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Forest Patch Occupancy by Sumatran Hornbills in a Fragmented Landscape of Southern Sumatra, Indonesia

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Forest Patch Occupancy by Sumatran Hornbills in a Fragmented Landscape of Southern Sumatra, Indonesia FOREST PATCH OCCUPANCY BY SUMATRAN HORNBILLS IN A FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPE OF SOUTHERN SUMATRA, INDONESIA by YOK YOK HADIPRAKARSA (Under the Direction of JOHN P. CARROLL AND ROBERT J. COOPER) ABSTRACT Understanding habitat requirements for Sumatran hornbills at broad-scales are required for future conservation and management. I identified habitat relationships and resource selection among forest patches, the probability of forest patches being occupied by hornbills, and developed spatially explicit habitat model (SEHM) to predict probability of Sumatran hornbill occurrence at broad scale. With the combination of stochastic events and habitat loss, small- bodied territorial species groups may face extirpation in the future due to dispersal limitation. Large-bodied non-territorial species had a better probability to persist in fragmented landscapes. Application of spatially explicit modeling has great potential to fill a knowledge gap for hornbill conservation priorities at broad scales. Evaluating efficiency of conservation research and management are recommended for future hornbill studies. Maintaining remnant forest patches in proximity to large neighborhood forest complexes is imperative for future hornbill persistence. INDEX WORDS: AIC, Anorrhinus galeritus, Antracocceros albirostris, Antracocceros malayanus, Aceros corrugatus, Berenicornis comatus, Buceros rhinoceros, Buceros bicornis, Distribution, Forest fragmentation, Hornbill conservation, Indonesia, Logistic regression, Occupancy estimates, Patch occupancy, Sumatran hornbills, Sumatra, Rhinoplax vigil, Rhyticeros undulatus, Spatial explicit model, detection probability FOREST PATCH OCCUPANCY BY SUMATRAN HORNBILLS IN A FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPE OF SOUTHERN SUMATRA, INDONESIA by YOK YOK HADIPRAKARSA B. S., University of Pakuan, Indonesia, 2000 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE ATHENS, GEORGIA 2008 © 2008 Yok Yok Hadiprakarsa All Rights Reserved FOREST PATCH OCCUPANCY BY SUMATRAN HORNBILLS IN A FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPE OF SOUTHERN SUMATRA, INDONESIA. by YOK YOK HADIPRAKARSA Major Professor: John. P Carroll Robert J. Cooper Committee: Nathan P. Nibbelink Michael J. Conroy Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2008 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am thankful for all of the assistance during the project and my time as a master’s student at the University of Georgia. My research project was funded by The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Oriental Bird Club (OBC) and Chester Zoo and done in collaboration with the Indonesian Directorate General of Nature Protection and Conservation (PHKA). I also would like to express my gratitude the Graduate School of University of Georgia for providing me teaching assistantship for my master’s study. First, I would like to thank my major advisor, Dr. John P. Carroll for kindness to accept me as one of his students and Dr. Robert J. Cooper for willingness to became my co-advisor. Their guidance, advice and continuous encouragement during my study and thesis writing were very valuable. I also thank my committee members Dr. Michael J. Conroy and Dr. Nathan P. Nibbelink for their valuable advice on my thesis. I am also thankful to Dr. Jeffry Hepinstall who introduced me to spatial modeling. I would also like to express my gratitude to Drs. Margaret F. Kinnaird and Timothy G. O’Brien who introduced me with the magnificent of Indonesia hornbills and the world of field biologist and patiently thought me how to be a good one in the field. I’m also thank to senior biologist at WCS – International Program and Indonesia Program, Dr. Robert J. Lee, Dr. Noviar Andayani, Dr. Nick Brickle and Dr. Collin Polle for their sincere assistance and bringing me to study abroad. I am also thankful the Puget Sound Chapter of the American Association of Zookepers (AAZK) providing me a funding to purchase computer for my study and special v thanks to Eric Kowalcyzk from Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle for continuously providing encouragement to studied Indonesia hornbills. I am thankful to all friends in Athens: Fathur, Ahmad, Pak Hadi, Ibu Dewi, Shameer, Woon Kyong Kang, Zaki Nuraeni, Agung Santoso and special thanks to Bu Iesye, Emilio Champac, I thank you all for all the kindness and fun. It has been a great experience for me to study at Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, especially with the sincere support and friendship from my fellow graduate students. I would like to thank to Andrew Zharenka, Susan E. Felige, Michael Parrish and Cooper’s lab. Special thank to The Carroll family who helped me settled here in Athens. I really appreciate what you all have done for me. I also would like to thank to Nurul L. Winarni and Aslan Baco for your friendship and deep discussion and technical helps during my study and thesis writing. It has been such a wonderful experience for me to work with all sincere supports, fun, and friendship from my colleagues and friends at the Wildlife Conservation Society – Indonesia Program. I would like to thank to Diah A. Dwiyahreni, Maya D, Anton Nurcahyo, Muhammad Iqbal, Donny Gunaryadi, Hariyo T. Wibisono, Untung Wijayanto, Sunarto, Meyner Nusalawo, Ryan Triharyana, Agung Hawari, Cep Dedi Permadi, Big Antono and Harry Alexander. To all my project field assistant and collaborator, Sumarji, Ridwan, Agus Ahmadi, Agus Bagas, Wahyu Hidayat and Adam Sori, I thank you all for being patience and dedicated work in the field. Finally, my greatest gratitude for my wife and son, my mother, father and mother-law, and all of my brothers and sisters, for their endlessly support, patient, care, and love given to me during study and over my entire life. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND STUDY SITE........................................................................1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................1 Study site ...................................................................................................................6 Literature cited ..........................................................................................................8 2 RELATIONSHIP OF HABITAT AND RESOURCE SELECTION TO SUMATRAN HORNBILL PATCH OCCUPANCY IN SOUTHERN SUMATRA, INDONESIA .................................................................................................................................19 Abstract ...................................................................................................................20 Introduction .............................................................................................................20 Methods...................................................................................................................25 Results .....................................................................................................................29 Discussion ...............................................................................................................31 Literature cited ........................................................................................................34 vii 3 PREDICTING PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE OF SUMATRAN HORNBILLS IN A FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPE IN SOUTHERN SUMATRA, INDONESIA......................................................................................59 Abstract ...................................................................................................................60 Introduction .............................................................................................................60 Methods...................................................................................................................64 Results .....................................................................................................................68 Discussion ...............................................................................................................71 Literature cited ........................................................................................................76 4 CONCLUSIONS .........................................................................................................99 viii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1.1: Common names, scientific names and current conservation status of hornbills occurring in Sumatra, Indonesia .....................................................................................17 Table 2.1: Scientific names with weight, territorial, elevation distributions, home range and daily travels for nine species of Sumatran hornbill .................................................................43 Table 2.2: Patch and transect characteristics in sampled areas, Lampung Province, Sumatra, Indonesia.........................................................................................................................44 Table 2.3: Description of covariates used in occupancy estimation as a function of resource selection and habitat relationships
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