principal places where to meet, rest and play sports (Cobo, 1999). In Scandinavia, forests have long been the traditional setting for outdoors kindergartens and schools (Grahn et. al.,1997 in Sander and Randrup, 1998; Konijnendijk, 2016). Recent research highlights the increasing interest in outdoors schools in Denmark, which also hold a potential role for green space management (Bentsen et al., 2010). Urban forests are also sources and settings for art and inspiration. An interesting example is Skulpturenwald (Gelsenkirchen, Germany) where a former mine turned into a sculpture forest.

Forests in peri urban areas have had a key role in slowing down the urban growth on behalf of green spaces. Examples can be found in Copenhagen, Helsinki and Stockholm.

1.2 Urban forests in Denmark Denmark experienced great urban growth during the 20th century which implied high rates of forest consumption. As a consequence, the only accessible recreational sites for the increasing working population were threatened. In 1947, the Fingerplan was presented as the urban growth model for Greater Copenhagen. Urban development would occur along the railways connecting Copenhagen to future cities, while the space in between would be kept as green wedges (Bredsdorff et al., 1947 in Vejre, Primdahl and Brandt, 2007). Among the green wedges, Vestkoven is a great example of suburban afforestation (Fig.1). Vestkoven is the result of a land use change from agriculture to recreational forest. In this transition, it was a dump site for rubble and earth. These products were eventually used to build hills and create a diverse landform in a flat area. (Vejre, Primdahl and Brandt, 2007).

Figure 1. Map of the Finger Plan in Greater Copenhagen. Green: wedges and green networks; red: urban fingers; blue: reclamation projects; black: case study areas in urban fringe sprawl; dotted black: study site of this master thesis.

The actual plan for Greater Copenhagen consists on a greater connection of the green wedges by green belts and green networks (Fig. 2). As an example, the green lung of Amager consist of Amagerfælled, Nature park Amager and the restoration of a landfill into a recreational green space.

Figure 2. Vision for the future development of the Finger plan. The current regional plan for Copenhagen includes green belts (in dark green) and green network (in light green). The green wedge in Amager is mostly made up of Amagerfælled (yellow), Nature park Amager (orange) and a future recreational green space.

National initiatives point out municipalities to propose suitable and unsuitable land for afforestation projects within their municipal borders. For instance, Copenhagen has elaborated the strategy Bynatur i København (Urban nature in Copenhagen) which includes planting 100.000 trees before 2025 (Københavns Kommune, 2015). Even though, the increasing rates of allergy to pollen have driven the local government to restrict some tree species. For instance, birch and sycamore are only allowed when other species are not likely to thrive due to the physical conditions of the site or due to historical circumstances (Københavns Kommune).

2. Background information

2.1 Location The study site is located in the island of Amager (Denmark) between 55°37'19.6"N 12°31'34.0"E and 55°36'55.0"N, 12°30'58.0"E. It belongs to Copenhagen municipality. It is situated in the western coastline of Amager, between Kalveboderne sea and the road Selinevej. It is adjacent to Vestamager where Nature park Amager offers 3500 ha of nature and outdoors recreational opportunities.

Figure 3. Image of Amager. Orange: the study site; red: landfill; blue: Nature park Amager.

2.2 Climate The climate in Copenhagen differs slightly from the rest of the country. Precipitation is distributed all over the year with annual rainfall of 613 mm (Fig. 1 in Annex 1). Meanwhile, the average for Denmark is currently 765 mm (Fig. 2 in Annex 1). Winters are mild while summers are unstable. Climate change projections alert about seasonal changes including higher temperature in summer and autumn, higher rainfall in winter and less frost days (Olesen). Extreme weather events will be more frequent such as longer-lasting heat waves and an increase of the sea level estimated between 0.3 and 1.2 m in Copenhagen (Olesen).

The study area is wind-exposed to moderate breeze (Fig. 3 in Annex 1). The dominant wind direction is WSW - SW which increases the probabilities to experience windy conditions in the area as it is located in the western coast of Amager (Fig. 3 in Annex 1). However, significant changes in

14 wind direction occur at the beginning of spring and end of summer with a higher influence of SSE winds (Fig. 3 in Annex 1). According to Ellermann et al. (2015), the study site is exposed to significant atmospheric deposition between 10-12 kg N/ha.

2.3 History Until the Second World War (IIWW) the study area was seabed covered by Kalveboderne, the shallow sea between Zealand and Amager (Fig. 3). During the German occupation of Denmark, the government approved a damming and drainage project in Kalveboderne (Naturstyrelsen.dk2). Until 1943 a total of 7000 hectares of seabed were raised (Furhauge et al., 1980) and the ditch surrounding the area reached a total height of 4 meters (Naturstyrelsen.dk2). During the 40 years following the IIWW the reclaimed area was used for military training grounds (Naturstyrelsen.dk2). In 1984, it was eventually open for public access (Københavns Kommune, 2009). In 1994, the Local Plan 238 defined the establishment of landfill for Copenhagen waste occupying 65 ha of the reclaimed area. Soil dug from constructions sites, materials from demolitions and old roads, as well as compost from gardens and parks have been deposited in the area (Københavns Kommune, 2005). The Local Plan 238 also included guidelines to plan a long term recreational green area in the site (Københavns Kommune, 1994; Fig. 1 in Annex 2). The goal of the local plan is that the area has to offer recreational opportunities when the storage possibilities of the landfill are exhausted.

Kalvebod Miljøcenter is responsible of planning in the area. It is owned and operated by Teknik- og Miljøforvaltningen (Københavns Kommune, 2009). In 2005, a new development plan was approved and established a planting care program to achieve the future and permanent recreational activities (Københavns Kommune, 2005). Among these activities, a cycling track along the seafront and walking paths were suggested and they are already established. Gardening and allotments were also possibilities (Københavns Kommune, 2005). The recreational area is expected to be perceived as a plain with an alternation between forest plantations and open areas with good viewpoints towards Kalvebodløbet, Sydhavnen and the central districts (Københavns Kommune, 2009). However, the overall landfill closure and sole recreational land use will depend on the input of soil and waste products (Københavns Kommune, 2005). This means the development of the recreational area depends on construction projects in Greater Copenhagen in the next 50 years (Gerd, 2016). In 2012, a reinforcement of the dike increased the height of the dike to 5.9 meters as a part of a coast

15 protection project within the climate change adaptation programme (Naturstyrelsen.dk1). As a result, a 14 kilometers path was established along the west coast of Amager (Naturstyrelsen.dk1). This path lies by the study site and connects the area with its natural and urban surroundings: Nature Park Amager and the city of Copenhagen.

Figure 4. Kalvebod miljøcenter divided in functional sectors. Sectors II, III and IV-B are used as landfill. Sector V is of botanical interest and access is limited. Sector I is a open recreational area with sheep grazing. Sector IV-A is reclaimed to develop a recreational green space.

2.4 The study site The study site covers an area of 14 ha (Fig. 5). It belongs to sector IV-A (Figure 4). It was used as a landfill for loading and unloading waste, soil and gravel materials (Københavns Kommune, 1994). When the landfill was closed, it was gradually filled with soil which was probably slightly polluted, and land amelioration was done during that period (Københavns Kommune, 2009). One meter of clean soil was placed with a minimum of 20 cm of growing mulch as topsoil (Københavns Kommune, 2009). Nowadays, it is a plain lawn slightly sloped from east to west. It is surrounded by a landfill, a small pond and a cycling path towards Nature park Amager running parallel to the sea.

Figure 5. Area of the study site highlighted in orange. Figure 6. Study site seen from the top of the rampart in the southern side. © Elena Diago

From 2000 until today, a total of four development plans have shaped in detail the development of the area. The Local Plan 238 suggests planting a small forest patch in the northwestern area of the study site with oak, wild cherry and alder (Fig. 1 in Annex 2, Københavns Kommune, 2009). So far, that forest is not planted.

To the east, a rampart was built with soil depositions in order to reduce the air and noise pollution from the current activities taking place in the other side of Selinevej (sector IV-B) and Amagermotorvejen highway. The rampart is vegetated with Sorbus aucuparia (Rowan tree), Prunus avium (Wild cherry), Alnus glutinosa (Alder), Hippophae rhamnoides (Sea-buckthorn), Rosa canina (Dog rose) and Crataegus monogyna (Hawthorn). To the west lies the dike with a cycling and walking path. Between this path and the study site there is a hedgerow with temporary trees and shrubs (wild cherry, hawthorn, alder, sea-buckthorn and oak (Quercus robur). The northern side borders with an extension of the same path towards Nature Park Amager which partly lies over the highway by a bridge. The southern side slopes down towards a small artificial pond (Fig. 8). Alder and poplar have been recently planted in this edge.

Figure 7. Panoramic view taken from the center of the study site. © Elena Diago

Figure 8. Image of the pond in the southern side. © Elena Diago

2.5 Users of the area Vestamager is primarily used for nature experiences, exercise or go for a walk (Jensen, 2014). The dike is mostly used by cyclists to commute from Amager to Copenhagen and surroundings. The study site works as a thoroughfare to Nature park Amager. Around 17% of the visitors in Vestamager come from the entrances close by the study site (Jensen, 2014). Although people continuously pass by the study site, they do not feel attracted to stop by due the scarcity of services (Københavns Kommune, 2016). According to Jensen (2014), more bathing and fishing opportunities, a kiosk by the ditch and a dog forest are facilities missing in Vestamager. Observing fallow deer is the most appreciated recreative feature of Vestamager (Jensen, 2014).

3. Problem statement A restoration plan aims to transform a landfill site into a recreational green space with forest. The soil is composed of inorganic waste from the landfill. As a consequence, the soil conditions could be a limiting factor for the selection of plant species. An analysis to estimate the soil structure and other possible limiting factors for plant growth seems appropriate. Green spaces are expected to hold some biodiversity. The closeness to Nature park Amager and the sea makes the study site interesting to be functional for biodiversity. The identification of animals, plant species and habitats existing in the site should be included in the forest proposal in order to be kept and improved when possible. Other ecosystem services should be also recognized and included. The site is currently used by three different stakeholders: Storkøbenhavns modelflyveklub, Brandvæsen and RC. Københavns. However, other user groups might have also an interest in the area. A social analysis is meant to identify who they are and how their interest can be included in the forest plan. Recreational areas usually require different management approaches. Landscape architect principles should provide techniques to be applied on the forest design and management in order to create a set of recreational values. The forest plan should envision the development plans from Kalvebod Miljøcenter. Virtually, the forest plan could be a useful reference for the next Development Plan.

Overall, the main goal of this master thesis is to develop an afforestation plan in Sector IV-A on Selinevej taking the following perspectives into account:

1. The afforestation plan will be based on a naturalistic approach. The final plan should be based on the environmental conditions of the site. 2. A social analysis will determine the kind of recreational use and other possible activities within the area. 3. Aesthetics values are considered for the forest layout 4. The forest plan has to be in line with the existing development plans established by the Teknik- og Miljøforvaltningen from Københavns Kommune. That is, its main function will be a recreational forest.

4. Methodology

4.1. Introduction On the 23rd of February 2016, Københavns Kommune organised a field trip to Selinevej followed by a meeting at the Teknik- og Miljøforvaltningen headquarters. Representatives from Kalvebod Naturskole, experts from University of Copenhagen and Arkitektskolen København as well as technicians from Københavns Kommune participated during the day. The field trip consisted of a general analysis of the physical conditions of the area in order to get a broad picture of the challenges the area might represent for the establishment of a new forest. The topsoil was dug and described in random spots. General soil characteristics and processes were identified.

During the following meeting, the main factors and problems were discussed: the soil suffers from poor drainage (Fig. 9). Waterlogged conditions can represent a problem for a healthy establishment and development of the future forest. Based on the advice of experts, the next step was decided: we needed to gain more knowledge about the soil status in depth. Casper Szilas (phD in agronomy and expert in soils) and me as a field assistant would conduct a soil analysis.

Figure 9. Picture taken during the first field trip. Soil water occupies the area left after the topsoil was dug. © Elena Diago

4.2. Soil analysis Understanding the soil composition and structure is important for any afforestation project. While some plants are versatile in terms of soil-conditions, others have strict requirements such as soil texture. Even more, the physicochemical behavior of a soil is strongly influenced by soil texture (Bowman and Hutka, 2002). Similarly, it is important to know how the soil horizons are layered and composed by, particularly along the root zone, in order to suggest a successful afforestation plan.

A geophysical analysis was conducted by an EM38 sensor. The EM38 sensor measures the soil electrical conductivity (EC) which detects the amount of cations or anions (salts) in the soil. The content of cations or anions is positively correlated to the EC value. However, the EC is also influenced by other physicochemical properties including clay content, mineralogy, soil water content, bulk density, organic matter and soil temperature which are useful for mapping spatial variations of edaphic properties (Corwin & Lesch, 2005). In this case, the EM38 sensor measured with its vertical dipole which has an effective depth range up to 1.5 m, although it has its maximum sensitivity at 0.4 m depth (O’leary and Peters, 2006). The analysis was conducted on the 8th of March, 2016 based on O’leary and Peters (2006) assertion: ´´the best correlations with soil physical and chemical properties will occur when the majority of the survey area is between field capacity and the permanent wilting point´´.

Once in the field, the devices were set up. The sensor was hold on a plastic sledge that was pulled by an ATV quad bike along the study area (Fig. 10). The equipment includes a GPS to correlate the EC values with coordinates. A straight transect was done to calibrate the sensor. Then, the ATV quad was driven in parallel transects of 12 meters wide. It is recommendable to drive at a constant speed at maximum 20 km/h. The sensor recorded 5 correlated values of GPS position and conductivity per second. Once the dataset was recorded in a portable USB it was transferred to a computer or laptop. The data was then adjusted for drift calibration by a statistical software and cleaned from possible errors caused by for example metallic objects. Overall, an average of useful values per second was calculated and interpolated by a geostatistical method. The dataset, combined with its GPS position, resulted into a EC map of the area. (Szilas, 2016).

Figure 10. Machinery used to conduct the EM38 analysis (ATV quad and sledge) and to extract the soil drillings (tractor with earth drill). © Elena Diago

The map was used to choose drilling points of different EC (Fig. 11). Following the coordinates of the selected drilling points by a manual GPS, a total of 14 soil samples of 1 meter depth were taken by a tractor equipped with an earth drill.

After the soil samples were extracted, they were manually layered in a wooden ruler in order to reveal the soil profile and structure (Fig. A1 - A3 in Appendix A). Soil horizons were identified and soil features on each horizon were described according to visual characteristics (content of humus, roots, stones, bulk density, colour and moisture). Soil texture was measured by hand texturing. The content of lime (calcium) was ranked according to an acidic reaction after pouring an acidic solution along the soil core. If standing water was visible in the hole, its depth was measured with a ruler. Additional visual facts were written down as comments.

Figure 11. Drilling points where soil cores were extracted. © Elena Diago

4.3. Ecological analysis Knowing the status of biodiversity is meaningful when suggesting a spatial planning in a site surrounded by nature. The presence of protected or endangered species could affect the design and plan of the recreational forest as means of protecting these species by an applied management. A higher biodiversity does not always imply a better restorative nature experience, although it is of particular importance identifying the specific ecosystem services, goods, and processes through which biodiversity may generate good health and well-being (Lovell et al., 2014).

Field trips were done in order to observe the presence of fauna in the area and to identify the tree species on the study site and its surroundings. Plant species were identified during the blooming season in mid-May. Observed bird species were written down. Indicators of presence of other relevant animals such as faeces were noted. ? Taking this information into account, the existing ecosystem services on the site were listed. Similarly, a projection of future ecosystem services was also done for the planned recreational forest (Appendix C). ?

4.4. Landscape character analysis Planting woodland does have an impact on the site and its surrounding. The area changes the its appearance and microclimate. Physical conditions such as landform or sun exposure are likely to affect chemical and physical processes in the site. All in all, this influences the plant growth and woods fitness shaping its aesthetics and landscape character.

The current landscape of the study site was characterized following the landscape character assessment by the lowland landscape design guidelines (The Forestry Authority, 1992). The analysis was performed while visiting the area in March. The assessment takes into account factors about the landform, vegetation, manmade and natural features, and cultural and historical associations. A camera was used to take pictures as well as a notebook, a sketchbook and material to write down notes.

A Kevin lynch analysis was done in June to define the accessibility and sense of the site. Accessibility refers to the ability to access to the site while sense refers to the clarity with which people perceive the site. The Kevin lynch analysis is based on the identification of 5 elements: paths, nodes, edges, landmarks and districts. Paths are channels of movement; nodes are junctions where paths convergence; edges are linear and create barriers; landmarks are reference points that cannot be entered; districts are areas with a common character and can be entered. (Anon.).

4.5. Social analysis Being aware about people interests towards this project is important for the development of the forest plan. Key stakeholders attitude towards the project is relevant for minimizing conflicts and establishing strategies for cooperation during the implementation phase. A stakeholders analysis (Nilsson and Woodford-Berger, 2000) has been performed in order to find out the existing interactions between users of the surrounding area (Nature park Amager) and the study site, as well as potential functions of the new coming forest to the current and future users. The result of the analysis should be considered in the forest planning.

Initially stakeholders were identified by a variety of methods. Some groups were present during the meetings. They were inquired about their interests and visions for the area. Others were

spotted by coincidence during field work or while reading the Development Plans for Kalvebod Miljøcenter. In some cases, unidentified stakeholders were pointed out by a snowballing effect from similar stakeholders. Once identified, email questionnaires were sent to the board representative or relevant member of the social group they belong to. Although a high number of stakeholders have been identified and approached (Appendix D), only those that got involved by participating in the meetings or replying the email questionnaires, were considered in the analysis.

Stakeholders were classified into two groups: primary and secondary. The primary stakeholder is a person or a group who has strong interests or influence in the area and is directly affected by any change within the study area. The secondary stakeholder represents a person or group who has indirect influence in the area or is indirectly affected by any changes in the study area as well as intermediaries in the course of change. Among the primary and secondary stakeholders, key stakeholders are significantly affected by changes, and/or can influence and intervene, either positively or negatively. Key stakeholders will share responsibility for the quality and sustainability of subsequent effects and impacts. (Nilsson and Woodford-Berger, 2000).

The status, goals and interests of each key stakeholder in planting a new forest were analyzed. Their level of interest and power in the recreational forest was plotted on a power-interest grid (Fig. 12).

Figure 12. The power interest grid suggests stakeholders’ management according to their interests and power.

Finally, the information about stakeholders gotten from email questionnaires and the outcome from meetings and workshops has been summarized in the Appendix D.

5. Results

This section tackles the results from the data. Due to its extension, the data is gathered in Appendixes A to E. To better understand the analysis of the results it is recommendable to consult the Appendix when cited. The most important facts are summarized in figures and tables.

5.1 Site analysis

Although the topography is explained in detailed in section 6.2, it is worth to highlight two features of the study site. First, it is a plain surface resembling a meadow with a slight slope from East to West. Although the slope could influence the movement of topsoil water from the higher to the lower areas of the site, no evidence of moisture gradients supported such water movement (Fig. 18). Second, a rampart along the eastern side entails the most significant topographic element. It defines a clear border of the site and breaks the monotony of the flatness. Although it is meant to be a temporal barrier to dust and noise from the landfill sector IV-B, the rampart might function as a climate controller. It is likely to play a role as windbreaker when the wind comes from the SE (Annex 1) minimizing the impact on plants. Additionally, it is exposed to sunlight which can create a microclimate that benefits insects and meiofauna. Nonetheless, most of the year, the predominant wind direction is SW (Annex 1) where there are scarce barriers to protect the site. The hedgerow along the promenade might have a small windbreaker effect; the site is in general highly exposed to wind.

5.2 Landscape character analysis

The site is characterized by a complete flat topography with a scarcity of irregular landforms. This entails a constraint for the potential appearance of the landscape i.e. the landform is not likely to be a significant characteristic for the landscape. Nevertheless, it reflects the appearance of the original natural landform and previous land uses (Appendix E). Although the only landform element that can be changed is the rampart (Annex 2), it is the most significant component. It creates a sense of enclosure but can also play a key role in the forest appearance. Parts of the rampart could be kept open to offer panoramic views of the sea. The flatness favors the establishment of open areas with a broad view towards the sea in the western side. The overgrown vegetation in the pond (Fig. 8)

26 resembles the prior ecosystem. It has the potential to provide an interesting view from the study area and be a spot for biodiversity.

The Kevin Lynch analysis was done in June (Figure X. Kevin lynch). If compared with the landscape from winter, some changes happened in the grassland (district) during the summer months. While the grassland was mowed and kept homogeneously low in winter, it looked different in summer. Most of the site was overgrown (up to 50 cm of height) with a variety of forbs and grasses in the northern area. The airfield was mowed which created a significant contrast with the vegetation around (Fig. 13). The southern side was also mowed to ease the ripping of the soil for the afforestation.

Figure 13. Image taken from the airfield towards the eastern side. There is a high contrast in the vegetation between the recently mowed airfield, the overgrown grassland and the vegetation in the rampart. © Elena Diago

Figure 14. Image of the southern side in summer taken the 28th of June. An area was mowed while the rest was kept slightly high. © Elena Diago

The overgrown hedgerow along the dike creates a barrier (Fig. 15). It keeps a small area protected from wind erosion, but it also prevents access and distorts the view to the sea. Although it presents some benefits, it is an element to work with in

27 order to increase the accessibility of the promenade and the future forest. Accessibility could also be improved in the northern border. The study site can be seen across the semi-open hedgerow but a fence blocks the access. As for the rest of man-made elements (Appendix E) they are easy to remove or rearrange. As mentioned before, the rampart is the most predominant barrier of the landscape.

The path-network is poor in connectivity (Fig. 15). The study site is reachable from the path along the dike, the path from NPA and the road Selinevej. The dirt path in the study site is only meant to ease the access to a small parking lot. Another parking exists at the entrance on this path.

The bridge Kalvebodbroen is the only landmark in the site. It is visible from a long distance along the dike and very close to the study area. It has the potential to be a reference and a constant direction towards the area.

Node: Intersection of paths at the

entrance of the study site.

Extension of the path towards NPA and northern edge of the study site (on the right).

Figure 15. Kevin lynch analysis about the current landscape

in the study site. © Elena Diago The hedgerow and promenade along the dike.

TheThe bridge bridge Kalvebodbroen Kalvebodbroen. Kalvebodbroen seen from the path along the dike. 29

5.3 Soil analysis It is important to highlight some facts in order to analyze the EM38 map (Fig. 18). The EC has high correlation with salt content (USDA). However, in this case, it has been assumed salts are washed out from rainfall (Szilas, 2016). Even more, the registered EC values (Appendix 1) are considered non-saline as they are less than 1 dS/m (USDA). As mentioned in the methodology, EC has a high correlation with content of clay. In general, the site is rich in clay and clay-dominating layers have been found in most soil profiles (see Appendix 1; Fig. 16).

Figure 16. Soil texture in the study site. © Elena Diago

Therefore, the values in EM38 map are mostly indicating the content of clay. Clay is the soil particle with the highest specific surface area which implies a high capacity for retaining water. Water percolates slower through clayey soils than sandy soils, leading to waterlogged conditions in the winter months where the precipitation is often high and the evaporation low. As a consequence

30 of clayey texture (Fig. 16), the site suffers from poor internal drainage. Standing water was found at different depths in some soil profiles (Fig. 17) always associated to clay textures (Appendix 1). The site includes three different types of texture (Fig. 16). Although the texture is highly heterogeneous along the soil profiles (Appendix 1). This variable texture creates a lack of soil structure with standing water in patches (Appendix 1). This will impact tree survival, and plant growth could be limited as most plant species require aerated conditions in the root zone (Bending et al., 1991 in Moffat and McNeill, 1994). It is expected that tree roots spread laterally due to the densely- compacted layers of soil and the content of internal water at shallow depths in some points (Coppin and Richards, 1990). According to Moffat and McNeill (1994), the restoration phase failed in the design of a shedding system for surface water in order to avoid waterlogged conditions in the soil. In terms of restoration for forestry purposes, it was a poor choice to fill the site with clay textured materials. Although the rainfall is not registered as high (Annex 1), it is likely to increase in the near future (Olesen). That is, if the scenario of increased precipitation is right, it might worsen the waterlogged soil conditions due to its poor drainage capacity. Overall, waterlogging caused by clay is the most important limitation of the site which implies restrictions on the selection of trees species. Plant species tolerant to hydromorphic conditions should be encouraged. Nonetheless, Szilas (2016) asserts the site provides good root space when the standing water is about 1 meter below the soil surface.

Figure 17. Important soil features from the study site. © Elena Diago

Figure 18. Map of the electrical conductivity (EC) measured by the EM38 sensor. The lines represents the elevation with an increase in altitude of 0.25 meters between each line. The EC is measured in mS/m and is represented by different colours.

An interesting factor from the soil texture analysis divides the area in two structural sites: a pseudogley soil and a non-gleyic soil (Fig. 17). Most of the site is pseudogley soil i.e. it is under water stagnation conditions for long periods of time. These soils are characterized by reduction processes which slow down the soil development. However, patterns of soil development have been located. The non-gleic soils found in the southern area are much more developed than the pseudogley soils i.e. their horizons are well defined and developing transitional characteristics from the layers beneath. The non-gley soils are sandy in texture which enables quicker drainage. Although, some locations have a temporary saturated topsoil due to its sandy clay texture (Appendix 1, Amager 14). These soils are highly distinctable (Fig. 18). This distinction can help in planning and management. For example, tree species with open grasslands could be suggested in pseudogley soils while conifers in sandy soils (Szilas, 2016). Lime is present in all soil samples. Lime influences the pH and keeps it high. High pH is important for broadleaves trees while coniferous prefer acid soil conditions (aglime.org.uk).

As a whole, the site has a rich topsoil in organic matter as a result of previous restoration actions. In addition, the fully developed lawn is expected to increase the content in organic matter and fibers yearly by the constant cycle of root renewal (Coppin and Richards, 1990). However, the plant growth conditions would have been better if 1,5 m layer of rootable soil (or soil-forming material) had been placed instead of just 30 cm of topsoil (Dobson and Moffat, 1993). The most fertile sample was in site 7 due its rich deep layer of organic matter (Appendix 1). This site registers the highest EC-value (Appendix 1) which is very likely to be a result of the high exchange capacity of both clay particles and organic matter present in the site. This deep layer of organic matter might have influenced the oxidation process on the beneath horizon. Oxidation processes are also found in a broader scale in the site (Fig. 17). By time, this process would lead into soil development and better conditions for rooting and plant growth.

Although, an evaluation of the restoration phase is not the goal of this master thesis, it is worth to mention methods to alleviate soil compaction. For example, cultivation by ripping the soil with deep tines improves air circulation and thereby increases the tree growth (Jobling and Carnell, 1985 in Moffat and McNeill, 1994). It is also important not to start the planting until all restoration activities have been completed (Dobson and Moffat, 1993).

5.4 Ecological analysis

The field observations indicate the site is valuable for common species of bird life (Appendix B). The open grassland acts as a year-round source of food for birds providing fodder and small invertebrates. When the grasses grow tall in summer, it functions as refuge for birds and other small animals.

Different habitats are found. The rampart seems to function as a habitat for small mammals, probably mice. The hedgerow along the promenade provides a different habitat with a more abrupt vertical gradient of environmental factors. That is, a ditch implies constant wet conditions, while the trees crown are exposed to sun and wind, making it much drier. Nevertheless, it is a successful habitat where small birds feed from fruits and insects.

The bird species Vanellus vanellus, categorized as near threatened by the Red list (iucnredlist.org, 2016), was seen in the study site. This species population is globally decreasing due to land use change, drainage of wetlands and lose of semi-natural ecosystems, among others (del Hoyo et al. 1996 in iucnredlist.org, 2016).

The site might be visited by some large mammals for grazing. Some faeces were found in February but the species identification is not concrete. Dama dama seems to be the most reasonable guess due to the high population present in Nature park Amager and the easy accessibility from one site to the other.

5.5 Stakeholders analysis

Primary stakeholders (Table 1) have been appointed as those who will directly experience the consequences of the afforestation project. Københavns Kommune is responsible of planning the project and defining an approach to perform it. The municipality decided who among of the overall stakeholders was invited to the meetings and have the opportunity to express their interests. Since Københavns Kommune is the maximum responsible of the project and its success, it is a key stakeholder. The other primary stakeholders, SKM and BRAND have both the same interest on the site: keep a specific area open for leisure and professional training (Table 2, Appendix D). Both have high interest (Fig. 19) as the site is very unique for the performance of their activities (Table 2, Appendix D).

Secondary stakeholders have been identified as those who have either interest or power on the project although the project implementation will not affect them directly. The Green Council could

34 have had an impact on the new forest appearance, composition or management regulations (Table 2). However, this forest plan appears not to be relevant to them (Appendix D). In contrast, the IGN- KU is highly interested on the site as it could became an opportunity for the development of some study projects by students from University of Copenhagen students (Table 2, Fig. 19). Even more, they suggest to develop and manage the site as a landscape laboratory which is highly associated to work with research groups (Table 2, Appendix D). As a consequence, if this cooperation goes ahead, it would imply responsibilities to IGN on the outcome of the project. IGN-KU would become a key stakeholder (Table 1) if it is involved in the eventual design and management of the site. Kalvebod Naturskole and Folkets Frugtplantage have similar interests in the area as both target citizens and wish to provide them with educative and entertaining activities. This presents a great opportunity to create a community who benefits from the project during all its steps (Table 2).

Primary stakeholders Secondary stakeholders

Københavns Kommune* Green Council

SKM IGN (University of Copenhagen)*

BRAND Kalvebod Naturskole

Folkets Frugtplantage

Table 1. List of stakeholders classified into primary or secondary. Key stakeholders are marked identified with *.

Engaging a social community in a passing-through site in the outskirts of Copenhagen sounds challenging. However, there are stakeholders holding activities and/or interested in the site. There might be opportunities to create a community forest from the beginning. In fact, Københavns Kommune has started this process by bringing together some of them in order to find synergies. By taking part in the decision making process the stakeholders actively shape their environment and increase their appreciation and sense of responsibility towards public trees (Johnson, 1989 in Moffat and McNeill, 1994).

Stakeholder Interest Power

KK Recreational green area Project administrator

Leisure, new Decision maker

experiences Design

IGN – KU Case study site for KU KK consultant

students Participant in planning Landscape Laboratory

Kalvebod Naturskole Nature education Participant in planning

Green playground

Help planting and plant care

SKM Aircraft model flying -

Drones flying

BRAND CPH Fire Training with drones Important department in Københavns

brigade Teach drone flying Kommune

Green Council Unidentified Advice and qualification for Kalvebod Miljøcenter development plans

Folkets Plant fruit trees Participant in planning Frugtplantage

Table 2. Stakeholders’ interests and power based on Appendix D.

Figure 19. The power-interest grid suggest the kind of stakeholder’s management according to the interests in the urban forest and the power they hold by themselves or given by others.

6. Forest plan proposal This chapter suggests a green space plan based on the problem statement and the analysis of results. The plan is defined along the chapter in different sections that explain how the different perspectives from chapter 3 are met. The plan includes three different environments: 1) a meadow with fruit trees in the edges, 2) a broadleaved forest dominated by oak with lime, hornbeam and wild cherry, and 3) a semi open forest dominated by Scots pine with alder and birch. Each environment has been designed mostly according to the soil features of each area. However, the participation of some stakeholders has been relevant to create integrated solutions that speak their interests. Some landscape design principles from Kaplan, Kaplan and Ryan (1998) have been applied. Pictures of people in recreational spaces have been added to better understand the design.

6.1 How is the forest plan adapted to the environmental conditions? The forest plan is based on Forest Development Types (FDT) which are frameworks concerning long term goals in forest stands structures (Larsen et al., 2005). Consequently, the forest plan suggested has to be understood as a target to reach by time. FDT propose forest types adapted to the local climate, nature disturbances and soil conditions (Larsen et al., 2005). Although FDT are useful as a guide for the selection of tree species, the soil conditions in the study site are a major limitation to apply all the tree species suggested. As a consequence, some of the forest environments proposed include a mixture of tree species from different FDT. It is worth to mention that the rampart is assumed to be kept and the hedgerow along the dike removed when the new plantings are acclimated to the site.

This plan includes 5 ha of meadow in the northern area (Fig. 20). A meadow is characterized by the absence of trees (Larsen et al., 2005). However, it is enclosed by trees on the western and eastern edges and a forest on the southern side (Fig. 21). According to the FDT 93, fruit trees are the main species found in the meadow edges and in the transition zone between the meadow and the forest (Larsen et al., 2005). Malus, Prunus and Pyrus species (apple, cherry and pear trees respectively) grow well in clay soils (Jarvis, 2016). These tree species could be mixed with others. Alnus glutinosa (alder) is well adapted to waterlogged conditions and clay soils (Larsen, Rasmussen and Callesen; Jarvis, 2016). Sambucus nigra (elderberry) is adapted to a wide range of soil types including heavy clay and moist soils (PFAF). Both alder and elderberry are wind-tolerant and fast-

38 growing species (Boisset, 1992). Alder is also robust to climate change (Larsen, Rasmussen and Callesen).

Figure 20. Plan proposal with three main forest types: a large meadow with grasses and trees on the edges, a broadleaf forest with openings towards the sea and a mixed semi-open forest. © Elena Diago

The planned broadleaf forest occupies approx 4 ha in the central area of the study site. It consists of Quercus robur (Oak) as the predominant species with Tilia cordata (Lime), Carpinus betulus (Hornbeam) and Prunus avium L. (wild cherry). However, natural colonization of the tree species in the surrounding area such as Betula species (birch) and Populus tremula (aspen) aspen should be encouraged. For this reason, it is expected to be a mixture of the FDT 21 and 22 from Larsen et al. (2005). Oak is a common species in lowland landscapes (Larsen, Rasmussen and Callesen). It thrives well in soils with limited drainage and in pseudogley (Larsen, Rasmussen and Callesen). This species is perfectly suited for the study site. On nutrient rich sites like this case, it grows well in mixed stands with lime, aspen and hornbeam among others (Larsen, Rasmussen and Callesen; Eaton, Caudullo and de Rigo, 20162). Lime tolerates heavy clay and grows in nutrient rich soils (Larsen, Rasmussen and Callesen). Like oak, it prefers lower slopes (Eaton, Caudullo and de Rigo, 201612). From a climate change perspective, both oak and lime are robust and are expected to prosper in a warmer scenario (Larsen, Rasmussen and Callesen). Hornbeam and wild cherry could suit the understory. Hornbeam is associated with oak forests and grows in the sub-canopy (Larsen, Rasmussen and Callesen; Sikkema et al., 2016). It also tolerates pseudogley and heavy clay soils (Larsen, Rasmussen and Callesen; Sikkema et al., 2016). In contrast, wild cherry is a light- demanding species that requires better drainage conditions (Larsen, Rasmussen and Callesen). It could be included in the edges of the southernmost area of the broadleaf forest where waterlogged conditions are not an issue.

Finally, among the possibilities, conifers are the most suitable species to successfully thrive in sandy soil. This forest setting occupies the southernmost 1.7 ha. It is based on the FDP 81 with Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) as the predominant species. Birch is suggested as the second most dominant species. Both are wind-tolerant, fast-growing species (Boisset, 1992; Forrest, 2006; Larsen, Rasmussen and Callesen) and appropriate for the soil conditions in this area. Scots pine is well adapted to dry and wet soils conditions as well as moderate nutrition (Larsen, Rasmussen and Callesen). It fits with the temporary saturated topsoil but most often dry soil profile from the site. Birch is a light demanding species and depends on disturbances to colonize (Larsen, Rasmussen and Callesen). It is adapted to all kind of soils but silver birch (Betula pendula) prefers sandy soils (Larsen, Rasmussen and Callesen). Aspen can be included as a minor tree species. It is tolerant to both dry and wet soils (Caudullo and de Rigo, 2016). Aspen is sufficiently shade-tolerant to be a

40 stable part of a mixed stand woodland with species casting a relatively light shade such as Scots pine and birch (Savil, 2013 in Caudullo and de Rigo, 2016).

Figure 21. Kevin lynch analysis for the proposed green space. It includes a new path network, different physical elements and the forest plantation. © Elena Diago

6.1.1 Management suggestions According to Edwards et al. (2012), the preference management of recreational forest in Nordic countries is combined forestry objective (COB). This forest management approach assumes that various management objectives can be combined in a manner that satisfies diverse needs (Duncker et al., 2012). COB highlights the ecological role of the forest such as habitat, soil protection, mushroom production, nature protection and recreation (Duncker et.al., 2012). Meanwhile, nature-based forest management is based on uneven-aged stands, continuous forest cover, mixed stands and natural regeneration with native and exotic species to develop a resilient forest (Larsen and Nielsen, 2007). A combination of both without exotic species seems to fit better as an approach for this recreational forest.

In the meadow, a specific area is mowed several times during the year by SKM to keep the airfield clear. The transition between the airfield and the trees in the edges should encourage both ecological and recreational values. This means that some areas should be frequently cleared to encourage the access of visitors. Traditional mowing with scythes could be an option (Fig. 23). In other areas, natural dynamics and overgrown areas should be established to create habitats for biodiversity.

At the broadleaf and semi-open forests natural plant colonization should be encouraged and seen as a successful management approach. Natural succession requires disturbances. Wind entails a significant impact in temperate deciduous forests. Since the site is highly exposed to wind pressure, it is expected to play a key role in the natural succession by overthrowing trees, opening forest glades and creating room for natural regeneration for the light demanding species. In addition, based on COB, it is recommendable to clear small patches in the understory instead of larger areas in order not to affect the bird diversity in the woodland (Heyman, 2010). Although, the municipal allergies restrictions could entail a drawback, all the exceptions to plant birch are met in this case. Birch is known to be part of the former ecosystem in the site (Appendix D) and environmental conditions (soil and wind exposure) make it challenging to choose other tree species that can thrive.

6.2 Which are the ecological values of the forest plan? How does the forest plan make room for biodiversity? The introduction of trees can have a significant role in the soil conditions. As an example, the mycorrhiza in alder roots can influence soil development. The mycorrhiza creates pores that can improve the drainage capacity and root growth. Similarly, the branched root system from alder and the deep roots from oak could also help to ease the drainage (Larsen, Rasmussen and Callesen). In addition, a study in Vestskoven showed that Q. robur planted in clay soil was responsible of 10-20% of interception of rainfall which decreased the infiltration of water in soil (Van der Salm et al., 2007). Similarly, oak transpiration was about 45-50% of the total rainfall in 2002 (Van der Salm et al., 2007). Given time, according to these observations, the drainage in the pseudogley area could improve.

Oak support a great wildlife: the buds, leaves and bark are inhabited by many insects; birds and mammals feed from the acorns; and fungi grows beneath the tree on its rich leaf mold (Milliken and Hall; LRC; Eaton, Caudullo and de Rigo, 20162). Lime and wild cherry are insect pollinated and will play a key role to this group of animals (Larsen, Rasmussen and Callesen). Meadow edges are hotspots for biodiversity (Larsen et al., 2005). Birds and butterflies are already found in the site feeding from flowers, fruit and insects (Appendix B). The meadow offers fodder for bird such as geese during winter migration. In summer, the overgrown grassland creates a distinct habitat for other bird species, insects and small mammals (Appendix B). Birch leaves are forage for the larvae of several butterflies, moths and sawfly species (Beck et.al., 2016). Although birch is wind-tolerant, it falls easily with wind exposure. It creates disturbances and microclimate for secondary succession of pioneer species. Aspen trees are hotspots for biodiversity. They host saproxylic beetles, bats, woodpeckers, squirrels, lichens, fungi and bryophytes (MacKenzie, 2010). Aspen can also function as a lure for large herbivores such as deer that graze on young aspen leaves (MacKenzie, 2010).

6.3 What kind of recreational opportunities does the forest plan provide? The goal of this forest plan is to provide different recreational experiences than those hold in the surroundings. As an example, grazing animals such as cows in NPA or sheep in Sector I pasture (Fig.4) are easy to find in the area. Although, some activities suggested are usually found in many places, others are not common.

Figure 22. Proposal of recreational activities and values that can be found at the urban forest. © Elena Diago

Multiple recreational opportunities could be found at the meadow (Fig. 22). The openness keeps the airspace SKM and BRAND need for flying aircrafts and drones. The meadow could be used for dog walking, ball playing or function as a picnic area (Fig. 24). As aforementioned, the meadow and grassland represent important habitats for bird life. Watching birds during free time is known to increase the restorative effect of the nature experience (Dallimer et al., 2012 in Lovell et al.,2014).

As a way of maintenance but also to increase the number of users, a new hay-making project could be developed with a volunteer group such as Naturplejegruppen Tippen in Sydhavnstippen (DN) (Fig.23). This could be an active way to encourage the interest of DN - a current passive stakeholder from the Green Council (Table 2; Fig. 19) - in the urban forest.

Figure 24. People having picnic and chilling out in Figure 23. Volunteers haymaking. an open space. Fælledparken © Elena Diago

Visitors could pick up fruit in different sites of the area. Folkets Frugtplanteage could be responsible of planting and tree-caring of the meadow edges, with assistance from KK or IGN-KU. Similarly, Kalvebod Naturskole can collaborate to help in this process. This kind of partnerships has the potential to develop local stewardship. These trees can also function as a natural playground such as tree-climbing and a source for education about nature and tree life (Fig.26).

The broadleaf forest will offer a number of experiences but also different environments. Broadleaf trees add character to the landscape by the seasonal colour changes of the canopy. In addition, they

45 provide shade during the warm months. Given time a high diversity of forest stands could provide good options for tree climbing too. Forest openings in the western side will offer space for picnic with views towards the sea. In addition, sea platforms could be established close to the picnic areas. The space between the forest edge and the rampart could be designed as intimate spaces with single benches. A multifunctional shelter on the northern edge could bring together the different users in the area. It can work as an operational place for BRAND and replace the existing meeting place of SKM. Kids from KN and visitors in general could rest but also learn about fauna, flora and management techniques from information boards. Grills should be included.

The broadleaf forest will offer a number of experiences but also different environments. Broadleaf trees add character to the landscape by the seasonal colour changes of the canopy. In addition, they provide shade during the warm months. Given time a high diversity of forest stands could provide good options for tree climbing or building tree houses (Fig. 25 - 26). Forest openings in the western side will offer space for picnic (Fig. 24) with views towards the sea. In addition, sea platforms could be established close to the picnic areas. The space between the forest edge and the rampart could be designed as intimate spaces with single benches. A multifunctional shelter on the northern edge could bring together the different users in the area. It can work as an operational place for BRAND and replace the existing meeting place of SKM. Kids from KN and visitors in general could rest but also learn about fauna, flora and management techniques from information boards. Grills should be included.

The Scots pine stands can make the site interesting for picnic and enjoy the views. A path connects the site with the small pond nearby which is of naturalistic interest (Fig. 8).

By time, picking up mushrooms in the entire urban forest might be possible. Auricularia auricula- judae (Judas ears) grows on the elderberry branches, Fistulina hepatica beneath oaks (Milliken and Hall, Svampe.dk) and Scots pine have some associated fungi such as Lactarius deliciosus, Suillus luteus and Lactarius hepaticus (Forestry Commission). They are all edible and present in Sealand (Svampeatlas.dk). Fomes fomentarius (tinder fungus) is a widespread fungi, good for firelighting that grows on pine and birch (Svampeatlas.dk).

Figure 25. A cabin tree in the urban park Bois de la Figure 26. A kid climbing trees. Cambre (Brussels, Belgium). © Elena Diago

6.4 What aesthetic values does the forest plan include? Trees are a source of landscape values generally appreciated. They reflect the changes of the seasons and change the landscape. Wild cherry trees give colour to the forest edges on the blooming season. The contrast between the reddish bark from Scots pine and the white bark from birch creates a distinct scenery. In winter time, when the meadow edges and oak forest are defoliate, the evergreen crown from the pine and the bark from the birch add colour to the area.

Accessibility is increased by creating an entrance from the northern path that runs towards NPA. An additional entrance is open in the promenade to allow access to the pond. A path around the pond connects with the path network of the site. The path network is bending is some points of the broadleaf forest in order to break the possible monotony of a straight path and create mystery for what is next. To preserve the intimacy of some sites - especially along the rampart - the path network does not pass by them. However, they can be spotted in an information board at the main entrances.

The space along the rampart can create a sense of enclosure which can be comforting in a private environment. If part of the rampart is kept clear, it could offer a spot for sitting, playing or enjoying views (Fig. 27). Singles benches surrounded by high grasses and trees in the meadow edges along the promenade are meant to create some intimate space while other users pass by the dike, or allow a small break along the long promenade (Fig. 28). The forest opening in front of the sea platform is wide to make room for the different users of the area and facilitate social interactions. In contrast, the narrow and bending opening in the southwest of the broadleaf forest is meant to create more private spots.

The hedgerow in the north should be kept (semi)open to increase the visibility of the area. Similarly, the trees in the eastern meadow edge decrease their density as they come near the northern path.

Scattered trees along the meadow edges and in the Scots pine forest create a space for sitting in between, provide shade and shelter.

Figure 27. People chilling in a rampart while kids play in the lawn. Charlottelund Strandpark (Denmark). © Elena Diago

Figure 28. A couple relaxing and enjoying the views in a intimate atmosphere surrounded by high forbs. Nationaal Park De Biesbosch (Netherlands). © Elena Diago

6.5 Functional from year 0 Attracting users to the site during the first years might be challenging due to the location and the slow process of plant growth. However, nudging actions could be applied. An example could be installing sea platforms of outstanding architectural design in front of the forest. This could attract new visitors and engage the regular users of the dike to stop by. Figure 29 shows an example of platforms designed to improve the accessibility to a rocky coast. Guallart architects highlights that ‘’following their installation, people were quick to appropriate the new micro-coasts and utilize them in a variety of ways. The relationship between the size, orientation and location of the platform and the number and social profile of the people using them is an interesting phenomenon in terms of the socialization of the space’’. A similar approach could be applied to improve the accessibility to the sea from the dike. Similarly, sculptures recalling those found at the surroundings of Nature center in Vestamager (Fig. 30) would add a distinctive landmark to the site and break the monotony of the flat landscape. An inspiring example could be Figure 31.

Figure 29. Sea platform designed as micro-coasts in Vinaròs (Castellón, Spain) designed by Guallart architects.

Figure 30. Ship made out of trunks and timber at the main entrance of NPA. © Elena Diago

Figure 31. Applied illustration of the sculpture Sólfar from Reykjavík (Iceland) in NPA by Thomas H. Vejsnæs. 50

Interaction between users and powerful stakeholders such as IGN-KU should be enabled. For example, collaboration between students from IGN-KU and Kalbevod naturskole could lead to creative design and management. University students can design play-scapes and playgrounds inspired by the kids from KN. Similar interactions could happen with SKM, BRAND and nature managers in order to keep the airfield on the meadow at an optimum for SKM and BRAND use.

Walking dogs is a recreational option feasible and already happening at the site. To increase this type of activity, the area should be registered at www.hundeskovene.dk/. Some basic facilities should be installed such as bins and benches.

Management of biodiversity and ecology relies on the information available. Creating information is expensive and time consuming. However, this case present opportunities to gather data to monitor biodiversity, plant growth, and visitors among others. Partnerships with the University of Copenhagen can lead to research projects performed by students interested on different aspects of the site. The well-established Danish ornithological network can supply information about bird diversity on the site. Collaboration from visitors and the groups interested in the site is also at stake. Social media is an option as indicator of use. For example, a hashtag such as #KBHByskov, could be useful to monitor visits and activities taking place in the site.

Figure 32. Overall plan for the recreational urban forest. © Elena Diago

7. Conclusion In the initial phase of the landfill restoration a proper drainage system for surface water was not established. The area is therefore subject to waterlogged conditions most of the year. The FDT have been an excellent guide for the selection of three forest types with different plant species adapted to the soil conditions. The planting schemes have been designed according to soil conditions although the participation of the existing users (SKM and BRAND) has played a key role in the design of the meadow. The site is unique for their interests and their basic requirements can fit in this green space.

The management required in the site is difficult to predict due to the soil structure. Similarly, the extent of people’s engagement is unpredictable and likely to change by time. Nature-based forestry with some combined forestry objectives seems to be the most suitable approach. A nature-based design requires less management and does not rely on people’s volunteering actions.

Despite of the suburban location, the forest plan suggested (Fig. 32) can play many different functions to different people. The success as a recreational urban forest will depend on the level of engagement from the stakeholders. The project presents a great opportunity to create a community around this green space where all the stakeholders can gain new experiences.

Overall, this master thesis can be a useful reference for the development of the entire landfill into a recreational green area. It can be worth as a lesson to learn for the restoration of the other landfill sectors. That could ease the aftercare phase of the remediation program.

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Fig.1 Adapted from Vejre, Primdahl and Brandt (2007).

Fig. 2 Adapted from Vejre, Primdahl and Brandt (2007).

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Annex 1. CLIMATE DATA

Figure 1. Climograph for Copenhagen and North Sealand in a 30 years period. The data reflects the mean values from 1961 to 1990. The red line represents the temperature at day time; the purple line represents the middle temperature; the green line represents the temperature at night. Nedbør is rainfall in mm,; nedbørdage is number of rainy days; solskinstimer is the number of sunshine hours. Source http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/klimanormaler-dk/

Figure 2. Climograph for Denmark in a 10 years period. The data reflects the mean values from 2001 to 2010. The red line represents the temperature at day time; the purple line represents the middle temperature; the green line represents the temperature at night. Nedbør is rainfall in mm,; nedbørdage is number of rainy days; solskinstimer is the number of sunshine hours. Source http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/klimanormaler-dk/

Figure 3. Wind statistics in Copenhagen – Kastrup taken at the København-Kastrup weather station. Statistics are based on observations taken between 10/2000 and 05/2016 in a daily basis from 7 am to 7 pm local time. The information is presented as monthly and yearly average for four wind parameters. Dominant wind direction is depicted in degrees (°). To easier the reading, an arrow points this direction. Wind probability is represented by a percentage (%) equal or higher than 4 in a Beaufort wind scale. The average wind speed is depicted in knots (kts) that belong to force 4 range in Beaufort wind scale The average air temperature is shown in Celsius degrees (°C). Adapted from https://www.windfinder.com/windstatistics/koebenhavn-kastrup

Annex 2. MAPS FROM LOCAL AND DEVELOPMENT PLANS.

Figure 1. Overview of the projected recreational area after the complete landfill closure. The study area is framed in red. Black areas project forest plantations and crossed lines depict allotments. The area with straight lines is nowadays a shooting range. Adapted from Lokal Plan nr.238 (Københavns Kommune, 1992).

Figure 2. Overview of the projected landform and topography in the landfill area after its complete closure. The study area is framed in red. The original map dates from 1992 and projects the future development of the area. Nowadays, appart from the landform, it is fully developed. The straight lines are roads, the striped line is the path along the seafront and the dotted line is the railway towards Øresund. The thin line with a number represents the elevation level in meters. Adapted from Lokal Plan nr.238 (Københavns Kommune, 1992).

APPENDIX A: SOIL CORE DESCRIPTIONS

As explained in the Methodology section, 14 soil drillings were done and described in order to get a better knowledge of the soil texture and structure. The descriptions are separated according to the soil horizons identified. Each soil core description is named after Amager and the number of drilling. Some soil factors have been abbreviated as follows Bd: Bulk density; H: high; S: strong; M: medium; W: weak; L: low; OM: Organic Matter; ES: Electrical Conductivity; Nt: nutrient content. Very rich humus content equals 4 - 7 % of organic matter, rich equals 2 - 4 %, poor equal 1-2%, very poor less than 1 %. Additional features and/or general characteristics seen in all the soil profile were written down as comments.

Amager 1 Depth Horizon Humus Lime Description Bd Texture Colour Humidity (cm) 0 - 40 A(g) rich M Possible pseudogley M Clay Brown Field (redox) - all up from 60 grey capacity cm - very much masked due to dark colour Some roots 40 - Cg poor S No roots M Clay Grey Saturated 100 Gley: 40-80 cm blue Standing water 40 EC 40 Nt H Position Lower depth (cm) (mS/m) slope Slope 0,5 - 1 (%) Comments Secondary water level in drilling depth. The profile seems to have rather low (poor) internal Humidity from the ground. Some stones..

Amager 2 Depth Horizon Humus Lime Description Bd Texture Colour Humidity (cm) 0 - 60 A(g) rich M Possible pseudogley M Sandy Brown Field (redox) very much clay grey capacity masked due to dark colour. Some roots Pseudogley: 0-40 cm 60 - Cg poor S No roots M Clay Grey Saturated 100 Gley: 40-80 cm blue Standing water 70 EC 37 Nt Very H Position Upper depth (cm) (mS/m) slope Slope 0,5 - 1 (%) Comments Secondary water level in drilling depth. Poor Humidity. Some stones.

Amager 3 Depth Horizon Humus Lime Description Bd Texture Colour Humidity (cm) 0 - 30 A very M Possible pseudogley M Clay Brown Well drained rich (redox) very much Field masked due to dark capacity colour. Many roots 30 - 60 C(g) poor S Iron content M Clay Brown- Field Some roots grey capacity S pseudogley 0-40 cm 60 - 90 Ab rich M Buried A horizon M Sandy Brown Field No roots clay capacity No spots 90 - Cg poor S Gley: 80-120 cm M Sandy Grey- Field 100 No roots clay blue capacity

Standing water >100 EC 43 Nt Very H Position Medium depth (cm) (mS/m) slope Slope Very slightly (%) sloping (1- 2) Comments Mixed topsoil with subsoil. Contrasted wetness profile. Compost in Ab increases the Humidity. All profile is at field capacity. Standing water depth probably close to bottom. Some stones.

Amager 4 Depth Horizon Humus Lime Description Bd Texture Colour Humidity (cm) 0 - 35 A/C rich S Many roots M Sandy Brown Saturated Patches of clay horizon C material 35 - 70 C(g) poor S Some roots M Clay Brown Aeriated Relict grey Field pseudogley capacity 70 - Cg poor S No roots H Heavy Grey blue Moist 100 Highly clay compacted Close to gley Standing water >100 EC 44 Nt H Position Lower slope depth (cm) (mS/m) Slope(%) Medium (1- 2) Comments Cg is close to high Bd which makes water flow on surface and topsoil. Subsoil feels dry. Compaction avoids Humidity on the bottom. Probably non-natural pores and crevices. The colour in Cg could be due to the original material. Some stones. Roots almost in all profile due to soil dryness.

Amager 5 Depth Horizon Humus Lime Description Bd Texture Colour Humidity (cm)

0 - 30 A rich W Possibly redox M Sandy Field character masked clay capacity by dark color Many roots 30 - 70 C(g) / very S Browning M Clay Light Field Bw poor M pseudogley brown capacity Some roots 70 - Cg very S Gley M Clay Grey- Field 100 poor Bluish blue capacity Some roots Standing water >100 EC 57 Nt H Position Lower depth (cm) (mS/m) slope Slope 1 - 2 (%) Comments Some stones in all profile. All profile at field capacity. C(g) is a medium pseudogley because of its brown colour in the bottom; iron might have precipitated. Beginning browning 30-70 cm. May be the original color of waste material or starting a slow oxidation of the upper drained layers. C(g) might be stated as Bw horizon.

Amager 6 Depth Horizon Humus Lime Description Bd Texture Colour Humidity (cm) 0 -40 A very W Possibly redox M Sandy Dark Field rich character masked by clay brown capacity dark OM. Pseudogley Many roots 40 - 80 C(g) poor S Blue spots M Clay Brown Field Roots at 50 cm grey capacity S pseudogley 80 - 100 Cg poor S No roots M Clay Grey Field Gley blue capacity Standing water >100 EC 58 Nt H Position Lower depth (cm) (mS/m) slope Slope 1 - 2 (%) Comments Very high EC. High clay contents and OM in general. Some stones in all profile.

Amager 7 Depth Horizon Humus Lime Description Bd Texture Colour Humidity (cm) 0 - 60 A rich W Possibly redox M Sandy Dark Field character masked by clay brown capacity dark OM Pseudogley Some roots 60 - 80 C(g) poor W Oxidation layer M Sandy Brown Field S pseudogley clay grey capacity No roots 80 - 100 Cg poor S Gley M Clay Grey Field Reduced blue capacity No water signs No roots Standing water >100 EC 67 Nt H Position Upper depth (cm) (mS/m) slope Slope 2 - 5 (%) Comments Very deep A horizon (OM); might be a very fertile location. Some stones.

Amager 8 Depth Horizon Humus Lime Description Bd Texture Colour Humidity (cm) 0 -30 A rich M Possibly redox M Sandy Brown Field character masked by clay capacity dark OM. Oxidation starts. Aeriated pseudogley. Some roots 30 - 70 C(g) poor W Some roots M Sandy Light Field Oxidation clay brown capacity 70 - 100 Cg poor S No roots M Clay Grey blue Gley Standing water >100 EC 53 Nt H Position Upper depth (cm) (mS/m) slope Slope(%) 2-5 Comments Some stones.

Amager 9 Depth Horizon Humus Lime Description Bd Texture Colour Humidity (cm) 0 - 30 A Rich M Possibly redox M Sandy Brown Field character masked by clay capacity dark OM Aeriated pseudogley Many roots 30 - 80 C(g) poor M Clay patches M Sandy Brown Field Pseudogley clay grey capacity Some roots 80 - 100 Cg poor M Gley M Sandy Grey Field Dark (mixed OM) clay blue capacity No roots Standing water >100 EC 51 Nt H Position Lower depth (cm) (mS/m) slope Slope 2-5 (%) Comments Some stones.

Amager 10 Depth Horizon Humus Lime Description Bd Texture Colour Humidity (cm) 0 - 40 A Rich W Possibly redox M Sandy Brown Field character masked by clay capacity dark OM Few roots Aeriated pseudogley 40 - 70 C(g) poor M Some roots. M Sandy Brown Field Aeriated clay grey capacity pseudogley. Brownish, oxidation 70 - Cg poor M OM decomposed M Sandy Grey Field 100 Gley clay blue capacity Reduced Bluish No roots Standing water >100 EC 46 Nt H Position Upper depth (cm) (mS/m) slope Slope 2 - 5 (%) Comments Hydrogen sulfide smell. Intermediate EC due to sandy-clay texture in all profile. Standing water depth expected at 100 cm but not found. Some stones.

Amager 11 Depth Horizon Humus Lime Description Bd Texture Colour Humidity (cm) 0 - 30 A poor W Possibly redox M Sandy Brown Field character masked by clay capacity dark OM Many roots Aeriated pseudogley 30 – 80 C(g) poor M No roots M Clay Brown Field Clay lumps sand grey capacity Drained W pseudogley 80 - 100 Cg poor S Strong clay M Sandy Grey Saturated No roots clay blue Standing water 90 EC 36 Nt H Position Medium depth (cm) (mS/m) slope Slope 2 - 5 (%) Comments Secondary water level at drilling depth. Some stones.

Amager 12 Depth Horizon Humus Lime Description Bd Texture Colour Humidity (cm) 0 - 35 A very W Possibly redox M Sandy Brown Field rich character masked by clay capacity dark OM. Some roots Aeriated pseudogley 35 – 80 C(g) poor W Start browning M Clay Brown Field Some roots grey capacity Bluish Drained Very structured pseudogley 80 - 100 Cg poor M Gley M Clay Grey Field Strong clay blue capacity No roots Standing water 90 EC 55 Nt H Position Medium depth (cm) (mS/m) slope Slope 2 - 5 (%) Comments Pseudogley with reduced and oxidized dots. Some stones.

Amager 13 Depth Horizon Humus Lime Description Bd Texture Colour Humidity (cm) 0 - 30 A present W Aeriated Many M Clay Brown Field roots sand capacity Bit of clay 30 – AC present M Properties M Clay Brown Field 80 (OM) from A. sand grey capacity Drained No roots 80 - C poor M Strong clay M Clay Grey blue Field 100 Drained sand capacity No roots Standing water >100 EC 28 Nt M - H Position Lower depth (cm) (mS/m) slope Slope 5 - 10 (%) Comments Non-gleic profile. Probably relatively freely drained due to sand content. Greyish color probably comes from original material. Less fertile soil but lime is present in all profile. Some stones.

Amager 14 Depth Horizon Humus Lime Description Bd Texture Colour Humidity (cm) 0 - 35 A present M Many roots M Sandy Brown Field Close to clay sand. clay capacity Low OM Well drained 35 – 80 C1 poor S A properties (OM) M Clay Grey Field No roots sand capacity Drained 80 - C2 poor M Drained M Sandy Grey Field 100 pseudogley. clay capacity Possible transition to gley in the bottom. No roots Standing water >100 EC 24 Nt M -H Position Lower depth (cm) (mS/m) slope Slope 5-10 (%) Comments Non-gleic horizon. Low EC; many stones in the surface and some in the profile. Yellowish colour probably from the original material.

Figure A1. Images of the soil profiles. Soil cores from 1 to 5 top down. Amager 6 corresponds to soil core 5.

Figure A2. Images of the soil profiles. Soil cores from 6 to 10 top down.

Figure A3. Images of the soil profiles. Soil cores from 10 to 14 top down.

APPENDIX B: BIODIVERSITY DATA

List of fauna and flora species seen on the site and in relevant areas around. Close surroundings include the road Selinevej and the path network included in the study site analysis. The mark * refers to the species seen in and around the lake which consist of the Southern limit of the study site. The mark ** refers to a pristine area in sector IV-B. NPA refers to Nature Park Amager. However, only relevant mammal and tree species have been highlighted since a large number of bird species nest and rest at the bird sanctuary and many domestic ruminants are brought to Kalvebod fælled during summer as part of its management (information of bird species in NPA can be found in http://naturstyrelsen.dk/naturoplevelser/naturguider/kalvebod-faelled/dyr-og-planter/ in Danish).

On site Close surroundings NPA

Bird Branta Canadensis Canadian Hawk species geese Anser anser Common geese Motacilla alba White wagtail Corvus cornix Hooded crow Seagulls Vanellus vanellus Northern lapwing Larus ridibundus Black headed gull Sylvia communis Common whitethroat

Other Lumbricus terrestris Earthworm Pelophylax esculentus Dama dama fauna Coccinella septempunctata Edible frog* 1 Fallow deer 3 Ladybird Orthetrum cancellatum Natrix natrix Polyommatus Icarus Common Black-tailed skimmer * 2 Snake grass 3 2 blue Ischnura elegans Blue- Vulpes vulpes Fox 4 Pieris rapae Small white tailed damselfly *2 Aphantopus hyperantus Ringlet butterfly Mice? Fallow deer?

Tree Tilia europaea Lime Populus tremula Aspen Betula pendula Birch species Sorbus aucuparia Rowan tree Populus alba Silver poplar Ulmus glabra Wych Prunus avium Wild cherry Populus x canadensis elm Alnus glutinosa Alder Canadian poplar Alnus cordata Alder Quercus robur Pedunculate oak Salix cinerea Willow** Populus tremula

Populus tremula Aspen* Betula pendula Birch** Aspen Salix Willow* Quercus robur Populus canescens Betula Birch* Pedunculate oak ** Grey poplar Alnus glutinosa* Alnus glutinosa Alder Salix alba Weeping Prunus avium Wild cherry willow Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore

On site Close surroundings NPA

Shrub Rosa canina Dog rose Hippophae rhamnoides Rosa canina Dog rose species Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn Sea buckthorn * Crataegus monogyna Hippophae rhamnoides Sea Rosa canina Dog rose Hawthorn buckthorn Crataegus monogyna Hippophae Hawthorn** rhamnoides Sea buckthorn Sambucus nigra Elder Viburnum opulus Guelder-rose

1 Adams, A. (2016). Amphibians på selinevej skov. [email].

2 Adams, A. (2016). Levestedsvurdering for grønbroget tudse og spidssnudet frø ved Selinevej, Vest Amager. Københavns Kommune Teknik- og Miljøforvaltningen Byens Drift

3 Naturstyrelsen.dk. (n.d.). Dyr og planter på Kalvebod Fælled. [online] Available at: http://naturstyrelsen.dk/naturoplevelser/naturguider/kalvebod-faelled/dyr-og-planter/ [Accessed 21 Jun. 2016].

4 By & Havn (2010). Naturguide- til Ørestad naturområder.

APPENDIX C: ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

CURRENT Provision Regulation Habitat - Support Cultural Food: berries Local climate* Habitats Recreation, mental and physical health Carbon sequestration and storage Pollination Biological control

EXPECTED Provision Regulation Habitat - Support Cultural Food: fruit, berries, Local climate and air Habitats Recreation, mental and fungi quality** physical health Carbon sequestration Aesthetic appreciation; and storage inspiration for culture, art and design Erosion prevention Spiritual experience, sense of place Maintenance of soil fertility Pollination Biological control

APPENDIX D. SUMMARIZED DATA FROM STAKEHOLDERS MEETINGS AND QUESTIONNAIRES.

1. Storkøbenhavns modelflyveklub

1. Use of the area since 2011. 2. The basic requirements for a model airfield as per Clause on Aviation (BL) 9-4 met in spite of the close distance to Copenhagen Airport (for specific requirements visit https://www.trafikstyrelsen.dk/~/media/Dokumenter/05%20Luftfart/04%20Luftfartserhverv/ BL9-4_uk.ashx). 3. The site is approved by the national organization Modelflyvning Denmark on behalf of Transport and Construction Authority. 4. Technical (mandatory) requirements: a) 100 x 300 m in field (airspace) b) 80 x 80 m airfield Other services: a) Gravel road b) Parking c) Benches d) Containers as warehouses 6. The aircrafts can fly up to 100 m and also above trees. 7. Daily use 8. Own effort by helping the Administration establishing the grassland and mowing it. 9. Favourite area. SKM can also use Kløvermarken but only on Sunday afternoons as other activities are usually hold there. 10. Good relation with other users. The airfield is shared with BRAND. Although the timing of their activities does not overlap. 11. Wish to have their activities be kept in this area as they feel they belong there. 12. Proposals: a) Retain the airfield, dirt road, parking and the airfield kept free of vegetation with tall trees. b) The flight area could easily be included as grassy plain / glade in the forest.

13. SKM is open to cooperate in any other solution

Sources:

Nielsen P. (2016). Selinevej forest project and aircraft technicalities. [email]. SKM Board (2016). Ønske om forsat benyttelse af Delområde 4A til modelflyvning, indgivet af Storkøbenhavns Modelflyveklub. [email]. Skm-rc.dk, (2016). Klubhistorie [online]. Available at: http://www.skm-rc.dk/kluboplysninger/ [Accessed 29/06/ 2016].

2. Brandvæsen

1. Use of the area as a test site for teaching drone pilots and training with drones. It is also used for training operations in cooperation with the police. 2. The place is perfect because it has both land and water which they need for training. Their rate of this area is no less than perfect. 3. Greater Copenhagen Fire Dept. has just been chosen to 1 of 4 official test sites in EU, by the DJI. (DJI is the largest civil drone manufacturer in the world). 4. The area is used usually once per week. 5. They do not have any other area to train in Great Copenhagen. They are limited in terms of space since they have to be within the area of Great Copenhagen in case of a call. 6. The cars used to access the site as touring models but sometimes fire trucks are used for exercises. 7. They missed a “clubhouse” with toilet and electricity and a meeting room. 8. A parking lot is beneficial since they use equipment that is difficult to carry. 9. If the forest leaves room for a test site they could practice forest operations also.

Source: Sylver T. (2016). Social analysis. [email].

3. Green Council

1. The Council consists of: Danmarks Naturfredningsforening (DN): Danish Society for Nature Conservation, Dansk Friluftsrådet (DF): Danish Outdoor Council, Dansk Ornitologisk Forening Lokalrådsforeningen (DOF): Danish Ornithological Association of Local Councils, Dansk Botanisk Forening (DBF): Danish Botanical Society, Cyklist Forbund (CF): Cyclists' Federation, Dansk Lystfiskere Association (DFA): the Danish Anglers Association, Foreningen Hovedstadens Forskønnelse og Børne- og Unge Samråd: Association Beautification of the Capital and Child and Youth Samråd 2. The council was created for advice and qualification of the content of the Development plans in 2005. 3. During the planning discussion for Kalvebod Miljøcenter the council members did not express their opinion about the future forest.

Sources: Henriksen S. (2016). Information about Selinevej landfill and possible forest establishment. [email]. Københavns Kommune. (2016). Kalvebod miljøcenter udviklingsplan 2016 Sørensen A. B. (2016). Information about Selinevej landfill in IV-A. [email].

4. Institut for Geovidenskab og Naturforvaltning – Københavns Universitet

1. They are interested in getting a new study site to conduct exercises by students from the Landscape Architect school. 2. They suggest using the area as a landscape laboratory as means to create enjoyable experiences while the vegetation is young. 3. Highlight the interesting results from creative management by collaboration between citizens, authorities and professionals.

Sources: Nielssen A.B. (2016). Landskabslaboratorier – praksisnær forskning, demonstration og undervisning Nielssen A.B. (2016). Workshop at Teknik- og Miljøforvaltningen.

5. Kalvebod Naturskole

1. KN is located in Naturcenter Amager, approximately 4.5 km from the study site. 2. They hold educational and recreational activities for kids and families in the center, its surroundings and in Nature park Amager settings. 3. KN wants to be involved in the afforestation process in order to provide new experiences for their pupils. 4. Any knowledge based on nature is interesting for them. 5. They are willing to help planting and taking care of trees.

Source: Matessi, G. (2016). Meeting at Teknik- og Miljøforvaltningen.

6. Folkets Frugtplantage

1. It aims to be a participatory project between TFM / Sharing Copenhagen and citizens to transform municipal parks into People's Orchards. 2. Planting fruit trees in municipal land for the citizens’ shake. 3. Framed within the municipal plan of planting 100.000 trees. 4. Involve citizens by adopting trees, fruit communities and festivals. 5. Provide fruit to social economy enterprises. 6. Involve people in tree care 7. Animal husbandry can be encouraged. Citizens could adopt them as well (economic support) 8. Create fruit tree tunnels as an aesthetic element.

Source: Engelstoftegård, D. K. (2016). Workshop at Teknik- og Miljøforvaltningen.

7. Københavns Kommune

1. The lixiviates from the site are not a threat to human health 2. Selinevej is only dry today because pumps are pumping water away. 3. Just before the landfill was established, a drain conduit was running along the eastern part of the area (IV-A). This drain conduit is piped today. 4. There was a marsh with reed in the southern area. 5. There were mostly birch trees.

Source: Sørensen, A. B. (2016) Information about Selinevej landfill in IV-A. [email].

APPENDIX E. LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESSMENT.

LANDFORM

Shape Trapezoid surface Flat Rampart along the eastern side Slightly sloping from E to W Southern border ends with a steep slope towards a small lake

Scale Low (small) in general · Broad towards W: broad sea view · Confined on the rest · Enclosed by the highway (permanent) and rampart (temporary)

VEGETATION

Semi-natural vegetation Flat regular lawn · Different grassland heights during summer, 50 cm height in some spots. · Green and yellow flowers (spring); green, purple and white flowers (summer); green (winter) Young trees and shrubs in rampart · Green, grey (spring); green (summer); colorless during winter

Trees and woods Straight hedgerow in the W side · Broadleaves · Green, grey, white (Spring); green, red fruits (summer); colorless (winter) (Temporal) Lime trees aligned in the NE · Some dead, other sprouting · Green, dark brown (spring); dark brown (winter)

NATURAL FEATURES

Open sea Kalveboderne in the W

MAN-MADE FEATURES

Roads Dirt path in the NE, along E Promenade along the W and N Selinevej road borders the E Amagermotorvej close to the E and S

Lakes, ponds and wet Small lake/wetland in S areas

Walls, dykes, hedges, Temporary rampart along the E fences Dyke along the W

Fence in the N

Power lines and other Pylons in the W form the drainage system services

Other features Benches from SKM Some containers in a gravel parking Circuit with tyres and pallets from RC- KBH in the center Landfill works on the eastern side but separated by a rampart

ANY KNOWN CULTURAL OR HISTORICAL ASSOCIATIONS

Seabed before WWII Marsh and wetland Military training site Landfill