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GAS5) Protects Ovarian Cancer Cells from Apoptosis

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GAS5) Protects Ovarian Cancer Cells from Apoptosis Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2016;9(9):9028-9037 www.ijcep.com /ISSN:1936-2625/IJCEP0028395 Original Article Long non-coding RNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) protects ovarian cancer cells from apoptosis Jiayin Gao1, Beidi Wang1, Min Mao2, Song Zhang3, Meiling Sun4, Peiling Li1 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; 2Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, China; 3Department of Medical Service, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; 4Department of Nursing, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China Received March 16, 2016; Accepted July 12, 2016; Epub September 1, 2016; Published September 15, 2016 Abstract: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a main cause of death in malignant tumor of women genital system. This study aims to investigate the underlying role of growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) in EOC. In vivo expression of GAS5 in 60 EOC specimens was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription QRT-PCR, which used to study the differences of GAS5 expression between EOC tissues and normal ovarian epithelium. There were no significant differences of GAS5 expression between normal ovarian epithelium and benign epithelial lesions; however, GAS5 expression was lower in EOC tissues compared with normal ovarian epithelial tissues (6.44-fold), which was closely related to lymph node metastasis (P=0.025) and tumor node metastasis stage (P=0.035). Moreover, exogenous GAS5-inhibited proliferation promoted apoptosis and decreased migration and invasion in ovarian cancer cells. Finally, through Western blot analysis, overexpression of GAS5 protein could decrease the expression of Cyclin A, Cyclin D, Cyclin E, and PCNA. Conclusions: This study revealed that GAS5 is down-regulated in EOC specimens, and GAS5 inhibits EOC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and promotes the cell apoptosis. GAS5 can serve as a novel therapeutic target in patients with EOC. Keywords: Long non-coding RNA, epithelial ovarian cancer, GAS5, apoptosis, mitochondrion Introduction proteins [7]. Nowadays, lncRNA is emerging as important regulators of tumor initiation and pro- Ovarian cancer is the main cause of death in gression [6]. The tempting potential in most of malignant tumor of women genital system, the lncRNAs has stimulated keen interests, which owns a high morbidity in developing especially in the cancer complexity. Recently, countries. Although, rapid progress in diagno- MALAT1, lncRNA, has been reported to promote sis and treatment of ovarian cancer [1], it is still cancer metastasis [8] and resist rapid RNA the fifth major cause of death in women cancer decay [9-11]. CCAT1-L has been shown to play a patients. Of all ovarian carcinoma cases, Epi- role in MYC transcriptional regulation and pro- thelial ovarian cancer (EOC) accounts for 90% mote a long-range chromatin looping [12-14]. of morbidity [2]. Moreover, EOC can spread to GAS8-AS1 and LPAR4 were identifies as novel peritoneal cavity via peritoneal fluid, leading to papillary thyroid carcinoma driver alternation the inefficiency of surgery and chemotherapy [15]. These findings indicate that lncRNAs may treatment. Thus, a better understanding of the act as important regulators in tumorigenesis. mechanisms involved in EOC and more effec- tive therapeutic approaches are urgently need- This study describes the lncRNA GAS5, which is ed. It is also reported that the loss of function alternatively spliced and is transcribed from a proteins such as, Kras, Brca1/2, Tp53, Rb, and locus of 1q25.1 [16]. GAS5 has a valuable bio- PTEN will induce epithelial ovarian cancer [3-5]. logical function because it is a multiple-small- nucleolar-RNA (snoRNA) host gene [17]. GAS5 Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is longer than competes with the glucocorticoid response ele- 200 nucleotides but does not translate into ments in the genome for binding to these recep- lncRNA GAS5 protects ovarian cancer cells from apoptosis tors and promotes cells apoptosis [18], which of ovarian cancer cell lines. Together, these had been originally identified in leukemia cells results reveal an evidence for proliferation reg- and NIH3T3 cells [19]. It is also reported that ulation between lncRNA GAS5 and ovarian can- the inhibition of mammalian target of rapamy- cer, indicating a potential target of diagnosis cin (mTOR) pathway via rapamycin depends on and gene therapy in the disease. GAS5 [20]. GAS5 negatively regulates miR-21 possibly through the RNA-induced silencing Materials and methods complex [21]. Additionally, it had also shown that GAS5 is down-regulated in some cancer Cell lines and tissue samples cell lines and tissues [22-25]. Some research The human ovarian cancer HO8910 (Bioleaf showed GAS5 inhibited malignant pleural me- Biotech Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China) and A2780 sothelioma (MPM) cell growth by inhibiting cells (Chuanbo Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, hedgehog and PI3K/mTOR signal pathway in China) were grown in RPMI-1640 (Nyclone, MPM [24]. GAS5 as a tumor suppressor in non- Beijing, China) and DMEM medium (Nyclone, small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was mediated Beijing, China), respectively, supplemented by p53-independent and p53-dependent path- with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Sijiqing, ways [26]. Furthermore, GAS5 could inhibit Zhejiang, China) in a humidified incubator E2F1 and cyclin D1 and thus leads to decreased (37°C, 5% CO ). gastric cancer cell proliferation [25]. However, 2 the role of GAS5 in ovarian cancer is not known Specimens of EOC tissue (n=60, without radia- up to now. tion or chemotherapy), normal ovarian epitheli- The fundamental mechanisms of GAS5 on al tissues (n=13) and benign ovarian epithelial tumorigenesis remain largely unknown, despite lesions (n=10) were collected at the Second GAS5 has been indicated to take part in sup- Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University pression on malignant tumor. The potential (China) between Mar 2012 and Apr 2014 mechanisms can be related to the fact that (median age years 55, range 37-79). The sam- GAS5 regulates nonsense-mediated RNA decay ples of normal ovarian tissue were collected pathway [20, 27] or down-regulates c-Myc [28]. from hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy following These findings provide strong evidence that uterine myoma, endometriosis, or adenomyo- GAS5 plays an important role in guiding the cell sis. Written informed consent was obtained fate toward inhibiting proliferation. from all participants. The study was approved by the Human Ethnics Committee of the Second Signaling pathways in cancer cell biology are Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University increasingly being used to investigate the (NO.: 2015-yan-167). mechanisms underlying tumor relapse and dor- mant behavior in many tumors [29, 30]. some Real-time polymerase chain reaction evidences suggest that the MAPK pathway plays an important role in several tumors [31]. Total RNA was extracted from tissues and cell The ERK signaling cascade is one of most lines by using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, CA, extensively studied MAPK pathways, hyperacti- USA), and RNA purity was identified by optical vation of which has been demonstrated to play density (OD) 260 nm/OD 280 nm. The reverse major roles in tumor cell proliferation and transcription reactions were performed using metastasis. while clinical and experimental evi- oligo dT primers and a Reverse Transcriptase dence is consistent with most negative regula- Kit (BIONEER, Shanghai, China). Real-time poly- tors of the ERK pathway being tumor suppres- merase chain reaction (PCR) was perform- sors [32]. The potential role of ERK pathway- ed with the ABI 7300 real-time PCR system dependent proliferation pathway in the prolif- (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA). For all human eration effect of GAS5 has not been explored. ovarian tissues and cell lines, real-time PCR was performed using TaqMan MGB primers In our study, we demonstrated a significant and probe specially for human GAS5 (designed decrease in the expression of GAS5 in EOC tis- by GenePharma, Shanghai, China; forward sues, which was associated with clinicopatho- primer: 3’-CTTCTGGGCTCAAGTGATCCT-5’; reve- logical parameters. Moreover, the overexpres- rse primer: 3’-TTGTGCCATGAGACTCCATCAG-5’; sion of GAS5 obviously inhibited the proliferation probe: CCTCCCAGTGGTCTTT) and eukaryotic 9029 Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2016;9(9):9028-9037 lncRNA GAS5 protects ovarian cancer cells from apoptosis 18S rRNA (GenePharma, Shanghai, China; for- Transwell assay ward primer: 5’-TTTGACTCAACACGGGAAACC-3’; reverse primer: 5’-CACGGAATCGAGAAAGAGC- Transwell assays were performed using a TATC-3’; probe: CCGGACACGGACAGGATTGACA- Costar chamber (Corning Costar Corp, MA, GAT) served as the endogenous control. All of USA). The bottom chambers were filled with a the real-time PCRs were performed in triplicate. culture medium containing 10% FBS. Different The relative quantification of GAS5 expression samples of tansfected HO8910 or A2780 cells was calculated using the 2-ΔΔCT method relative (5 × 104) were suspended in a culture medium to 18s rRNA. without FBS, and then the cells were seeded into the upper chambers. The transwell cham- Transfection ber containing an 8-μm pore size polycarbon- ate membrane filter was coated either with (for To overexpress GAS5, plasmid pCDNA-GAS5 invasion) or without (for migration) matrigel. was constructed by Shanghai GenePharma Co., After 48 h of culture
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