Connecting Projects WILD, WET and Learning Tree in New Hampshire
Geology: Still Shaping New Hampshire s we bid farewell to the Old Man of the riprap on the coast, high storm seas will eventually AMountain, it is a good time to reflect on the win. Severe floods will breach the toughest dams, and “The outdoors power of the earth, or of nature, as we’re more apt to avalanches, landslides and volcanoes will destroy bursts with think of it. No matter the number of hours humans whatever has been set in their paths. struggled to keep New Hampshire’s state symbol at It is times like these that our society, as modern entertainment, its lofty height above Profile Lake, or the number of and seemingly as removed from nature as it is, is refreshment and turnbuckles that were installed, or the amount of forced to look closely at its connection with both the surprise.” epoxy applied, it’s gone. There are times when the earth and science. According to Webster, geology is “a – Enos Mills forces of nature make our struggles to “hold back the science that deals with the history of the earth and its tide” seem like meager manipulations. No matter life, especially as recorded in rocks.” As we have how many resources go into breakwaters and bank witnessed, that history is still being written. The Geology of the Old Man of the Mountain Some 1,200 feet above Profile Lake, in Franconia IN THIS Notch State Park, the Old Man of the Mountain Geologically, the ISSUE looked out over the valley below. This famous rock Old Man was profile was formed from five horizontal ledges of a young rock, stacked one upon the other. From the top of Old Man 2-3 the forehead to the bottom of his chin, he measured geologic about forty-five feet and weighed approximately feature. Natural Landmarks 4-5 7,200 tons. During the night of May 2-3, 2003, the Old Man of the Mountain tumbled from the cliffs of Related Activities 5 Cannon Mountain and was gone forever. To understand his demise, we first must look at how the Announcements 6 rock profile was formed. Project HOME 7-8 Formation of Conway Granite The Old Man of the Mountain before May 2-3, 2003. Geologically, the (Photo by Dennis Vienneau’s eighth grade Earth Science Old Man was a new Students, Moultonborough Academy, NH) BY (young) geologic feature. LEE WILDER It may have been as old By the Jurassic Period, all the continents had OUTREACH COORDINATOR, as 12,000 years and as collided to form a “super continent” that geologists NH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY young as several call Pangaea. The Jurassic was also the time that the AND thousand years. But the dinosaurs were a common life form on Earth...about rock itself, Conway DAVID R. WUNSCH, 175 million years ago. The collision that formed © 2003 STATE GEOLOGIST, Granite, is very old and Pangaea forced the crust into large mountains of New Hampshire NH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY goes back to the Jurassic folded and faulted rock–the Appalachian chain Fish and Game Period. OLD MAN continued on page 2 Department OLD MAN continued from page 1 through the cooler summers. As this snow nia area, it moved though existing stream piled up, the lower portions of the accumu- valleys. Under normal conditions, streams which includes our White Mountains. lated snow-pack would melt and refreeze flow in the bottom of their valley, removing These mountains may have been as high as under the pressure exerted by the upper material and causing the slopes above the the current Himalayan range. But Pangaea snow. This melting and refreezing changed stream bed to slide down into the stream, was not to last. Convection currents (rising the lower snow accumulations to glacial ice. creating V-shaped valleys. However, glacial swirls of hot rock) within the lower crust Snow accumulating at the Labrador Ice ice moving through these existing stream were pulling Pangaea apart in a process Center became the continental glacial ice valleys scrapes the bottom AND sides of the known as “rifting.” With this rifting process, that would advance over New England. valley. This abrasion process makes glacial large masses of molten rock called magma, A great thickness of ice, under pressure valleys U-shaped. In New Hampshire, we deep within the crust, cooled, crystallized of its own weight, flows like “silly putty.” call the U-shaped valleys left by the glacier’s and hardened into intrusive igneous rock. When the accumulated ice is thick enough erosional processes notches. Besides Some of these igneous intrusions formed a to flow, it “oozes” out from these ice coarse-grained pinkish colored granite, centers. As the edge of the spreading ice known as Conway Granite, that is found in advances, soil and rocks become embedded several locations in New Hampshire and in the moving ice. This continental ice Maine. Obviously, lots of weathering and sheet now had the tools it needed to act erosion occurred over the last 175 million like a huge sheet of sandpaper moving over years, removing thousands of feet of the land surface. The rocks and soil frozen Fig.1: A comparison of V-shaped vs. U-shaped overlying rock. Today, what we see as the into the ice scraped the now-exposed valleys. Sketch from http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/ Conway Granite of Cannon Mountain are bedrock. docs/parks/glacier/uvalley.html rocks that were once formed deep in the As the ice advanced over New Earth’s crust. Hampshire’s White Mountains, this Franconia Notch, there are Crawford, “sandpaper action” smoothed and rounded Pinkham, Jefferson and Dixville notches, Glacial Action the bedrock summits. In some cases, the plus several smaller U-shaped valleys. About one million years ago, as the rocks that the ice carried left scratches The glacial ice that covered New Earth’s climate cooled (maybe as little as known as glacial striae in the bedrock. These Hampshire may have been up to one mile nine degrees Farenheit below the averages of striae were generally parallel with the deep. Ice this deep would have covered all today), snow began accumulating in three direction of the glacial flow. Most striae in of the tops of the White Mountains as it “ice centers” in North America: the Cordille- New Hampshire bedrock are orientated flowed to the southeast. Where the forces of ran (in the Rockies), the Keewatin (near NW to SE, the general direction of the ice weathering haven’t removed them entirely, Hudson Bay) and the Labrador (near the flow. This left smoothed and polished glacial striae and polish can still be found east coast of Canada). Each year, some of bedrock surfaces that are still visible in some on the bedrock of many New England the winter’s snows would melt at the ice places today. mountains. centers, but some snow would persist As the ice flowed through the Franco- About 15,000 years ago, the glacial ice began melting away as the Earth’s climate warmed up. The total time in which the ice was here (1 million to 10,000 years ago) is called the Pleistocene Epoch or Ice Age. During the Pleistocene, the ice may have advanced and melted back (retreated) across New England up to four times. The last advance went as far south as Cape Cod and the southern edge of Long Island, NY. The ice began retreating from there about 15,000 years ago and was gone from north central New Hampshire by about 12,000 years ago. Some of the rock structure that made up the Old Man may have existed at the end of the Pleistocene...left by the plucking action of the glacial ice. As the ice flowed over the top of the mountain, melt water under the ice would freeze into rock fractures and the moving ice would rip or pluck pieces of the bedrock from the cliff Fig. 2. Classic roche moutonnee shape of Profile/Cannon Mountain – a gentle slope in the face as the ice flowed forward. Glacial direction the ice came from and a steep slope on the down-ice side. (Photo by Eric Aldrich) plucking left Cannon Mountain with its
2 Franconia Notch, the freezing of water in the many fractures of Cannon Mountain Geology Terms caused the rocks of the cliff to break off Bedrock – the solid rock of the Earth’s through frost action. Similar to how crust under the soil. freezing water produces “frost heaves” in our Chemical weathering – process by roads, freezing water in the fractures of the which rock is dissolved due to reactions Conway Granite split the rock into smaller between the rock surface and water pieces. When the ice melts, broken bedrock that has combined with other pieces fall to the floor of the notch due to substances, particularly carbon dioxide. gravity. As accumulated fallen pieces pile up, a talus slope of broken bedrock forms Erosion – removal of broken pieces of Fig. 3. All that remains of the Old Man after against the lower face of the cliff. The large rock by running water, glacial ice, wind May 2-3, 2003. Note the three remaining accumulation of talus at the base of the or gravity. steel rods that had been installed to hold the Cannon cliffs, where the Old Man was Exfoliation – mechanical weathering rocks of his forehead from sliding. (Photograph located, is evidence that the cliff has been process where the expansion of the courtesy of George Bliss.) undergoing lots of weathering. outside of the rock due to heating and The Conway Granite in the cliff area cooling causes sheets to “peel” off the characteristic roche moutonnee shape – a of the Old Man had a series of nearly rock surface. gentle slope in the direction that the ice equally spaced horizontal fractures that ran Frost action – mechanical weathering came from and a steep slope/cliff on the back into the face of the cliff top. (See Fig. process where water freezing in the down-ice side. (See Fig. 2.) 3.) The Old Man profile was a chance cracks of rock expands it by 10% and formation from the weathering of these five breaks the rock apart. The Work of Weathering ledges of Conway Granite. Standing in just Glacial striae – scratches on bedrock Remember, the Old Man was made by the right place (to the north of Profile Lake) caused by glacial abrasion. The weathering and erosion. The western side of on the floor of Franconia Notch and direction of the scratches indicates the the U-shaped valley that is Franconia looking up toward the top of the Cannon direction of glacial movement. cliffs, a very life-like profile of an “Old Notch is tall and very steep – nearly vertical. Igneous intrusion – bodies of igneous Man” could be seen. The first reported Geologically, this is a very unstable slope. rock which form due to the sighting of the Old Man was made in 1805 Thus, weathering and erosion are a very crystallization of magma underground. active process here. Weathering is the actual by two surveyors working in Franconia Mechanical weathering – process by breaking down of the rock by mechanical Notch. which rock is broken down due to and chemical processes. Mechanical OLD MAN continued on page 5 physical abrasion by water, ice, wind weathering, the physical breakdown of the or plants. rock due to physical abrasion by water, ice, wind and plants, includes processes such as Notch – U-shaped river valley created frost action, exfoliation and root pry. as a result of a glacier moving through a Chemical weathering occurs when water, stream bed and scouring the sides of combined with oxygen and carbon dioxide, the valley. forms chemicals that dissolve the minerals in Plucking – A process of glacial erosion the rock. The plentiful rain water and cloud by which blocks of rock are loosened, droplets high on the Cannon cliffs help detached and borne away from chemical weathering dissolve the feldspar bedrock by the freezing of water in minerals in the Conway Granite. With the fissures. feldspar minerals weakened, other minerals Rifting – tearing apart of a continental in the granite loosen and the rock crumbles plate to form a depression in the Earth’s apart. crust which often separates the plate. Removal of these broken rock pieces Rouche moutonnee – rock hills shaped and loosened minerals is called erosion. by the passage of ice, which leaves a Geologists recognize four erosional agents: gentle abraded slope on the up-ice side running water, glacial ice, wind and gravity. and a steep, rough slope on the down- On the steep cliffs of Cannon Mountain, ice side. gravity is the chief erosional agent. Wind Talus – a sloping mass of rock debris at and running water from rains and snow the base of a cliff. melt, eroding weathered pieces. Glacial ice Fig. 4. New Hampshire Geological Survey has NOT been a recent erosional agent, (NHGS) staff using a Global Positioning Root pry – mechanical weathering since the ice melted back from Franconia System (GPS) Unit to plot the location of one process where tree roots grow into the Notch 12,000 years ago. of the steel rods from the Old Man found on the cracks in the rock, pushing the rock apart. After the glacial ice melted out of talus slope. (Photo from NH Geological Survey)
3 National Natural Landmarks in New Hampshire
Franconia Notch, long-time home of the Old Man of the Mountain, is listed on the National Registry of Natural Landmarks. The National Registry Program was established in 1962 to “identify and encourage the preservation of the full range of ecological and geological features that are nationally significant examples of the nation’s natural heritage.” It is currently administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior. Did you know that in addition to Franconia Notch, there are eight other national natural landmarks in New Hampshire and that most are either directly or indirectly related to the state’s geology? Here’s what we have in our own backyard. All of the landmarks are in public ownership, with five of those included within the New Hampshire state park system. Franconia Notch, surely the best known of our natural landmarks and state parks, was selected because of its classic U- shaped valley formed by glacial scouring Floating bog islands with the Presidential Range in background at Pondicherry National Fish and its associated landslide scars, talus slopes and Wildlife Refuge. (Photo by David Govatski for ASNH) and stream-cut gorges. A lesser known national natural landmark is Madison Boulder, the largest glacial erratic in North measures 83 feet long, 37 feet wide and 23 forest type, one that is becoming increas- America. The huge boulder was carried to feet high. White Lake Pitch Pines in White ingly rare in the northeast. The sandy soils its present forested location in Madison by Lake State Park in Tamworth, is a particu- left by glaciers between 10,000 and glacial ice some 11,000 years ago. It larly fine example of a mature pitch pine 14,000 years ago provide ideal conditions for the species. Heath Pond Bog near the Ossipee-Effingham town line is a classic example of bog succession from open water to sphagnum-heath-black spruce bog. Rhododendron State Park in Fitzwilliam is home to the largest and most viable stand of Rhododendron maximum known at the northern extension of its range Three national natural landmarks are located in the state’s remote and wild north country. They provide diverse habitats for many plant and wildlife species. Pondicherry National Fish and Wildlife Refuge in Jefferson and Whitefield is a relatively stable bog-forest that supports an unusual variety of birds. It is jointly owned and managed by the N.H. Fish and Game Department, the Audubon Society of New Hampshire and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Included within Umbagog National Wildlife Refuge, Floating Island in Errol is an ecological community illustrating Students from Moultonborough Academy pose in front of the Madison Boulder. characteristics of a bog, pond and river complex. East Inlet Natural Area northeast
4 of Second Connecticut Lake is a virgin spruce-fir forest and spruce-tamarack bog in one unit. It is jointly owned by the N.H. Fish and Game Department and the Nature Conservancy. Spruce Hole Bog in Durham is a complete ecological community occupying a true kettle hole, the last of its type in the state. It is in municipal ownership.
East Inlet offers access to unique natural areas, as well as many wildlife viewing opportunities. (Photo by Pamela Riel)
OLD MAN continued from page 3 It now appears that the rocks under the chin, at the center of gravity of the five The Old Man’s Collapse ledges, gave away. Weathering had finally Weathering and erosion are relentless, deteriorated the rock so much that it had and the same processes that created the Old lost strength and was unable to hold the Man are what took him away. Surveys done massive weight of the five ledges above. in the 1970s during the construction of Breakaway of the supporting rock under I-93 through Franconia Notch showed that the chin caused the ledges to tumble the five ledges making up the Old Man forward and pitch headlong onto the talus were “balanced” on a small point under the slope below. The steel rods and bolts were profile’s “chin.” Over the years, several metal no match for the great weight of the rocks bolts and steel rods had been placed into making up the Old Man. The rods pulled some of the loose rocks that made up the from the falling rock – some remain sticking forehead to prevent them from sliding off out from the top of the cliff (See Fig.3), Rhododendron maximum blooms at the mountain. (You can see these five ledges while others were found in a mass of broken Rhododendron State Park. and a couple of the steel rods in the cover rock pieces strewn down the talus slope photo). below. (See Fig.4.)
Activities Related to Articles in This Issue
Project WET suggests: Project WILD suggests: Project Learning Tree suggests: Old Water involves students In the WILD Aquatic activity, By studying sunlight, soil moisture, constructing a timeline to illustrate and Watersheds, students measure the area of a temperature, wind and the presence of interpret the influence of water on the small watershed and learn how watersheds plants and animals in Field, Forest and Earth’s history. Be sure to include the change over time through natural processes. Stream, students begin to consider how formation of the Labrador ice center and Students work with state highway and nonliving factors affect the living elements glacier and the Old Man of the Moun- vegetative maps in Rainfall and the Forest to in three different ecosystems. tain on your timeline! determine relationships between rainfall, People often wonder why certain By role-playing the structure of land formations, vegetation and animal plants grow in some places and not in water as a solid, liquid and gas in habitats. others. In Soil Stories, students explore Molecules in Motion, students can Referring to topographic maps in differences in soil types and what they understand how the freezing of water Migration Barriers, students draw murals mean to both plants and us. can be a force of mechanical weathering. and three-dimensional models of a land area In Did You Notice?, students study In Water Messages in Stone, students and associated deer migration routes. They changes in their local environment during replicate rock paintings and carvings to show consequences to the deer of the short and long periods of time and begin learn about ancient cultures’ relation to development of highways through the area. to identify patterns of change. water and to create their own water- related expressions.
5 ANNOUNCEMENTS
Chance for students to participate in a in the middle of its third season. Programs information about each species shown. water use study! are scheduled the third Thursday of every Requests for the new, free publications may Do you know how much water the month of the school year (except December be made via email at average household uses in a day? Estimates and June), from 4:00 to 5:30 p.m., at [email protected]. range anywhere from 50 gallons per person locations in Bow, Lincoln, Greenfield, to over 1,000 gallons per household, but Durham and Gorham. Upcoming topics New ecology course for educators no one knows for sure. A study is currently include white-tailed deer populations, A new graduate-level 4- credit course underway in the seacoast area that is trying information about natural resources that will explore the concept of Earth as a to answer this question, along with several available for educators, predator/prey System for teachers will be others concerning how much groundwater relationships, the use of native plants to offered at UNH is available in the area. enhance backyard habitats, and migratory Durham starting in Seacoast-area teachers and students are birds. Interested teachers and non-formal January 2004. Topics being invited to participate in this project. educators are welcome to attend any or all include ecosystems, Participating classes will first receive a of the programs. Visit the NHPTV website, habitats, biomes, hands-on presentation about where their www.nhptv.org (click on Teach and Learn, biodiversity, weather, drinking water comes from. Each student Knowledge Network and Professional climate, water and air will then be asked to complete (with the Development) for more information and to quality, watersheds, remote sensing, the help of their parents) a home survey/audit register. flow of matter and energy through the of their home’s water fixtures and use to be universe, water and nutrient cycles, wildlife returned to the researchers. Age-appropriate New publications from Fish and Game identification, wetlands, interdependence follow-up activities will be provided to Fish and Game’s new wildlife flyers and more. The course will focus on content teachers so that students can compile, and posters are being taught through Project WILD, WET, graph, and analyze their data. Once here! The four- Learning Tree and Project HOME activities. compiled, the seacoast-area data from all color, glossy The GLOBE protocols are in integral part participating schools will be made available publications are of all lab exercises. This will provide you an to those that participated. great for the opportunity to learn science methods and For more information about the classroom, content through the use of classroom project, or to learn how your class can depicting the friendly techniques that can then be used to participate, please contact Nicole Clegg at state’s wildlife in integrate into units for your students. For (603) 271-4071 or [email protected]. its appropriate more information, contact Jennifer habitat and Bourgeault at [email protected]. Silverberg honored by NEEEA including The New England Environmental Education Alliance (NEEEA) honored Judy Silverberg, PhD, of the Explore Wild New England: new online magazine for kids New Hampshire Fish and Game Depart- For students and educators in New ment, for her leader- Hampshire, the web is getting wilder! ship and dedication to The New Hampshire Fish and Game the field of environ- Department and the Maine Department mental education by of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife have presenting her with its joined forces to produce Explore Wild prestigious President’s New England, an online children’s Award at its 37th annual conference, magazine at www.wildnewengland.org. September 19, in Woodstock, Connecticut. Each issue covers two months of wildlife Judy was cited for having exhibited topics related to the seasons, along with leadership and innovation on state, regional interactive activities to educate and and national levels during her 27 years in entertain. Kids can participate in wildlife the field of environmental education. surveys, track wildlife activity with a monthly calendar, and learn about Granite State Distance Learning: actions they can take to benefit local A good resource for educators wildlife. Each issue will feature a N.H. Fish and Game’s Wild New particular animal or group of animals designed with kids from grades 4-7 in Hampshire Series, broadcast through New found in New England and an ecological mind, and is written in short sections Hampshire Public Television’s (NHPTV) concept, from wildlife myths to winter with language and graphics geared Granite State Distance Learning Network, is adaptations and habitat. The magazine is toward that age group.
6 SCHOOLYARD HABITATS UPDATE
areas; and pitch pine-oak in the Ossipee barrens. The various forest regions in turn create different habitat types for wildlife. The distribution or mixing of vegetative types, size classes and other features largely determines the wildlife communities that occur in an area. More diversity in size classes and in the layering of different types of plants and growth forms (trees, vines, shrubs, herbs, mosses and lichens) yields more diversity in the wildlife species Plants, Bedrock and Soils: present.
What Grows Where, Bedrock and Soil Form the Framework and Why Topography and substrate are the primary forces that determine plant BY MARILYN WYZGA community composition. Topographic slope exposes land to more or less sun, influenc- Pine/oak forests along the high Merrimack lants don’t stand on their own. They are ing its temperature and moisture. So a River banks indicate sandy soils, likely Pa part of ecological systems – ecosystems north-facing slope is cool and moist, and deposited by a glacial lake. (Photo by Marilyn – in which they establish, grow and often growing with balsam fir and hemlock. Wyzga) reproduce. They are rooted in the soil from A much stronger impact is exerted by which they draw water and nutrients, and substrate – the mineral materials on which likely resulted from glacial activity. About extend into the atmosphere that provides soil forms. The type and arrangement of 10,000 to 15,000 years ago, the land of vital sunlight and gases. plants mirrors the mixture of clay, silt, sand, New Hampshire emerged from the glacial Plants differ in their requirements for glacial till and rock lying beneath them. age. The melting ice revealed dramatic nutrients and moisture, and sites differ in These range from wet to dry, fine to coarse changes in the landscape. Mountains were their ability to supply these needs. Conse- grained, neutral and nutrient-rich to acidic rounded off. Chunks of bedrock were quently, each species tends to be specific to and nutrient-poor. Soils determine plant picked up and dragged for miles, then left one or more characteristic ecosystems. Using material by affecting the amount of water, behind as the large glacial boulders we call this knowledge, you can identify plant nutrients and soil gases available. erratics. The glaciers scraped soil off bedrock habitats by examining the topography and Let’s look at an example. The wood- and compressed other soils with their the soils that lie beneath the surface of your lands around the Concord Fish and Game massive weight. They gathered and schoolyard. headquarters are dominated by red oak, PROJECT HOME continued on page 8 white pine and pitch pine, with gray and The New Hampshire Landscape paper birch and white oak, a groundcover Nearly 85% of our New Hampshire of wintergreen and low bush blueberry, and Recommended reading: sweetfern in the sunny margins. Pitch pine landscape is forested. Over human history, Reading the Forested Landscape, Tom is a good indicator of the warmest, driest this landscape has been disturbed by fire, Wessels, The Countryman Press, VT, 1997 windthrow, agriculture and logging. Prior topographic sites in central New England; it to that, the powerful forces of glaciers is also a remnant of pine barrens, which, Why Trees Grow Where They Do, by Bill shaped the landscape. Further back in when not burned, revert to pine/oak stands. Leak and Jane Riddle, on the USDA Forest geologic time, the landscape was formed by Sweetfern is a strong eco-indicator of sand Service website at http://www.fs.fed.us/na/ bedrock, which gave rise to the first soils. All and gravel. Disturbed sand or gravel durham/coopforest/stewardship/text/ of these factors yield the forest types we see substrates often colonize with gray birch, whytrees.shtml in the state today. paper birch and white pine. These factors New England Wildlife: Habitats and Our forests can be divided into six combined suggest we are on very sandy soils Distribution, Richard DeGraaf and Mariko major regions: spruce-fir, found mostly in in the former pine barrens of the Merrimack Yamasaki, University Press of New England, the White Mountains; northern hardwoods River Valley. A visit to a Natural Resources Hanover, 2001 and northern hardwoods-spruce combina- Conservation Service soils map confirms New Hampshire Geologic Survey – tions in northern and central areas; transi- that this area is dominated by Hinkley/ www.des.state.nh.us/asp/Geology/ tion hardwoods-white pine in the Con- Windsor sandy soils types. links.asp necticut River valley and southeast New NH Geology on the World Wide Web Hampshire; central hardwoods-hemlock- Glaciers Shaped the Soils – white pine in the southeast and coastal The pine barrens of the Concord area http://nhgs.org/NHGS/Nhgeol.html
7 PRO0308A
New Hampshire
www.nhplt.org Fish & Game Department
[email protected] 11 Hazen Drive
(800) 677-1499 (800) Concord, NH 03301
Concord, NH 03301 NH Concord,
54 Portsmouth Street Portsmouth 54
Project Learning Tree Learning Project
Esther Cowles Esther
www.des.state.nh.us/wet
(603) 271-4071 (603)
Concord, NH 03301 NH Concord,
29 Hazen Drive Hazen 29
Environmental Services Environmental
N.H. Department of Department N.H.
Project WET Project
Nicole Clegg Nicole
www.wildlife.state.nh.us
(603) 846-5108 (603)
Whitefield, NH 03598 NH Whitefield,
RR1, Box 241 Box RR1,
N.H. Fish and Game Dept. Game and Fish N.H.
Project WILD Project
Mary Goodyear Mary
and will support. will and
communities your site naturally supports naturally site your communities Coordinator Information Coordinator
www.neigc.org\NHGS\NHGEOL.html
help you determine what types of plant of types what determine you help
aerial photographs and other resources to resources other and photographs aerial
www.earthsciweek.org 4040 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 130, Arlington, VA 22203 VA Arlington, 130, Suite Drive, Fairfax N. 4040
plant species. Use soils maps, geology maps, geology maps, soils Use species. plant
Office for Diversity and Civil Rights Programs – External Affairs External – Programs Rights Civil and Diversity for Office
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for this issue: this for if you desire additional information please write to: write please information additional desire you if
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color, national origin, age, disability, religion or sex (in sex or religion disability, age, origin, national color,
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Project WILD receives Federal financial assistance from assistance financial Federal receives WILD Project
Pine barrens demonstration garden at Fish at garden demonstration barrens Pine
Fowler’s toads and nighthawks. and toads Fowler’s
supports northern harriers, hognose snakes, hognose harriers, northern supports
and sand. This plant community also community plant This sand. and
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our state butterfly, which feeds on the wild the on feeds which butterfly, state our
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these lakes bordered the Concord Heights, Concord the bordered lakes these
collected, forming new layers of soil. One of One soil. of layers new forming collected,
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dumped piles of sand and gravel, visible gravel, and sand of piles dumped PROJECT HOME from page 7 page from HOME PROJECT