Water and Sanitation in Uganda

A WORLD BANK STUDY his World Bank Study provides a basic diagnostic of access to safe water and sanitation in Water and Sanitation in Uganda T Uganda and their relationship with poverty. The analysis relies on a series of nationally representative household surveys for the period 2002–13, as well as on qualitative data collection. The study ﬁ rst relies on household surveys to analyze trends in access to safe water and some of the constraints faced by households for access. The issue of the cost of water for households without a connection to the piped water network is discussed. This includes a discussion of public stand pipes. Next, qualitative data are presented on the obstacles faced by households in accessing safe water. The next two chapters are devoted to sanitation. The focus is again ﬁ rst on analyzing household survey data about sanitation, including with respect to toilets, bathrooms, waste disposal, and hand washing, and next on an analysis of qualitative data from focus groups and key informants. Finally, the study reviews some of the policies and programs that have been implemented in order to improve access to safe water and sanitation for the poor as well as options going forward. Water and Sanitation in Uganda ISBN 978-1-4648-0711-4 Clarence Tsimpo and Quentin Wodon, Editors SKU 210711 Water and Sanitation in Uganda A WORLD BANK STUDY Water and Sanitation in Uganda Clarence Tsimpo and Quentin Wodon, Editors © 2018 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 21 20 19 18 World Bank Studies are published to communicate the results of the Bank’s work to the development community with the least possible delay. The manuscript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formally edited texts. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, inter- pretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. 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Water and Sanitation in Uganda • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0711-4 Contents Acknowledgments ix About the Editors xi Executive Summary xiii Abbreviations xv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Clarence Tsimpo and Quentin Wodon 1 PART 1 Safe Water 7 Chapter 2 Access to Improved Water Sources: Quantitative Analysis 9 Clarence Tsimpo and Quentin Wodon 9 Introduction 9 Trends in Access to Water Sources 11 Constraints for Access to Safe Water 20 Conclusion 24 Annex 2A: Access to Water Estimates from the 2011 DHS 26 Note 27 References 27 Chapter 3 Cost of Public Taps and Alternative Water Sources 29 Clarence Tsimpo and Quentin Wodon 29 Introduction 29 Sources of Drinking Water 31 Cost of Alternative Sources of Water 34 Conclusions 36 References 36 Water and Sanitation in Uganda • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0711-4 v vi Contents Chapter 4 Challenges for Access to Safe Water: Qualitative Analysis 39 Clarence Tsimpo, Willy Kagarura, Nakafu Rose Kazibwe, John Ssenkumba Nsimbe, and Quentin Wodon 39 Introduction 39 Water Provision 43 Water Quality 49 Conclusion 55 Note 56 References 56 PART 2 Sanitation 59 Chapter 5 Access to Sanitation: Quantitative Analysis 61 Clarence Tsimpo and Quentin Wodon 61 Introduction 61 Trends in Access to Sanitation 63 Constraints for Access to Sanitation 73 Conclusion 75 Annex 5A: Sanitation and Hand Washing Estimates from the 2011 DHS 76 References 77 Chapter 6 Challenges to Adequate Sanitation: Qualitative Analysis 79 Clarence Tsimpo, Willy Kagarura, Nakafu Rose Kazibwe, John Ssenkumba Nsimbe, and Quentin Wodon 79 Introduction 79 Lack of Latrines 81 Alternatives to Private Latrines 84 Obstacles to Building Latrines 85 Incentives to Build Latrines 89 Waste Disposal 91 Hand Washing 93 Conclusion 96 Note 97 References 97 Water and Sanitation in Uganda • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0711-4 Contents vii PART 3 Policy 99 Chapter 7 Public Funding and Programs for the Poor in Water and Sanitation 101 Samuel Mutono, Elizabeth Kleemeier, and Fredrick Tumusiime 101 Introduction 101 Level of Public Funding 102 Targeting the Poor 104 Conclusions 111 Note 111 References 111 Figures 2.1 Challenges Associated with Accessing Safe and Clean Water 24 3.1 Concentration Curves for Sources of Drinking Water, 2009/10 33 3.2 Concentration Curves for Sources of Drinking Water, 2012/13 33 5.1 Challenges Associated with Good Hygiene Practices 74 5.2 Perceptions about Public Toilets 75 7.1 Water and Environment Sector Budget, Released Funds, and Expenditures 103 7.2 Released District Water and Sanitation Conditional Grants 105 Maps 2.1 Share of Households Using an Improved Water Source, 2002–13 18 5.1 Share of Households with No Toilet at All, 2002–13 66 5.2 Share of Households Using an Improved Latrine, 2012/13 69 5.3 Share of Households with Hand-Washing Facility with Water and Soap, 2009/10 and 2012/13 72 Tables 2.1 Main Source of Drinking Water for Households 12 2.2 Classification of Water Sources in the Surveys According to the JMP Ladder 15 2.3 Improved Water Sources and the Drinking-Water Ladder 16 2.4 Distance and Time to Drinking Water Sources for Households, 2012/13 19 2.5 Community-Level Change in Availability of Safe Water and Efforts to Improve Water, 2012/13 20 Water and Sanitation in Uganda • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0711-4 viii Contents 2.6 Reasons Declared by Households for Not Using Protected Water Sources, 2010/11 21 2.7 Community Indicators on the Cost and Affordability of Water, 2012/13 23 2A. 1 Source of Household Drinking Water in the 2011 DHS 26 3.1 NWSC Tariff Structure for Fiscal Year 2012/13 30 3.2 Main Source of Drinking Water, 2009/10 and 2012/13 32 3.3 Cost of Water for Households Paying for Water, 2010/11 35 4.1 Location of Sampled Districts for Qualitative Research on Water and Sanitation 42 5.1 Types of Toilet Used by Households 64 5.2 Main Types of Toilet Used in Communities: Community Module, 2012/13 67 5.3 Improved and Unimproved Toilet Facilities Used by Households 68 5.4 Most Common Method of Solid Waste Disposal Used by Households 70 5.5 Types of Bathroom Used by Households 71 5.6 Availability of Hand-Washing Facility for Households 72 5.7 Major Reason for Incomplete Latrine/Toilet Coverage— Community Module, 2010/11 73 A5.1 Household Sanitation Facilities in the 2011 DHS 76 A5.2 Hand Washing in the 2011 DHS 76 6.1 Location of Sampled Districts for Qualitative Research on Water and Sanitation 81 7.1 Released and Required Funds to Achieve Targets 103 7.2 Share of Released Funds for Water Supply and Sanitation Subsectors 104 7.3 Exemptions from Cost Recovery by Village Water Committees 106 7.4 Allocation of Subsidies, by Connection Type, Large Towns, 2010 108 Water and Sanitation in Uganda • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0711-4 Acknowledgments This study is part of a series on service delivery and poverty in Uganda.

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