The following packets of information are included here for your use. They are found on the Internet at the Mineral Information Institute webpage. http://www.mii.org/teacherhelpers.php
Please check their site often for materials specifically created for teachers.
Atlantic Union Conference Teacher Bulletin www.teacherbulletin.org Page 1 of 1 Finding your way around www.mii.orgwww.mii.org Where almost everything we have is FREEFREE for teachers
For Teachers FREE downloads & printables. Includes all student pages, graphics, activity guides, and backgrounders. Plus samples. Get posters if you want them.
Every American Born Will Need . . . 1.64 million lbs. For Students 32,061 lbs 997 lbs . Stone, Sand, & Gravel . 21,476 lbs. Salt . Zinc • Mineral photos, many from 1,841 lbs Clays 81,585 gallons the Smithsonian Institute. Copper Petroleum 68,110 lbs 2.196 Troy oz. • Mineral descriptions and Cem . information. Gold ent . . etals • Minerals in your state, with maps. 586,218 lbs +57,448 lbs Coal inerals & M . All FREE to help your students. lbs 5.9 millionOther cu. M ft. of 0 5,599 lbs . 23,70 45,176 lbs. Aluminum . 1,074 lbs natur Phosphate Lead Iron Ore al gas About MII 3.7 million pounds of minerals, metals, and fuels in a lifetime © 2001 Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado Who we are. What other teachers say about us.
Global Science A great high school textbook. BecomeBecome
Mining & the Environment aa membermember Things you probably never knew about the impact of mining on the land. GOLD Panning in your classroom Truly, one of the greatest classroom experiences. Become a member. Ever. Help support our work to keep materials FREE for teachers.
The Benefits of Membership in MII We always try to provide our materials free to By becoming a member of MII you will help us teachers who ask to receive them. But someone prove to our contributors that you value the has to provide the money to pay for them. That materials we provide. Sometimes, we might someone is our contributors. even need you to talk directly with them. Please help.
Mineral Information Institute Idea Starters to find out about Natural Resources We Use A few quick and easy examples to help introduce and develop an appreciation for our natural Page 3 resources and how we use them.
47 different topics (all with website references) to learn how we use our mineral Page 4 - 6 resources and where they come from.
A list of the major minerals and metals and the states where they are produced. Plot them on a map and find out Page 7 how common some minerals are . . . and aren’t.
The opposite of Page 7— a list of States and the minerals they produce. Page 8 Find out who has minerals and who doesn’t.
There are 35 different minerals and metals in every computer. Order a book from Amazon.com, you burn about half a pound Page 9 of coal that produced the electricity to make it all happen.
An energy extravaganza. Where your electricity comes from. How much does energy really cost. Who uses energy. Page 10 - 15 Who produces the energy we use.
Mankind has created some ingenious things and all of them use minerals. Is Page 16 - 17 there a limit to man’s ingenuity?
Things that come from Trees. You’ll be surprised when you discover how many pounds Page 18 (and trees) are used to make chocolate.
We know beef comes from a cow but look at all the other ways we use that cow, like marshmallows and shampoo, Page 19 and clothes and tires and to treat diabetes and allergies.
Experience the Gold Rush in your classroom. History really comes alive when gold is involved. Watch what Page 20 happens when your students get GOLD FEVER. Teachers always have permission to copy MII materials for their classroom use. www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 2 Idea Starters to find out about Natural Resources We Use But where does that Everything is Made of Something something come from? Scientists describe it in the Law of Conservation of Matter: Matter can be neither created nor destroyed, though it can be rearranged.
Science and human ingenuity have created some marvelous things. As a result, many people have lost track of where things come from because the form in which they buy and use those “things” is often dramatically changed from the original materials that created them. That’s one of the main uses for these materials. . . to help people reconnect to the natural resources that provide Everything We Have.
Have your students . . . Find out where their last meal came from. Find the Find all the natural resources it takes to produce a states/provinces that produced all of the parts of loaf of bread. First, you need to identify all the their breakfast, lunch or dinner. Make it a little steps of production. (Planting, fertilizing and harder by allowing them to use each state only harvesting the wheat, transportation of it to a once. Help is available at www.usda.gov. processing plant, refrigeration, shipping flour to or bakery, baking, packaging, marketing and sales.) Plan a holiday menu, with all the trimmings. List You can skip a few of these steps if you bake the those states that produced the foods eaten at bread at home, but even then, you will use a lot of Thanksgiving, Christmas, Kwanzaa, Passover, resources in the cooking utensils, oven, and July 4th, Easter, etc. (www.usda.gov). energy. Let your students get wild and see who can create the longest list of natural resources Find out which regions helped them get dressed this necessary to get a slice of bread. Help is available morning. Which states/provinces created the at www.usda.gov, www.fb.com, and www.mii.org. cotton, wool, leather, rubber, plastic, metals, and synthetic fibers (nylon, rayon, acrylic, polyester, Pick two regions or provinces, the one you live in etc.) that were used to make their clothes. and the other one far away. What would you trade or or barter with the other region to enhance your Look at one thing, anything, like tennis shoes. life? They are usually made of a half dozen different minerals and “grown” materials. A little help at Design a travel brochure of your state or region. www.mii.org/pdfs/clothing.pdf The brochure should include a description of the Note: pdf files download to your computer and topography, climate, special places of interest, the should automatically open in Acrobat Reader. top agricultural commodities, mining sites, and a map that shows the location of the main rivers, Create a collage of products made from the metals, cities, and highways in the region. minerals, and agricultural resources from your region.
Food, Clothing, Shelter ALL Come from Our Natural Resources Discover who you are dependent upon for your life-style
www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 3 Idea Starters to find out about Natural Resources We Use Language Arts, Social Studies, & Science Connections This same information, with links, is available at www.mii.org/lessons.html Pick a Topic and expand it ANY FILE WITH PDF IN ADDRESS IS A DIRECT DOWNLOAD, NOT A VIEW ON SCREEN UNLESS YOU HAVE PROGRAMMED A Bright Smile from Toothpaste and YOUR COMPUTER TO DO SO. Minerals: A listing of the various minerals and metals used in toothpaste, and the role each of them plays in keeping your teeth The History of Gold Is the History of bright and healthy. the World: Gold — it conquered www.mii.org/toothpaste.html nations and settled the world. It has more history than perhaps any other Find Out What’s Beyond the Looking natural resource. www.mii.org/ Glass: The magic of at least six different goldhist.html minerals, in the right combination, make glass. It’s been around for nearly 5,000 years How Many Minerals & Metals Does It and today we can’t live without it. Take to Make A Light Bulb? With so www.mii.org/glass.html much science and technology behind something so common, it’s a wonder it What’s Really in was ever invented. Paper Besides Wood? More www.mii.org/lightbulb.html than 250 million tons are produced every year, but paper can’t exist Mineralized Map of Alaska: without the special feature that Major mineralization is minerals provide. known to occur in Alaska. www.mii.org/paper.html www.mii.org/pdfs/ alaskamap.pdf Money, Made of Metal and Promises: One of the greatest Is It Animal, Vegetable, or inventions of all time. Mineral? Take your pick from the www.mii.org/money.html items on these two pages. It’s not as easy as you think. www.mii.org/pdfs/anminveg.pdf Eat Your Broccoli, It Contains Selenium - The Brain Food: Health and nutrition are A Classroom Full of Resources: 4 pages. Includes dependent upon minerals. guide and suggested Without them, life is not activities for students to possible. realize everything in the www.mii.org/nutrition.html school and home is made of resources. Includes What’s In A Pencil classroom identification Besides Wood: and coloring page. Two- Natural resources from a half dozen states and at least page list and description of two countries are necessary to make something as how mineral resources are simple as a wood pencil. How was it ever invented? used throughout their www.mii.org/pencil.html home. www.mii.org/pdfs/classroom.pdf
Find Out Where the Sidewalk Clothing Matters, Let’s Begins: Almost anybody can Learn About Clothes: 2 build a sidewalk but can your pages. What are clothes community make a sidewalk? made from? Living or non- There is more to the ingredients living resources. Extensive of a good sidewalk than you connections and activities, think. plus student work sheet to find out what they are www.mii.org/sidewalk.html wearing. www.mii.org/pdfs/clothing.pdf www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 4 Idea Starters to find out about Natural Resources We Use
How Much Electricity Does It Take to Light Your MII Baby: Graphic showing the Classroom: Or your entire school or your house. Plus 3.7 million pounds of various map and facts page on where coal comes from, plus a minerals and metals the average math guide for you to look at the electricity use in your American will need in their home. www.mii.org/pdfs/coalmath.pdf lifetime. www.mii.org/pdfs/miibaby.pdf Home on the Range: Was the original song really written by mining prospectors high in the Colorado A World of Resources: Almost everything we have Rockies? Read the history, study the verses, and find and use comes from our mineral resources, yet no out what the original publisher of the song says. country in the world is self-sufficient in producing these www.mii.org/pdfs/cohome.pdf resources to meet their needs. Find out a little about the U.S. and the resources we don’t produce. Uses of Common Minerals: 3 pages of brief www.mii.org/pdfs/worldresources.pdf descriptions of the most common minerals and their uses. Good for reference and/or quick study. Copper- The Ancient Metal: www.mii.org/pdfs/mineraluses.pdf Used for at least 4,000 years. The history of Mining Long Ago & Today: Two copper, its uses, and coloring pages to help recognize description of the the difference between the image various copper ores. of the lone prospector a hundred www.mii.org/pdfs/ years ago, and today’s mining copper.pdf industry. www.mii.org/pdfs/mining.pdf Farming Long Ago & Today: Two coloring pages to help recognize the difference between the romantic, Natural Resources Matter: Everything is made from but hard working image of farming a hundred years a natural resource. Classroom instructions and games ago, and farming today. www.mii.org/pdfs/farming.pdf are included. 4 pages. www.mii.org/pdfs/natresmatter.pdf Geology and Natural Resource Development: Two page description of what geology is, the formation of An Appreciation of the Earth mineral resources, and the steps involved in making a and All It Provides: An mineral resource useful. www.mii.org/pdfs/geology.pdf introduction to recognizing and appreciating the Earth as the Mineral Import Reliance Chart: Chart showing 37 source for all the natural different minerals and metals that the U.S. needs to resources we depend upon. 3 import from other countries to meet our needs and pages, including two coloring sustain our economy and jobs. www.mii.org/pdfs/ pages. imports.pdf www.mii.org/pdfs/ naturallyyours.pdf Land Poster: One page graphic showing all the different ways land is used. www.mii.org/pdfs/ The Earth - Nature’s landposter.pdf Storehouse: 2 pages. What are mineral resources? How How Do We Use Our Land: A sequential, six-page are they distributed in nature? thinking and writing activity to help people look at land, How are they used to supply think about what it could, should, or must be, and decide food? And more. what they would do if they were “King of the Land.” www.mii.org/pdfs/ Includes a poster showing many of the uses we want naturestorehouse.pdf our land to provide. www.mii.org/pdfs/landuse.pdf
Per Capita Use of Minerals Mining Legends: Legend of the Lost Dutchman (with in the U.S.: Every year, map activity) and historic facts of the first authenticated 47,000 pounds of new gold discovery in the United States. 4 pages. minerals must be mined for www.mii.org/pdfs/legends.pdf every person in the United States just to maintain our Project Vadar: What if you had to colonize Mars? What standard of living. Graphic would you need to take? What skills and talents would shows which minerals and you have to have? Believe me, Michael Jordan and metals, and how much. Madonna have no place in this world. www.mii.org/pdfs/percapita.pdf www.mii.org/pdfs/mars.pdf www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 5 Idea Starters to find out about Natural Resources We Use
Role of Minerals in Plant Growth & Health: 7 coloring & activity pages of information about Your House: Where do all the the important role of nitrogen, materials used to build your house potassium, and phosphate in come from? healthy plants. There are 13 other www.mii.org/pdfs/your house.pdf elements necessary for healthy plants. www.mii.org/pdfs/plants.pdf Why Do We Mine? Statistics and examples of the Recycling Metals: Aluminum isn’t the only metal being long list of mineral resources in a variety of materials. recycled, nor is it the most recycled metal. There’s lots Life expectancy; the more than 40 minerals found in a going on and these two pages will provide you with a car; consumption of minerals 1776 vs. today; and more. little information. www.mii.org/pdfs/recycle.pdf www.mii.org/pdfs/every/why1.pdf
The Sound of Music is the Sound of People and the Earth: How ancient people used Metals at Work: Almost every instrument minerals, definitions of an ore body, and games. ever made contains metals. www.mii.org/pdfs/peopleandearth.pdf www.mii.org/music.html Pan For Gold In Your Classroom: Experience the greatest classroom Our Basic Needs- Food, Clothing, Shelter: An activity ever. Use it to demonstrate introductory list to think about “Where Things Come gravity or have your students experience From.” www.mii.org/pdfs/basicneeds.pdf Gold Rush Fever when they study the westward movement. Map: Sand & Gravel Mines in the U.S.: Map of counties www.mii.org/panforgold.html in the U.S. where sand & gravel and crushed rock are mined to build your roads, buildings, and many other Map: Major Coal Fields in the U.S.: Showing the major things you use every day. regions where the four different types of coal are found www.mii.org/pdfs/sgmines.pdf and mined. www.mii.org/pdfs/coalmap.pdf
Known Occurrences of Mineral Resources in the Minerals Make Christmas: More than United States. 2 pages. 20 minerals play a vital role in helping www.mii.org/pdfs/stateminerals.pdf us celebrate the Christmas Holidays. Find out how in this 2-page activity. Build A Volcano: A cut-color-paste activity to learn www.mii.org/pdfs/xmastree.pdf about the different types of volcanoes, showing the Map: Known Oil and Gas Fields underground workings that in the lower United States. make them “work.” 3 pages. www.mii.org/pdfs/oilgasmap.pdf www.mii.org/pdfs/volcano.pdf Map: Mineralized Areas of the Common Minerals: Listing, U.S.: Where are the major with photographs, of the most common minerals and mineral deposits in the United how we use them. www.mii.org/commonminerals.html States? www.mii.org/pdfs/ mineralmap.pdf www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 6 Uses of Aggregates Hospitals, Schools & Colleges, 2% We All Use Aggregates Commercial Buildings, Other Buildings, 4% In the U.S., we mine and 10% use about 2 3 /4 billion tons of Highways & Streets, 27% aggregates every year.
Residential Housing, 30% Water & Sewer Facilities, 5%
Riprap, Railroad Ballast, & Non-Construction Uses, such as Local Transit Facilities, 2% Landscape Aggregate, Specialty Sand, Other Constructions, Filtering Sand, & Snow & Ice Grit, 7% such as Dams, Canals, & Airports, 13%
Source:www.mii.org California Department of Conservation, Mineral Division Information of Mines and Institute Geology Page 6 Idea StartersStates to find Where out about Minerals Natural Are FoundResources and MinedWe Use
Minerals can be found only where they exist and not every place was created equal. Using a map of the U.S. find out which minerals occur in only certain regions of the country. . Antimony ID. Lithium minerals NV, NC. Asbestos CA. Magnesite NV. Barite NV, GA, TN. Magnesium compounds MI, CA, UT, FL, DE, TX. Beryllium UT. Magnesium metal TX, UT, WA. Boron CA. Manganiferous ore SC. Bromine AR, MI. Mercury NV, CA, UT. Brucite NV. Mica NC, GA, NM, SC, SD. Cement (Masonry) IN, FL, AL, SC, PA, AZ, AR, CA, Molybdenum CO, AZ, UT, ID, MT, NM. CO, GA, HI, ID, IA, KS, KY, ME, Olivine WA, NC. MD, MI, MO, MT, NE, NM, NY, Palladium MT. OH, OK, OR, SD, TN, TX, Peat FL, MI, ME, IL, MN, CO, IN, IA, VA, WA, WV. MA, MT, NJ, NY, NC, OH, PA, Cement (Portland) CA, TX, PA, MI, MO. All other WA, WV, WI. States, except AK, CT, DE, LA, Perlite NM, AZ, CA, OR, NV. MA, MN, NH, NJ, NC, ND, RI, Phosphate rock FL, ID, NC, UT. VT, WI. Platinum metal MT. Clays- Ball TN, KY, TX, MS, MO. Potash NM, UT, MI, CA. Clays- Bentonite WY, MT, AL, MS, UT, AZ, CA, Pumice OR, NM, CA, ID, AZ, KS. NV, OR, TX. Rare-earths CA. Clays- Common AL, NC, TX, GA, OH. All other Salt LA, TX, NY, KS, OH, AL, AZ, States, except AK, DE, HI, ID, CA, MI, NV, NM, OK, UT, WV. NV, NH, RI, VT, WI. Sand & gravel CA, MI, TX, OH, WA. All other Clays- Fire OH, MO, CA, AL, KY, NM. (Construction) States. Clays- Fuller's Earth GA, MS, FL, IL, MO, CA, KS, Sand gravel IL, MI, CA, TX, WI. All other NV, TN, TX, UT, VA. (Industrial) States, except AK, CT, DE, HI, Clays- Kaolin GA, SC, AL, AR, CA, FL, NV, KY, ME, NH, NM, OR, SD, UT, NC, PA, TN, TX. VT, WY. Copper AZ, UT, NM, NV, MT, AK, ID, Silica stone AR, WI, OH. MO, TN, WI. Silver NV, AK, ID, AZ, UT, CA, CO, Diatomite CA, NV, OR, WA. MO, MT, NM, NY, SC, SD, TN, Emery OR. WA, WI. Feldspar NC, CA, VA, OK, GA, ID, SD. Soda ash WY, CA. Garnet ID, NY, MT. Sodium sulfate CA, TX. Gemstones TN, KY, AZ, CA, MT. All other Stone (Crushed) PA, TX, OH, FL, VA. All other States. States, except DE and ND. Gold NV, CA, UT, SD, AK, AZ, CO, Stone (Dimension) IN, VT, MA, WI, NM. All other ID, MT, NM, SC, WA, WI. States, except AK, DE, FL, HI, Greensand marl NJ. IL, IA, KY, LA, MS, NE, NV, NJ, Gypsum OK, TX, IA, MI, CA, AZ, AR, ND, OR, RI, UT, WY. CO, IN, KS, LA, NV, NM, NY, Sulfur LA, TX. OH, SD, UT, VA, WA, WY. Talc MT, TX, VT, NY, NC, CA, OR, Helium- Crude KS, TX, OK. VA. Helium- Grade-A KS, WY, TX, OK, UT, CO. Titanium FL, CA. Iodine OK. Tripoli IL, OK, AR, PA. Iron ore MN, MI, MO, SD, NM, CA. Vanadium ID. Kyanite VA. Vermiculite SC, VA. Lead MO, AK, ID, MT, CO, NY, TN. Wollastonite NY. Lime MO, KY, OH, AL, PA. All other Zeolites NM, TX, OR, AZ, NV, WY. States, except AK, CT, DE, FL, Zinc AK, TN, NY, MO, MT, CO, ID. HI, KS, ME, MD, MS, NH, NJ, Zircon FL. NM, NY, NC, RI, SC, VT. www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 7 Idea Starters to findState out aboutMineral Natural Production Resources We Use Rank* List of the major minerals produced in that state Alabama17 Coal, stone, cement, lime, sand and gravel, crude oil & natural gas. Alaska15 Crude oil, zinc, gold, lead, silver, coal, sand and gravel, natural gas. Arizona1 Copper, sand and gravel, cement, molybdenum, stone, coal. Arkansas29 Bromine, stone, cement, sand and gravel, coal, crude oil. California3 Crude oil, sand and gravel, cement, boron, stone, natural gas, soda ash, coal. Colorado26 Coal, crude oil & natural gas, sand and gravel, cement, stone, gold, molybdenum. Connecticut45 Stone, sand and gravel, clays (common), gemstones. Delaware50 Sand and gravel, magnesium compounds, gemstones. Florida4 Phosphate rock, stone, cement, sand and gravel, crude oil, titanium concentrates. Georgia6 Clays (kaolin), stone, cement, clays (fuller's earth), sand and gravel. Hawaii43 Stone, cement, sand and gravel, gemstones. Idaho31 Phosphate rock, silver, sand and gravel, molybdenum, gold. Illinois18 Coal, stone, cement, sand and gravel, crude oil, lime. Indiana21 Coal, stone, cement, sand and gravel, lime. Iowa30 Stone, cement, sand and gravel, gypsum (crude), lime. Kansas25 Crude oil & natural gas, cement, salt, stone, helium, coal. Kentucky28 Coal, stone, lime, cement, sand and gravel, crude oil, clays (ball). Louisiana32 Crude oil & natural gas, salt, sulfur (Frasch), sand and gravel, stone, coal. Maine46 Sand and gravel, cement, stone, peat. Maryland34 Stone, cement, sand and gravel, coal. Massachusetts40 Stone, sand and gravel, lime, clays (common). Michigan9 Iron ore, cement, sand and gravel, stone, crude oil, magnesium compounds. Minnesota7 Iron ore, sand and gravel, stone. Mississippi41 Crude oil, sand and gravel, cement, clays (fuller's earth), stone. Missouri10 Coal, stone, cement, lead, lime, zinc. Montana27 Coal, crude oil, palladium, copper, gold, cement, platinum. Nebraska42 Cement, sand and gravel, stone, lime. Nevada2 Gold, sand and gravel, silver, lime, diatomite. New Hampshire47 Sand and gravel, stone, gemstones. New Jersey38 Stone, sand and gravel, greensand marl, peat. New Mexico14 Crude oil & natural gas, coal, copper, potash, sand and gravel, cement, perlite. New York16 Stone, cement, salt, sand and gravel, zinc. North Carolina19 Stone, phosphate rock, sand and gravel, feldspar. North Dakota48 Coal, crude oil, sand and gravel, lime, stone, clays (common). Ohio13 Coal stone, sand and gravel, crude oil, salt, lime, cement. Oklahoma33 Crude oil & natural gas, stone, cement, sand and gravel, helium (Grade-A), coal. Oregon37 Stone, sand and gravel, cement, diatomite, lime. Pennsylvania11 Stone, cement, sand and gravel, lime. Rhode Island49 Stone, sand and gravel, gemstones. South Carolina23 Cement, stone, cement, sand and gravel, gold. South Dakota36 Gold, cement, sand and gravel, stone. Tennessee20 Stone, zinc, cement, sand and gravel, clays (ball), coal. Texas5 Cement, stone, sand and gravel, coal, lime, salt. Utah8 Copper, crude oil, magnesium metal, gold, sand and gravel, cement. Vermont44 Stone, sand and gravel, talc and pyrophyllite, gemstones. Virginia22 Coal, stone, cement, sand and gravel, lime, clays (fuller's earth). Washington24 Sand and gravel, stone, magnesium metal, cement, gold. West Virginia39 Coal, stone, cement, sand and gravel, lime, salt. Wisconsin35 Stone, sand and gravel, lime. Wyoming12 Coal, crude oil & natural gas, soda ash, clays, helium (Grade-A), cement, stone. www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 8 * Rank in value, not counting coal, oil and natural gas Page 8 Idea StartersIf it’s electronic, to find out it aboutcontains Natural most Resources of these minerals We Use 35 different minerals and metals What’s in a computer? Weight in Material 50 lb. computer Use/Location Plastics 13.8 (lbs.) Includes organics, oxides other than silica Fifty years ago some of these metals and elements Lead 3.8 (lbs.) Metal joining, radiation shield CRT, PWB hadn’t even been discovered. Do you think the computer Aluminum 8.5 (lbs.) Structural, conductivity/housing, could have been invented without these elements? CRT, PWB, connectors What would your life be like without plastics (made Germanium < 0.1 (lbs.) Semiconductor/PWB Gallium < 0.1 (lbs.) Semiconductor/PWB from fossil fuels)? Iron 12.3 (lbs.) Structural, magnetivity/(steel) . . . without aluminum? housing, CRT, PWB . . . without copper? Tin 0.6 (lbs.) Metal joining/PWB, CRT Copper 4.2 (lbs.) Conductivity/CRT, PWB, . . . without iron? connectors . . . without electricity? Barium < 0.1 (lbs.) In vacuum tube/CRT Nickel 0.51 (lbs.) Structural, magnetivity/ (steel) housing, CRT, PWB Zinc 1.32 (lbs.) Battery, phosphor emitter/PWB, How Much Electricity CRT Tantalum < 0.1 (lbs.) Capacitors/PWB, power supply Do Computers Need in Cyperspace Indium < 0.1 (lbs.) Transistor, rectifiers/PWB Vanadium < 0.1 (lbs.) Red phosphor emitter/CRT For every 2 megabytes of data moved on the Terbium trace Green phosphor activator, Internet, the energy from one pound of coal is needed dopant/CRT, PWB Beryllium < 0.1 (lbs.) Thermal conductivity/PWB, to create the necessary kwh. Order a book from connectors Amazon.com and you burn about half a pound of coal. Gold < 0.1 (lbs.) Connectivity, conductivity/PWB, connectors Research by Mark Mills, scientific advisor to the Europium < 0.1 (lbs.) Phosphor activator/PWB Greening Earth Society: “The Internet Begins with Titanium < 0.1 (lbs.) Pigment, alloying agent, (aluminum) housing Coal: A Preliminary Exploration of the Impact of the Ruthenium < 0.1 (lbs.) Resistive circuit/PWB Internet on Electricity Consumption.” Cobalt < 0.1 (lbs.) Structural, magnetivity/(steel) housing, CRT, PWB The Internet uses about eight percent of total U.S. Palladium < 0.1 (lbs.) Connectivity, conductivity/PWB, electricity consumption according to Mills, assuming connectors Manganese < 0.1 (lbs.) Structural, magnetivity/(steel) there are 100 million computers using the Internet. This housing, CRT, PWB demand for electricity didn’t exist 10 years ago. Silver < 0.1 (lbs.) Conductivity/PWB, connectors Antinomy < 0.1 (lbs.) Diodes/housing, PWB, CRT Bismuth < 0.1 (lbs.) Wetting agent in thick film/PWB Chromium < 0.1 (lbs.) Decorative, hardener/(steel) We Need to Stop Throwing Them Away housing Every year, another 24 million computers in the Cadmium < 0.1 (lbs.) Battery, blue-green phosphor emitter/housing, PWB, CRT United States become "obsolete.” Only about 14% Selenium 0.00096 (lbs.) Rectifiers/PWB (3.3 million) will be recycled or donated. The rest— Niobium < 0.1 (lbs.) Welding alloy/housing Yttrium < 0.1 (lbs.) Red phosphor emitter/CRT more than 20 million computers in the U.S.— will be Rhodium trace Thick film conductor/PWB dumped, incinerated, shipped as waste exports or put Platinum trace Thick film conductor/PWB into temporary storage in attics, basements, etc. Mercury < 0.1 (lbs.) Batteries, switches/housing, PWB Arsenic < 0.1 (lbs.) Doping agents in transistors/ In contrast, of the major appliances that are PWB sold each year, about 70% of the machines they Silica 15 (lbs.) Glass, solid state devices/CRT, PWB replace are recycled. Major appliances are CRT- cathode ray tube washing machines, air conditioners, PWB- printed wire boards (circuit boards) refrigerators, dryers, dishwashers and freezers. Source: www.svtc.org/cleancc/pubs/sayno.htm#etoxics.htm www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 9 Idea Starters toHow find isout your about electricity Natural created?Resources We Use
New England
Mid Atlantic
South Atlantic
East North Central
The types of electricity generation change. Also with the national power grid, electricity is shared among the regions and even across country borders.
Central
East South
.
Administration;
West North West Central
West South Central West
www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/reps/states/maps/ Mountain Electric Power Monthly
Source of statistics: Energy Information
, biomass, geothermal,
Pacific Noncontiguous
Pacific Contiguous
Renewables
Different Regions of the Country Rely on Different Generation Mixes for Electricity
primarily means hydropower but also includes wind, solar and others. www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 10 IdeaThings Starters you to never find out knew about were Natural made Resourcesof coal, oil, We and Use gas
Coal Tree courtesy of West Virginia Coal Association
In addition to providing fuel, there are nearly 3,000 different products made from coal, oil, and gas. They are used to make virtually all of our synthetic and plastic materials, along with products such as inks, crayons, bubble gum, detergents, deodorants, eyeglasses, tires, and a thousand other things. www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 11 Idea StartersSources to find of out Energy about in Natural the United Resources States We Use
Name ______
1. In what year was Wood consumption the greatest? ______
2. What was the percentage of Coal consumption in 1910? ______
3. In 1960, what was the total percentage of consumption of Oil & Gas, and Coal? ______
4. In 2000, what forms of energy provide the least percentage of consumption? ______
5. Today, what forms of energy provide the greatest percentage of consumption? ______
6. In what year did Coal and Oil & Gas provide the same amount of total energy consumption? ______
Source: Statistics from Energy Information Administration
150 years ago, the average frontier home in the American West burned 17.5 cords of wood for heating and cooking. If you had lived back then, what tools would you have to help gather and cut that wood?
Answers: 1- 1850; 2- 80%; 3- 90%; 4- Hydro, Biofuels & other (solar, wind, geothermal); 5- Oil & Gas; 6- 1948. Tools available: Only hand-powered tools, and maybe a pack animal and wagon, unless you were very, very rich. www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 12 Idea StartersSources to find outof Energy about Natural in the United Resources States We Use
Name ______1. In what year did Nuclear energy first provide 10% of total energy ______
2. In that same year, what percentage of our total energy did Coal provide? ______
3. In 1999, what percentage of our total energy did each of the following provide? Coal ______Nuclear ______Oil ______Natural Gas ______Hydro ______Solar, Wind, Geothermal ______Biomass ______
4. What were the three largest providers of energy in 2000? U.S. Daily Per Capita Consumption of Energy by Type, 1995— nearly 1 million Btu per day per person ______Type of Energy Type of Unit 1995 ______Petroleum Products gallons 2.8 ______Motor Gasoline gallons 1.2 Natural Gas cubic feet 225 5. In what year did Natural Gas Coal pounds 19.6 provide the lowest percentage of Hydroelectricity kilowatt hours 3. 1 total energy?______Nuclear Electricity kilowatt hours 7.0 Total Electricity kilowatt hours 31 .2 The highest? ______Total Energy thousand Btu 945
Source: Statistics from Energy Information Administration
Answers: 1- 1996; 2- 33%; 3- Coal- 32%, Nuclear- 11%; Oil- 17%; Natural Gas- 30%, Hydro- 5%, Solar, etc.- 1%, Biomass- 5%; 4- Coal, Natural Gas, & Oil; 5- 1949, 1971. Biomass usually means wood, wood wastes, trash, alcohol— things that are burned other than the fossil fuels. www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 13 Idea Starters to findThe out Cost about To Produce Natural ResourcesEnergy We Use
Name ______1. In 1981, what was the difference in price between Crude Oil and Natural Gas? ______
2. What was the price of Natural Gas in 1991? ______
3. Which energy source has the lowest overall fluctuation in price?______
4. Which form of energy had a price of $4.00 in 1979? ______
5. In 2000, which form of energy is showing a decrease in price? ______
6. In what year was the price of Natural Gas and Coal $2.00 each? ______
7. In what year did Crude Oil reach its highest price? ______What was that price? ______
8. In what year did Crude Oil reach its lowest price? ______What was that price? ______
The price information in this graph is expressed in “per million Btu’s.” One Btu is roughly equal to the energy released from striking a match. One million Btu equals about 8 gallons of gasoline about 100 pounds of coal about 4 days of energy for the average single-family household The Btu is a precise measure of energy--the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit
Source: Statistics from Energy Information Administration
Answers: 1- about $5.50; 2- about $1.65; 3- Coal; 4- Crude Oil; 5- Coal; 6- 1979; 7- 1981, $8.78; 8- 1972, $1.84. www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 14 Idea StartersENERGY: to find Where out Itabout Comes Natural From Resources — How We We Use Use It
Energy Produced in the United States Top Coal Producing States 1 Wyoming 10 North Dakota 18 Maryland 2-3 Kentucky - West Virginia 11 Colorado 19 Tennessee 4 Pennsylvania 12 New Mexico 20 Louisiana 5 Texas 13 Ohio 21 Oklahoma 6 Montana 14 Utah 22 Alaska 7 Illinois 15 Alabama 23 Missouri 8 Indiana 16 Arizona 24 Kansas 9 Virginia 17 Washington
Top Natural Gas Top Crude Oil Producing States Producing States 1 Texas 11 Mississippi 1 Texas 2 Alaska 12 Utah 2 Louisiana 3 California 13 Montana 3 Oklahoma 4 Louisiana 14 Illinois 4 New Mexico 5 Oklahoma 15 Alabama 5 Wyoming 6 New Mexico 16 Michigan 6 Colorado 7 Wyoming 17 Ohio 7 Kansas 8 North Dakota 18 Arkansas 8 Alaska 9 Kansas 18 Florida 9 Alabama 10 Colorado 20 Kentucky 10 California
How We Use That Energy
Transportation m n o Residential & Commercial k light-duty vehicl es l a space heating l freight trucks a b space cooling m air transport c water heating n marine d lighting orail e all other k Tr ansportation 26.3% Residential & b Commercial 35.8% c
d j Industrial 37.9% e
i f
Industrial h g Figure 7.2, U. S. energy f r efining end use consumption g pulp & paper by sector in 1997. h chemicals, rubber & elastics i primary metals Electricity Generation in the U.S. is fueled by j others Natural All CCloal NNruclear GGsas HHoydro OOlil OOrther* 5%2% 1%9 1%5 9%3%2
* Includes Solar, Wind, Geothermal, etc. www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 15 GainIdea Startersan appreciation to find outfor allabout the thingsNatural each Resources of us use, We every Use day, and the demand this puts on our natural resources
In One Day In order to maintain our standard of living, every day: • 18,000,000 tons of raw material must be mined, cut or harvested to meet the demands of U.S. citizens (about 150 pounds for every man, woman and child); • 640 acres (one square mile) of carpeting is woven using barite and limestone/dolomite; • 9,700,000 square feet of plate and window glass (about 223 acres) are used, enough to cover 200 football fields, using silica sand and trona; • 2,750 acres of pavement are laid, enough concrete and asphalt to make a bicycle path 7 feet wide from coast to coast using sand, gravel, stone aggregate, and limestone; • 4,000,000 eraser-tipped pencils are purchased (enough erasers to correct all mistakes from 1,500 miles of notebook paper - about 129 acres of "goofs") using graphite, kaolin, pumice, copper and zinc; • 426 bushels of paper clips (35,000,000) are purchased. Seven million are actually used, 8- 9 million are lost and almost 5 million are twisted up by nervous fingers during telephone conversations, all using iron, clay, limestone, trona and zinc; • 164 square miles of newsprint is used to print 62.5 million newspapers (enough to line a bird cage 12 miles wide and 13 miles long) using trona and kaolin; • 400 acres of asphalt roofing are nailed down, utilizing silica, borate, limestone, trona, feldspar, talc, and silica sand; • 187,000 tons of cement are mixed (enough to construct a four foot wide sidewalk from coast to coast) using limestone, sand, gravel, and stone aggregate; • 36,000,000 light bulbs are purchased, all made from tungsten, trona, silica sand, copper and aluminum; • 10 tons of colored gravel is purchased for aquariums; • 80 pounds of gold are used to fill 500,000 dental cavities; • 50,000 pounds of toothpaste (2.5 million tubes) are used (enough to fill a small jet liner) requiring calcium carbonate, zeolites, trona, clays, silica and fluorite; • 1,000,000 photographs are snapped (more than 29 acres of wallet sized photos) using silver and iodine.
Statistics based on (approximately) 1995 information.
Credited to: "All Just In One Day! Who Says We Do Not Need Minerals!” adapted from the April, 1996, "Blaster's Newsletter" Tom Parker, author of In One Day. Peter Harben and Jeanette Harris, Mined It!
Have your students identify and count various products they and their families use at home and determine an average for the classroom. Then predict the numbers of those products needed to supply your state, country, or the world. www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 16 IdeaMan Starters’s ingenuity to find has out solved about almost Natural every Resources problem We (challenge) Use These were all smart people, but their predictions weren’t quite right. Force your students to defend these statements to help them gain a perspective of our habit to put limits on technology and on human ingenuity. Ask, “What challenge do we face today that you think we cannot solve?” Then research what the experts are saying about those issues.
What use could this company make of an electrical toy? Western Union president William Orton, rejecting Alexander Graham Bell’s offer to sell his struggling telephone company to Western Union for $100,000 I confess that in 1901, I said to my brother Orville that man would not fly for fifty years. Ever since, I have distrusted myself and avoided all predictions. Wilbur Wright, U.S. aviation pioneer, 1908 I must confess that my imagination ... refuses to see any sort of submarine doing anything but suffocating its crew and floundering at sea. H. G. Wells, British novelist, 1901 Airplanes are interesting toys but of no military value. Marshal Ferdinand Foch, French military strategist and future World War I commander, 1911 [Man will never reach the moon] regardless of all future scientific advances. Dr. Lee de Forest, inventor of the Audion tube and a father of radio, Feb. 25, 1957 [Television] won’t be able to hold on to any market it captures after the first six months. People will soon get tired of staring at a plywood box every night. Darryl F. Zanuck, head of 20th Century-Fox, 1946
There is no reason for any individual to Every year, more than 48,148 pounds of new minerals must be provided for have a computer in their home. every person in the United States to maintain our standard of living Kenneth Olsen, president and founder of Digital Equipment Corp., 1977 Computers in the future may ... perhaps 12,528 lbs. 9,385 lbs. 888 lbs. 418 lbs. 309 lbs. 280 lbs. 729 lbs. only weigh 1.5 tons. Stone Sand & Gravel Cement Salt Phosphate Clays Other Nonmetals (estimated) Popular Mechanics, forecasting the development of computer technology, 1949 589 lbs. 73 lbs. 24 lbs. 14 lbs. 13 lbs. 6 lbs. .0285 T oz. 20 lbs. Iron Ore Aluminum Copper Lead Zinc Manganese Gold Other Metals Everything that can be invented has been (Bauxite) (estimated) Plus invented. Charles H. Duell, U.S. commissioner of
patents, 1899 7,578 lbs. 7,643 lbs. 7,985 lbs. 1/4 lb. Petroleum Coal Natural Gas Uranium Who the hell wants to hear actors talk? To Generate Harry M. Warner, Warner Brothers, 1927 the energy equivalent to 300 persons working around the clock for each U.S. citizen We don’t like their sound. Groups of guitars are on the way out. Decca Records, rejecting the Beatles, 1962
© 2001, Mineral Information Institute, Golden, Colorado Based on 2000 consumption and population www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 17 There is more to Forest Products than trees The average American uses 18 cubic feet of wood and 749 pounds of paper— equal to a FromFrom AA toto ZZ 100-foot tree with an 18 inch trunk— each year. ThingsThings thatthat comecome fromfrom TreesTrees What do a dollar bill, the Declaration of Independence, the Mayflower, a guitar, chewing gum and a glass of orange juice have in common? They were all made possible by trees! Paper, wood and other forest products are a part of America’s history and a part of our everyday lives. Native Americans used wooden tools to hunt for food and provide shelter for their families. Settlers sailed to America in wooden ships, and our nation’s most important religious and legal documents—from the bible to the Bill of Rights—are preserved on paper. Today, paper is used for the books, magazines and newspapers we read, as well as the letters we write. Scientists use tree extracts in many of the health products we use, and the foods we eat. Wood provides us with housing and heating—and probably the desk and chair you use each day at school. “Wood” you believe It? More than 5,000 things are made from trees. Thanks to today’s new technologies, close to 100 Tree extracts — cologne, baby food, clothing, percent of a tree is used—with hardly any waste. carpeting, football helmets, milk Which forest products does your family use? shakes, hair spray, deodorant, Hardwood products — and toothpaste. lumber for building new homes, furniture, pencils, baseball bats, Lignin (lig’ nan) is a sticky substance found in the fibers Paper products — skateboards, of trees. It is used in many boxes, computer paper, hammers, Tree bark — food and health products. library books, grocery crutches, cork boards, shoe polish bags, newspapers, and and garden mulch. napkins, envelopes and fences. movie tickets.
The rubber for bicycle tires comes from the Sawdust and wood shavings, saved from Rubber tree. manufacturing wood products, are recycled to help make paper grocery bags, corrugated Cinnamon is actually the inner bark of the boxes, and other products. cinnamon tree. About 1.5 million tons of cacao beans, from the Rayon, a fabric used in today’s clothes, is tropical cacao tree, are used each year to made from wood. make chocolate and cocoa products. That’s Ice cream, shampoo and toothpaste all greater than the weight of 300,000 elephants. contain a wood fiber called cellulose. Forests are oxygen factories. To grow a pound of Some chewing gums are made from the sap wood, a tree uses 1.47 pounds of carbon of the Sapodilla tree. dioxide and gives off 1.07 pounds of oxygen.
For more information, visit Copyrighted by American Forest & Paper Association, Inc. and reprinted www.afandpa.org/kids_educators/index.html with permission of American Forest & Paper Association, Inc. Page 18 Agricultural Products mean more than just food The most valuable agricultural product in the U.S. provides more than food
Other parts you may eat are the heart, liver, kidney and tongue. There are many other things Short you eat that contain various parts of a cow that you Rib Loin Sirloin Rump Chuck may not be aware of. Such as marshmallows, chewing gum, cookies, ice cream, yogurt, Flank Round mayonnaise and different “light” products, gelatins, cheeses, candies and, of course, milk. Brisket Shortplate The leather from a cow is also used to make many different products, such as: shoes and boots, Shank luggage, leather sporting goods, upholstery and textiles. Of course, we all know what we do with the manure provided by cows.
top loin steak t-bone steak rib roast tenderloin steak or roast rib steak top loin steak ribeye roast porterhouse steak chuck eye roastor steak blade roast tenderloin steak or roast or steak sirloin steak ground beef rolled rump stew meat round steak bottom round roast or steak eye of round chuck shortribs arm pot roast or steak tip steak tip roast flank steak heel of stew meat ground beef round brisket ground beef short ribs stew meat ground beef crosscut shank chuck shortribs stew meat Graphics from University of Kentucky ground beef cross rib pot roast www.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/agmania/meatid/beefcuts.htm
Now look at all the other things that are made from a cow. candles shaving cream bone china asphalt crayons glue hydraulic brake fluid printing ink deodorants fabric softeners lubricants cement blocks soaps violin strings machine oils explosives toothpaste paints car polishes and waxes whitener for paper insecticides cosmetics pet foods plastics And there are medicines and medical uses in photographic film detergents surgery, research, and routine health care. shampoo floor wax From: www.beefbyproducts.com Page 19 It's Contagious WatchWatchOut!!Out!! GoldGold FeverFever Bring history and the GOLD RUSH to your students and help them discover for themselves the lure that GOLD provided in settling the West. Pan for GOLD in your classroom MII's Gold Panning Kit, provided by GEODEK INC, has everything you need but the stream, and you can provide that with a sink or washtub.
Contains: 12" Gold Pan GOLD ORE for hand panning (with guaranteed gold) Instruction book Only Printed in English, French, $11.95 Japanese, German, Spanish, Greek, Italian, Korean Consumables only $3.95 each Swedish and Chinese. Hand Lens - Magnet - Eyedropper Every student can have a Gold sample Display Vial for GOLD "Secrets of Gold Panning" book
Name Credit Cards Accepted Address Master Card ___ Visa ___ Zip Name on card Phone Acct. No
School Purchase Orders accepted. All other must pre-pay. US dollars only. Billing Zip Code Quantity Description Price Each Amount Expires ____-____ Gold Panning Kit $ 11.95 ea $ $ Gold Pans $ 5.00 ea. Mineral Information Institute Gold-bearing Sand Refill $ 3.95 ea. $ 501 Violet Street SUB TOTAL $ Golden, CO 80401 $ 303/277-9190 If applicable, Colorado Sales Tax (4.2% Golden; 2.9% Colo.) Fax 303/277-9198 Shipping & Handling (add greater of $5 or 10%) $ On line at www.mii.org Total Cost of Order $
505 Violet Street Golden, Colorado 80401 Phone 303/277-9190 Fax 303/277-9198 [email protected]
From: Nelson Fugate, [email protected]
—free download at www.mii.org 47,502 pounds of Newly Mined Minerals for Every American last year
The 2006 mii Baby is out . . . and it reflects the mining of more than 7 billion tons of mineral and energy fuels last year. Maintaining the American standard of living last year required the production of 47,502 pounds of newly-mined resources for every person in the country, a 1,100 pound increase from the previous year.
With the average life expectancy for Americans now up to 77.6 years, this means that 3.7 million pounds of minerals, metals, and fuels must be provided to meet each person’s needs during their lifetime.
Nearly half of the demand (11 ½ tons) was for sand, gravel, stone, and cement used for the construction and maintenance of roads, for residential and commercial buildings, and to build public facilities, such as airports, water treatment plants, schools, and hospitals. The need for energy creates half the demand for mined materials: coal consumption, primarily to generate electricity, grew to nearly 7,600 pounds per person in 2005, and every person’s share of petroleum consumption averaged 1,073 gallons and nearly 75,000 cu. ft. of natural gas.
Every year the Mineral Information Institute provides calculations on the amount of mineral and energy fuels that are consumed in the United States, and converts those statistics to show everyone’s fair share of the amount of materials that need to be mined to maintain the standard of living for 195 million Americans. The Institute, a Denver- based educational nonprofit, specializes in providing natural resource educational materials for classroom teachers.
Process for Calculating the mii Baby — inquiries should be addressed to [email protected]
Per Capita Annual Consumption To annually update the MII Baby, statistics from the US Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries (annual reports available on-line at minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/ ) and the Energy Information Administration (http://www.eia.doe.gov/ ) provide the amounts of various minerals and energy fuels that are consumed in the United States. Both sources provide annual “apparent consumption” data which is used, rather than production statistics.
Leslie Coleman with the Statistic Services group of the National Mining Association provides the analysis to generate the per capita mineral usage, by converting these statistics from (in most cases) metric tonnes to pounds and dividing by the most current U.S. population estimate (which increases a little more than 1% each year). This provides the U.S. Annual Mineral Use Per Person statistic. To provide a weight statistic, the petroleum and natural gas numbers are converted from volume to weight measurements.
To create the lifetime statistic— This annual per capita consumption (which varies between 46,000 lbs. and 48,000 lbs.) is multiplied by the average life expectancy for newborns in the US, provided by the Center for Disease Control. This estimate is usually two to three years out of date. The life expectancy statistic between men and women is averaged.
The most current MII Baby can be downloaded from www.mii.org
Note for 2005 Calculations Calculations for the Other Minerals & Metals category for 2005 is more than twice that reported last year because of a mis-calculation. We did not provide an accurate conversion for gypsum consumption in 2004.
Every American Born Will Need . . .
1.71 million lbs. 31,040 lbs. 776 lbs. Stone, Sand, & Gravel Salt Zinc 21,418 lbs. 83,296 gallons 1,319 lbs. Clays Copper Petroleum
1.648 Troy oz. 854 lbs. Gold Lead
+66,891 lbs. 72,994 lbs. Other Minerals & Metals 23,435 lbs. 5,975 lbs. 32,980 lbs. Cement Phosphate Rock 5.78 million cu. ft. 588,906 lbs. Bauxite Iron Ore Coal (Aluminum) Natural Gas
3.7 million pounds of minerals, metals, and fuels in their lifetime
© 2006, Mineral Information Institute
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Geography: Create raw materials origin map. ”Meaning of gold clichés and idioms. Reading: Dig A Little Deeper Find Out That
Legends, fairy tales, folk tales, myths about gold. “Snow T The History of Gold is The History of the Worldorld The ancient western world learned from Egypt how to mine and refine gold. Egypt’s incredible gold wealth came from granite hills on both sides of the Red Sea. One of the greatest gold hunters of all time was Alexander the Great. When he died at the age of 33, he had conquered roy) of gold is heavier than an than heavier is gold of roy)
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For information about minerals in society, contact www.mii.org ath: ounce of feathers. Graph price over time. Find out about “Karats.” about M out Find time. over price Graph feathers. of ounce . Science: How & why is gold mined. Create list of uses. Music/Drama: Skits based on gold. Clementine & other mining songs. Social Studies: Language Arts: Dig A Little Deeper A Bright Smile From Toothpaste and Minerals Toothpaste cleans your teeth and keeps them healthy. What was used before toothpaste was “invented.” Read “Ira Sleeps Over.” Let students bring PJs & toothpaste. The cleaning is done with abrasives (from rocks) that rub the plaque away. Abrasives are minerals like silica, limestone, aluminum oxide (also used in sandpaper), and various phosphate minerals. Toothpaste Fluoride, used to reduce cavities, comes from a mineral called fluorite. It is sometimes changed into stannous fluoride (tin fluoride). Most toothpaste is made white with titanium dioxide which comes from minerals called rutile, ilmenite, and anatase. Titanium dioxide also is used to make white paint. The sparkles in some toothpaste come from mica, a mineral common in many rocks. The toothbrush and tube holding your toothpaste are both made of plastics that come from petroleum (petrochemicals) What minerals are found in toothpaste. Read about or and other minerals.
For more information about minerals in society, go to: Science: research fluorite. Compare fluoride content in various brands. Mineral Information Institute, www.mii.org Math: Survey class on brands used, chart or graph. Health: Discuss dental hygiene & special ingredients. P.E.: Stomp & squirt contest, use toothpaste & butcher paper. Dig A Little Deeper Language Arts: Eat Your Broccoli ? om? om
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For more information about minerals in society, go to: Social Studies: Mineral Information Institute, www.mii.org Math/Science: Use food labels to ID & analyze minerals. List/chart. Dig A Little Deeper Art: Find Out
Sidewalk drawings, prints Where The Sidewalk Begins Virtuallyirtually everyevery communitycommunity in AmericaAmerica hahass a mmineine or quaquarryrry nenearbyarby, one that provides, sand and gravel— minerals we use everyday. Sand and gravel is used to build all our roads and is a critical part of the concrete that is used in our homes, schools, businesses and factories. For a special field trip, call to see about school tours Poetry: (check your Yellowellow PaPages).ges). The other necessary part of concrete
Where the Sidewalk Ends. is cement, made from shale, clay, quartz,quartz, gypsum, iron, alumina,
manganese, and- Can your community make (vs. build) a sidewalk by itself. most important, limestone. Each year, more than 4,700 pounds of concrete is produced for every person in the United States. For information about minerals in society, go to:
Mineral Information Institute, www.mii.org Social Studies: Math/Science: Develop a recipe & diagram for concrete pie (graph) Science: Dig A Little Deeper How Many Minerals and Metals Does It Take to
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For information about minerals in society, go to: Math/Art: Mineral Information Institute, www.mii.org Geography: Research & ID the states and countries producing these minerals. ID paper producing states in U.S. & Canada. Research papermaking process. Geography/Writing: Dig A Little Deeper What’s Really in Paper Besides Wood In 1719 a French scientist The word paper comes first made paper from from “Papyrus,” the wood fibers. writing material of The Gutenburg Bible, ancient Egyptians
Use a world map to trace the route of papermaking. used the skins of 300 (around 3500 BC). sheep. Magazines are printed on paper that contains trona, limestone, gypsum, The invention of kaolin (clays), sulfur, paper is credited to a magnesium, chlorine, young Chinese sodium, titanium, carbon, official, who used calcium, and a few other bamboo stalks, mulberry bark, and old silk special minerals. garments in AD 105. World-wide, more than paper mâché activities; collages. 250,000,000 tons of paper
About 700 AD, an Art: Arab army swept are produced every year. across Persia and In the U.S. and Canada, Timeline the development of paper. Discuss your life and a learned the secret. each of us consumes The process spread about 675 pounds west and entered Europe through Spain (c 1150). of paper a year. For information about minerals in society, go to: Mineral Information Institute, www.mii.org Social Studies: world without paper. Math/Science: Categorize kinds of paper in class (graph, Venn diagram, chart). Whyhy ddoo paperpaper airplanesairplanes “fly?”“fly?” f Language Arts Dig A Little Deeper avoritea instrument. v o
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a www.mii.org . Science: Discover raw materials in various instruments. What makes the instrumentnstrument work.work. Art: Make musical instruments from recycled materials. Dig A Little Deeper glass. Enrichment: Science: Find Out What’s Beyond the Looking Glass
What is glass made of? can replace glass? Properties of Glass has been made and Soda-lime glass is used for used for more than 5,000 windows, mirrors, and flat years. Almost any glass of all kinds; for molten mineral can containers such as bot- form glass, provided tles, jars, and tumblers;
Glassblower speaker. its cooled rapidly for light bulbs and enough to prevent many other purposes. crystallization (obsidian from lava). Adding Lead pro- No fewer than 6 min- duces fine crystal erals and metals are glass. Gold makes used to make today’s ruby-colored glass. variety of modern Copper or Selenium
Art: make red glass,
glass products. Such as Manganese makes pur- Describe the world without glass soda-lime glass, contain-
Stained glass project ple, Copper & Cobalt ing silica, soda, limestone, make blue, Chromium or magnesium, alumina, and boric Iron make green, Iron & Sulfur acid. make brown. More than 400 million sq. ft. of More than 40 billion glass mirrors are made every year in containers are produced in the Language Arts: the U.S. Mirrors have been U.S. each year. 35% are Count, measure, chart or graph the windows in classroom, school backed with silver, diamond recycled. dust, and aluminum. More info at www.mii.org Geography: Where are the raw materials for glass found? Math: home. Social Studies: When was glass first used. What was used before glass? etc. Convert, graph different currencies.Geography/Math: Where & How is money made? Dig A Little Deeper .
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in 1965, although the 50 cent piece contained some silver until 1971. Unit: Money
For information about minerals in society, go to: Mineral Information Institute, www.mii.org Social Studies: Social Science: Discover the raw materials used to make U.S. currency. Reading: HowHow muchmuch IsIs A MMillion?illion? Writing:riting: IfIf I wwonon tthehe llotteryottery. GET TO THE POINT Everything Is Made Of Something If you can see it, touch it, Dig A Little Deeper taste it, smell it, or hear it, What’s In A It's from our Natural Resources. pen•cil
Geography: Besides Wood?
The cedar wood is from the forests It's only a pencil in California and Oregon. The graphite (not lead) might come Create raw materials origin map. from Montana or Mexico, and The metal band SOCIAL STUDIES is reinforced with clays from is aluminum or brass, Research the development of the pencil. Kentucky and Georgia. made from copper and zinc, The eraser is made mined in no less than 13 states Create a timeline on the development of from soybean oil, latex and nine Canadian provinces. the pencil or writing tools. Research the from trees in South The paint to color the wood development and production of the pencil, America, reinforced and the lacquer to make it shine Research development of pencil. from China to the modern age. (See Pencil with pumice from are made from a variety of different California or minerals and metals, as is the glue that Facts, page 2). Research written languages, New Mexico, and holds the wood together. such as Cuneiform, Hieroglyphics, Rune, sulfur, calcium, How many countries does and the cultures using these forms. and barium.
it take to make a pencil? Social Studies:
For information about minerals in society, contact: Mineral Information Institute at www.mii.org MATH Math/Science: Count measure, classify, graph classroom pencils. Count, classify, measure, Writing: Acrostic poem “pencil pal” biography. and graph the pencils in the classroom. How many pencils are used by your every year LANGUAGE ARTS students, the school, their each person (see page 4 pencil pattern) in our country families? Make a Venn Story Starters: Day in the Life of a Pencil ... If I uses about diagram of the pencils in the Were A Pencil ... If My Pencil Could Talk ... 11 pencils classroom. Autobiography of a Pencil ... Pencil Poetry. (Include factual information in the stories. This could be an assessment tool as well as a creative writing activity). GEOGRAPHY/SCIENCE See pages 2 and 3 for Map skills and Science tie-ins. ART For a good site, visit www.pecilpages.com Using the pencil pattern (page 4) create a decorated pencil, bookmark, puppet, etc. Make pencil rubbings, Dig A Little Deeper fingerprint people or animals. Mini-research project What is graphite? What physical READ MORE ABOUT IT characteristics of graphite cause it to be a From Graphite to Pencil, A Start To good tool for making fingerprints (see page Finish Book, by Ali Mitgutsch 2 Activity)? What other products can graphite be used to make? Are there Young World, How Things Are Made, different resources that could be used to A Child’s First Encyclopedia make other parts of a pencil? Where are Mineral Resources A-Z, by Robert L. these materials found? Do they have other Bates, Environment Reference Series uses?
Teachers always have permission to reproduce MII materials for use in their classroom.
© 2002, Mineral Information Institute, Golden, Colorado www.mii.org Page Pencil Parts Have Other Uses Pencil Major copper producing countries: United Facts States, Chile, Canada, Poland, Zaire, Zambia. Major copper producing states in U.S.: Arizona, Lead pencils contain no lead. New Mexico, Utah, Michigan, and Montana. Graphite is extremely soft and smudges Uses of Copper: 41% in building construction, anything with which it comes in contact. 24% in electrical and electronic products, 13% Graphite feels greasy or slippery to the touch. in industrial machinery and equipment, 12% in The less clay mixed with graphite, the softer transportation, and 10% in other general and blacker the lead will be. products. Wood cases for most pencils are made of incense Major zinc producing countries: Australia, cedar, a North American tree of the cypress family. Canada, China, Mexico, Peru, United States. The word pencil comes from the Latin Major zinc producing states in U.S.: Tennessee, penicillus, which means little brush. New York, Alaska, Missouri. Minor production The English made the first graphite pencils in the in Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Montana. The U.S. mid-1500’s. imports approx. 30% of the zinc it uses. The Germans were the first to enclose the Uses of zinc: 46% in construction, 20% in graphite in a wood case, about 1650. transportation, 11% in machinery, 11% electrical In 1795, Nicolas Jacques Conte of France developed uses, and 12% in other uses such as paints, batteries, rubber, medicines, lubricants. a pencil-making process that manufacturers still use today. Clays are produced in most states, except: Alaska, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, In 1812, William Monroe of Concord, Mass., Vermont, and Wisconsin. sold the first American-made pencils to a Boston hardware dealer. Main types of clay: kaolin, ball clay, fire clay, bentonite, fuller's earth, and common clay. Eberhard Faber, an American businessman, built the first mass-production pencil factory in the United Uses of clays: paper making, glass, dinnerware, States in 1861. floor & wall tile, bathroom fixtures, kitty litter and other absorbents, medicines, and various foods. More than 2 1/2 billion pencils are sold each year in the United States alone—about 11 Activity: Fingerprints from graphite pencils for each person in the country. Materials • one sheet of scratch paper If it can't be grown, • a soft graphite pencil (No. 2) it has to be mined. Pick any object and • five pieces of cellophane tape (2" long) discover the or igin of • damp, soapy paper towel and dry paper towel the materials from which it is made • trace each student's hand for recording sheet . Experiment: 1. Use the side of a soft graphite pencil to apply a thick coating of graphite to a small section of the scratch paper. Rub the fingertip to be printed over the graphite. Make sure that the graphite covers the entire first joint of the finger—from the tip to the joint line. Pieces Parts of a Pencil 2. Firmly press the graphite-coated fingertip on a piece What's important when making a pencil? of cellophane tape that has been placed adhesive side Parts Are Cheap — Parts Are Expensive up on a desk or table. Slowly peel the tape from the Parts Are Easy to Find — Parts Are Hard to Find finger. Place the tape in the correct space on the Materials Are Soft — Materials Are Hard recording sheet. Parts Easy to Make — Parts Hard to Make 3. Before printing each fingertip, apply more graphite. Materials Are Smooth — Materials Are Rough 4. After printing, each fingertip should be wiped clean Materials Found Near You — Materials Far Away with a soapy paper towel and dried to prevent graphite residue from smearing the next fingerprint. What machine would you design to make a pencil? You will also learn that graphite is a lubricant. Why is that? What tools can you use instead of a pencil? www.mii.org Page 2 Does any country have all the natural resources necessary to make a pencil? Activity 1 Using the information from page 1, determine which raw materials used to make a pencil are mined and which are grown. This can be a cooperative group activity.
Grown Mined
Activity 2 Each student will need a sharp pencil. Identify the following parts of the pencil wood metal graphite paint eraser glue
Explain to your students that each part of the pencil comes from a different state or country. Use the support material (descriptions and map). Count the different locations and raw materials.
Activity 3 Create a Key for the pencil parts. The Indicate the origin of the resources on the map. Western sulfur calcium aluminum Hemisphere clay latex pumice zinc copper graphite barium wood soybean oil Research specific parts of the pencil. How is the natural resource obtained? Where this resource is found? Other uses for this resource. This could be a cooperative group or partner activity. Find out that aluminum (from the mineral bauxite) is not mined in the U.S. or Canada.
Wood for pencils must be straight-grained and of a texture that can be cut against the grain with a pencil sharpener. A cedar forest in northern California provides the wood for pencils made in the U.S.
www.mii.org Page 3 Name ______Grade ______Title ______
______
Writing made possible by the people is a natural experience . . . who develop our natural resources.
www.mii.org Page 4 A LITTLE LIGHT Everything Is Made Of Something Opens a World of Knowledge If you can see it, touch it, taste it, smell it, or hear it,
Science: Dig A Little Deeper It's from our Natural Resources. How Many Minerals and Metals Does It Take to Enlightening Studies
What makes the bulb work? Make A Light Bulb? Bulb Gas Support wires Science/Technology Soft glass is generally used, made Usually a mixture of Molybdenum wires support the fila- from silica, trona (soda ash), lime, nitrogen and argon to ment. coal, and salt. Hard glass, made from retard evaporation of The study of electricity. What makes the the same minerals, is used for some the filament. Button & Button Rod lamps to withstand higher tempera- Glass, made from the same materials bulb work? It took Edison two years to find tures and for protection against break- listed for the bulb (plus lead), is used age. to support and to hold the tie wires the right material to make the filament placed in it. Filament (carbonized thread). Sources of electricity Usually is made of tungsten. The fil- Heat Deflector ament may be a straight wire, a coil, Used in higher wattage bulbs to in your community. Study alternative energy or a coiled-coil. reduce the circulation of hot gases into the neck of the bulb. It’s made of sources such as Solar, Hydro, Geothermal.
Predict: Lead-in-wires aluminum. Made of copper and nickel to carry the current to and from the filament. Base Discover the sources of energy throughout Made of brass ( copper and zinc) or Tie Wires aluminum. One lead-in wire is sol- history. Why were new sources discovered?
Design light bulbs for the future. Molybdenum wires support lead-in dered to the center contact and the wires. other soldered to the base. What have been the benefits of each new Stem Press The wires in the glass are made of a energy source? What do you think will be combination of nickel-iron alloy core Don’t forget the mineral fuels needed to and a copper sleeve. generate the electricity to light up the bulb. the next source? In the U.S., these are the sources of our fuels Explore shapes & sizes. Light bulb picture collage. Fuse Geography Protects the lamp and circuit if the fil- Coal Nuclear Hydro Natural Gas Oil Other ament arcs. Made of nickel, man- Discover that the whole world contributes ganese, copper and/or silicon alloys. 54 % 22 % 10 % 9% 4 % 1 % to making a light bulb. Map activities and
For information about minerals in society, go to: Math/Art: matching exercises, pages 2 and 3. Mineral Information Institute, www.mii.org Art/Drama Geography: Research & ID the states and countries producing these minerals. Explore the shapes and sizes of different light bulbs. Construct a light bulb picture Math collage. Design a light bulb to provide light for a Find out how much electricity it takes to light your special new use. Make silhouette pictures. Do classroom. How much does it cost? How many tons shadow plays and activities. of coal have to be mined to help you see in the dark? History What did people do for light before the discovery of electricity and invention of the light bulb? How Read More About It would your life be different if you had to use candles, Material Resources, World’s Resources Series, torches, or kerosene lanterns instead of light bulbs? by Robin Kerrod What else would be different today if electricity Industrial Minerals: How They Are Found and hadn't been invented? Used, by Robert L. Bates Language Arts COAL: How It Is Found and Used, by Michael Writing Ideas and Story Starters on page 6, along C. Hansen with a light bulb pattern to combine with art From Swamp to Coal: A Start To Finish Book, projects. by Ali Mitgutsch Natural Resources, Young Geographer Series, by Light Facts Damian Randle Incandescent light bulbs are the most common Mama Is A Miner, by George Ella Lyon and source of electric light. Peter Catalanotto Every incandescent light has a filament, bulb, The Challenge of Supplying Energy: and base. Fluorescent lights contain a special Environmental Issues Series, by Gail B. Haines mercury vapor gas instead of a filament. A Light In the Attic, by Shel Silverstein Edison invented his incandescent light bulb in 1870. Fluorescent lights were developed in 1934. Teachers always have permission to reproduce Edison developed one of the first power plants to MII materials for use in their classroom. generate & distribute electricity in the early 1880’s.
© 2002, Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org Page 1 Make a symbol key or color key for each of the resources listed. Place the symbol or color in the appropriate country producing this resource.
a aeilMajor Countries Supplying the U.S. Raw Material Silica (sand) Limestone Trona Argon Nitrogen Manganese Copper Tungsten
Where In The World Are The Resources To Make A Light Bulb
USA USA USA USA USA Russia; South Africa; Brazil; China Canada; USA; Chile; Russia; Zambia China; Russia; USA (Calif. & Colo.)
— — — — —
quarries throughout the U.S. numerous mines in the U.S. soda ash (85% from manufactured from liquid air manufactured from liquid air
Wyoming)
a aeilCountries Supplying the U.S. Raw Material Molybdenum Aluminum Zinc Coal Salt Nickel Lead Russia is used for all former Soviet Union countries.
Australia; Guinea; Jamaica Canada; USA Canada; Russia; Australia USA; Russia; China USA; China; Russia Canada; Australia; Russia Canada; Australia; USA; Russia; Australia
www.mii.org Page 2 Knowledge What's the purpose of the different parts Is Enlightening What minerals are they made of Which countries produce the resources in a bulb Parts from all over the world
Using the information from page 1, fill in the blanks by What do you think would happen if one of the light bulb with the name of the states or countries the parts was removed from the bulb? producing the resource needed for each light bulb part.
______Gas Bulb
______Support Wires Filament
______Button and Button Rod Lead-in-wires
______Heat Deflector Tie wires
______Fuse ______Stem Press ______Base
The bulb keeps air away from the filament to prevent it from burning up.
Tungsten melts at about 6,100˚ F; most The world supplies of soda ash are rocks melt at about 2,800˚ F. practically inexhaustible. Almost all U.S. trona comes from Wyoming. Molybdenum is an extremely strong metal Copper is an excellent conductor of and has a high melting point. electricity and heat. Incandescent means glowing with heat. Bauxite to make aluminum is not mined in Lithium, a metal, is also used in the glass North America. to keep heat from turning it black.
www.mii.org Page 3 Electricity doesn't come from the light switch on the wall, is comes from power generating plants. More than half of the electricity that is used in the United States is provided by burning coal. How much coal does your family need to provide the electricity you use everyday? And where does it come from? One ton of coal can produce 2,500 kilowatts (kwh) of electricity. One ton equals 2,000 pounds. Examples of how much coal is used each year by a family of four to produce the electricity needed to operate various appliances. Electric water heater 3,375 pounds Hairdryer 20 pounds Electric stove and range 560 pounds Vacuum cleaner 37 pounds Color television 256 pounds Clock 14 pounds Iron 48 pounds
About 7,000 pounds of coal is mined About75,000 pounds of natural gas is used About 1/4 of a pound of uranium is every year for every person in the every year for every person in the U.S. to used every year for every person in U.S., most to produce electricity. make electricity or is burned for heating. the U.S. to make electricity.
Nearly 60% of all electricity in the Coal Fields in the United States U.S. is produced by burning coal. Where does your electricity come from? Where does the electricity come from for those states that don't have coal? That don't have oil and gas? What if Pennsylvania coal was only used in Pennsylvania? What would happen to the rest of the New England states? How does the Pacific Coal Northwest produce Anthracite electricity? Can other Bituminous states do the same? Subbituminous Lignite Why don't more states use nuclear power plants to make electricity? Find your state's source of electricity from the Energy In 1850, the average frontier American house needed 17.4 cords Information Administration of wood each year for heat and cooking. What would you spend www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/reps/states/maps/ most of your time doing if you lived then? A cord is a stack of wood 4 ft. high by 8 ft. wide by 4 ft. deep.
Reading Graphs • What is the major source of energy today? • What was the major source of energy 100 years ago? • What was the major source of energy during the Civil War? • What do you think will be the major source of energy 50 years from now? Why? • Edison invented his light bulb in 1870. What source of energy did he use to generate electricity to make it work? • How do different types of energy affect your life?
www.mii.org Page 4 Provided by American Coal Foundation 1130 17th Street N.W. Suite 220 Washington, D.C. 20036 202/466-8630
www.mii.org Page 5 How is your electricity created?
Oil 7%
Oil 5%
Coal 12%
Coal
25%
Nuclear 73%
55%
Nuclear
Gas 3%
Renewables 5%
9%
Renewables
Gas 6%
Coal
58%
New England
28%
Nuclear
Gas 7%
Renewables 1%
Oil 6%
Mid Atlantic
South Atlantic
Coal
73%
Gas 1%
25%
Coal
70%
Nuclear
East North Central
The types of electricity generation change. Also with the national power grid, electricity is shared among the regions and even across country borders.
Renewables 4%
Oil 1%
22%
Central
Nuclear
Gas 4%
East South
.
Coal
75%
Administration;
17%
Gas 0%
Nuclear
Renewables 4%
West North West Central
Coal
Oil 3%
Oil 1%
45%
1%
15%
Renewables
Nuclear
Gas
38%
West South Central West
Mountain
Electric Power Monthly www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/reps/states/maps/
Source of statistics: Energy Information
Gas 7%
Coal 2%
19%
Nuclear
, biomass, geothermal,
Oil 61%
Coal 4%
Gas
29%
70%
Renewables
Pacific Noncontiguous
8%
Pacific Contiguous
Renewables
Renewables
Different Regions of the Country Rely on Different Generation Mixes for Electricity
primarily means hydropower but also includes wind, solar and others.
www.mii.org Page 6 Sources of Energy in the United States
1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2000 Name ______1. In what year did Nuclear energy first provide 10% of total energy ______
2. In that same year, what percentage of our total energy did Coal provide? ______
3. In 1999, what percentage of our total energy did each of the following provide? Coal ______Nuclear ______Oil ______Natural Gas ______Hydro ______Solar, Wind, Geothermal ______Biomass ______
4. What were the three largest U.S. Daily Per Capita Consumption of Energy providers of energy in 2000? by Type, 1995— nearly 1 million Btu per day per person ______Type of Energy Type of Unit 1995 ______Petroleum Products gallons 2.8 Motor Gasoline gallons 1.2 ______Natural Gas cubic feet 225 Coal pounds 19.6 5. In what year did Natural Gas Hydroelectricity kilowatt hours 3. 1 provide the lowest percentage of Nuclear Electricity kilowatt hours 7.0 total energy?______Total Electricity kilowatt hours 31 .2 The highest? ______Total Energy thousand Btu 945
Source: Statistics from Energy Information Administration
Answers: 1- 1996; 2- 33%; 3- Coal- 32%, Nuclear- 11%; Oil- 17%; Natural Gas- 30%, Hydro- 5%, Solar, etc.- 1%, Biomass- 5%; 4- Coal, Natural Gas, & Oil; 5- 1949, 1971. Biomass usually means wood, wood wastes, trash, alcohol— things that are burned other than the fossil fuels. www.mii.org Page 7 Name ______Topic ______Grade ______
______Write a story about a cave- List all the ways a light man who finds a light bulb. bulb has helped you this Make up an appropriate light ______week. Think about work, bulb joke, cartoon or riddle. safety and leisure activities. Write 5 or more interesting facts about one of the following: ______Draw a picture of how a light Thomas Edison, Nicholas bulb has helped you this week. Tessla, Benjamin Franklin, Michael Faraday, James Watt. Write about what your life would Research one of the resources be like without the light bulb. used in the light bulb. Write a Write a creative story from the short report about this resource. point of view of a light bulb. Where it is found, how it is Acrostic poem—use student's mined, other uses for this name to identify objects that resource. use electricity. Find out about other lighting Example: Toaster devices such as fluorescent, Oven mercury vapor lamps, sodium Motor vapor lamps, neon. Write about the best idea you have ever had. www.mii.org Page 8 Everything Is Made Of Something Minerals and Metals If you can see it, touch it, Mean Good Health taste it, smell it, or hear it, It's from our Natural Resources.
Language Arts: Dig A Little Deeper Eat Your Broccoli You Are What You Eat It contains Selenium, the Brain Food Science/Math All Living Things Need The Fuel Provided by Minerals and Metals Use cereal labels to identify and analyze Life processes cannot occur without our world of inorganics.
minerals. Where are these minerals Research mineral deficiencies (anemia, scurvy There are 14 necessary mineral nutrients for plant growth. For human life, found? How do these minerals help our there are 7 necessary Macronutrients, 9 critical Micronutrients and an abundance of other elements and minerals bodies function? Make circle or bar necessary for good health. graphs showing the breakdown of
While our mineral intake represents only where did they come from? minerals in a box of cereal. Do the Iron about 0.3 percent of our total intake — in cereal experiment—page 3. of nutrients, Decimals—using MII's poster, Elements Comprising the Human Body, have students determine the mineral composition of their body. Write these as decimals and fractions.
Grow Plants From Seeds
Foods you had for lunch Experiment with your existing seed and they are so potent and so important that without growing activities—With and without
them we wouldn’t be able to utilize the other 99.7 percent water, soil, sunlight, nitrogen, potassium, , rickets). of foodstuffs, and would quickly perish. phosphate. What do you get? Plants— For more information about minerals in society, go to: nutrients needed in soil—page 4. There Mineral Information Institute, www.mii.org are 16 valuable nutrients for plant growth. Math/Science: Use food labels to ID & analyze minerals. List/chart. Social Studies: Where do they come from and why are they needed for healthy plants? Language Arts Research mineral deficiencies (anemia, beriberi, scurvy, Art rickets). Find out the difference between minerals and Use magazines to make a collage of foods containing iron, metals. Conduct a classroom survey on favorite cereals calcium, etc. Create a poster showing how mining helps and record the results. Write a letter to cereal companies us stay healthy. Draw a picture of a healthy snack, lunch, asking for information about their products. Write a dinner, etc. Draw a picture of your favorite food. Explain story—My favorite food, Biography of a grain of wheat. how this food keeps you healthy. List foods that come from plants and foods that come from animals. Health Write and perform an advertisement or a short skit for Nutrition—Using a daily food chart find out what minerals and how they keep you healthy. minerals in each group keep us healthy. How do minerals aid the Digestive System, Circulatory System (blood), Social Studies/Geography and the Skeletal System? See MII's human body poster. Make a list of foods you had for lunch. Using a map, locate where these food are produced. Create a map key. How many states were needed to “grow” your lunch? Believe it or Don't Could your state “grow” your lunch by itself? Find out There really is iron in your about the Kellogg Brothers—write a summary of their breakfast cereal. Prove it to lives. Using the facts from page 2—make a timeline of yourself and your students food production. Research food production of the (page 3 activity). Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and the Middle Ages.
Teachers always have permission to reproduce MII materials for use in their classroom.
© 2002, Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org Page 1 INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT FOOD Sandwiches were named after the Frankfurters were named after Pancakes are probably the oldest Earl of Sandwich, an English Frankfurt, Germany. Experts prepared food. The first pancakes nobleman of the 1700’s. While believe these sausages were first were a mixture of pounded grain and playing cards, he ordered a servant made in Germany during the water spread on a hot stone. Today, to bring him two slices of bread Middle Ages. About 1900, an people enjoy such pancake with a piece of roast meat between American vendor selling cooked variations as French crepes, them. frankfurters supposedly called Hungarian palacintas, Indian dosai, Dumplings are eaten in various them “hot dachshund sausages” Italian cannellone, Jewish blintzes, forms around the world. Chinese because they resembled the long- and Mexican tortillas. wan ton, Italian ravioli, Jewish bodied dog. Later, hot dog came Pretzels were first made by monks kreplach, and Polish pierogi are to be used. in southern Europe as a reward for types of dumplings filled with Pizza, an international favorite, students who learned their prayers. meat, cheese, or vegetables. originated in Italy. Pizza is the The crossed ends of a pretzel Italian word for pie. represent praying hands. Elements In the Human Body Each Element Fulfills A Critical Purpose Facts About Nutrients in Foods Element Percent Oxygen 65% Carbohydrates are the starches body are made up largely of Carbon 18% and sugars in foods. They serve proteins. Animal proteins are found Hydrogen 10% as the main source of energy. in cheese, eggs, fish, meat and milk. Nitrogen 3% Starches are found in bread, Vegetable proteins are found in Calcium 1.5% breakfast cereals, flour, and beans, grains, nuts, and vegetables. Phosphorus 1% potatoes. Sulphur 0.25% Minerals are needed for the growth Potassium 0.20% Fats, another source of energy. and maintenance of body structures. Chlorine 0.15% There are visible and invisible fats. Calcium, magnesium, and phospho- Sodium 0.15% Visible fats include butter, oil, and rus are essential parts of the bones Magnesium 0.05% shortening, and are added to foods. and teeth. In addition, calcium is Fluorine 0.02% Invisible fats are already present necessary for blood clotting. Iron Iron 0.006% in foods. They include butterfat is an important part of hemoglobin, Zinc 0.0033% in milk and the fats in eggs, fish, Silicon 0.0020% the red coloring matter in blood. Rubidium 0.00170% meat, and nuts. Minerals are also needed to main- Zirconium 0.00035% Proteins are necessary for the tain the composition of the diges- Strontium 0.00020% growth and maintenance of body tive juices and the fluids that are Aluminum 0.00014% structures. The bones, muscles, found in and around the cells. Niobium 0.00014% skin and other solid parts of the Copper 0.00014% Antimony <0.00013% Lead 0.00011% Food through the Ages Cadmium 0.000043% 8000 BC.—people had begun to raise plants and animals for food. Tin 0.000043% Between 3500 and 1500 BC.—First great civilizations developed. Because Egypt Iodine 0.000040% had fertile soil and favorable climate, they could grow barley, wheat, beans, Manganese 0.000030% lettuce, and peas, cultivated grapes and melons, and raised livestock including Vanadium 0.000030% cattle, goats, and sheep. Barium 0.000023% Arsenic 0.000020% Greeks and Romans enjoyed cherries from Persia, apricots, peaches, and spices Titanium <0.000020% from the Orient, and wheat from Egypt. Boron 0.000014% Between 1000 and 1300 Europeans developed a taste for spices and Middle Nickel <0.000014% Eastern foods. This opened international trade and stimulated exploration of new Chromium <0.000009% lands. Cobalt <0.000004% Molybdenum <0.000007% 1492—Columbus sailed west from Spain, seeking a shorter sea route to the spice Silver <0.000001% lands of the Indies. Gold <0.000001% 1600’s— American colonists learn to raise corn from the Indians, also how to Uranium 3 x 10 -8% cook lobsters and wild turkeys. Colonists brought seeds and such livestock as Cesium <1.4 x 10 -8% cattle and hogs to the New World. Radium 1.4 x 10 -13% www.mii.org Page 2 Eaten Any Iron Lately? An interesting experiment you can do at home or in your classroom. Many cereals are fortified with Although there is only enough huge girders in bridges spanning iron as well as other minerals and iron in your body to make up a couple rivers around the world. But, iron is vitamins. The iron (chemical symbol of small nails, it is an essential part of also important to your health. That’s Fe) used in cereal is a metallic form our diet. Iron is necessary in the why some breakfast cereals are more that is oxidized (burned) in the formation of hemoglobin, the than just corn or wheat, they have stomach and eventually absorbed by compound in red blood cells that carries been “FORTIFIED WITH IRON.” the body during the digestive process. oxygen from our lungs to other parts The next time you pour yourself of the body. Iron is what gives blood a bowl of your favorite brand, read The supplies you need: its red color. Too little iron in your diet the nutritional information on the 1. A good, strong magnet. can result in fatigue and a reduction in box. You’ll likely find that it contains 2. A 1-quart size zip-lock bag 3. Enough ‘FORTIFIED WITH its ability to resist diseases. iron as well as other minerals such IRON’ cereal to fill the bag Most people are familiar with the as calcium, sodium and potassium. 4. A plate or small bowl term “hard as nails.” Nails are hard All come from rocks that must be 5. Water because they contain iron. So do the mined from the earth. 6. Clear plastic cup 7. Plastic stir stick 8. Hand lens Who ever heard of magnetic cereal? STEP 2: STEP I: Place a few flakes on the table. Bring your Examine a single magnet near them and see if they are attracted flake of the cereal or repelled by its magnetic field. closely. You will You will probably get no reaction since probably not find the friction between the flakes and the any visible traces of surface of the table will likely be too iron. But, they are great to be overcome by the attraction there. of the iron in the cereal for the magnet. STEP 3: However, if we could find a way to reduce the Now, hold the magnet close to the flakes and friction between the flakes and the surface, your see if you can make them move. Any movement magnet might produce a reaction if there is, that occurs will be slight so be patient. With indeed, iron present. To accomplish that, practice, you will be able to make the flakes rotate fill your plate or bowl with water and or, you can move them around and arrange them float a few flakes of cereal in it. in all kinds of patterns.
Do you think there is really iron in the flakes that allows you to accomplish this astonishing feat?
STEP 4: STEP 5: Fill your zip-lock bag half-full of cereal. Remember, you must use a brand that is Now, pour enough ‘"FORTIFIED WITH IRON.” water into the bag Seal the bag and crush the cereal as finely as to make a thin cereal possible by squeezing the bag. This is similar to the paste. It should be about process used by miners when they crush the rock the consistency of a from their mine in order to release the iron from it. thick soup.
STEP 7: STEP 6: Hold the magnet against the outside of the cup while you stir the mixture gently with a straw or some other non-magnetic Pour your cereal soup item. Doing so will cause the microscopic iron particles to pass into a clear plastic cup. through the magnetic field of your magnet. The tiny black particles of iron freed during the crushing process will begin to accumulate—or We recommend concentrate—at the side of the cup near your Total cereal to find magnet. Two or three minutes should be sufficient the most iron. time to attract enough iron to be visible. Use a hand lens to see the particles better. Can you see them?
www.mii.org Page 3 Label this plant or write an essay that uses all the words that you have learned about plants. Stem Flower Seeds Leaf Water Roots Minerals Sunlight Vein Carbon dioxide Photosynthesis Soil Nutrient Root Hairs Sugar
Water (Hydrogen & Oxygen) Carbon Dioxide (Oxygen & Carbon)
Potash There are 16 nutrients, disguised MolybdenumCopper as minerals, that work together to Magnesium Calcium feed plants and keep them healthy.
Zinc Sulfur
Nitrogen Manganese
Iron Chlorine Boron Phosphate
www.mii.org Page 4 GOOD AS GOLD Everything Is Made Of Something If you can see it, touch it, taste it, smell it, or hear it,
”Meaning of gold clichés and idioms. Reading: Dig A Little Deeper It's from our Natural Resources. Find Out That
is Legends, fairy tales, folk myths about gold. “Snow Treasure The History of Gold The History of the World Experience the The ancient western world learned from Egypt how to mine and refine gold. Egypt’s incredible gold wealth came from granite hills on both sides of the Red Sea. One of the greatest gold hunters of all Gold Rush time was Alexander the Great. When he died at the age of 33, he had conquered more lands than any general before him. Social Studies The famed Roman Empire was gold See pages 2 and 6 for timeline and map Social Studies: poor, and the lure of Spain’s gold activities. Research how immigrants mines was a major cause of affected the Gold Rush in this country. the Punic Wars. American Indians mined gold as early as What is the meaning of “Pikes Peak or 1565, to trade with Spanish explorers in Bust”? Research gold and the westward Florida. Without the Timeline of gold thru history. expansion. Discuss the uses of gold as a Gold Rush of 1849, California, monetary standard. Nevada, and Utah might be part of Mexico. Math The first documented discovery of gold in America Explore various measurements for gold was made by a 12-year-old boy in 1799, in North Carolina. such as Troy ounces, and Karats. Check Nearly 50 pounds of gold is used every day by dentists, requiring the
mining of 18,500 tons of ore each day. of gold is heavier than an measurements. An ounce (Troy) Different the newspaper for current gold prices and For information about minerals in society, contact: make bar graphs to show how prices ounce of feathers. Graph price over time. Find out about “Karats.” Mineral Information Institute at www.mii.org Math: fluctuate over time. Discuss the factors that Science: How & why is gold mined. Create list of uses. affect prices and the implications of price fluctuations for jewelers and other gold Music/Drama buyers. Develop and/or perform skits based on gold. Ideas Discuss the difference between 18K and 24K for the skits could come from the reading activities. gold. Have students clip jewelry advertisements from Sing mining songs such as Clementine or The Fools the newspaper, noting the different karat values and of Forty-Nine. Have students interpret the meaning prices. (A karat is a unit of fineness for gold equal to of these songs. 1/24 part of pure gold in an alloy. Thus, 24K denotes Art pure gold, whereas 18K indicates a mixture of 18 parts Create posters advertising the “Gold Rush”. Make a gold with 6 parts other metals.) collage of items that use gold. Create a visual Reading dictionary. Read legends, fairy tales, folk tales, or myths about Careers gold— Midas Touch, Rumpelstiltskin, the search for Investigate mining-related careers—metallurgist, the seven cities of gold, Jason, Blackbeard’s Treasure, geologist, mining engineer, chemical engineer, Treasure Island, Snow Treasure, stories about surveyor, driller, blaster, environmental scientist, Leprechauns. cartographer. Invite these professionals to speak to Language Arts your class. Invite a jeweler with goldsmithing See page 3 for activities on expressions linked to gold, experience to demonstrate the craft. writing newspaper articles, vocabulary. Science See page 4 for science activities. Recreate the Thrill of the Contains some materials previously provided by BLM, A Golden Opportunity for Science, and The Gold & Silver Gold Rush in Your Classroom Institute. Pan for gold to demonstrate density for science Teachers always have permission to reproduce MII Experience Gold Rush fever in American History materials for use in their classrooms.
© 2002, Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org Page 1 1981 A.D. 1970 A.D. Timeline The first space shuttle is launched, The charge-coupled device is using gold-coated impellers in its invented; it was first used to Gold through recorded history liquid hydrogen fuel pump. record the faint light from stars. The device (which used gold to 4000 B.C. 1990 A.D. collect the electrons generated A culture, centered in what is United States becomes the world’s by light) is the basis for video today Eastern Europe, begins second largest gold producing cameras. to use gold to fashion nation. decorative objects. The 1960 A.D. gold was probably mined in The first patent is granted for the the Transylvanian Alps or the invention of the laser. It uses Mount Pangaion area in Thrace. carefully positioned gold- coated mirrors. 2500 B.C. Gold jewelry is buried in the 1947 A.D. Tomb of Djer, king of the First The first transistor is assembled. Egyptian Dynasty, at Abydos, The device uses gold contacts Egypt. pressed into a germanium surface. 1500 B.C. The immense gold-bearing 1942 A.D. regions of Nubia make Egypt a President Franklin D. Roosevelt wealthy nation, as gold becomes closes all U.S. gold mines, so the recognized standard medium 1565 A.D. that all mining activity would go of exchange for international American Indians mined gold to trade toward producing the raw trade. materials necessary to win with Spanish Conquistadors in Florida. World War II. 1350 B.C. The Babylonians begin to use True or False 1935 A.D. fire assay to test the purity of Western Electric Alloy #1 (69% gold. Test Your Gold IQ gold, 25% silver, 6% platinum) finds universal use in all 1200 B.C. 1. One ounce of gold is heavier than one ounce switching contacts for AT&T Sheepskin is used to recover of almost anything else. telecommunications equipment. gold dust from river sands on the eastern shores of the Black Sea. 2. Pure 24K gold is more durable than 18K gold. 1927 A.D. The practice is most likely the 3. The main reason gold is so valuable is because An extensive medical study inspiration for the “Golden it is very rare. conducted in France proves Fleece.” gold to be valuable in the 4. In the USA, any gold described as real gold treatment of rheumatoid 560 B.C. must be at least 14K. arthritis. The first gold coins made purely from gold are minted in Lydia, a 5. Most white gold is made by mixing pure gold 1903 A.D. kingdom of Asia Minor. with silver. The Engelhard Corporation 6. If a jewelry piece has scratches, it's of poor introduces an organic medium 300 B.C. to print gold on surfaces, this Greeks and Jews of ancient quality. becomes the foundation for Alexandria begin to practice 7. A good way to clean gold jewelry is to spread microcircuit printing technology. alchemy, the quest of turning common metals into gold. The toothpaste on it and rub it clean with a brush. 1898 A.D. search reaches its pinnacle from Two prospectors discover gold the late Dark Ages through the 1. T: Gold is measured in troy weight while in Klondike, Canada's Yukon Renaissance. Territory, spawning the last gold almost everything else is in avoirdupois. rush of the century. 58 B.C. Troy ounces are heavier than avoirdupois After a victorious campaign in 1868 A.D. Gaul, Julius Caesar brings back ounces. George Harrison, while digging enough gold to give 200 coins 2. F: When pure gold is alloyed (mixed) with up stones to build a house, to each of his soldiers and repay other metals to form 18K gold, it becomes discovers gold in South all of Rome’s debts. Africa—the source of nearly stronger and harder. 40% of all gold mined since 742-814 A.D. 3. F: There are metals more rare than gold that then. Charlemagne overruns the Avars and plunders their vast quantities sell for less because the demand is lower. 1859 A.D. of gold, making it possible for 4. F: It must be at least 10K (10/24ths gold). Comstock lode of gold and him to take control over much 5. F: Most white gold is made by alloying pure silver is struck in Nevada. of Western Europe. gold with copper, nickel, and zinc. 1848 A.D. 1250-1299 A.D. 6. F: Because gold scratches easily, well-made Flakes of gold are found while Marco Polo writes of his travels building a sawmill for John to the Far East, where the “gold pieces get scratched. Sutter near Sacramento, wealth was almost unlimited.” 7. F: Toothpaste is an abrasive, and the brush California, triggering the could scratch the metal. California Gold Rush and 1511 A.D. hastening the settlement of the King Ferdinand of Spain says to 1799 A.D. American West. explorers, “Get gold, humanely 1700 A.D. if you can, but all hazards, get Gold is discovered in Brazil, A 17-pound gold nugget is 1803 A.D. gold,” launching massive which becomes the largest found in Cabarrus County, Gold is discovered at Little expeditions to the newly producer of gold by 1720, North Carolina, the first Meadow Creek, North Carolina, discovered lands of the Western with nearly two-thirds of the documented gold discovery sparking the first U.S. gold rush. Hemisphere. world’s output. in the United States.
www.mii.org Page 2 Language Arts Activities Water from stream 1. Create an illustrated dictionary of the following or flume gold mining terms. Students may work alone, with partners, or in small groups. The dictionary should Ore be colorful and imaginative, but show what each term means. Students may bind their “dictionaries” and share with the class. Riffles prospector sluice box mother lode placer panning orebody rocker Forty-niners Klondike Eureka vein arrastra These are only suggestions. Any mining or gold terms could be used for the dictionary. Sluice box 2. Write newspaper articles on historical mining discoveries in the U.S. For example, announce the Sutter’s Mill, California, find of 1848; the Comstock Posters, “TV” or “radio” advertisements Lode in Nevada could also be created instead of in the 1860’s; newspaper articles. Students could the Cripple work in teams to put their Creek, Colorado, advertisements on discovery in 1892; or the Anvil Creek, video and share with Alaska, lode found in 1898. Other major gold strikes the class. could be used also, including the major new gold discoveries occurring today. 3. Have students prepare and present reports (including maps) on gold rushes in the U.S., Canada, Australia, South Africa, West Africa, Malaya, Mexico, and Siberia. The report should include how the 4.Expressions linked to gold. Have students discovery of gold changed the history of these areas. brainstorm and research metaphors or expressions Again, students could work in small groups to linked to gold. Students could illustrate and then prepare and present these reports. explain what each phrase means. Examples: Stamp Mill Worth your weight in gold Power by water, steam, or animals All that glitters is not gold Stamps All he touches turns to gold Lifter A golden opportunity The Golden Rule Cam Heart of Gold Water Good as gold Gold standard Gold-bricking Fools Gold
Ore Crushed Ore Rule of Thumb Less than 1/2 ounce of gold is Riffles recovered from each ton of ore mined in today's gold mines. Iron Shoe
www.mii.org Page 3 Social Studies Activities 1. Using a world map locate and label the major gold 3. Chart the routes of the following explorers: producing countries. Columbus, Coronado, deSoto. How did gold 2. Using the timeline information in the packet, influence their explorations? reproduce and enlarge the information for each 4. Pick one event from the timeline (page 2) then student (or group of students). Cut the events apart research and report on how this “golden” event and mix them up. Using cash register tape, the influenced world history. The report should include students create a timeline for the history of gold, then people and places for each event. Students can locate and label each event on a world map. create visual aids and give an oral presentation. Annual Production of Gold Before 1848 in Thousands of Ounces Production Source Egyptians from 2000 BC 32 Egypt/Sudan/Saudi Arabia Roman Empire 193 - 289 Mainly from Spain and Portugal 500 - 1100 96 - 161 Germany/Austria/South America (local use) 1100 - 1400 161 - 193 Germany/Austria/West Africa/South America (local use) 1400 - 1500 161 - 257 West Africa/South America 1500 - 1600 161 - 322 West Africa/South America 1600 - 1700 322 - 386 West Africa/South America 1700 - 1800 482 - 804 West Africa/Brazil and other South American countries/Russia 1800 - 1840 804 - 1,608 West Africa/Brazil and other South American countries/Russia 1847 2,476 Russia over 1 million oz. plus Africa/South America Science Activities Questions & Answers: 1. Make a list of the unique physical properties of gold. Gold is a mineral. What does that mean? A Gold is highly reflective, an excellent conductor, and is highly mineral is something found in nature that is malleable (it can be hammered into a new shape). It is also neither a plant nor an animal. Most rocks contain ductile (it can be drawn or molded into wire or threads). two or more minerals. Gold does not rust, tarnish or corrode, nor does it dissolve Gold is also a metal. Are all minerals also in water or most acids. metals? All metals are not minerals. For example, 2. Illustrate the properties of malleability and ductility. the metal zinc is not a mineral—it is not found as Collect such items as clay, putty, pastry dough, cheese, a pure metal in nature. Most minerals are kneaded erasers, marshmallows, aluminum foil, or taffy, nonmetallic. Graphite, gypsum, and halite are and ask students to manipulate them, then to order them all nonmetallic minerals. What properties does from most to least malleable, and from most to least ductile. Relate these properties to the properties of gold. gold share with other metals? Like all metals, gold is shiny, a conductor of heat and electricity, 3. Discover density. Density = weight ÷ by size. and can be hammered without breaking. Gold has the greatest density of any mineral—it's heavy Silver conducts electricity better than gold for its size. That's why gold accumulates in streams. and costs less. Why, then, is gold used to plate Water electrical contacts in high-quality switches and in computers? Silver tarnishes when it combines with impurities in the air and loses its conductivity. Ore Speculate why jewelers would prefer to work Hopper with an alloy of copper and gold rather than either gold or copper alone. Pure gold is a soft metal Canvas that scratches, bends, and breaks easily. Jewelry Riffles Apron made from it would not last very long. Copper, on the other hand, is an inexpensive, harder metal that dulls rapidly and turns green when exposed to air. When copper and gold are melted together, Gold panning is a great the alloy formed is sturdier than the pure metals demonstration of density. Rocker and has most of the brilliance of gold.
www.mii.org Page 4 Don't just read about the greatest migration in American history or watch a video about density. America's Gold States Gold States Experience Gold Fever Pan for Gold in Your Classroom For a classroom panning experience, obtain some fine copper beebee pellets or iron filings from a hardware store. Mix one-quarter cup of the “gold” with about 10 liters of sand. Alaska shown at about Put the mixture in a bucket and add water to make 10% of actual scale a slurry. Have students use small shallow bowls Involved in Refining or old pie pans to scoop up a bowl of slurry and Gold Mining States Exploration Fabrication & Trading swirl it over another bucket or large tub. Tell them not to tip the pan too far and to continue Alaska is one-sixth of the U.S. adding plain water while swirling until only the It's as big as: 540 Rhode Islands 289 Delawares pellets or filings remain in the bowl. Discuss how 117 Connecticuts this activity relates to what the Prospectors 89 Hawaiis experienced during the Gold Rush. 2 Texases Order a Gold Panning Kit from MII and MII 501 Violet Street experience the Real Thing. And your Golden, CO 80401 USA students can keep the Gold! 303/277-9190 Fax 303/277-9198 On-line at www.mii.org Gold is used in a lot more than jewelry Telephones Inside the mouthpiece is a miniature transmitter that contains gold in one of its central components, the diaphragm. Telephone Automobile wall jacks and connecting cords also use gold for the contacts. Gold is used in the trigger deployment system of automobile airbags, now in more than 10 million cars. It is also used in Electronics other electronic parts. Gold is the best material to use in almost all microcircuits Gold is the best reflector of infrared energy which is used in electronic equipment. by auto manufacturers to dry the paints on their cars, saving Dentistry time and lowering the energy use and cost. More than 26,000 pounds are used by dentists every year. Gold-plated connectors and contacts that operate in a car's engine require materials that can withstand the high-temperature Food and corrosive environment under a car's engine hood. Gold is a critical part of the equipment that assures packaged fruits and vegetables will resist spoiling. Aircraft Engines The majority of jet engines on the new Boeing 777 are made Healthcare by Pratt & Whitney. P&W uses nearly two pounds of gold as a Gold is extensively used in medical diagnosis and brazing alloy in each engine and there are two engines on each monitoring equipment, as well as medicines and implants. plane. Many aircraft use gold-coated acrylic windows in the Pollution Abatement cockpit to help windows stay clear of frost and fogging. Gold's As a catalyst, gold helps convert CO to CO and nitric oxide reflectivity helps keep the cockpit cool on hot runways and gold's 2 to harmless nitrogen. thermal conductivity helps maintain the heat of the cabin while in flight at high, cold altitudes. Astronomy Gold reflectors are used on Air Force One for defense, to The world's largest telescopes, located at the Keck confuse an incoming missile's heat-seeking signal, making it Observatory, use pure gold to coat the 21-inch secondary mirrors difficult for the missile's guidance system to focus on its target. on both of its twin telescopes. Computers Space 40 million personal computers are manufactured worldwide Gold protects the onboard computers in the Galileo space each year and gold is an integral part of the semiconductor probe. It is used throughout the electronic circuitry in satellites circuits. Each key on the keyboard strikes gold circuits that and the Space Shuttle, and in the visors in space suits worn by relay the data. astronauts.
www.mii.org Page 5 PRIMARY MINE PRODUCTION (metric tonnes)
1995
1996 1997 1998 1999
538370235120100 3. 5. 7. 6. 6. 314. 342. 032. 712. 2. 2,250.0 225.6 21.2 7.1 24.0 20.3 27.1 53.4 44.6 53.1 64.4 62.9 70.0 57.7 132.2 140.0 152.0 253.5 317.0 523.8 476360295164150 2. 6. 7. 6. 6. 925. 113. 452. 172. 5. 2,328.0 250.4 22.1 11.7 24.8 24.5 31.8 51.1 53.2 49.2 60.0 65.0 72.0 64.8 123.0 145.0 166.4 289.5 326.0 497.6 434320314191150 1. 7. 7. 6. 5. 204. 753. 602. 971. 0. 2,472.0 305.1 18.8 19.7 25.0 26.0 33.8 47.5 49.5 52.0 59.0 68.0 75.0 76.8 115.0 175.0 169.1 311.4 362.0 483.4 450360300150100 0. 8. 0. 4. 6. 334. 323. 612. - - 2. 2,555.0 329.5 ------27.1 26.1 34.9 63.2 45.0 73.3 60.0 145.8 100.0 89.2 105.0 150.0 155.0 320.0 RSA 366.0 465.0 495310313150100 2. 2. 8. 5. 5. ------3. 2,569.0 633.2 ------50.0 155.0 80.0 128.0 126.0 150.0 155.0 301.3 341.0 449.5
RSA
USA
USA
AUS
AUS
CAN
CAN
China
China
Russia
Russia
World Gold Mine Pr
Peru
Peru million Troy ounces
80
60
40
20
multiply tonnes by .032151 to convert to million
1850
0 1
Uzbek
Uzbek
1950 3
5
Indo
Indo 7
oduction in tonnes 9
Braz
Braz
11
131960
Ghana
Ghana 15
World Gold Mine Production 17
Chile
Chile 19
(major countries only) 21
PNG
PNG
231970
Troy ounces 25
Phil
Phil 27
29
Mex
Mex
31
Zimb
Zimb 331980
35
37
V
V
enz
enz 39
Columb Columb 41
431990
Other
Other
WORLD
WORLD
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
www.mii.org Page 6 Gold is in Computers Gold is in Airplanes
Gold is in Televisions and Telephones
Gold is in Medicine
Gold represents wealth
Gold protects Gold is in Telescopes people and equipment in space
Gold is in Jewelry Gold is in Cars and Trucks
www.mii.org Page 7 The prospector and his faithful burro helped to settle much of the western half of North America. www.mii.org Page 8 Everything Is Made Of Something Sidewalks Across the Curriculum Hard Facts If you can see it, touch it, taste it, smell it, or hear it, Dig A Little Deeper It's from our Natural Resources. Art: Find Out Anybody can build a Sidewalk drawings, prints Where The Sidewalk Begins Virtually every community in America has a mine or quarry nearby, sidewalk. But can your one that provides, sand and gravel— minerals we use everyday. Sand and gravel are used to build all community make a our roads and are a critical part of sidewalk? the concrete that is used in our homes, schools, businesses and Eleven states don't even produce cement, factories. For a special field trip, the essential ingredient to make concrete. call to see about school tours Poetry: (check your Yellow Pages). Some communities do not have a sand and gravel mine nearby. How far away
The other necessary part of concrete does your community need to go to find Where the Sidewalk Ends. is cement, made from shale, clay, quartz, gypsum, the materials to make a sidewalk? iron, alumina, manganese, and- Can your community make (vs. build) a sidewalk by itself. SCIENCE most important, In cooperative groups research how concrete limestone. is made and how cement is made. What is Each year, more than 4,700 pounds of concrete the difference? Take a walking field trip to is produced for every person in the United States. locate examples of how concrete is used in For information about minerals in society, go to:
Mineral Information Institute, www.mii.org Social Studies: and around your school. Examine broken Math/Science: Develop a recipe & diagram for concrete pie (graph) pieces to see what it looks like. Mix “concrete” using the recipe found on page 5. P.E. Limestone is the most important part of cement and, Use sidewalk chalk to create sidewalk drawings and therefore, concrete. It's also in candy bars and games. toothpaste. LANGUAGE ARTS Read Where The Side Walk Ends. Create your own ART sidewalk poems. Write short research papers on Using the recipe on page 5, create art objects such as quarrying and aggregate mining (there is a garden stepping stones, paper weights, molded figures. difference), or the various kinds of concrete. Draw pictures or make a collage of items made of MATH concrete. Using the information in the box above, determine how many pounds of concrete are produced each year for your class. Weigh samples of concrete using Read More About It standard and metric measures. Calculate volume The Magic School Bus Inside The Earth, measurements on page 2. by Joanna Cole Measuring by weight. Measuring by The Super Science Book of Rocks and volume. How much concrete do you need to fly on Soils, by Robert Snedden an airplane? Mineral Resources, World’s Resources HISTORY Series by Robin Kerrod Research: Romans and the development of cement How We Build Dams, by Neil Ardley and concrete used in buildings that still stand. The Big Book of Real Skyscrapers, by Building of the Erie Canal. Georgia granite was Gine Ingoglia, l989, Grosset & Dunlap used in the Panama Canal. Why? Find out about Joseph Aspden and Portland Cement, named after Teachers always have permission to reproduce the Isle of Portland on the south coast of England. MII materials for use in their classroom. © 2002, Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org Page 1 What would life be like without concrete? Visit a local mine and find out how it all begins
The Egyptians used a cement- The ancient Romans like material (containing developed a special gypsum) to make the Great concrete that set up while Pyramid in 2600 B.C. underwater (a hydraulic cement). Their special mixture contained lime Some of the world's smartest and volcanic ash. Their concrete was so strong that people don't know the difference many of their buildings, bridges, and roads still exist between concrete and cement. today, 2,000 years after they were built. It's simple. Concrete is the finished product, such as sidewalks, The average American house contains foundations, and the surface of many 120,528 pounds of concrete, 15,300 roads. Concrete contains sand, pounds of concrete block, and 75,400 gravel, and cement. Cement is the pounds of sand, gravel, and bricks. In special hardening ingredient (the gray total, more than a quarter of a million powder) that makes concrete harden. pounds of different minerals and metals are contained Cement is usually made of 60% lime in the average American home. (limestone), 25% silica, 5% alumina, and 10% other materials, such as Five states produce nearly 50% of all the cement gypsum and iron oxide. made in America. They are (in order): California; Texas; Michigan; Pennsylvania; and Missouri. Now you know!
The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) named the 10 civil engineering achievements in the 20th century that had the greatest positive impact on the quality of life and well being of people worldwide. All of them required the extensive use of our natural resources, including a substantial amount of concrete. The broad categories and individual projects selected were: • Airport Design & Development, Kansai International Airport, Japan • Dams, Hoover Dam, Nevada-Arizona, USA • The Interstate Highway System, USA • Long-Span Bridges, Golden Gate Bridge, California, USA • Rail Transportation, Eurotunnel Rail System, England and Europe • Skyscrapers, The Empire State Building, New York City, USA • Wastewater Treatment, Chicago Wastewater System, USA How much concrete is in the Hoover dam? • Water Supply and Distribution, The California Water Project, USA There are 4,360,000 cubic yards of concrete • Water Transportation, The Panama Canal, Central America in the dam, power plant and other facilities. • Sanitary Landfills/Solid Waste Disposal This much concrete would. . . • build a monument 100 feet square and All of these monuments have created a positive change in the way 2-1/2 miles high; people live and how they conduct business. They represent some of the • rise higher than the Empire State Building most significant public works achievements of the past century and serve (which is 1,250 feet) if placed on an as a symbol of engineering's finest moments in history. ordinary city block; or Find out more at http://www.asce.org • pave a standard highway 16 feet wide, Find out how concrete and projects like those listed above affect you. from San Francisco to New York City.
www.mii.org Page 2 In the U.S., we mine and use about 2 3 /4 billion tons of aggregates every year . . . that's 10 tons (20,000 pounds) for every person in the USA.
We All Use Aggregates Hospitals, Schools & Colleges, 2% Commercial Buildings, Other Buildings, 4% 10% Highways & Streets, 27%
Residential Housing, 30% Water & Sewer Facilities, 5%
Riprap, Railroad Ballast, & Non-Construction Uses, such as Local Transit Facilities, 2% Landscape Aggregate, Specialty Sand, Other Constructions, Filtering Sand, & Snow & Ice Grit, 7% such as Dams, Canals, & Airports, 13%
Source: California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology
We all use rocks. . . each of us need about 10 tons every year. The average new house contains 120 Concrete is commonly used in the tons of sand, gravel and stone (called construction of all large buildings. Find out aggregate). About 17 tons is used in how much concrete is used where you live and concrete. go to school. In the USA, there were 115,904,641 • 15,000 tons of aggregates are required housing units counted in the 2000 Census. for the construction of an average size Each new house and its proportional share school or hospital. of the associated schools, libraries, shopping • 85,000 tons of aggregates are centers, recreational centers, and other necessary to construct one mile of an facilities, requires more than 325 tons of interstate highway or 1/4 mile of a four- aggregate. lane road.
Concrete is measured by the cubic yard— One cubic yard covers an area 8 feet by measuring three feet by three feet by three 10 feet if the concrete is 4 inches thick. Four feet, or 27 cubic feet. One cubic yard of normal inches is generally enough for sidewalks, concrete will weigh about 4000 pounds. residential driveways, or garage floors.
1. How many cubic yards of concrete are 3. How many cubic yards of concrete would be in the sidewalk around your school? In in the floor of your classroom? How much the sidewalk around your house? would it weigh if it is made of concrete? 2. How much concrete is needed to place 4. If concrete costs $75 per cubic yard a floor in a two-car garage (normally 20 (delivered), how much does each of the ft. by 20 ft.)? above cost?
How big is a ton? Rocks vary tremendously in weight and density, but a good Rule of Thumb for aggregates is— 1 cubic yard = 1 ton Concrete normally weights 2 tons/cubic yard www.mii.org Page 3 Roads & Highways There are more than 2,336,000 miles of There are more than 1,571,000 miles of dirt hard-surfaced roads in the United States. The roads in the U.S. And every year, they need more majority of those roads do not have both asphalt dirt put on top of them because driving makes the and concrete surfaces, like the ultimate road dirt disappear. It disappears as dust when the sand shown below. However, a two-lane road is at and rocks are worn finer and finer by the weight of least 24-feet wide, so you can begin to estimate cars. the amount of materials that were mined to The construction of a typical interstate construct the roads we use everyday. highway can require as much as 20,000 tons per lane mile. There are 583,000 bridges in the United States, the majority of them are made of concrete and steel.
Roads cover 31,701,760 acres of land. Passenger cars and small trucks consumed more than 110 billion gallons of fuel each year.
At last count there were 133,929,661 passenger cars in the U.S.
Airports and Runways There are about 18,345 airports in the United States, covering more than 4 million acres 17" of Portland Cement of land. While it is virtually impossible to (concrete pavement) estimate the amount of sand, gravel, stone, and cement used to build those 8" of cement treated base airports, this information can help you (contains about 5% cement begin to appreciate the amount of mixed with gravel) mining that must occur so people can fly. Just one new airport, Denver 12" of lime or cement treated soil (guards against expanding soil) International Airport built in the 1990s, required more than 10
million tons of aggregates. Up to 10' of special compacted soil There are more than 281,000 non-military airplanes in the
U.S., 7,400 of which are the commercial carriers (the airline companies). The carriers travelled more than 5.5 billion miles
each year, involving more than 8 million different trips, with 550 million passengers on those planes. The amount of minerals and metals needed to build
those airplanes is unknown, but they consume more than 13 billion gallons of fuel each year. All the above information is for the USA only.
www.mii.org Page 4 Travel is one of our greatest freedoms and forms of recreation. Find out if your students, and their families, are average. Students can: Discover the Facts of Travel • Keep a log of their (and family) daily travel; Who travels most. • Compare with other students; What mode is used. • Find out what their most important trips are; When most people travel. • Begin to appreciate the natural resources they are using Where the trips go. to make those trips. Why the trips are made. How they travel. Passenger Travel in the United States: 1977 and 1995 15977 199 Avg. Number of Trips/Person/Year 1 13,061 1,57 Avg. Total Miles Traveled/Person/Year 2 141,266 17,24 A0vg. Local Miles Traveled/Person/Year 95,47 14,11
Avg. Number of Daily Local Trips/Person (one way) 23.9 4. Asvg. Local Trip Distance 8s.9 mile 9 mile A6vg. Miles of Daily Local Travel/Person 293 A0vg. Number of Daily Local Private Vehicle Trips/Household 44. 6. A3vg. Local Daily Miles/Household in Private Vehicles 375 A6vg. Long-distance Miles Traveled/Person 19,79 3,12 A)vg. Number & Length of Long-distance Travel/Person/Year 2).5 (733 miles 3.9 (826 miles 1 A trip is movement from one address to another by any mode. A round trip counts as two trips. 2 Local trips are those under 100 miles, one way (about 75% to 80% of all travel is local).
Mode of Travel in 1995 % of Miles Local trips % of Trips Traveled Long-distance trips Percent Personal-use vehicle 89.5 % 92% Personal-use vehicle 79.2% Transit (includes commuter rail) 3.6 % 3% Airplane 18.0% Bicycle/walking 6.5 % 0.5% Bus 2.1% Rail 0.01% Rail 0.5% Other 0.3 % Other 0.2%
Sample Travel Log Date From To Distance Purpose of Trip Mode Persons traveled with
SOURCES: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, American Travel Survey data, October 1997. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Summary of Travel Trends: 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, draft, 1999.
www.mii.org Page 5 Limestone is working for you, everyday. At your school At your home
Can you find all the ways limestone is used?
THE MANY USES OF LIME AND LIMESTONE CONSTRUCTION TANNING AND FARMING
MORTAR
BUILDING STONE
FERTILIZERS & FUNGICIDES CEMENT HAIR REMOVER WHITEWASH IN TANNING
MANUFACTURING OTHER USES
PAPER MAKING SUGAR STEEL REFINING GLASS MEDICINES & BLEACHES
FOOD PROCESSING DRINKING WATER PURIFICATION WASTE WATER TREATMENT & POLLUTION CLEANUP www.mii.org Page 6 Recommended concrete mix Cement is a caustic. This mix makes about 4 cubic feet (0.1 cubic meter) of concrete, It can burn skin and enough to make 12 sq. ft. of sidewalk, 3 inches thick. eyes, just like acid. Material By Volume By Weight By Ratio A safe way to demonstrate Cement 1 bag, or 1 cu ft 94 lbs 1 part the making of concrete. (0.03 cu m) (43 kg) Substitute: 1 part of white glue mixed Water 5.5 gal 46 lbs as needed with 10 parts of water, (21 liters) (21 kg) Sand 2 cu ft 200 lbs 2 parts instead of using cement. (0.06 cu m) (91 kg) Also try this white glue as a substitute in your other art Coarse 3 cu ft 260 lbs 3 parts projects. Instead of using plaster of Paris in your casting aggregate* (0.08 cu m) (118 kg) activities, try using this white glue recipe. It takes a little longer to set but you can now have textures from * Particles graded 1/4 to 3/4 inch (6 to 19 mm) in size your molded projects and the glue dries clear.
Math Challenge Figure out: This sounds too large to be true, but it is How many pounds of sand, gravel, and stone will be Every year more than 20,000 pounds of needed by each of your students during their lifetime? sand, gravel, and stone is mined for every person How big of a hole needs to be dug somewhere to provide the things they use? For the sidewalk around in the United States. These materials are used to the school? For the road from their house to school? make or repair roads and highways, sidewalks, How many pounds of sand, gravel, and stone are needed houses, schools, offices, stores, factories, and by all the students in your class in one year. Compare other buildings that each of us use daily. this (in volume) to the size of your classroom. For convenience, when converting pounds If your students live to be 75 years old (a good average), and tons to cubic yards, assume that one ton of how many pounds and cubic yards of sand, gravel, these materials occupies 1 cu. yd. of space. and stone must be mined to support their needs during their lifetime?
Clay - below .005 mm diameter Silt - .005 to .05 mm Fine sand - .05 mm to .5 mm Everything has a proper name Medium sand - .5 mm to 1 mm It's not important to most of us, but Coarse sand - 1 mm to 2 mm Very coarse sand - 2 mm to 4 mm to engineers designing special construction projects, proper names are extremely important. How One Boulder Was Used
The world's largest single Boulder - over 256 mm (10") block of marble ever quarried came from Marble, Colorado. Pebble - 4 mm (1/8") to 64 mm (2 1/2") The original block weighed 100 tons and now marks the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Cobble - 64 mm to 256 mm (2 1/2" to 10") Arlington National Cemetery outside Washington, D.C.
www.mii.org Page 7 www.mii.org Page 8 Everything Is Made Of Something A Brighter Smile From Mining If you can see it, touch it, taste it, smell it, or hear it,
Social Studies: Language Arts: Dig A Little Deeper It's from our Natural Resources. A Bright Smile From Toothpaste and Minerals Rocks In Your Mouth Toothpaste cleans your teeth and keeps them healthy.
Science What was used before toothpaste
Read The cleaning is done with abrasives (from rocks) that rub
the plaque away. Abrasives are minerals like silica, What minerals are found in toothpaste? “ limestone, aluminum oxide (also used in
Ira Sleeps Over. (Activity on Page 2) Which brands can sandpaper), and various phosphate minerals. Toothpaste you find that do not contain fluoride? Fluoride, used to reduce cavities, comes from a mineral called fluorite. It is sometimes changed Where does fluoride come from? What into stannous fluoride (tin fluoride). does it look like in its raw form? Read
” about or research fluoride. Find out the
Let students bring PJs & toothpaste. Most toothpaste is made white with titanium dioxide which comes from minerals called fluoride content of the drinking water rutile, ilmenite, and anatase. Titanium in your area. What are the benefits of dioxide also is used to make white paint. fluoride?
The sparkles in some toothpaste come from “ invented. mica, a mineral common in many rocks. Health The toothbrush and tube holding your Discuss dental hygiene and the
” toothpaste are both made of plastics that beneficial ingredients of toothpaste.
What minerals are found in toothpaste. Read about or come from petroleum (petrochemicals) Draw, cut out pictures, or bring and other minerals. examples of a variety of toothbrush designs. List benefits of each design.
For more information about minerals in society, go to: Science: research fluorite. Compare fluoride content in various brands. Mineral Information Institute, www.mii.org Have a dentist or hygienist visit the Math: Survey class on brands used, chart or graph. Health: Discuss dental hygiene class. —More on page 3. & special ingredients. P.E.: Stomp & squirt contest, use toothpaste & butcher paper. Math Language Arts Survey class on brands of toothpaste used. Chart or Read “Ira Sleeps Over”. Have students bring graph the information. toothpaste and toothbrush and PJ’s. More ideas on page 4. P.E. Social Studies Stomp and squirt contest. Use toothpaste and butcher What was used before toothpaste and toothbrushes paper. Estimate and measure distance. were invented? Did people really use a twig?
In the Olden Days . . . Read More About It • Toothbrush was wool moistened with honey Dental Care, Life Guides Series, by Brian R. or a twig with the end Ward, 1986 Franklin Watts smashed and softened Smile! How to Cope with Braces, by Jeanne first by biting on it. Betancourt, 1982, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. • Toothpaste was Arthur’s Loose Tooth, by Lillian Hobar, 1985 powdered bones of Alligator’s Toothache, by Diane DeGroat, 1977 mice. The Princes’ Tooth Is Loose, (K-1st), by • Toothpicks were porcupine quills. Harriet Ziefert, 1990 • Teeth didn't last very long. My First Dentist Visit (K), by Julia Allen, 1987 Teachers always have permission to reproduce MII materials for use in their classrooms. © 2002, Mineral Information Institute, Golden, Colorado www.mii.org Page 1 Crossword Puzzle: Rocks In Your Mouth
• The cleaning is done with abrasives, from (1 DOWN) . • Stannous fluoride is called (8 ACROSS) fluoride. • Abrasives are minerals like (5 DOWN) , (6 DOWN) , • Most toothpaste is made white with (3 DOWN) (7 ACROSS) , and various (2 DOWN) . dioxide. • (9 ACROSS) , used to reduce cavities, comes from a • The sparkles in toothpaste come from the mineral mineral called fluorite. (4 DOWN) .
1
Rocks In Your Mouth 2 34 petroleum aluminum phosphate limestone titanium fluoride rocks silica 6 mica tin 5
7
8
In 1945, research began on the benefits of fluoride in preventing tooth decay. Today, researchers attribute up to a 40% reduction in cavities to water fluoridation.
R 9 PETROLEUM HIC I OTK C SAS A PN L HIS I Today, more than 150,000 U.S. dentists use about 13 tons ALUM I NUM TML E of gold each year (more than 70 pounds every day) for ETINS CT crowns, bridges, inlays, and dentures. A typical crown AO may contain between 62% and 78% gold. N FLUORIDE
www.mii.org Page 2 Care of Teeth and Gums Parts of a Tooth 1. A Good Diet Crown—visible part of a molar tooth. Eat well-balanced meals which include a Cusp—projections in a molar tooth. variety of foods and provide nutrients needed Root—extends into the bone of the jaw. by teeth and gums. Pulp—innermost layer of a tooth. Made up of Eat fewer sugary foods. Bacteria in the connective tissues, blood vessels and nerves. Two parts: mouth digest sugar and produce an acid. This 1. pulp chamber—lies in crown of tooth acid dissolves tooth enamel, forming a cavity. 2. root canal—lies in root. Blood vessels and hole at the tip of the root. 2. Cleaning The Teeth Dentin—hard, yellow substance surrounding the pulp. Brush after every meal. Use dental floss It makes up most of the tooth. Dentin is harder than bone. Made up of mineral salts, once a day. This removes the plaque. Plaque water and also has some living cells. is a sticky film made of saliva, food particles Enamel—outermost covering of tooth. It is the and bacteria. hardest tissue in the body. Made up of calcium phosphate and small amount of 3. Dental Check-ups water, It is white and transparent. Fluoride Have a dental check-up at least once a year. in toothpaste chemically replaces some of A check-up and teeth cleaning will help the water in the enamel making the tooth decay resistant. prevent diseases of the teeth and gums. Cementum—overlies dentin in the root of the tooth. It is about as hard as bone. It is made Ages at Which Teeth Usually Appear of mineral salts and water. Deciduous Teeth Lower Teeth Upper Teeth Periodontal Ligament—Made of small fibers. It Central Incisors 6 months 7 months anchors the tooth and serves Lateral Incisors 7 months 9 months as a shock absorber during Canines 16 months 18 months First Molars 12 months 14 months chewing. Second Molars 20 months 24 months A Cut-and-Paste Activity Permanent Teeth Lower Teeth Upper Teeth Use old magazines. Look for pictures of healthy Central Incisors 6-7 years 7-8 years foods that are good for you. Cut out the pictures Lateral Incisors 7-8 years 8-9 years and paste them on a piece of construction paper. Canines 16 months 18 months First Premolars 10-12 years 10-11 years Second Premolars 11-12 years 10-12 years First Molars 6-7 years 6-7 years Second Molars 11-13 years 12-13 years Third Molars 17-21 years 17-21 years
Crown
Cusp Enamel Dentin Gum
Pulp Chamber
Cementum
Periodontal Ligament
Root canal
www.mii.org Page 3 Name ______Tell how mining keeps your Write a description of the Tooth teeth strong and healthy. Fairy or draw a picture. Research diseases and Why are Wisdom teeth defects of the called wisdom teeth? teeth. Write a ______description. ______
______Make a poster ______advertising good Describe how dental hygiene. to use dental floss in words ______List other uses for and pictures. dental floss and/or toothpaste.
If your teeth could talk, what Interview an orthodontist. advice would your primary teeth How does mining help him give to your secondary teeth? do his job? Draw a picture of a visit to the dentist or Find out what minerals are used to write about a visit to the dentist. make the instruments the dentist uses.
Identify the teeth. Which teeth do you have now? What is their purpose? Which of your teeth are healthy? www.mii.org Page 4 Money is Everything Is Made Of Something anything that people agree to accept in If you can see it, touch it, exchange for the things they sell or as payment for the work they do. taste it, smell it, or hear it, It's from our Natural Resources.
etc. Convert, graph different currencies. Where & How is money made? Geography/Math: Dig A Little Deeper Money It's only money Made of Metal & Promises WHAT!! Money is one of the greatest inventions of all time. Almost everything $600,000 for a coin can be, and has been, used as money. Without it, modern societies would smaller than be impossible. Worldwide currency—compare value, name, appearance, a Quarter!! As currency (a convenient 75% copper medium of exchange), money Coin of Emperor 25% nickel} Constantine, A.D. 330 100% copper allows us to trade 75% copper something we have 25% nickel } for something we In 330, Roman Emperor Until 1964, need. Most Constantine the Great moved the Quarters were currency capital of the Roman Empire from 90% silver and Rome, already facing attacks from 10% copper. is made of different Today, they are metals, special Huns, to Byzantium in Turkey— made of copper paper, and inks. and changed the city's name from and nickel.
Until World War I, most currency was made of or Coins and bills of the U.S., their values. Byzantium to Constantinople. could be exchanged for gold, silver, or other valuable To commemorate the occasion
metals. Today, the value of most currency is supported Coin collecting, hobby or speaker. History of money. (May 11, A.D. 330), Constantine by a promise from the government who issued it. himself handed out coins specially Gold was eliminated from common coinage in the U.S. in 1933; silver vanished struck to honor the move. The in 1965, although the 50 cent piece contained some silver until 1971. Money Unit: coin was made of pure silver and For information about minerals in society, go to: weighted about 1/2 ounce. Mineral Information Institute, www.mii.org What makes the coin so Social Studies: Science: Discover the raw materials used to make U.S. currency. valuable? "It can actually be Reading: How much Is A Million? Writing: If I won the lottery. placed in the hand of a key world leader on a specific date for a All U.S. coins are Dimes, quarters, half ceremony that helped shape future made of alloys dollars, and dollars are world history," says coin dealer, (mixtures of made of three layers of researcher, and author Harlan metals). Pennies metal sealed together. Beck of Chicago. are an alloy of zinc The core is pure copper, "Nobody struck a coin when and copper. Nickels are a and the two outer layers are an alloy Romulus and Remus supposedly mixture of copper and nickel. of 75% copper and 25% nickel. founded Rome. Nor did any coin commemorate Alexander the Circulation coins produced by the US Mint in an average year. Great's conquest of Macedonia— Philadelphia Denver and its far-reaching historical 1¢ 5,411,440,000 7,128,560,000 consequences." 5¢ 774,156,000 888,112,000 Constantine established 10¢ 1,125,500,000 1,274,890,000 Christianity as the official religion 25¢ 1,004,336,000 1,103,216,000 of the Roman Empire, two decades 50¢ 26,496,000 26,288,000 before the move. How much money did Uniform metal coins of equal value How much money did the the Denver Mint make? were first made in ancient Greece Philadelphia Mint make?? around 300 B.C. to replace irregu- lar money like shells and stones.
Teachers always have permission to reproduce MII materials for use in their classroom. © 2002, Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org Page 1 Congress first authorized striking one-cent coins in 1787. The Lincoln penny dates to 1909— The Origin of "Two Bits" when it replaced the "Indian head" penny that had Before the American been made since 1859. Revolution, the large The U.S. Mint produces about 13.5 billion Spanish dollars (pieces of pennies each year. Since 1982, "copper" pennies eight) were commonly used. have actually been 97.6 percent zinc, with just a copper coating. To make change, a person Three mints make all of the coins in the U.S. They are in could chop the coin in eight pie-shaped Denver (coins are marked with a small d), San Francisco (usu- pieces called bits. Two bits were worth a ally marked with a small s), and Philadelphia (no mint mark). quarter of a dollar.
More than 100 Million Pounds of Money Produced Each Year Denomination Production Units Metal Contained Weight of Materials Delivered (lbs.) One Cent 12,487,190,000 97.5% zinc, 2.5% copper 69,304,343 lbs. Nickel 1,638,174,110 75% copper, 25% nickel 18,364,639 lbs. Dime 2,378,518,110 91.67% copper, 8.33% nickel 12,215,719 lbs. Quarter 2,097,954,110 91.67% copper, 8.33% nickel 12,773,314 lbs. Half-dollar 47,248,210 91.67% copper, 8.33% nickel 1,476,673 lbs. The Sacagawea Golden Dollar is made or 88.5% copper, 6% zinc, 3.5% manganese, 2% nickel The first coins were made in the 600's B.C. in Lydia (now western Almost everything has value but that value is different from one Turkey). The coins were bean- person to the next. To prove it, try an experiment with your class. shaped lumps of a natural mixture of Do You Wanna Trade? gold and silver, stamped with a spe- Make your own rules but— cial design to show that the king of Allow your students to trade small things they have with them Lydia would guarantee their value in with other students. Sometimes an auction format is better than spite of their irregular sizes. individual trading at the student's desks, but not always. Student & Home Activity Purpose Bring foreign currencies to compare. To prove that different people place different values on the same Two things will always be common: thing. (Your choice whether or not money is allowed.) (1) all will have a value stamped on Make a list of the actual value of what the students are offering for them; and, the different items. (2) all will have a government-ap- Caution proved design, usually with the The students have to believe that they will really lose what they name of the country. are trading, otherwise they will offer imaginary bids and ruin the Higher Math experiment. Make sure that everyone gets their original item back. Really Bartering Almost all major newspapers have a business section that carries a daily What if a student offers something the owner doesn't really want? Foreign Exchange table. Assign Suggest they trade with someone who has something the owner countries and amounts to different does want. students for conversion to U.S. dol- Conclusion lars. Establish a real value on the items that were traded. How many Forecasting items went for far more than their actual value? Or less? Why? OR the Easy Way Out Look at the Futures market and have students graph what the "experts" You provide candy, special pencils, or other items desired by your think the future prices will be for students. Although you better have enough for everyone, tell them food, metals, fuels, and money. that you only have five. And in order to get one, they will have to Come back to this exercise once a bid. How much do the offers increase when there are only two month and find out if the experts were left, then only one left? right or wrong. Imagine A World Without Glass Everything Is Made Of Something or Paper or Music If you can see it, touch it, taste it, smell it, or hear it, Dig A Little Deeper It's from our Natural Resources.
glass. Science: Find Out What’s Beyond the Looking Glass A World of Glass
Enrichment: What is glass made of? can replace glass? Properties of Glass has been made and Soda-lime glass is used for used for more than 5,000 windows, mirrors, and flat years. Almost any glass of all kinds; for con- molten mineral can form tainers such as bottles, glass, provided it’s jars, and tumblers; for
Glassblower speaker. cooled rapidly enough light bulbs and many to prevent crystalliza- other purposes. tion (obsidian from lava). No fewer than 6 Adding Lead produces minerals and metals are fine crystal glass. Gold used to make today’s makes ruby-colored glass. variety of modern glass Copper or Selenium Manganese products. Such as soda- make red glass,
Art: makes purple, Copper & lime glass, containing silica, Cobalt makes blue, Chromium
soda, limestone, magnesium, alu- Describe the world without glass Stained glass project or Iron make green, Iron & Sulfur mina, and boric acid. make brown. More than 400 million sq. ft. of More than 40 billion glass mirrors are made every year in containers are produced in the the U.S. Mirrors have been U.S. each year. 35% are backed with silver, diamond recycled.
Count, measure, chart or graph the windows in classroom, school
dust, and aluminum. Language Arts: For information about minerals in society, go to.
www.mii.org Math: home. Social Studies: When was glass first used? What was used before glass? How does a mirror work When light falls on any object, Plane mirrors are flat, like most the light will be absorbed or be mirrors you would find on a wall in reflected, or the light can pass your house. They reflect the light through the object like glass. (and image) at the same angle that Any polished surface that the light hits the mirror. This makes forms an image by reflecting can the image the same size as the object be considered a mirror. In ancient being reflected. times, people used polished pieces Concave mirrors, such as of metal such as tin, silver or bronze shaving and makeup mirrors, curve as mirrors. During the settlement inward. These mirrors cause the of the American West, the rich liked light they reflect to come to a focus, to brag about having "diamond and they magnify the image. dust" mirrors. Convex mirrors curve outward OBJECTS IN MIRROR ARE CLOSER THAN THEY APPEAR Today, most mirrors are sheets and spread out the light they reflect. of glass coated on the back with Like, some rearview mirrors that aluminum or silver paint—a make objects appear smaller and process discovered by Justus von farther away than they really are. Liebig in 1835. Thanks to Dean Brown, Colorado State University There are three types of mirrors: plane; concave; and convex. © 2002, Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org ID paper producing states in U.S. & Canada. Research papermaking process. Geography/Writing: Dig A Little Deeper What’s Really in Paper Besides Wood In 1719 a French scientist The word paper comes first made paper from from “Papyrus,” the wood fibers. writing material of The Gutenburg Bible ancient Egyptians
Use a world map to trace the route of papermaking. used the skins of 300 (around 3500 BC). sheep. Magazines are printed on paper that contains trona, limestone, gypsum, The invention of kaolin (clays), sulfur, paper is credited to a magnesium, chlorine, young Chinese sodium, titanium, carbon, official, who used calcium, and a few other bamboo stalks, mulberry bark, and old silk special minerals. garments in AD 105. World-wide, more than paper mâché activities; collages. 250,000,000 tons of paper
About 700 AD, an Art: Arab army swept are produced every year. across Persia and In the U.S. and Canada, Timeline the development of paper. Discuss your life and a learned the secret. each of us consumes The process spread about 675 pounds west and entered Europe through Spain (c 1150). of paper a year. For information about minerals in society, go to: Mineral Information Institute, www.mii.org Social Studies: world without paper. Math/Science: Categorize kinds of paper in class (graph, Venn diagram, chart).
Why do paper airplanes “fly?”
Language Arts: favorite instrument. Dig A Little Deeper The Sound of Music Is the Sound of Metals at Work Whether it’s the musical instruments in a garage band or the string, wind, and percussion
Bremas Town Musicians. Research & report on a instruments of a symphony Countries that
Enrichment: orchestra, they are all made of materials from our natural resources–And almost all of Before It Was them contain some minerals Rock ‘n Roll and metals. It Was Just Rock
From the lute of the Geography: Invite local musicians to perform. Ancient Egyptians to the Flying V of today...from animal horns to fluegel- Copper is used in all horns...from the African electric instruments, slit drum to today’s digi- all brass instruments, tal keyboards... the inge- most of the string nious use of metals and instruments and in many of the minerals has made our percussion appreciation of music a major instruments. Peter and The Wolf. part of our lives and readily available to people around the world. For information about minerals in society, visit: www.mii.org Music: mine the minerals that make your instrument. Science: Discover raw materials in various instruments. What makes the instrument work. Art: Make musical instruments from recycled materials. MAKE YOUR OWN SUPER VOLCANO and GIVE IT A NAME Materials Needed: • chicken wire or screen wire • tin can or small metal container • wire cutters (scissors) • newspaper • flour • water • plaster of Paris • paint, various colors • ammonium dichromate
Form the wire to resemble a mountain, leaving Put a small amount of ammonium dicromate in a hole in the top. Cover the wire with paper mache. the metal container. Place the metal container on a (Layer newspaper with a paste made from flour and sturdy box so that it is near the cone opening under water.) the volcano. Light the ammonium dichromate with After the paper mache has set-up and dried, a match. Now, watch your volcano spit out ash. cover it with plaster of Paris to make it more fire proof. Use paint to illustrate rocks, trees, and what- Be sure that the classroom windows ever else you think is on the mountain. are open for good ventilation. This experiment also can be done outdoors if weather permits.
Volcanoes and earthquakes create new mineral wealth! Here is another VOLCANO activity It is simple and a fun experiment: Glue a plastic film canister on a piece of cardboard. Put paper mache around it. When each student’s volcano is dry, put a small amount of baking soda into canister. To make the “volcano” erupt — pour a mixture of vinegar and red food coloring into the baking soda. This simple activity allows each student to build his or her own small model volcano. They can even have a teaching experience by showing their families how it works.
DID YOU KNOW The United States has 70 potentially active volcanoes — more than any nation except for Indonesia and Japan
Teachers always have permission to copy MII materials for use in their classroom. © 2002, Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org Page ACTIVITY - SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ACTIVITY - MOUNTAIN BUILDING Folding and Faulting To give students a basic understanding of how sedimentary rocks are formed, make a sandwich to Have students color each layer of rock in the enlarged illustrate the makeup and structure of the earth be- diagram. They will then see and follow each layer of neath our feet. rock from deposition of younger rock over older rock Procedure in orderly layers. By using the same colors chosen Make a sandwich using white bread, peanut but- for each layer in diagram 1, the folding and faulting ter, rye bread, grape jelly, raisin bread, or whatever processes that happen when mountains are forming breads and ingredients the student likes. can be easily seen. These structural changes are caused by uplift movements of the Earth’s crust and As the students build their sandwich keep track also can be a result of volcanic action and earthquakes. of their progress by drawing a large diagram on the chalkboard. It should look something like this: The diagram below has been enlarged on the next page to make it easier for students to color... and for them to understand why veins ‘disappear’ and why some ore deposits can only be found by drilling. The same type of changes in the Earth’s crust make finding oil and gas deposits equally difficult.
Note: Suggest that students use the blacker formation (Note: each item can represent whatever re- which doesn’t need to be colored and designate it as source the student wants it to be. Examples: cheese coal. Yellow is good for gold, green can be used for = clay; mayonnaise = oil/natural gas; chunky peanut copper. Also, note the faults that have taken place is butter = halite (salt). diagram 2, and also how erosion progresses through Use imaginative rock names such as rye bread the remaining diagrams. Make a key for colors and sandstone or grape jelly coal, etc. Use the sandwich minerals selected by students. to show how sedimentary rocks were deposited in lay- ers. Tell the story of how sedimentary rocks were Mountain building is a fun thing to explore! formed as the sandwich is built. When the sandwiches are ready, have a question and answer session on re- lating the age of the sandwich layers to the rock lay- ers. Sample questions: 1. Which is the oldest layer? Why? 2. Which is the youngest? Why? 3. Who can tell us the age of the middle layer?
Fault Illustration—Cut one sandwich in half and hold the two halves together in front of the class. Slide the two halves past each other like this:
You have just shown how faulting can occur. NOW—everyone can enjoy their sandwiches!
www.mii.org Page MOUNTAIN BUILDING Fold and Fault Structures
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www.mii.org Page Origin of Mineral Names (Etymology) Smithsonite: Named for an Englishman, John Smithson Lead: akin to Old and Middle (1765?-1829), founder of the English, Dutch, and German Smithsonian Institution. He was words—plummet. a well-known chemist and Lithium: Greek—a stone. mineralogist and he discovered Mica: Latin—a crumb, grain, the chemical properties of the particle; also to shine, mineral named after him. glitter. Sodium carbonate (soda ash, Molybdenum: Greek— trona): Middle Latin or Italian— lead, galena. soda (firm, solid). Niobium: Latin and Sphalerite: German—sphalerit and Greek—niobe; Niobe (Greek Greek—sphaleros; to deceive, so Antimony: A Middle English to Old Myth) a queen of Thebes, daughter named from being mistaken for French word. of Tantalus, who, weeping for her other ores. The principal ore of Asbestos: Greek word— to extinguish. slain children, was turned into a zinc. Barite: Greek word— weighty. stone from which tears continue to Stibnite: Latin—antimony. Bauxite: named after a town, les Beaux flow. Sulfur: Middle English and Latin— (beautiful), in southern France. Perlite: French—pearl. sulphur. Beryllium: Latin and Greek words— Potash: Dutch—potasschen, a word Tantalum: Modern Latin and a gem. referring to the preparation by Greek—Tantalus, son of the Columbite-tantalite: Latin—Columb evaporation of the lixivium of wood mythical god/king Zeus. former name of niobium. ashes in iron pots. “Potash” is Tungsten: Swedish—heavy stone. loosely used for potassium Copper: Greek name—Cyprus, an carbonate, p. oxide, or p. hydroxide. Vanadium: Old Norse—Vanadis, a island in the Mediterranean known name of the goddess Freya. for its copper mines. Pyrite: Greek—flint or millstone, fire stone. Zeolite: Swedish and Greek Diamond: Greek—invincible. words—to boil; so named by A.F. Quartz: German, quarz, unknown Cronstedt (1702?-65) Swedish Dioptase: Named by Hau‘y from meaning. Greek—transparency. mineralogist, from its swelling up Silica: Latin—silex, flint. when heated. Feldspar: German words—field, spar (a rod or spear). Silver: Middle and Old English, Zinc: German—prong, point. German, Gothic—probably a Fluorspar/fluorite: Latin—flow, flux. Zoisite: named after Baron von Zois, loanword. an Austrian. Gold: Old English or Old Norse words— to shine, gleam. Rare Earth Elements Graphite: Greek word—to write. cerium: named in 1803 after the asteroid Ceres; Gypsum: Greek word—chalk. dysprosium: Greek—difficult of access; Halite: Greek word, hals—salt. erbium: Modern Latin—named after Ytterby, Sweden, the town where first Iron: Indo-European word—to move found; vigorously, strong. europium: Modern Latin—Europe; Kyanite: also spelled cyanite; cyano gadolinium: German— named by the Swiss chemist, J. Marignac, who or kyanos, Greek word for blue, the discovered it in the mineral gadolinite in 1886; gadolinite was named common color of kyanite. after J. Gadolin (1760-1852) who isolated it; holmium: Latinized form of Stockholm, the capital of Sweden; Platinum Group Minerals lanthanum: Greek, to be concealed, hidden; palladium: Greek, Pallas, the lutetium: Modern Latin— named for Lutetia, ancient Roman name of Paris; goddess; neodymium: Modern Latin—neo (Greek, new), plus dymium; rhodium: Modern Latin or Greek—a praseodymium: Greek—green, plus dymium; rose; promethium: Greek— forethought; iridium: Latin—rainbow; samarium: French—named after Col. Samarski, Russian mining official; osmium: Modern Latin, named in terbium 1804 by its discoverer, S. Tennant, : named for Ytterby, a town in Sweden; English chemist; thulium: Latin—named after Thule, the northernmost region of the world, ruthenium: Modern Latin— Ruthenia possibly Norway, Iceland, Jutland, etc.; (Russia), because it was first found ytterbium: Modern Latin— Ytterby, village in Sweden. in ores from the Ural Mountains.
www.mii.org Page 4 ROCKS ARE MADE OF MINERALS
Rocks, to begin with, are made of minerals. 2. Nonmetallic minerals. These are of great What is a mineral? The definition may sound importance to certain industries. You will find them difficult— a mineral is a chemical element or in insulation and filters. They are used extensively in compound (combination of elements) occurring the ceramic and chemical industries. They include naturally as the result of inorganic processes. sulfur, graphite (the “lead” in pencils), gypsum, halite The world contains more than 1,100 kinds of (rock salt), borax, talc, asbestos, and quartz. You minerals. These can be grouped in three general probably have some nonmetallic minerals in your classes. collection. Rocks containing asbestos are especially 1. Metallic minerals. These include minerals handsome and varied. most of us would think of if we were asked to name 3. Rock-forming minerals. These are the some. Examples are copper, silver, mercury, iron, building materials of the earth. They make mountains nickel, and cobalt. Most of them are found in and valleys. They furnish the ingredients of soil and combination with other minerals—such as ores. We the salt of the sea. They are largely silicates—that is, get lead from galena, or lead sulfide. Tin comes they contain silicon and oxygen. (Silicon is a from the ore cassiterite; zinc from sphalerite and nonmetallic element, always found in combination zincblende, or blackjack. Chromium that makes with something else. It is second only to oxygen as the family car flashy comes from chromite. Many the chief elementary constituent of the earth’s crust.) minerals yield aluminum. Uranium occurs in about Other rock-forming minerals are the large family 50 minerals, nearly all rare. Twenty-four carat gold of micas, with names like muscovite, biotite, and is a metallic mineral. A 14 carat gold ring is 14/24 phlogopite. There are the feldspars, including albite (or 58%) gold. and orthoclase. Others are amphiboles, pyroxenes, One thing to remember is that some minerals zeolites, garnets, and many others you may never find like to be together—lead and zinc, tungsten and tin, or hear about unless you become a true mineralogist. molybdenum and copper, and so on. There are also A rock may be made almost entirely of one ores called “massive sulfides” that contain copper, mineral or of more than one mineral. Rocks lead, zinc, gold, and silver (often there are other containing different combinations of the same minerals also identified). Such a find usually shows minerals are different. Even two things made of the that the ore can be mined economically and can yield same single mineral can be quite different. Carbon a profit. Of course, all depends on where it is found may be found as a lump of coal or as a diamond. Quite and its relationship to transportation. a difference, wouldn’t you say! An average sample of earth contains 9% aluminum, 5.5% iron, .01% zinc, .008% copper, HOW MINERALS GOT THEIR NAMES .004% tin, .002% lead, .0005% uranium, and Names of most minerals end in “ite” — apatite, .0000006% gold or platinum. It would be calcite, dolomite, fluorite, molybdenite. But many hopelessly expensive to recover such metals from do not: amphibole, copper (the most common pure an average ton of earth. That is why metallic metal in rocks), feldspar, galena, gypsum, hornblende, minerals are taken from concentrated deposits in mica, and quartz. mines. Many minerals take their names from a Greek Many valuable minerals are found in veins word referring to some outstanding property of the running through rock. Veins can be formed when: mineral. For example, hematite, an oxide of iron, was (a) mineral-laden ground water seeps into cracks, named about 325 BC from the Greek haima, or blood, evaporates, and leaves mineral grains that build up because of the color of its powder. Sphalerite got its into a vein; (b) hot water from deep within the earth name from the Greek word meaning to deceive — fills cracks, then cools and deposits much of the being mistaken for other ores. material in solution as mineral in a vein—sometimes Some minerals are named for the locality in including metals such as gold and silver; (c) molten which they were first discovered. Coloradoite was gaseous material squeezes into cracks near the found in Colorado. Bentonite, a clay, was found at earth’s surface, then slowly hardens into a vein. Fort Benton in Montana. And so with labradorite and brazilite.
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org Page 1 volcanic rocks. Thus, granite is an igneous, intrusive rock; lava is an igneous, extrusive rock. 2. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the action of wind, water, snow, or organisms. They cover about three quarters of the Earth’s surface. Most are laid down—as sediments—on the bottom of rivers, lakes, and seas. Many have been moved by water, wind, waves, currents, ice, or gravity. The most common sedimentary rocks are sandstones, limestones, conglomerates and shales. Oil and natural gas are found in sedimentary formations. 3, Metamorphic rocks are those that have been changed from what they were at first into something else—by heat, pressure or chemical action. All kids of rocks can be changed. The result is a new The Parthenon, the Doric temple of Athena, was built in the 5th crystalline structure, the formation of new minerals, century, B.C. on the Acropolis in Athens. It was built with marble, or a change in the rock’s texture. Slate was once shale. the metamorphic form of limestone. Marble came from limestone. Granite is changed into Other minerals got their names from famous gneiss. people. Willemite was named in honor of Willem I, COLLECTING King of the Netherlands. The great German poet- If you want to collect rocks and minerals just philosopher, Goethe, could turn up in your collection for the sake of having them, you can buy specimens. as goethite. And there’s smithsonite, named for James Many can be purchased for 25¢ to $5.00 each, while Smithson, founder of the Smithsonian Institution. rare specimens can cost hundreds of dollars or more. OUT OF THIS WORLD The real fun is in finding your own samples. Some minerals come from outer space. They Later, when you have a good-sized collection, you are meteorites, which are rock fragments. Every day, can fill gaps by buying specimens or swapping with hundreds of millions of them enter the earth’s other collectors. You’ll be amazed at the number of atmosphere. Most of them, however, are burned up amateur collectors. Check your library for a listing by the heat from air friction and never reach the of rock and mineral/gem clubs in your area. You will ground. Meteors large enough to reach the earth are learn a great deal from their membership. Most have called meteorites. Most minerals found in meteorites annual shows where they gather to sell and swap are the same as those we have on earth. But, there minerals and gems. are some rare minerals known only in meteorite— two of them are cohenite and schreibersite. Where to Look Look for rocks and pebbles by the roadside, in MAIN KINDS OF ROCKS stream beds and river banks. Go to the country for Rocks are the building blocks of the earth’s crust. ledges on hillsides. Every road cut, cliff, bank, They may be massive, as in granite ledges, or tiny. excavation, or quarry shows rocks and minerals. Soil, gravel, sand, and clay are rocks. There are three Railroad cuts, rock pits, dump piles around mines, main types of rocks. building sites—all yield specimens. Some of the best 1. Igneous rocks are those formed at very high mineral specimens collected in New York City came temperatures or from molten materials. They come from skyscraper and subway excavations. Help a from magmas—molten mixtures of minerals, often New England farmer clear his field and you’ll have containing gases. They come from deep below the more rocks than you know what to do with. surface of the earth. If they cool off while below the As for reference books, many states publish surface, they form intrusive rocks, which may later guides to mineral deposits. Check your State be revealed by erosion. When magmas reach the Geologist for books and maps available. surface red hot, they form extrusive rocks, such as www.mii.org Page 2 Mineralogical magazines list mineral localities. WHAT DO I HAVE At your library, ask to see the Subject Guide to Books How do you identify specimens? in Print—there are wonderful books that will answer Get books and magazines on rocks and all your questions. If your library doesn’t have the minerals. Many have colored pictures that help. books you’d like to see, ask the librarian to borrow Identification is best made by noting the the books through “Inter-library Loan.” physical characteristics of the rock or mineral. For Tips for the Field minerals, there is a hardness scale in which a mineral Don’t try to collect too much at once. Work early of the higher number can scratch a mineral of the in the day or late in the afternoon. A hot sun on bare lower number but not be scratched by it. The scale, rock can make you sizzle—especially if you are known as Moh’s Hardness Scale, is: 1) talc; 2) loaded with equipment and samples. Here’s the gypsum; 3) calcite; 4) fluorite; 5) apatite; 6) equipment to take: A backpack to carry your samples orthoclase; 7) quartz; 8) topaz; 9) corundum; 10) and equipment; zip-lock bags for your samples; diamond. notebook and pencil; geologist’s pick; cold chisel, Remember that a fingernail has a hardness of magnifying glass, compass, heavy gloves, and a knife. 2.5; a penny, 3; a knife blade, 5.5; and a steel file, Don’t forget to take water—for YOU! Later on, you 6.5. Use these to scratch your sample and you can may want a Geiger counter for spotting radioactive get an approximate idea of its hardness. rocks. Other tests for identifying minerals include Be selective. Hand-sized specimens are best. specific gravity (weight of mineral compared to the When you place your sample in the zip-lock bag, weight of an equal volume of water), optical include a note telling when and where you found it. properties and crystal form, color and luster. Don’t forget the “year” ...it is awful to look back and Minerals differ in cleavage and fracture (how they see “Found May 19th on Spook Spider Hill”—when come apart when cut). They leave distinctive streaks after a few years go by, the year it happened is long on unglazed porcelain. Some are magnetic, some forgotten. This practice is important for many reasons, have electrical properties, some glow under but the most important is that you may find a specimen ultraviolet or black light, some are radioactive, some that no one has ever seen and the date are year may fuse under a low flame while others are unaffected. help an “ite” to be named after you! Later, this Many studies with the dissolved mineral can identify information will be transcribed to a filing card or it beyond doubt. recorded in your computer when you add the specimen to your display. But most of these are too complicated for the beginner. As you read, look at pictures and samples When you get home, clean each specimen with and talk with other rock hounds or leaders of soapy warm water, applied with a soft brush. Soluble mineralogy clubs, you will get better at identifying minerals like halite can’t be washed, but should be rocks. Museum experts and your state’s geologist rinsed with alcohol. can help, too. Arranging Your Collection Rock collecting is a hobby you can tailor to Just like all geologists do, put a spot of enamel your taste. But, whether you concentrate on an area on the specimen. When it is dry, write on the spot— close to home or travel across whole continents, you in India ink—a catalog number and have this number will find that the pleasure and knowledge you gain refer to the card in your file drawer or computer. The from your collection are matched by the fun and card should list date, place found, identification of specimen, etc. Also, if you know what the rock or adventure of the search. mineral is used for (used by man) make that note also. Adapted from “Let’s Collect Rocks & Shells,” Shell Oil Company. Example: Hematite is the ore of iron, used in making steel, which is used in buildings, shipbuilding, car manufacture, aerospace and airplanes, farm equipment, dishwashers, and endless other material goods. Group your samples: metallic minerals, semiprecious stones, nonmetallic minerals. Display them on a shelf, or buy or build a mineral cabinet with partitioned sections. Egg cartons work well. Dogs are used by Canadian geologists to sniff out sulfide rocks.
www.mii.org Page 3 REFERENCE BOOKS and MORE
Adventures with Atoms and Material Resources, by Robin Kerrod, Science Encyclopedia, © 1993, Molecules—Chemistry © 1994, (World Resources Series) Dorling Kindersley, Inc. 232 Experiments for Young People, Thomson Learning. Madison Ave., New York, NY by R. C. Mebane, Thomas R. The Metalsmiths by Percy Knauth and 10016, ISBN 1-56458-328-7. Rybolt, © 1985, Enslow Speleology - The Study of Caves, Publishers, Inc. the editors of Time-Life Books, © 1974, Time Life Books (The by George W. Moore, G. At the Crossroads—The Mineral Emergence of Man series). Nicholas Sullivan, © 1964, Problems of the United States, by Mineral Resources, by Robin Kerrod, 1978, Zephrus Press, Eugene N. Cameron, © 1986, Stones of Destiny, A story of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 1994, (World Resources Series), Thomson Learning. Man’s Quest for Earth’s Riches, The Challenge of Mineral by John R. Poss, © 1975, Resources, by Robert L. Bates, Mineral Resources A-Z, by Robert L. Bates, © 1991, Enslow Publishers, Inc. Michigan Technological © 1991, Enslow Publishers, Inc. University. Mineral Resources, Economics and the The Challenge of Supplying The Story of the Earth, by the Energy, by Gail B. Haines, © Environment, by Stephen E. Kesler © 1994, Macmillan College Publishing Geological Museum in South 1991, Enslow Publishers, Inc. Kensington, London, Crown © Coal—How it is Found and Minerals, Rocks and Fossils, The 1972, Available in the U.S. from Used, by Michael C. Hansen, © Henry Holt Guide to, by W.R. Pendragon House Inc. 1990, Enslow Publishers, Inc. Hamilton , A.R. Wooley, and A.C. Bishop, © 1974. Super Science Book of Rocks The Encyclopedia of How It’s and Soils by Robert Snedden, © Made - from Antibiotics to The Miracle Planet, by Bruce Brown 1995, (Super Science Series) Xerography, edited by Donald and Lane Morgan © 1990, Weldon Thomson Learning. Owen Inc. Clarke, © 1978, A & W. Volcanoes, Earthquakes and the Publishers, Inc. Natural Resources , by Damian Formation of Continents by Everybody Needs a Rock, by Randle, © 1993, (Young Geographer Pierre Kohler, © 1986, Barron’s Byrd Baylor, © 1974, Aladdin Series) Thomson Learning. Focus on Science series. Books, Macmillan Publishing Our Modern Stone Age, by Robert L. The Wind Has Scratchy Fingers Co. Bates, Julia A. Jackson, © 1982, by Eth Clifford and Raymond The Evolution of Useful Things, William Kaufmann, Inc. Carlson, © 1974, Follett by Henry Petroski, © 1992, Rocks & Minerals by Pat Bell and Publishing Co. (Vintage Books Ed. 1994), David Wright, ©1985, Macmillan Random House Publishing Co. ROCKS & MINERALS covers Rocks and Minerals , The Audubon the fields of geology, Gems, Granites, and gravels, - mineralogy, and paleontology. Knowing and using rocks and Society Field Guide to North American by Charles W. Chesterman, © 1978, Regular departments include minerals, by R.V. Dietrich and fossils, microminerals, current Akfred A. Knopf, Inc. Brian J. Skinner, © 1990, geological events, and projects Cambridge University Press. Rocks & Minerals, An Illustrated for teachers and students. How Things are Made, by Steve Guide to , by Michael O’Donoghue, Published bi-monthly by Heidref Parker, © 1993, (Young World) © 1991, Dragon’s World Ltd, First Publications, 1319 18th St. N.W., Random House, Inc. published in the United State in 1992 Washington, D.C. 20036-1802. by Smithmark Publishers. Industrial Minerals-How they UNDERGROUND MUSEUM- are found and used, by Robert Rocks and Minerals , Simon & Sterling Hill Mine, L. Bates, © 1988, Enslow Schuster’s Guide to, by Annibale Ogdensburg, New Jersey, an Publishers, Inc. Mottana, Rodolfo Crespi and Giuseppe hour’s drive from New York Klondike Fever—The Famous Liborio, © 1977, 1978, City—one of the most unusual Gold Rush of 1898, by Michael Rocks & Minerals, The Collector’s mineral deposits on our planet— Cooper, © 1989, Published by Encyclopedia of, edited by A.F.L. host to more than 340 minerals. Clarion Books, a Houghton Deeson, © 1973, published in U.S. Rich in history. Open to the Mifflin Co. 1983 by Exeter Books. public. Contact—Sterling Hill The Magic School Bus—Inside Rocks Tell Stories, by Sidney Mining Museum, 30 Plant Street, Ogdensburg, New Jersey 07439. the Earth, by Joanna Cole, © Horenstein, © 1993, published by The (973) 209-7212 1987, Scholastic, Inc. Millbrook Press.
www.mii.org Page WHY DO WE MINE? Everything Is Made Of Something Because people want, and sometimes And That Something Comes demand, the products made from minerals, metals, and energy that comes from the Earth. From Our Natural Resources
Every American Born Will Need . . . 1.64 million lbs When a person wants . 32,061 lbs 997lbs . Stone, Sand, & Gravel something, rarely does he think . 21,476 lbs Salt . Zinc 1,841 lbs Clays 81,585 gallons about the source of materials that Copper Petroleum are necessary to make that product. 2.196 Troy oz. 68,110 lbs . Everything you want or buy Gold Cement that is tangible has to be made of . . etals something, and that something is 586,218 lbs +57,448 lbs Coal inerals & M materials from our natural . 5.9 millionOther cu. M ft. of resources. Most of it is made 5,599 lbs . 45,176 lbs. 23,700 lbs natur from minerals, metals and Aluminum . 1,074 lbs al gas Phosphate Lead Iron Ore petrochemicals. 3.7 million pounds of minerals, metals, and fuels in his/her lifetime © 2001 Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado
Every year, more than 48,148 pounds of new minerals must be provided for every person in the United States to maintain our standard of living
12,528 lbs. 9,385 lbs. 888 lbs. 418 lbs. 309 lbs. 280 lbs. 729 lbs. Stone Sand & Gravel Cement Salt Phosphate Clays Other Nonmetals (estimated)
589 lbs. 73 lbs. 24 lbs. 14 lbs. 13 lbs. 6 lbs. .0285 T oz. 20 lbs. Iron Ore Aluminum Copper Lead Zinc Manganese Gold Other Metals (Bauxite) (estimated) Plus
7,578 lbs. 7,643 lbs. 7,985 lbs. 1/4 lb. Petroleum Coal Natural Gas Uranium To Generate the energy equivalent to 300 persons working around the clock for each U.S. citizen
© 2001, Mineral Information Institute, Golden, Colorado Based on 2000 consumption and population
© 2002, Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org Page Life expectancy for males and females People born today can expect to live nearly 50% longer than people born at the turn of the century.
Survey Your Students—What do they think they must have, or can do without. For the average, middle-class American child born in the 1990s, here's the personal Must Have toll of common products they will consume In polling 1,000 Americans, an MIT study during his or her lifetime: found these essential inventions that people said • Drive 700,000 miles in a dozen cars, using they could not do without. more than 28,000 gallons of gasoline. Automobile 63% Light bulb 54% • Read and throw away 27,500 newspapers, Telephone 42% a rate of seven trees a year. Television 22% • Add 110,250 pounds of trash to the nation's Aspirin 19% garbage heap. Microwave oven 13% • Wear and throw away 115 pairs of shoes. Hair-dryer 8% Source: Life's Big Instruction Book Personal computer 8% There are more than 130,000,000 passenger cars in the United States More than 212 million motor vehicles (of all types) travel our roads. More than 8 million new cars are made every year for use in the U.S. Plastics 250 pounds Lead 24 pounds Rubber 140 pounds Limestone trace Aluminum 240 pounds Magnesium 4.5 pounds Antimony trace Manganese 17 pounds Asbestos .66 to 1.2 pounds Molybdenum 1 pound Barium trace Mica trace Cadmium trace Nickel 9 pounds Carbon 50 pounds Niobium <.5 pounds Cobalt trace Nitrogen trace Copper 42 pounds Palladium trace Chromium 15 pounds Platinum .05 to .1 troy ounce Fluorspar trace Phosphorus < 1 pound The average weight of an automobile Gallium trace Potash trace Gold trace Sand 89 pounds is 2,600 to 3,000 pounds. It is made by Graphite trace Silicon 41 pounds combining at least 39 different minerals and Halite trace Strontium trace metals, each performing a special function Iron & Steel 2124 pounds Sulfur 2 pounds when used in combination with the other. (cast iron 435 pounds) Tin trace Aluminum and steel figures overlap in (steel* 1,382 pounds) Titanium trace (HSLA** steel 263 pounds) Tungsten trace such applications as the frame or engine, (Stainless steel 45 pounds) Vanadium < 1 pound thus the total weight of all components may * Conventional steel Zinc 22 pounds exceed 3,000 pounds. ** High Strength Low Alloy Zirconium trace
www.mii.org Page Minerals Imported by the United States In spite of its size and mineral wealth, the United States is not able to produce all of the minerals it needs to be self-sufficient. To maintain our life-style and provide all of the consumer products and infrastructure we use everyday, various amounts of the following minerals must be imported from foreign countries. United States Imports of Selected Nonfuel Minerals & Metals Commodity 50 percent Countries Suppling the U.S. with minerals Arsenic 100% China, Chile, Mexico Bauxite & Alumina 100% Australia, Guinea, Jamaica, Surinam Columbium (niobium) 100% Brazil, Canada, Germany Graphite (natural) 100% Mexico, Canada, China, Madagascar, Brazil Manganese 100% South Africa, Gabon, Australia, France Mica, sheet (natural) 100% India, Belgium, Brazil, China, Argentina Strontium 100% Mexico, Germany Thallium 100% Belgium, Canada, Mexico Thorium 100% France Fluorspar 99% China, South Africa, Mexico Gemstones 98% Israel, Belgium, India, United Kingdom Cobalt 83% Zambia, Norway, Canada, Finland, Russia Tin 83% Brazil, Bolivia, Indonesia, China Tungsten 82% China, Russia, Germany, Bolivia, United Kingdom Tantalum 80% Australia, Germany, Thailand, Brazil Chromium 79% South Africa, Turkey, Russia, Kazakstan, Zimbabwe Potash 76% Canada, Belarus, Russia, Israel, Germany Barite 66% China, India, Mexico, Morocco, Canada Stone (dimension) 64% Italy, Spain, India, Canada Nickel 63% Canada, Norway, Australia, Russia Iodine 62% Japan, Chile Peat 58% Canada Diamonds (dust, grit, pwdr) 40% Ireland, China, Russia Selenium 38% Canada, Philippines, japan, Belgium Cadmium 33% Canada, Belgium, Mexico, Germany Zinc 33% Canada, Mexico, Spain Rare Earths 32% France, China, India, Japan, United Kingdom Silicon 31% Norway, Brazil, Russia, Canada Asbestos 30% Canada Gypsum 30% Canada, Mexico, Spain Magnesium Compounds 30% China, Canada, Austria, Mexico, Greece Pumice 28% Greece, Ecuador, Turkey Aluminum 21% Canada, Russia, Venezuela, Brazil Nitrogen (fixed), Ammonia 18% Trinidad and Tobago, Canada, Former Soviet Union Salt 18% Canada, Mexico, Bahamas, Chile Iron & Steel 17% European Union, Canada, Japan, Brazil, Mexico Iron Ore 17% Canada, Brazil, Venezuela, Australia, Mauritania Lead 17% Canada, Mexico, Peru, Australia Copper 13% Canada, Chile, Mexico Sodium Sulfate 13% Canada, Mexico Cement 12% Canada, Spain, Mexico, Greece, Colombia Sulfur 11% Canada, Mexico, Germany, Japan U.S. Per Capita Consumption of Mica, scrap & flake (natural) 8% Canada, India, Finland, japan, Germany Perlite 6% Greece a Few Minerals and Metals Iron & Steel Slag 1% Canada, South Africa (In Pounds) 1% Canada, Mexico Lime 1776 1999 50 percent 0 50 100 A07luminum 7 C2ement 1589 C0lay 140 30 C0oal 427,66 What do you think has created the need C15opper 2 for more minerals and metals today than G10lass 15 when our country was founded? I0ron Ore 2355 L24ead 1 Why? P00hosphate 34 P14otash 4 S45alt 39 S0and, gravel, stone 10,00 21,64 S11ulfur 11 Z5inc 03. 1 www.mii.org Page www.mii.org Page Our Basic Needs—What do you think?
EVERYTHING WE HAVE AND EVERYTHING WE USE COMES FROM OUR NATURAL RESOURCES
Everything we have and everything we use has to come from somewhere. Help your students look closely at everything around them and learn where things come from. Remembering the Law of the Conservation of Matter will help them truly understand the saying— ”If it can’t be grown, it has to be mined.” • The Law of Conservation of Matter—Matter can be neither created nor destroyed. It also means you cannot make something out of nothing — therefore, Everything Is Made From Something. FOOD Where do you think food comes from? • What do you think it would be like to live on a farm? • Is it easy to be a farmer? What would you grow? • What do you think it was like to be a farmer a long time ago?
CLOTHING What do you think clothes are made of? • Do all clothes have labels? What do they say? • How are your clothes like another classmate’s? How are they different? • What would you do to make your clothes better easier to wear, last longer, look nicer?
What do you think your house is made of? SHELTER • Where did the materials come from? • Is there a factory where you live that makes materials used to build your house? • If you were building a house, what would you do first?
Play a game of 20 Questions—where students find objects in the classroom, while other students ask questions to try to identify the origin of the object. Then classify each item into one of the three categories of Animal, Vegetable, Mineral.
Assign an object (or one of the metals or minerals) to each student to research. From what raw materials is it made? What proper- ties and characteristics does the metal or mineral have that makes it suitable for use in that product? Do you think there is a substitute for the mineral used? Why, and where does it come from?
© 2001, Mineral Information Institute, Golden, Colorado Teachers always have our permission to reproduce the materials in this packet for classroom use. Where Do Things Come From? Is it Animal? Is it Vegetable? Is it Mineral?
Name______Your School ____Animal ____Vegetable Your Shoes ____Mineral ____Animal ____Vegetable ____Mineral Animal
Food ____Animal Teddy Bear ____Vegetable ____Animal ____Mineral ____Vegetable Vegetable ____Mineral
Plant ____Animal ____Vegetable ____Mineral
Crayons Mineral ____Animal ____Vegetable Apple Pie ____Mineral ____Animal ____Vegetable ____Mineral Pencil Bicycle ____Animal ____Animal ____Vegetable ____Vegetable ____Mineral ____Mineral Some things can be made of all three—Animal, Vegetable, AND Mineral. Everything comes from our natural resources.
2 Mineral Information Institute Denver, Colorado Where Do Things Come From? Is it Animal? Is it Vegetable? Is it Mineral?
Name______
Airplane ____Animal ____Vegetable ____Mineral Animal Your House ____Animal ____Vegetable ____Mineral Car ____Animal ____Vegetable ____Mineral Glasses Vegetable ____Animal Computer ____Vegetable ____Animal ____Mineral ____Vegetable ____Mineral Mineral
Window Television ____Animal ____Animal ____Vegetable ____Vegetable ____Mineral ____Mineral
Some things can be made of all three—Animal, Vegetable, AND Mineral. Everything comes from our natural resources.
3 Mineral Information Institute Denver, Colorado The Earth My Home
4 Mineral Information Institute Denver, Colorado 5 Mineral Information Institute Denver, Colorado Farming Long Ago
Long ago, many people were farmers who worked hard to grow food for their families.
6 Mineral Information Institute Denver, Colorado Farming Today
Today, farmers use large machines to help grow and harvest the food that feeds people all over the world. 7 Mineral Information Institute Denver, Colorado 8 FUN WITH THE PLANT NUTRIENT TEAM, from the Potash & Phosphate Institute FUN WITH THE PLANT NUTRIENT TEAM, from the Potash & Phosphate Institute 9 10 FUN WITH THE PLANT NUTRIENT TEAM, from the Potash & Phosphate Institute FUN WITH THE PLANT NUTRIENT TEAM, from the Potash & Phosphate Institute 11 12 FUN WITH THE PLANT NUTRIENT TEAM, from the Potash & Phosphate Institute FUN WITH THE PLANT NUTRIENT TEAM, from the Potash & Phosphate Institute 13 BORON • CALCIUM • CARBON • CHLORINE • COPPER • HYDROGEN • IRON MAGNESIUM • MANGANESE • MOLYBDENUM • OXYGEN • SULFUR • ZINC
14 Use electricity and plant a seed. That’s Turn on A Light the process when coal is the major fuel to produce electricity. And Do Your Own Revegetation Use the enclosed packet of native seeds to experiment with revegetation.
You flip a light switch and the room brightens burden) removal, coal removal, placement of the with a glow. It’s the electricity delivered to your broken rock and other materials back in the place home that provides the power to light the bulb. It where coal was removed (backfilling). Then, also provides the energy for your television, re- contouring the land surface to resemble the land- frigerator, washing machine, computer and other scape as it looked before mining, soil replacement, machines. With nearly 60% of the electricity in and topsoil placement, seeding, mulching and the United States produced by coal-burning power fertilizing if necessary, and paying attention to plants, whenever you use electricity, you are caus- revegetation standards (If trees were removed, ing more coal to be mined. And whenever coal is new trees will be transplanted. If there was a pas- mined, the land must be reclaimed because that’s ture field or a corn field, these lands have to be the law. able to support and produce pasture or corn). Before the first ton of coal can be mined, rec- A small but important part of any reclamation lamation permits must be obtained from various process is the selection and placement of the seeds state and federal agencies to ensure that the land that will be used to revegetate the disturbed land. will be returned to a beneficial use when mining After we have used one of our natural resources, has been completed. by reclaiming the land we are returning it for other These permits describe in detail how the coal beneficial uses, which might include farm or graz- companies are going to mine and reclaim the land. ing land, wild life use, forests and parks, or some The processes include vegetation removal, soil other use. removal, rock or other overlying materials (over-
The seed mix in this information packet is often Public Affairs Office used for reclamation of mine sites in the Office of Surface Mining western states. If you are interested in the 1951 Constitution Avenue, N.W. composition of the seed mix recommended for Washington, D.C. 20240 the eastern United States, please contact: 202/208-2553
Activities • Have your students compile a list of things in their home that use electricity. • Plant this seed in your school playground to see if you can successfully reclaim a disturbed area. Remember, mines MUST BE successfully reclaimed. • Experiment with different types of water, fertilizer, and soil types to provide living examples of what influences plant growth. • Find out where your electricity comes from, and the fuel that is used to produce it.
Original activity from the Office of Surface Mining, Denver, Colorado. 15 Mining Long Ago
Miners helped settle much of the Wild West. His burro was an important tool. 16 Mineral Information Institute Denver, Colorado Mining Today
Most people have never seen a mine, but we all use the things that are made from the special rocks that are dug out of the ground. Are there special rocks mined near where you live? 17 Mineral Information Institute Denver, Colorado American Coal Foundation 1130 Seventeenth St., N.W., Suite 220 Washington, D.C. 20036
18 Mineral Information Institute Denver, Colorado 1 of 9 Activities from Guide To Activities Coal: An Introduction, by the American Coal How much does it cost to light your school? Foundation, 1130 Concept Seventeenth St., N.W., Coal produces more than half of the electricity used in the United States, and is our most abundant domestic nonrenewable energy source. Suite 220 Washington, D.C. 20036 Objective The students will compute the cost of electricity used to light their classroom and their school for one hour through one year, the number of kilowatt hours of electricity used, and the number of tons of coal mined and burned to produce the electricity used.
Curriculum Skills/Processes Time Observing, collecting data, computing, One to two class periods, organizing, and discussing. with assignments.
Background More than 75% of the coal mined in the United States is used to produce electricity. Typically it takes about one ton of coal to produce 2500 kilowatt-hours of electricity. By checking the number of kilowatt-hours used during a billing period, a customer can determine how many pounds of coal were used to meet his or her needs—presuming that all the power was coal-generated, of course. Here are some examples of how much coal is used yearly by a family of four to produce the electricity needed to operate various appliances: Electric water heater — 3,375 pounds Range — 560 pounds Hand iron — 48 pounds Hairdryer — 20 pounds Vacuum cleaner — 37 pounds Clock — 14 pounds Color television, solid-state — 256 pounds
The U.S. has approximately 30% of the world's coal reserves. Today, electricity can be produced more cheaply from coal than from oil, gas, or nuclear power. Most of the costs of mining and burning coal in an environmentally safe manner are included in the cost of today's coal. Consequently coal should remain a reasonably priced source of electricity compared to other sources. The cost of transportation to deliver coal to the power plant can be the largest influence in the price people pay for electricity.
Action Have the students do the calculations listed in the activity and fill in the chart provided. Discuss the actual cost per hour to operate a fluorescent bulb in your area and the reasons that regional electrical costs vary.
Results/Teaching Suggestions Find out and discuss where your electricity comes from. It might start from a coal mine thousands of miles away. Discuss the importance of the "cost" of electricity. Help students realize that everyone uses electricity and the fuel that created it.
Other Ideas to Explore Discuss how you could "lower" the cost of lighting your class- room and your school. Why is coal a good fuel source for producing electricity? What are some of the problems we need to solve to make coal a better fuel source?
19 Mineral Information Institute Denver, Colorado Coal Areas in the United States This map shows where coal is found in the United States. The information below tells which states mine coal and how much they produced in 1996.
Alaska not to scale
2000 U.S. Coal Production, by State In the U.S., between 52% and 57% of all (in ThousandShort Tons) electricity is generated using coal as the fuel. 1 Wyoming 338,900 31.6% 2 West Virginia 158,257 14.7% Questions: 3 Kentucky 130,688 12.2% 4 Pennsylvania 74,619 7.0% 1. Fill in the names of the ten states that produced the most 5 Texas 49,498 4.6% 6 Montana 38,352 3.6% coal in 2000. 7 Illinois 33,444 3.1% 8 Virginia 32,834 3.1% 2. Can you tell from this map how many tons of coal we 9 North Dakota 31,270 2.9% have in the United States. Why or why not? 10 Colorado 29,137 2.7% 11 Indiana 27,965 2.6% 3. What region of the country does not have coal reserves? 12 New Mexico 27,323 2.5% 13 Utah 26,656 2.5% 4. What fuel is used in your state to generate electricity? 14 Ohio 22,269 2.1% Does your state produce coal? 15 Alabama 19,324 1.8% 16 Arizona 13,111 1.2% 5. Computers (mostly the Internet) are credited with using 17 Maryland 4,546 0.4% more than 10% of all the electricity that is used in the 18 Washington 4,270 0.4% 19 Louisiana 3,699 0.3% U.S. What new demands for electricity do you think will 20 Tennessee 2,669 0.2% occur in the future? 21 Alaska 1,641 0.2% 22 Oklahoma 1,588 0.1% Fuels used in the U.S. to generate electricity. 23 Mississippi 902 24 Missouri 436 Natural All 25 Kansas 201 CCloal NNruclear GGsas HoHydro OOlil OOrther 26 Arkansas 12 5%2% 1%9 1%5 9%3%2
20 Mineral Information Institute Denver, Colorado Coal Is Electricity
How Much Electricity Do You Use Each Year
In the United States, electricity can be created from many different sources. More than 57% of the electricity we use is generated by burning coal.
Natural * Coal Nuclear HydroGas Oil Other 57% 20% 11% 9% 2% 1%
* Includes Solar, Wind, Geothermal, etc.
Here are examples of how much coal is used each year by the Smith family of four to produce the electricity needed to operate various appliances.
1. Electric water heater 3,375 pounds 2. Range 560 pounds 3. Color television 256 pounds 4. Electric Iron 48 pounds 5. Hairdryer 20 pounds 6. Vacuum cleaner 37 pounds 7. Clock 14 pounds
One ton of coal can produce 2,500 kilowatt hours (kwh) of electricity. One ton equals 2,000 pounds.
1. If the Smith family uses all of the appliances listed in the chart above, how much coal is used in one year?______2. How much coal does each family member use in one year, if each member uses the same amount of coal?______3. In one year, how many kilowatt hours of electricity are used by the Smith family if they use all of the appliances?______4. How many years would the Smith family have to use the range to equal the amount of coal used by the electric water heater in one year?______5. If the Smith family bought its color television on September 1, how much coal did the television use for the remainder of the calendar year?______6. The Smith family decided to purchase an additional electric iron. How much coal is used by both irons in one year?______7. During a five year period, one iron worked for all five years. The second iron worked for three years. During the fourth year, the second iron worked for eight months and during the fifth year for two months. How much coal was used by both irons during the five years?
Answers: 1. 4,310 pounds 5. 85 pounds 2. 1,077 pounds 6. 96 pounds 3. 5,262.50 kilowatt hours 7. 424 pounds 4. 6 years
American Coal Foundation, 1130 Seventeenth St., N.W., Suite 220, Washington, D.C. 20036
21 Mineral Information Institute Denver, Colorado NATURAL RESOURCES AND YOUR CHRISTMAS TREE
Adapted from an article by Doug Jones, Student, Department of Geosciences, New Mexico Institute of Mining & Technology and Virginia T. McLemore, Economic Geologist, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources
With the excitement of Christmas, rutile, manganese in pyrolusite, and rare earth elements in bastnesite and the last thing on our minds is the natural monazite. The papers and woods that the paints are applied to commonly resources that bring such pleasure to this contain clay as an additive or filler. holiday season. The lights, decorations, Well over 20 different raw materials are used to create a decorated glitter on greeting cards, and wrapping Christmas tree. And what about the natural resources that go into the paper add to the excitement of the gifts, or the electricity to light the tree? WOW! AND, don’t forget the holidays. Perhaps the image of the steel saw used to cut down your Christmas tree! Christmas tree is the most memorable of all. Have you ever thought about the raw Quiz materials that bring together this image? The majority of these raw materials were Listed below are some items often associated with a Christmas furnished by the mining and petroleum tree and some raw materials that are used to make these items. In the industries. blanks write the letters of some of the raw materials used to make each item on the tree. Refer to the Key for some possible answers. Some people drive to the forest to cut Christmas trees. Most Christmas trees Christmas Tree Items are grown on tree farms. Like all crops, the trees are grown with fertilizers. About 1. Star______7. Ceramic Ornaments______half of the world’s production of sulfur 2. Tree______8. Plastic ornaments______and over 90% of the production of 3. Ornament hangers______9. Electricity______phosphates and potash go into fertilizers, 4. Electrical wire______10. Glass ornaments______of which the sampling trees receive a 5. Light bulbs______11. Paint______share. Surface and ground water 12. Tree Stand______resources are also need for the growth of 6. Wire insulation______the trees. Raw Materials Strands of tiny lights have replaced candles on the trees, adding to the list of a. Sulfur j. Vermiculite t. Titanium minerals that bring holiday-cheer. The b. Trona k. Clays u. Rare-earth elements wires are made of copper; the insulation c. Lead l. Silver v. Tungsten and wall plug are formed by the d. Mica m. Manganese w. Wood combination of petrochemicals with e. Petrochemicals, oil, n. Pumice x. Feldspar pumice, limestone, marble, vermiculite, natural gas o. Nepheline syenite y. Coal silica, feldspar, or trona. The glass bulbs f. Aluminum p. Limestone z. Water contain feldspar, silica, clay, nepheline g. Potash q. Copper syenite, and trona; filaments in the bulbs h. Iron r. Phosphates are made of thin conductive strips of i. Silica s. Lithium tungsten metal, which comes from the minerals scheelite and wolframite. The glittering tree ornaments are Key: made of ingredients similar to light bulbs, 1. Star: f, l, q and also contain borate and metals such 2. Tree: a, g, r, w, z as iron, copper, and lead. The star at the 3. Ornament hangers: f, h top of the tree could be made from either 4. Electrical wire: q aluminum, silver, or copper. The 5. Light bulbs: x, i, k, o, b, v ornament hangers and tree stand also are 6. Wire insulation: e, n, p, w, j, x, b 7. Ceramic Ornaments: x, i, k, o, b, h, q, c typically a metal alloy containing iron or 8. Plastic ornaments: e aluminum. Colorful paints and glazes 9. Electricity: e, y, z used to decorate the ornaments are based 10. Glass ornaments: x, i, o, b, h, q, c on petrochemicals, mica or clay, and are 11. Paint: e, d, k, s, t, m, u pigmented with ingredients such as 12. Tree Stand: h, f lithium found in spodumene, titanium in
From: Lite Geology (Winter, 1992), an earth science magazine of the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources. 22 Mineral Information Institute Denver, Colorado 23 Mineral Information Institute Denver, Colorado MAKE YOUR OWN PAPER MODEL OF A This activity is intended to help students and other to visualize a stratovolcano (inside and out) and to learn some of the terms used by geologists in describing it. By constructing and examining the model, students will obtain a greater appreciation of the relationship between the internal structure of the volcano and its exterior shape and features. This exercise may give the student and insight as to how a stratovolcano is formed.
Guide The model represents a stratovolcano, or composite volcano. It is the most common type of volcano on Earth. Scientists classify volcanoes into three main types: cinder cones, shield volcanoes, and stratovolcanoes. Cinder Cone Shield Volcano Stratovolcano Cinder cones are the smallest Shield volcanoes are A stratovolcano is built of lava and are formed largely by the generally not explosive and are flows interlayered with pyroclastic piling up of ash, cinders and built by the accumulation of very material; scientists believe that the rocks, all of which are called fluid lava flows that spread out to layering represents a history of pyroclastic (“fire-broken”) produce a mountain with broad, alternating explosive and quiet material, that have been gentle slopes. Shield volcanoes eruptions. Young stratovolcanoes explosively erupted from the vent are the largest of all volcanoes, up are typically steep sided and of the volcano. As the material to tens of kilometers across and symmetrically cone shaped. There falls back to the ground, it thousands of meters high. Kilauea are several active stratovolcanoes in generally piles up to form and Mauna Loa Volcanoes in North America. Since 1980 Mount symmetrical, steep-sided cone Hawaii are classic examples of Saint Helens in Washington has around the vent. Sunset Crater active shield volcanoes. become the most familiar. Other in Arizona and Paricutin in well known stratovolcanoes in the Mexico are well-known examples United States include Mount of cinder cones. Rainier, Mount Shasta, M. Mazama (Crater Lake), and Redoubt Volcano in Alaska. Mount Fuji in Japan and Questions for Further Study Mount Vesuvius in Italy are other famous stratovolcanoes. 1. Name some other stratovolcanoes and their locations around the world. 2. On the paper model, a small town has been built at the foot of the volcano. This is a common situation around the world. What are some of the problems or hazards the townspeople might have to face living so close to a volcano? Discuss possible solutions to these problems with your class. 3. What types of rocks are associated with each of the three types of volcanoes discussed above? 4. What is another word for the “hole”, or vent, in the top of the volcano? 5. Where is the main vent of the paper model volcano? Can you find a second vent drawn on the side of the model volcano? 6. Why are most volcanoes on Earth cone-shaped? Vocabulary ash vent cinder cone stratovolcano composite volcano pyroclastic lava cinders eruption shield volcano volcanic hazards crater Adapted from USGS Open File Report 91-115A by Tao Rho Alpha and Leslie C. Gordon 24 Mineral Information Institute Denver, Colorado 25 Mineral Information Institute Denver, Colorado Annual Per Capita History (in pounds) Annual consumption of minerals divided by population Non-Fuel Minerals (lbs.) 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 Stone 12,428 12,095 11,376 12,262 12,634 12,528 12,695 12,322 11,506 Sand & Gravel 9,632 9,134 8,767 8,854 8,882 9,385 8,945 8,549 8,135 Cement 940 904 849 842 882 888 895 841 770 Iron Ore 425 441 425 429 548 589 553 645 606 Salt 400 405 380 384 419 418 395 402 401 Phosphate Rock 302 327 283 289 267 309 361 378 350 Clays 276 290 262 275 270 280 304 310 321 Sulfur 93 93 90 83 81 104 107 113 111 Bauxite 77 80 63 65 74 73 77 74 92 Soda Ash 49 47 47 48 47 51 53 54 53 Potash 46 43 40 43 42 39 44 43 Copper 17 20 18 21 21 24 25 25 23 Lead 11 11 11 12 13 14 14 14 14 Zinc 10 11 10 11 12 13 13 12 12 Manganese 6 6 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 Other Metals 29 26 26 20 19 20 21 14 4 Other Nonmetals 639 344 597 572 600 729 672 672 621 Total Non-Fuel Minerals 25,380 24,277 23,249 24215 24,816 24,942 25,180 24,474 23,025 Fuel Minerals (lbs.) Natural Gas (lbs.) 6,866 7,081 7,331 7021 7,000 7,985 7,803 7,758 8,075 Petroleum Products (lbs.) 7,667 7,646 7,521 7473 7,624 7,578 7,782 7,578 7,595 Coal 7,589 7,410 7,423 7301 7,682 7,643 7,662 7,528 7,521 Uranium 0.3 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 Total Fuel Minerals 22,122 22,137 22,275 21795 22,306 23,206 23,247 22,864 23,191 Total All Above (lbs.) 47,502 46,414 45,524 46,010 47,122 48,148 48,427 47,338 46,216
Population (millions) 295 294 291 288 285 281 273 270 268 Life Expectancy (years) 77.6 77.3 77.3 77.2 77.2 77 76.7 76.7 76.5 Lifetime Needs (pounds) 3,686,155 3,587,802 3,519,005 3,551,972 3,637,818 3,707,396 3,714,351 3,630,825 3,535,524 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997
Provided by Mineral Information Institute. Contact [email protected] with questions or comments. A few idea starters to help you use . . . The Periodic Chart for the non-chemist In Science There are 26 letters in the English alphabet, and they ¥ Pick 3 or 4 planets. Produce a Venn diagram make all the words we use. It is the same with the of the common elements. Is there a major difference elements— everything that exists is made from them. between the inner and outer planets? ¥ Provide list of the elements in the atmosphere Solar System • Modeling—How big is and crust (if available) of other planets. Discussion: our solar system. Make sure Can our life exist on this planet. If not, what is Absolutely, to read the Solar Model on the needed? Write compare and contrast paragraphs Positively, last page to make an accurate about the elemental make-up of the planets. Don’t miss this one!!! scale model of our solar system. How big is an atom? ¥ What kinds of elements are common on the Use the same model. inner planets? What kinds of elements are common Then, here are a few tidbits— on the outer planets? List, Graph, Venn Diagram. — To travel the equivalent of one light year in our ¥ Titanium is more common than iron on the model, one would have to walk a distance of moon. What do you think you would build things out 1,000 miles. As big as it is, our solar system is of when it comes time to colonize the moon? Where, nowhere near a light year in size. — To reach the next nearest star system, Alpha other than Earth, could you get water in our solar Centauri, on our model would require a walk over system? Sulfur? Iron? 4,000 miles long. What does an atom look like? No one knows, but Atoms & Elements they think . . . ¥ Provide descriptions of the elements (no names) and create different methods to categorize. P N Such as: solid, liquid, gas; metal, nonmetal; color of N P element, radioactive, synthetic; • Identify elements that don’t have symbols that Textbooks always have drawings of atoms. On match their names. the left is an earlier model of the atom showing that electrons travel in definite paths like planets around ACTIVITY: Common Elements in Our Home the sun. We use elements and compounds everyday. Below The newer model on the right shows an electron on the left are the common names of several cloud, because scientists realized they did not know everyday products you will find in your home and the precise path of each electron but only the likeli- their chemical formulas. Their scientific names are hood of where it might be. on the right. Using the periodic table, match the ¥ How big is an atom? Split a cherry pie in half common names to the scientific names. 90 times. After 5 splits, an 8” diameter pie will be 1/2 1. Ammonia, NH OH ___12 Silicon dioxide 4 inch; 10 splits= 1/64 inch; 15 splits= 1/2048 inch . . 2. Baking soda, NaHCO ___10 Hydrogen peroxide 3 90 splits will be the size of an atom. 3. Vinegar, CH COOH ___1 Ammonium hydroxide 3 ¥ Check out the Solar Model guide to convert it 4. Chalk, CaCO3 ___11 Sodium chloride 5. Charcoal, C ___4 Calcium carbonate to a model of the hydrogen atom. 6. Diamond, C ___8 Sucrose ¥ Provide a list of common compounds and have 7. Dry ice, CO ___2 Sodium bicarbonate 2 students tell what elements it is made from. 8. Sugar, C H O ___3 Acetic acid 12 22 11 ¥ Which elements are liquid at room tempera- 9. Graphite, C ___7 Carbon dioxide ture? (Mercury and bromine) Which elements 10. Peroxide, H2O2 5,____ 6, 9 Carbon 11. Table salt, NaCl5, ____ 6, 9 Carbon would be liquid on a hot day? (add rubidium and
12. Sand, SiO2 5,____ 6, 9 Carbon gallium) Which elements would be liquid on Venus? (add tin, lead, zinc)—Graph, List, Illustrate. Check Mineral Information Institute out other unique characteristics of the elements. find out more at www.mii.org Number of . . . a little more about atoms. Element Symbol Protons Origin of Symbol Alluminum A31eFirst two letters of nam Z_inc ____ _e___ First & third letters of nam ¥ Assign each student 5 or so elements to N_ickel ____ _e___ First two letters of nam research where they are found, when they were S_ulfur _6__ 1rFirst lette discovered, how they are used. _u______A__n___ Lati ¥ A little research activity: create a table like the one at the right and have students use C_opper _9__ 2______different resources to fill in the blanks. Ieron F______P_otassium _9__ 1______g______A__n___ Lati
Where in the world were the elements discovered In Geography Where in the world is Gold found ¥ Find out where the elements were discovered and identified. You’ll be very surprised. ¥ List (collage) of products we all use, find out what elements they are made from, and identify the nations where those elements are mined. Check out MII’s Dig A Little Deeper themes for products and ingredients. Or use products with ingredient labels. ¥ With string or push-pins on a world map, show the major locations where the elements are known to exist or are mined. Is there any major relationship between the existence of
these elements (minerals & mining) and the rich or Study of the Earth A poor status of those nations? Yes, but there are exceptions: Japan has almost no mineral resources (but has incredible ingenuity) and many of the Afri-
for a bigger drawing go to: www.mii.org and www.mii.org can nations have extensive resources (but have long download histories of political instability). Life Processes— Health & Nutrition Produce a comparison (table; graph) of the Get MII’s Elements Comprising the Human Body elements in life processes, from essential to beneficial poster for a list of the various elements in people, Is there a difference between plant and animal life? and the important role those elements play in life Vitamins— what elements are they built around? processes. All have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; many also
have nitrogen. B1- also has manganese; B12- has What Do You Think about the phrase, cobalt. “all things are poisonous and yet there is Which elements are necessary for plants to nothing that is poisonous; it is only the grow? Find out why, and what happens when plants dose that makes a thing poisonous.” don’t get those elements. Do the same thing for animals. Paracelsus Swiss physician and alchemist Compare the elements needed by plants and 1493-1541 animals for full health. Language Arts The Uses of Elements in Modern Society ¥ 100 million computers are hooked to the ¥ Create a flip-book of an element and all the Internet (worldwide). Their demand for electricity is ways we use that element. equal to about 13% of the current U.S. use of electric- • Creative writing— pretend to be an element— ity (enough to keep California’s 11 million house- write your life story. holds running for more than three years). This use ¥ The average American born today will use more didn’t exist 10 years ago. than 3 1/2 million pounds of minerals, metals, and Also, computers use no fewer than 33 energy fuels in their lifetime. How can you possibly different elements in all the components. Each year, use nearly a ton of copper in your lifetime? Find out. more than 47,000 pounds of newly mined minerals ¥ The average automobile weights nearly 3,000 must be provided for every person in the US, just to lbs. and contains about 38 different metals and miner- maintain our standard of living. If necessary, what als. How many cars has your family bought in your are you willing to do without? Make a list. How will lifetime? . . . in your parents’ lifetime? your life change by doing without certain things? ¥ Which elements help provide the color picture in television sets? In History ¥ Your house contains more than a quarter of a ¥ Create a time line of when the elements were million pounds of different minerals and metals, plus a discovered. variety of timber products. IF you had to build a house ¥ Study the life-style and conditions of living using resources that are near where you live, what before and after those discoveries. Can you draw a would it be made of? Are there enough resources near correlation? Remember the Stone Age, the Iron Age, you for all of your friends to do the same thing? the Bronze Age, the Industrial Age, the Age of Com- puters— they all came about because of the technol- ogy of learning how to Flip Book design—create a 6-page report book format use our mineral re- 3 pieces of paper My sources. fold them Favorite ¥ There have been Rock numerous wars through- out history. Can you staple them together Rocks & Minerals Identification find a connection be- tween the availability of Physical Properties resources and the cause Where It is World Map of those wars? How I Use It A Model, A Walk, or A Happening What your students thought they knew, they can now apprehend How Big Is Our Solar System How Big Is An Atom
or The Earth An Example from the Astronomical Workshop program: The Thousand-Yard Model as a Peppercorn Introduce the concept of scale. Take a pace: this distance across the floor is an enor- The Earth is eight thousand miles wide! A pepper- mous space-journey called “three million six hundred corn (representing the Earth) is eight hundredths of an thousand miles.” inch wide. What about the Sun? It is eight hundred Now, what is the distance between the Earth and the thousand miles wide. The ball representing it is eight Sun? It is 93 million miles. In the model, it is 26 yards. inches wide. So, one inch in this model represents a This still may not mean much till you get one of the hundred thousand miles in reality. class to start at the side of the room and take 26 paces. This means that one yard (36 inches) represents He comes up against the opposite wall at about 15! 3,600,000 miles. Clearly, it will be necessary to go outside. Gather your planets ...... spread them out. First, the objects representing the Sun and planets Since this model is 3,000 feet long, it must be set need to be collected. The objects in parentheses up outside, on a straight, flat stretch of ground. are suggestions that are about the right size. Practice first. It is difficult for most adults to take a pace that is 3 feet long. ¥ Sun = ball 8 inches in diameter (bowling ball) ¥ The Sun is the starting point. ¥ Mercury = 0.03 inch (pinhead) ¥ From the Sun to Mercury is 10 yards (roughly 10 ¥ Venus = 0.08 inch (peppercorn) adult paces) ¥ Earth = 0.08 inch (peppercorn) ¥ From Mercury to Venus is 9 yards (paces) ¥ Mars = 0.04 inch (pinhead) ¥ From Venus to Earth is 7 yards (paces) ¥ Jupiter = 0.9 inch (chestnut or pecan) (From Earth to Moon is 2.4 inches) ¥ Saturn = 0.7 inch (hazelnut or acorn) ¥ From Earth to Mars is 14 yards (paces) ¥ Uranus = 0.3 inch (coffee bean) ¥ From Mars to Jupiter is 95 yards (paces) ¥ Neptune = 0.3 inch (coffee bean) ¥ From Jupiter to Saturn is 112 yards (paces) ¥ Pluto = 0.02 inch (pinhead) ¥ From Saturn to Uranus is 249 yards (paces) To prevent your “planets” from getting lost, glue ¥ From Uranus to Neptune is 281 yards (paces) them to a 3" by 5" card (stick the pin through the ¥ From Neptune to Pluto is 242 yards (paces) card, or their heads will be virtually invisible). The length of this model adds up to 1,019 paces.
This model can easily be adapted to displaying an atom as well. • Instead of the Sun, our bowling ball will now represent the proton at the center of a hydrogen atom. • The attendant electron in the atom would be represented by a speck of dust almost too small to see. It would have to be placed as far out as Pluto is in the solar system model. In reality, both the very small and the very large are primarily made of empty space. How Far Is A Light-Year? Order the full teacher guide for The Thousand-Yard Model or, The Earth as a Peppercorn 16-page booklet and teacher’s guide $9 Order From: full of tips, tricks, and gee-whizzes— Universal Workshop Price includes 1st Class postage Furman University your students will be spellbound. Visa and MasterCard 3300 Poinsett Highway Checks payable to Universal Workshop Greenville, SC 29613 864/294-2208 “ . . . well worth the price, an eye-opener for informal teachers, Fax 864/294-3523 a piece of virtuoso pedagogy simple and right from first to last” www.kalend.com —Scientific American
Provided by the Mineral Information Institute www.mii.org Women In Mining Education Foundation
MINERAL AND ROCK MATCH PURPOSE Students need to have a basic introduction to rocks and minerals as well as some knowledge of the periodic table before doing this activity. Elements are the simple building blocks of the earth. Minerals are simply made up of one or more elements. Rocks are divided into three categories depending upon how they were formed. Subcategories are used for some rock types. This activity is to help students learn the Periodic Table of Elements and how some minerals are actually combinations of several elements. It will also help increase their knowledge of the three types of rocks and some identifying features of both selective minerals and rocks. MATERIALS ¥ Cards with minerals or rock names ¥ Cards with identifying information ¥ Cards with element(s) symbol
INSTRUCTIONS Divide the students up Students will be given a Be sure to allow time for into three groups. Each set amount of time (5 to 10 questions and further student in a particular group minutes) to find the other two explanation of identification will have one type of card, cards that match the one possibilities. If desired, i.e., one group will each get they have. Once all cards students could study the rock a mineral or rock while the are matched, have different cycle and mineral identification other two groups will each ones read their cards and before this activity to increase have one of the remaining explain how they arrived at their knowledge of both rocks groups. their match. and minerals.
OPTIONS Have another set of cards made up with products from the minerals and rocks used and divide the students into four groups. Have a student with an element card hold the card up and wait for the other students to hold theirs up. Reverse the order or exchange cards until the students are comfortable with their understanding of elements and rocks.
Introduce alloys and compounds into the game with the teacher calling out the name of a mixture and the students with the correct cards can stand. Add other mineral and rock cards as desired.
he majority of materials in this special 12-page supplement have been developed by and/or are freely distributed by the T Women In Mining Education Foundation. See more of their work at www.womeninmining.org Developed and distributed by Women In Mining Education Foundation Mineral Identification— to create cards, photocopy this sheet onto 11” by 17” paper, using 130% enlargement
Mineral Gray colored, hardness of 3 to 3.5, BaSO streaks white, glassy or pearly luster Barite 4 and 4.5 specific gravity.
White, pink to pale green, streaks Mineral white with a glassy luster, 4.0 Fluorite CaF2 hardness and a 3.1 to 3.3 specific gravity.
Rock Sedimentary Dark brown to black, glassy texture, brittle. Hardness and specific Coal C gravity vary.
Mineral Yellow, metallic luster, streaks Gold Au yellow, a 3.0 hardness and 15.3 to (Native) 19.3 specific gravity. White, pinks, browns & blacks with Mineral a glassy luster, streaks white, has a Quartz SiO2 7.0 hardness and a 2.6 specific gravity.
Mineral Brass-yellow, with a metallic luster, streaks black, a 3.5 to 4.0 hardness Copper Ore CuFeS2 (Chalcopyrite) and a 4.0 specific gravity.
Mineral Clear to white, streaks white, glassy CaSO . 2H 0 to chalky luster, a 1.5 to 2.0 Gypsum 4 2 hardness and a 2.3 specific gravity.
Mineral Black with a reddish brown streak, Fe O metallic luster, 6.0 hardness and a Magnetite 3 4 5.0 specific gravity.
Mineral Gray-white with a silver streak, Silver Ag bright metallic, 2.5 to 3.0 hardness (Native) and a 10.0 to 12.0 specific gravity. Brassy, dark yellow with a greenish- Mineral black streak, metallic luster, Pyrite FeS2 hardness of 6.0 to 6.5, specific gravity 5.0 to 5.2. Cubic crystals.
Mineral Yellow, resinous to glassy luster, S streaks pale yellow, 2.0 hardness Sulfur and a 2.0 specific gravity.
White, clear, yellow, pink or blue, Mineral with a white streak, glassy luster, Calcite CaCO3 3.0 to 4.0 hardness and a 2.7 specific gravity. Rock Identification— to create cards, photocopy this sheet onto 11” by 17” paper, using 130% enlargement
Rock Igneous, Intrusive Coarse grained, light colored, SiO ,aAl, K, Na, C Chiefly quartz (up to 50%) and Granite 2 Numerous types feldspar. Extremely hard.
Rock Igneous, Intrusive Fine to coarse grained, dark Gabbro N.u,merous types Ca, Al, Si colored with interlocking grains Oi, Fe. Maybe P and T of feldspar and hornblende.
Rock Igneous, Extrusive Dark, fine grained. Usually S.i, O, Al, Mg, Fe, Na, Ca rich in iron and magnesium. Basalt Numerous types
Rock Igneous, Extrusive Light and frothy. Gas bubbles Usually 65% to 70% SiO and Pumice 2 are trapped in the rock during 10% to 20% Al2O3 Usually K, Na, and Ca rapid cooling.
Rock Sedimentary Coarse grained, with fine Numerous types: particles grained matrix cemented by Conglomerate cemented by CaCO , SiO , and 3 2 calcite, silica or iron oxide. iron oxides (FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4) Rock Sedimentary Fine to medium grained,
Numerous types, mostly SiO2, composed of many rounded or Sandstone cemented by clay-sized sands angular fragments set in fine- or silica or carbonate cement grained matrix. Rock Sedimentary Fine grained, formed by Numerous types. Mainly compressing clay, silt or mud. Shale contains Si, O, Al, Mg, Fe, Breaks easily into thin layers. K, Ca, Na, sometimes C
Rock Sedimentary Fine to coarse grained with 50% of rock is CaCO and/or 3 50% or more being a Limestone CaMg(CO ) 3 2 carbonate rock.
Rock Metamorphic Coarse grained. Light-colored bands S.i, O, Al, K, Na, Ca (quartz & feldspar) of granular Gneiss texture. Dark bands (mica and/or Maybe Fe, Ti, Mg, Mn hornblende) are layered (foliated).
Rock Metamorphic or Sedimentary Formed by recrystallization of Mainly composed of SiO2 sandstone or chert, or grains Quartzite cemented together by fine silica.
Rock Metamorphic Parallel layers of flaky Numerous types. Mainly O, Si, minerals such as mica. Easily Schist Al, Mg split or cleaved. Crystalline rock. Occurs in thin layers. Rock Metamorphic Fine to coarse grained. From Essentially CaCO3 and/or limestone, recrystallized calcite Marble CaMg(CO ) 3 2 and/or dolomite. ocks & minerals MINERAL IDENTIFICATION the easy way to identify r PURPOSE: This activity will teach the student to identify minerals using the physical properties of each mineral. This is accomplished through observation and testing of the minerals involved.
INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Set up mineral stations for each mineral the students are to identify. If necessary, some stations may have two minerals to identify.
2. Each station should be equipped with one each of the following items: • Eye dropper • Vinegar or 10% solution of HCL (Hydrochloric acid) • Glass plate • Penny • Streak plate (white unglazed porcelain) • Magnet • Steel blade or knife
3. Divide students into equal groups. Have the number of student groups match the number of mineral stations.
4. Distribute to each student the Mineral Worksheet. Have students read the descriptions at the bottom of Mineral Worksheet.
5. Have student groups move to the mineral stations with one group of students at each station. Have the students perform the physical property tests listed and record the test results on the Mineral Worksheet.
6. Rotate the student groups through each of the work stations performing the tests at each station. Allow 3 to 5 minutes per mineral per station.
7. Hand out the Mineral Identification sheet (page 2 of this packet). The Rock Identification sheet (page 3) would provide a real challenge.
8. Have students compare their test results with the Mineral Identification sheet. Can the students correctly name each of the minerals using their test results? If the students can correctly identify their mineral from the testing, have them write the name of the mineral on the Mineral Worksheet.
REVIEW: The students learned to perform tests for physical properties of minerals, observe the test results and then identify a mineral using the test results.
Developed and Distributed by Women In Mining Education Foundation t
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S THE ROCK CYCLE .. rock rak n: The relative abundance of the three rock groups in the earth’s crust: ROCKS! WHAT ARE THEY? Rocks are 8% are Sedimentary aggregates of any combination of minerals 27% are (Quartz, Calcite, Galena), elements (S-sulfur, Metamorphic Au-Gold), solid organic material (coal), and/or 65% are Igneous other rocks.
ROCKS = MINERALS ± ELEMENTS ± SOLID ORGANICS ± OTHER ROCKS
IGNEOUS ROCKS Ultimately the parent of all other rocks. Magma is hot molten rock material generated within the earth. When magma reaches the surface it is called lava. Igneous rocks are the result of cooling and crystallization of magma and lava. These include intrusive rocks that crystallize below the earth’s surface (granite, gab- bro), and extrusive rocks that crystallize on the earth’s surface (obsidian, rhyolite, basalt).
Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly, producing a coarse texture with mineral grains visible to the naked eye. The minerals that form are determined by the chemistry of the magma and the way that it cools (relatively slowly or quickly, steadily or variably). The grains are typically interlock- ing, and of more-or-less the same size. These rocks can vary in color from almost white to dark green and black, including vary- ing tones of gray, pink, and red. Granite Light-intermediate color, quartz present Diorite Intermediate-dark color, quartz absent Gabbro Dark color (very), few light minerals Large, irregular intrusive rock masses are called batholiths (e.g. the Sierra Nevada). Dikes are tabular igneous bodies formed vertically or across sedimentary bedding. Those formed horizontally or parallel to bedding are called sills.
Extrusive igneous rocks (sometimes called volcanic) cool quickly, which causes very small crystals to form, if any at all. This produces fine-grained rocks, which without a microscope, can be identified only by color. The color is determined by the minerals that form during cooling.
Like the intrusive rocks, the minerals formed reflect the chemistry of the magma. Colors vary from white to black, with pink, tan, and gray being common intermediate colors. The texture of these rocks can also be influenced by the amount of gas trapped in the lava when it cools.
Rhyolite Usually pink or tan, sometimes white Obsidian Volcanic glass, often black but many colors are possible. Andesite Intermediate-dark color Basalt Dark gray or gray-green to black
Developed and Distributed by Women In Mining Education Foundation SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Rocks formed from the consolidation of loose sediment (Sandstone) or from chemical precipita- tion (Limestone) at or near the earth’s surface. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the weathering, (physical and chemical) of igneous, metamorphic and other sedimentary rocks. The weathered fragments are transported via water, air or ice before they are deposited and transformed. Sediments are transformed into rocks by: Cementation, usually by calcite, silica or iron oxides that glue the fragments together. Compaction, fragments being squashed together. Recrystallization, which produces interlocking textures. Sedimentary rocks generally occur in layers or beds that range in thickness from inches to thousands of feet. Their texture ranges from very fine grained, to very coarse. Colors include red, brown, gray, yellow, pink, black, green and purple.
Examples of sedimentary rocks are: limestone sandstone shale conglomerate gypsum calcite
METAMORPHIC ROCKS Rocks derived from preexisting igneous and sedimentary rocks. The original rock has been changed in form by the earth’s temperature, pressure and chemical fluids to form a new metamorphic rock. Examples would include areas where an igne- ous intrusion forces its way through the earth’s crust resulting in pressure and temperature changes due to conducted heat, force and friction. Metamorphism can also occur in areas of stress such as faulting and folding of rock or in areas of plate tectonics such as the oceanic crust colliding into the continental crust. The princi- pal characteristic of metamorphic changes is that they occur while the rock is solid. Texture characteristics are very important in classifying metamorphic rocks. They range from very fine grained to coarse grained minerals. Metamorphic rocks can be divided into two textural groups, foliated (layered) and unfoliated (not layered).
Foliation: Parallel layers of minerals, some- Rock Cleavage: A property of a rock that times of different composition, allows for easy breaking giving the rock a distinctive planar along parallel planes or to platy feature (Schist, Gneiss). surfaces. Metamorphic rocks tend to break or Unfoliated: No preferred orientation of miner- cleave most easily along als. The rock has no preferred planes parallel with foliation. orientation of breakage (Quartzite and Marble). Original Rock Metamorphic Rock Mudstone/Shale Slate Shale Chlorite Schist Basalt/Gabbro Biotite Schist Granite/Diorite Gneiss Limestone/Dolomite Marble Developed and Distributed by Quartz-rich Sandstone Quartzite Women In Mining Education Foundation PLATE TECTONICS:
The surface of the earth is always shifting and This subduction process carries the rock to moving. The oceanic plates are mostly made of increased temperature and pressure zones dense basaltic rock and the continental plates within the earth’s crust and mantle, eventually are mostly made of lighter granitic igneous, causing the rock to become molten magma. sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. When an New sources of volcanic or intrusive igneous oceanic plate collides with a continental plate it is rocks can form from the material to begin most often pushed beneath the continental plate. another cycle.
PLATE TECTONICS WITH AN ORANGE PURPOSE: To acquaint students with the concept of plate tectonics.
MATERIALS: oranges (one for each student or two can share) clay or play dough (optional) toothpicks
INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Have the students peel the orange without the use of a knife and in as few pieces as possible. This peel represents the earth’s crust and the crust is in pieces just like the orange peel.
2. Have the students lay the orange peel on their work surface and record their observations.
3. Tell the students to replace the peel on the orange, securing the peel with toothpicks.
DISCUSSION: 1. The earth is spherical like the orange although it is difficult to see the roundness of the earth except from space.
2. What did the students observe when the orange peel was laying on their work surface? Did they notice that the pieces flattened out. The pieces didn’t appear to be as round as they were when attached to the orange.
3. Now that the peel is back on the orange, this better represents the earth’s crust. The cracks are called faults and it is the shifting of the plates (orange peel) which causes earthquakes and volcanic activity.
EVALUATION: 1. How do the continents fit into this theory? OPTIONS: Since most of the fault lines on the earth’s crust are not visible, the students may wish to roll out a thin piece of clay (or play dough) and cover the orange. They should carefully remove the toothpicks as Revised and Distributed by Women In Mining Education Foundation the clay is placed. Minerals and YOU You wake up in the morning and switch on the light. You wash your face, brush your teeth, and get dressed. You turn on the radio and eat breakfast—a bowl of cereal, a glass of juice, perhaps some toast and a cup of coffee or tea. You look out the window, then head for the door—ready to start the day. And almost everything you’ve done so far—and everything you’ll do for the rest of the day—would be impossible without minerals. Water pipes and electric wiring; refrigerator, radio, toaster, lamp, and light bulb; sheets, towels, and clothing; soap and toothpaste; window, cereal bowl, juice glass, coffee cup; water faucet, spoon, doorknob—all were made from or with minerals. Even breakfast reached your table with the help of minerals. Minerals and the Modern Agriculture home; for the towns and cities World Our dependence on minerals where we live, work, and play; Minerals touch our lives in begins with the most basic and for the roads, highways, and hundreds of ways each day. Life requirement for life—food. bridges that connect them. as we know it would not exist Minerals are essential to the We find the products of pits, without them. Everything that many activities involved in quarries, and mines from cannot be grown—that’s neither putting food on our tables. basement to attic, from parking plant nor animal—is a mineral or Fertilizers made from potash, garage to penthouse. Our made from minerals. phosphate rock, sulfur, and houses, apartment buildings, Agriculture, construction, nitrogen help plants grow. offices, and factories have walls manufacturing, transportation, Farmers use metal tractors and of brick, stone, concrete . . . electronics, art, science—almost combines to plant and harvest roofs made from asphalt and every area of human activity crops. They ship fruit, gravel . . . concrete foundations depends in some way on vegetables, grain, and livestock and gypsum wallboard . . . metal minerals. The raw materials we to market in trucks, railroad cars, air conditioners, furnaces, and take out of the ground are as and airplanes—all made of ventilation ducts . . . and a critical to our way of life—and metal. Food processors use network of copper pipes, wires, life itself—as food and water. metal machines and equipment; and cables that bring water, light, they package food in metal cans We consume minerals in and power. and other containers made from amounts that range from billions Other minerals and mineral- or with minerals. of tons of sand and gravel a year based materials used in to only thousands of pounds of In addition, like all plants and construction include cement, rhenium—a metal used in animals, we need mineral sand, clay, tile, lime, glass, producing lead-free gasoline. In nutrients to keep us alive and aluminum, iron and steel, lead, the United States alone, it takes well. The foods we eat supply and zinc. more than 2 billion tons of iron, calcium, phosphorus, Manufacturing minerals each year to maintain magnesium, copper, zinc; we Many of the goods and our way of life. That’s about 10 even take vitamins containing products we use each day are tons of minerals for every man, minerals to make sure we get made from minerals. Stoves, woman, and child. From those enough. TVs, refrigerators, microwave minerals we get the products we Construction ovens, washing machines, radios, need to live and those that make Minerals provide the building and dishwashers contain steel, life more comfortable. blocks for the houses and aluminum, and other metals. apartment buildings we call Aluminum pots and stainless
Distributed by Women In Mining Education Foundation U.S. Bureau of Mines, Office of Public Information (1992) steel kitchen utensils . . . brass chromium, lead, zinc, platinum, It takes 42 different minerals, doorknobs and picture frames . . copper, and aluminum. We drive for example, to make something plates and porcelain vases made them on streets, highways, and as seemingly simple as a from China clay . . . metal tools, bridges made from asphalt, sand, telephone handset. From bolts, screws, and nails . . . soaps gravel, and concrete. Road aluminum and beryllium to and detergents made from boron, crews use sand and salt to keep yttrium and zinc—minerals put phosphates, soda ash . . . them from skidding on snow and light, power, communication, toothpaste, aspirin tablets, ice. Even the gas in their tanks information, and entertainment at lipstick, eye shadow and other was prepared using mineral- our fingertips. cosmetics containing clay—we based chemicals. Art and Science find mineral products in every Minerals carry us into the air Minerals provide the room, closet, and cabinet. and beyond the atmosphere. Jets materials for men and women to Many materials that are not in made of aluminum, chromium, express and explore themselves themselves minerals could not be cobalt, columbium, tantalum, and the world. Painters and made without them. We use and titanium take off by the sculptors use mineral products— sand, selenium, silicon, soda ash, thousands each day. Satellites, pigments, clay, marble. The and other minerals to missiles, and space orbiters photographer and movie maker manufacture glass. Making depend on the permanence, would have no art without paper may require clay, lime, or strength, reliability, and silver—the metal that makes it sodium sulfate. Minerals like corrosion resistance of these possible to record images on titanium, lead, and cadmium help metals. Gold used in the space film. Symphony orchestras, give paints their color, white talc, suits of astronauts and as thin brass bands, and rock superstars mica, and clay help them last coatings on equipment protects make music with instruments longer. both from the deadly radiation made from metal; listening to Minerals actually make and heat of the sun. recorded music would be possible the manufacture of Electronics impossible without equipment almost every product bought and The advances in electronics made of a wide range of sold today. The machines used and computer technology that minerals. in factories, plants, mills, and made possible the exploration of The instruments of science— refineries are made from steel space and hundreds of other from microscopes and and other metals. The processes technical achievements would be supercomputers to test tubes and involved in refining petroleum, inconceivable without minerals. beakers—also depend on making steel, and producing Copper, for example, minerals. With these textiles, paper, glass, plastics, transformed the way we live. Its instruments, scientists have and fertilizers depend on ability to conduct electricity not explored the world from cell to chemicals made from minerals. only gave us new ways to light solar system, discovering new Transportation and heat our homes, but opened treatments for disease, new In the modern world, minerals the way to a world of machines sources of energy, even new take us wherever we want to that can do almost anything galaxies. go—from the local shopping except think. And today’s Less positively, minerals have center to the moon. If we want computer scientists are working been a part of human warfare to move people and materials, on that. since the first caveman cast the we need minerals. Cars, trucks, Directly or indirectly, the first stone. Yet, today, that too is and buses; trains, subways, and electronics and computer changing—minerals are being the rails they run on; barges, industries use almost every used in almost every aspect of our ships, and the cranes that unload mineral mined today. efforts to ensure world peace. them—all are made from metal. Cars, for example, contain As long as civilization as we know it endures, minerals will iron and steel, manganese, be there, playing an essential part in our daily lives. Makeup— A Wealth of Minerals Have you ever read the ingredients in makeup, shampoo, or toothpaste? It might surprise you. Many personal-care products contain a wealth of mineral materials taken from the earth. Take, for example, eye shadow: One of the first ingredients effects. Clays are also used as shadow, blush, nail polish, listed in eye shadow is usually fillers in different products. lotions, lipstick, and powders. talc - a magnesium silicate Powdered calcite, a calcium Titanium dioxide also makes mineral. Its platy crystal habit is carbonate, absorbs moisture. Oreo cookies frosting extra- in part the reason why talc has Because of this, calcite and a white and is the “M” on M&M’s been an important ingredient in magnesium carbonate, processed candy. cosmetics since 3500 B.C. The from dolomite, are added to Minerals also find their way plates glide smoothly across each powders to increase the ability of into health-care products we use other, allowing makeup to be the makeup to absorb moisture. daily. Salt is effective in treating applied easily. They lie across When it comes to makeup, skin disease and is used in some the pores in the skin and lessen color is the name of the game. soaps. Fluorite, processed for the chance of clogging pores, Minerals provide the color to fluoride, is added to toothpaste while providing texture to the eyes, cheeks, lips, and nails. and drinking water to help skin. Yet they are translucent Iron oxide, one of the most prevent tooth decay. enough not to be seen. important color minerals, was Calcium carbonate (calcite) Talc is resistant to acids, used by Cleopatra in the form of and baking soda (nahcolite) are bases, and heat and tends to repel red ochre as rouge. abrasives in toothpaste. A borax water. In addition to eye Today, iron oxides give red, and beeswax mixture is added to shadows, talc is used in loose orange, yellow, brown, and black cleansing creams as an and pressed powders, blushes, is tones to makeup. Chrome oxides emulsifier to keep oil and water a filler in some deodorants, and are used for greens; manganese together. Boric acid is a mild is added to lotions and creams. violet for purple; ground lapis antiseptic and is added to powder Talc can also be found in lazuli may be added to makeup as a skin-buffering agent. chewing gum and for blue. Ultramarine blue and pharmaceuticals. Zinc oxide is added to creams pink coloring is made from a to allow the cream to cover more Mica, a mineral widely used mixture of kaolin, soda ash, thoroughly. Zinc oxide in eye shadows, powder, lipstick, sulfur, and charcoal. ointment, which contains and nail polish, is added to give Even gold has historically approximately 20% zinc oxide, luster or pearlescence to a been used as a colorant. Ancient is used to heal dry, chapped skin. product. Mica is resistant to Egyptians used gold to color skin When an unlucky hiker runs into ultraviolet light, heat, weather and hair. Gold can still be found poison ivy, calamine-base lotions and chemical attack and adheres in powders and other makeup to are often used to soothe the itchy to the skin. Like talc, it has add a ‘rich’ golden sheen to the skin. Calamine is another name excellent slip characteristics and skin. for hemimorphite, a zinc silicate may be used to replace talc in a mineral. makeup. When coated with iron As an artist starts a painting oxide, mica flakes sparkle with a with a bright white canvas to As you can see, minerals are gold tint. give the colors brightness and found in many things we use. intensity, titanium dioxide is So, the next time you are in the Kaolin, a clay, is added to added to brighten and intensify supermarket, take a moment and makeup to absorb moisture. It the color of makeup, and to give acquaint yourself with the covers the skin well, will stay on whiteness and opacity. Titanium multitude of minerals that are a the skin, and is resistant to oil. dioxide is also a natural sunblock part of our daily lives. Kaolin and another clay, and, like talc, iron oxides, and bentonite, are added to the earth- gold, it has been used for Authors Donna Boreck and Liane based face masks or packs centuries. Titanium dioxide can Kadnuck are geologists at the USBM predominately for their cleansing be found in any makeup— Denver Research Center, Colorado. Distributed by Women In Mining Education Foundation A Brief List Industrial Minerals Used Around the House Carpet— Calcium carbonate, limestone Paint— Titanium dioxide, kaolin clays, calcium Glass/Ceramics— Silica sand, limestone, talc, carbonate, mica, talc, silica, wollastonite lithium, borates, soda ash, feldspar Concrete— Limestone, gypsum, iron oxide, clay Linoleum— Calcium carbonate, clay, wollastonite Wallboard— Gypsum, clay, perlite, vermiculite, Glossy paper— Kaolin clay, limestone, sodium aluminum hydrate, borates sulfate, lime, soda ash, titanium dioxide Spackling— Gypsum, mica, clay, calcium carbonate Cake/Bread— Gypsum, phosphates Pencil— Graphite, clay Plant fertilizers— Potash, phosphate, nitrogen, Carbon paper— Bentonite, zeolite sulfur Ink— Calcium carbonate Toothpaste— Calcium carbonate, limestone, Microwavable container— Talc, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, fluorite titanium dioxide, clay Lipstick— Calcium carbonate, talc Sports equipment— Graphite, fiberglass Baby powder— Talc Pots and pans— Aluminum, iron Hair cream— Calcium carbonate Optical fibers— Glass Counter tops— Titanium dioxide, calcium Fruit juice— Perlite, diatomite carbonate, aluminum hydrate Sugar— Limestone, lime Household cleaners— Silica, pumice, diatomite, Drinking water— Limestone, lime, salt, fluorite feldspar, limestone Vegetable oil— Clay, perlite, diatomite Caulking— Limestone, gypsum Medicines— Calcium carbonate, magnesium, Jewelry— Precious and semi-precious stones dolomite, kaolin, barium, iodine, sulfur, lithium Kitty litter— Attapulgite, montmorillonite, Porcelain figurines— Silica, limestone, borates, zeolites, diatomite, pumice, volcanic ash soda ash, gypsum Fiberglass roofing— Silica, borates, limestone, Television— 35 different minerals & metals soda ash, feldspar Automobile— 15 different minerals & metals Potting soil— Vermiculite, perlite, gypsum, Telephone— 42 different minerals & metals zeolites, peat
FIREWORKS DEPEND UPON MINERALS
Take a moment to consider the minerals that make or granules, give a longer, shower-like effect. Magnalium, fireworks such a spectacular part of the festivities. Each a magnesium-aluminum alloy, can produce a tiny series color in a fireworks display is produced by a specific of silvery-white flashes. Aluminum, antimony sulfide mineral compound: and perchlorate are some flash mixtures. ¥ Bright greens are made with barium. Although fireworks date back to ancient China, they ¥ Deep reds are a product of strontium. continue to grow in popularity. Just in the past decade, ¥ Blues come from copper. their use has doubled to nearly 30,000 short tons per year. ¥ Yellows require sodium. Of this amount, consumers buy two-thirds. The remainder More colors can be created by mixing compounds. go for fireworks displays. About 85 percent of consumer Strontium and sodium together produce a brilliant orange. fireworks and half of the display variety are imported Titanium, zirconium and magnesium alloys combine to from China, Japan, Korea and such European countries make a silvery white. Copper and strontium mix to yield as France and Italy. a lavender. The role of minerals in fireworks is just one example Certain minerals are used for special effects. Iron of society’s growing reliance upon minerals for the filings and small particles of charcoal produce gold manufacture of everything from automobiles to sparks. If you want a loud flash, fine aluminum powder toothpaste. is the fuel to choose. Larger particles, such as small flakes U.S. Bureau of Mines, Office of Public Information (1990) Distributed by Women In Mining Education Foundation
Research development of pencil. of development Research Studies: Social The metal band FREE g [email protected] biography. is aluminum or brass, is aluminum or brass, .mii.org yours .mii.or The paint to color the wood The paint to color the made from copper and zinc, made from copper and and nine Canadian provinces. mined in no less than 13 states mined in no less than and the lacquer to make it shine and the lacquer to make www to use in the classroom www classify, graph classroom pencils. it take to make a pencil? are made from a variety of different of different are made from a variety How many countries does Mineral Information Institute Street 501 Violet Golden, Colorado 80401 303/277-9190 Fax 303/277-9198 holds the wood together. minerals and metals, as is the glue that Download electronic versions and the multi-page lesson plans,
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What’s In A What’s Social Studies: Studies: Social measure, itself. by sidewalk a build) (vs. make community your Can Besides Wood? Besides Dig A Little Deeper Dig A Acrostic poem “pencil pal” Count, Mineral Information Institute at www.mii.org Writing: Writing: For information about minerals in society, contact: The cedar wood is from the forests wood is from the forests The cedar The eraser is made sulfur, calcium, sulfur, Math/Science: in California and Oregon. The in California and Oregon. come graphite (not lead) might and from Montana or Mexico, from is reinforced with clays Kentucky and Georgia. from soybean oil, latex from trees in South America, reinforced with pumice from California or New Mexico, and and barium.
Geography: Create raw materials origin map. Find Out shale, Dig A Little Deeper Develop a recipe & diagram for concrete pie (graph). Where The Sidewalk Begins Where Mineral Information Institute, www.mii.org and- For information about minerals in society, go to: Find out about the everyday uses of minerals . , made from Each year, more than 4,700 pounds of concrete than 4,700 pounds of concrete more Each year, is produced for every person in the United States. for every person in is produced Into the cement
Virtually every community in America has a mine or quarry nearby, every community in America has Virtually we use everyday. one that provides, sand and gravel— minerals Sand and gravel is used to build all our roads and is a critical part of the concrete that is used in our homes, schools, businesses and factories. For a special field trip, call to see about school tours Pages). (check your Yellow The other necessary part of concrete is quartz, gypsum, clay, alumina, iron, manganese, most important, limestone
Everything we have and everything we use comes from them Art: Sidewalk drawings, prints. Poetry: Where the Sidewalk Ends. Math/Science:
World of Minerals World Dig A Little Deeper Little A Dig ”Meaning of gold clichés and idioms. Reading: Dig A Little Deeper Find Out That
is Legends, fairy tales, folk myths about gold. “Snow Treasure The History of Gold The History of the World The ancient western world learned from Egypt how to mine and refine gold. Egypt’s incredible gold wealth came from granite hills on both sides of the Red Sea. One of the greatest gold hunters of all time was Alexander the Great. When he died at the age of 33, he had conquered more lands than any general before him. The famed Roman Empire was gold Social Studies: poor, and the lure of Spain’s gold mines was a major cause of the Punic Wars. American Indians mined gold as early as 1565, to trade with Spanish explorers in Florida. Without the Timeline of gold thru history. Gold Rush of 1849, California, Nevada, and Utah might be part of Mexico. The first documented discovery of gold in America was made by a 12-year-old boy in 1799, in North Carolina. Nearly 50 pounds of gold is used every day by dentists, requiring the
mining of 18,500 tons of ore each day. of gold is heavier than an measurements. An ounce (Troy) Different For information about minerals in society, contact: ounce of feathers. Graph price over time. Find out about “Karats.” Mineral Information Institute at www.mii.org Math: Science: How & why is gold mined. Create list of uses.
Dig A Little Deeper glass. Science: Find Out What’s Beyond the Looking Glass
Enrichment: What is glass made of? can replace glass? Properties of Glass has been made and Soda-lime glass is used for used for more than 5,000 windows, mirrors, and flat years. Almost any glass of all kinds; for molten mineral can containers such as bot- form glass, provided tles, jars, and tumblers;
Glassblower speaker. it is cooled rapidly for light bulbs and enough to prevent many other purposes. crystallization (obsidian from lava). Adding Lead pro- No fewer than 6 min- duces fine crystal erals and metals are glass. Gold makes used to make today’s ruby-colored glass. variety of modern Copper or Selenium
Art: make red glass, glass products. Such as Manganese makes pur-
soda-lime glass, contain- Describe the world without glass. Stained glass project. ple, Copper & Cobalt ing silica, soda, limestone, make blue, Chromium or magnesium, alumina, and boric Iron make green, Iron & Sulfur acid. make brown. More than 400 million sq. ft. of More than 40 billion glass mirrors are made every year in containers are produced in the the U.S. Mirrors have been U.S. each year. 35% are Count, measure, chart or graph the windows in classroom, school backed with silver, diamond recycled. Language Arts: dust, and aluminum. More info at www.mii.org Geography: Where are the raw materials for glass found? Math: home. Social Studies: When was glass first used. What was used before glass? etc. Convert, graph different currencies. Where & How is money made? Geography/Math: Dig A Little Deeper Money Made of Metal & Promises Money is one of the greatest inventions of all time. Almost everything can be, and has been, used as money. Without it, modern societies would be impossible. Worldwide currency—compare value, name, appearance, As currency (a convenient 75% copper medium of exchange), money 25% nickel} 100% copper allows us to trade 75% copper something we have 25% nickel } for something we Until 1964, need. Most Quarters were currency 90% silver and 10% copper. is made of different Today, they are metals, special made of copper paper, and inks. and nickel.
Until World War I, most currency was made of or Coins and bills of the U.S., their values. could be exchanged for gold, silver, or other valuable
metals. Today, the value of most currency is supported Coin collecting, hobby or speaker. History of money. by a promise from the government who issued it. Gold was eliminated from common coinage in the U.S. in 1933; silver vanished
in 1965, although the 50 cent piece contained some silver until 1971. Money Unit: For information about minerals in society, go to: Mineral Information Institute, www.mii.org Social Studies: Science: Discover the raw materials used to make U.S. currency. Reading: How much Is A Million? Writing: If I won the lottery.
Language Arts: Dig A Little Deeper Eat Your Broccoli It contains Selenium, the Brain Food All Living Things Need The Fuel Provided by Minerals and Metals Life processes cannot occur without our world of inorganics.
Research mineral deficiencies (anemia, scurvy, rickets). There are 14 necessary mineral nutrients for plant growth. For human life, there are 7 necessary Macrominerals, 9 critical Microminerals and an abundance of other elements and minerals Nutrition necessary for good health. Facts % of While our mineral intake represents only Daily Value when served about 0.3 percent of our total intake with milk of nutrients, Sodium Corn 15% Potassium Flakes 16% Iron 45% Calcium 15% Phosphorus 30% Magnesium 25%
Zinc Foods you had for lunch —where did they come from? 25% Copper 15% they are so potent and so important that without them we wouldn’t be able to utilize the other 99.7 percent of foodstuffs, and would quickly perish. For more information about minerals in society, go to:
Mineral Information Institute, www.mii.org Social Studies: Math/Science: Use food labels to ID & analyze minerals. List/chart. ID paper producing states in U.S. & Canada. Research papermaking process. Geography/Writing: Dig A Little Deeper What’s Really in Paper Besides Wood In 1719 a French scientist The word paper comes first made paper from from “Papyrus,” the wood fibers. writing material of The Gutenburg Bible, ancient Egyptians
Use a world map to trace the route of papermaking. used the skins of 300 (around 3500 BC). sheep. Magazines are printed on paper that contains trona, limestone, gypsum, The invention of kaolin (clays), sulfur, paper is credited to a magnesium, chlorine, young Chinese sodium, titanium, carbon, official, who used calcium, and a few other bamboo stalks, mulberry bark, and old silk special minerals. garments in AD 105. World-wide, more than paper mâché activities; collages. 250,000,000 tons of paper
About 700 AD, an Art: Arab army swept are produced every year. across Persia and In the U.S. and Canada, Timeline the development of paper. Discuss your life and a learned the secret. each of us consumes The process spread about 675 pounds west and entered Europe through Spain (c 1150). of paper a year. For information about minerals in society, go to: Mineral Information Institute, www.mii.org Social Studies: world without paper. Math/Science: Categorize kinds of paper in class (graph, Venn diagram, chart). Why do paper airplanes “fly?”
Social Studies: Language Arts: Dig A Little Deeper A Bright Smile From Toothpaste and Minerals
Toothpaste cleans your teeth and keeps them healthy. What was used before toothpaste “invented.”
Read “Ira Sleeps Over.” Let students bring PJs & toothpaste. The cleaning is done with abrasives (from rocks) that rub the plaque away. Abrasives are minerals like silica, limestone, aluminum oxide (also used in sandpaper), and various phosphate minerals. Toothpaste Fluoride, used to reduce cavities, comes from a mineral called fluorite. It is sometimes changed into stannous fluoride (tin fluoride). Most toothpaste is made white with titanium dioxide which comes from minerals called rutile, ilmenite, and anatase. Titanium dioxide also is used to make white paint. The sparkles in some toothpaste come from mica, a mineral common in many rocks. The toothbrush and tube holding your toothpaste are both made of plastics that come from petroleum (petrochemicals) What minerals are found in toothpaste. Read about or and other minerals.
For more information about minerals in society, go to: Science: research fluorite. Compare fluoride content in various brands. Mineral Information Institute, www.mii.org Math: Survey class on brands used, chart or graph. Health: Discuss dental hygiene & special ingredients. P.E.: Stomp & squirt contest, use toothpaste & butcher paper. Science: Dig A Little Deeper How Many Minerals and Metals Does It Take to
What makes the bulb work? Make A Light Bulb? Bulb Gas Support wires Soft glass is generally used, made Usually a mixture of Molybdenum wires support the fila- from silica, trona (soda ash), lime, nitrogen and argon to ment. coal, and salt. Hard glass, made from retard evaporation of the same minerals, is used for some the filament. Button & Button Rod lamps to withstand higher tempera- Glass, made from the same materials tures and for protection against break- listed for the bulb (plus lead), is used age. to support and to hold the tie wires placed in it. Filament Usually is made of tungsten. The fil- Heat Deflector ament may be a straight wire, a coil, Used in higher wattage bulbs to or a coiled-coil. reduce the circulation of hot gases into the neck of the bulb. It’s made of
Predict: Lead-in-wires aluminum. Made of copper and nickel to carry the current to and from the filament. Base Made of brass ( copper and zinc) or Tie Wires aluminum. One lead-in wire is sol-
Design light bulbs for the future. Molybdenum wires support lead-in dered to the center contact and the wires. other soldered to the base. Stem Press The wires in the glass are made of a combination of nickel-iron alloy core Don’t forget the mineral fuels needed to and a copper sleeve. generate the electricity to light up the bulb. In the U.S., these are the sources of our fuels Explore shapes & sizes. Light bulb picture collage. Fuse Protects the lamp and circuit if the fil- Coal Nuclear Hydro Natural Gas Oil Other ament arcs. Made of nickel, man- ganese, copper and/or silicon alloys. 57 % 20 % 11 % 9% 2 % 1 %
For information about minerals in society, go to: Math/Art: Mineral Information Institute, www.mii.org
Geography: Research & ID the states and countries producing these minerals.
Language Arts: favorite instrument. Dig A Little Deeper The Sound of Music Is the Sound of Metals at Work Whether it’s the musical instruments in a garage band or the string, wind, and percussion
Bremas Town Musicians. Research & report on a instruments of a symphony Countries that
Enrichment: orchestra, they are all made of materials from our natural resourcesÐAnd almost all of Before It Was them contain some minerals Rock ‘n Roll and metals. It Was Just Rock
From the lute of the Geography: Invite local musicians to perform. Ancient Egyptians to the Flying V of today...from animal horns to fluegel- Copper is used in all horns...from the African electric instruments, slit drum to today’s digi- all brass instruments, tal keyboards... the inge- most of the string nious use of metals and instruments and in many of the minerals has made our percussion appreciation of music a major instruments. Peter and The Wolf. part of our lives and readily available to people around the world. For information about minerals in society, visit: www.mii.org Music: mine the minerals that make your instrument. Science: Discover raw materials in various instruments. What makes the instrument work. Art: Make musical instruments from recycled materials. Finding your way around www.mii.orgwww.mii.org Where almost everything we have is FREEFREE for teachers
For Teachers FREE downloads & printables. Everything We Have and Everything We Use Includes all student pages, graphics, Comes From Our Natural Resources activity guides, and backgrounders. For Teachers Only Plus samples. Download FREE lessons The Source for FREE Teaching Materials Get posters Poster Packets Things you can get if you Find out WHY you Absolutely, Positively Must Have Someone if you want them. Somewhere Who Developes the Resources You Use Every Day think they are relevant Every American Born Will Need . . . 1.64 million lbs . 32,061 lbs 997lbs and will help you teach . Stone, Sand, & Gravel . For Students 21,476 lbs Salt . Zinc Homework Help for 1,841 lbs Clays 81,585 gallons ¥ Mineral photos, many from Copper Petroleum 68,110 lbs 2.196 Troy o Students z. Cement . the Smithsonian Institute. Gold The source to help your . lbs. lbs ¥ Mineral descriptions and ,218 7,448 etals 586 +5 students learn, including Coal inerals & M . information. 0 lbs 5.9 millionOther cu. M ft. of Maps, Photos, and Minerals ,70 5,599 lbs . 45,176 lbs. 23 te 74 lbs natur Aluminum . 1,0 al gas ¥ Minerals in your state, with maps. by State-- all Free. Phospha Lead Iron Ore 3.7 million pounds of minerals, metals, and fuels in his/her lifetime All FREE to help your students. © 2001 Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado Reclamation Stories Click here to download the MII Baby as a PDF file. Mining & the Environment Things you probably never knew BecomeBecomeThe purpose of MII’s educational programs is to help you Help MII teach your students about the importance of our natural about the impact of mining on the resources - How we use them every day and usually never land. aa membermemberbother to think about where they come from. About MII By using natural resources as topics to teach the various About MII curriculums that you are being help accountable to, you can Who we are. What other teachers Global Science simultaneously meet many of the state standards in a variety say about us. of subjects. If your school’s media center has a T-1 or other high Global Science bandwidth connection to the Internet, USE IT. MII’s A great high school textbook. downloadable files are large and will take some time to download. Pick several of your students who are Internet GOLD savvy, give them about 8 floppy disks, and have them Panning Truly, one of thein your greatest classroom Become a member. classroom experiences. Help support our work to keep materials FREE for teachers. Ever.
The Benefits of Membership in MII We always try to provide our materials free to By becoming a member of MII you will help us teachers who ask to receive them. But someone prove to our contributors that you value the has to provide the money to pay for them. That materials we provide. Sometimes, we might someone is our contributors. even need you to talk directly with them.
Mineral Information Institute Idea Starters to find out about Natural Resources We Use A few quick and easy examples to help introduce and develop an appreciation for our natural Page 3 resources and how we use them.
47 different topics (all with website references) to learn how we use our mineral Page 4 - 6 resources and where they come from.
A list of the major minerals and metals and the states where they are produced. Plot them on a map and find out Page 7 how common some minerals are . . . and aren’t.
The opposite of Page 7— a list of States and the minerals they produce. Page 8 Find out who has minerals and who doesn’t.
There are 35 different minerals and metals in every computer. Order a book from Amazon.com, you burn about half a pound Page 9 of coal that produced the electricity to make it all happen.
An energy extravaganza. Where your electricity comes from. How much does energy really cost. Who uses energy. Page 10 - 15 Who produces the energy we use.
Mankind has created some ingenious things and all of them use minerals. Is Page 16 - 17 there a limit to man’s ingenuity?
Things that come from Trees. You’ll be surprised when you discover how many pounds Page 18 (and trees) are used to make chocolate.
We know beef comes from a cow but look at all the other ways we use that cow, like marshmallows and shampoo, Page 19 and clothes and tires and to treat diabetes and allergies.
Experience the Gold Rush in your classroom. History really comes alive when gold is involved. Watch what Page 20 happens when your students get GOLD FEVER. Teachers always have permission to copy MII materials for their classroom use. www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 2 Idea Starters to find out about Natural Resources We Use But where does that Everything is Made of Something something Scientists describe it in the Law of Conservation of Matter: come from? Matter can be neither created nor destroyed, though it can be rearranged.
Science and human ingenuity have created some marvelous things. As a result, many people have lost track of where things come from because the form in which they buy and use those “things” is often dramatically changed from the original materials that created them. That’s one of the main uses for these materials. . . to help people reconnect to the natural resources that provide Everything We Have.
Have your students . . . Find out where their last meal came from. Find the Find all the natural resources it takes to produce a states/provinces that produced all of the parts of loaf of bread. First, you need to identify all the their breakfast, lunch or dinner. Make it a little steps of production. (Planting, fertilizing and harder by allowing them to use each state only harvesting the wheat, transportation of it to a once. Help is available at www.usda.gov. processing plant, refrigeration, shipping flour to or bakery, baking, packaging, marketing and sales.) Plan a holiday menu, with all the trimmings. List You can skip a few of these steps if you bake the those states that produced the foods eaten at bread at home, but even then, you will use a lot of Thanksgiving, Christmas, Kwanzaa, Passover, resources in the cooking utensils, oven, and July 4th, Easter, etc. (www.usda.gov). energy. Let your students get wild and see who can create the longest list of natural resources Find out which regions helped them get dressed this necessary to get a slice of bread. Help is available morning. Which states/provinces created the at www.usda.gov, www.fb.com, and www.mii.org. cotton, wool, leather, rubber, plastic, metals, and synthetic fibers (nylon, rayon, acrylic, polyester, Pick two regions or provinces, the one you live in etc.) that were used to make their clothes. and the other one far away. What would you trade or or barter with the other region to enhance your Look at one thing, anything, like tennis shoes. life? They are usually made of a half dozen different minerals and “grown” materials. A little help at Design a travel brochure of your state or region. www.mii.org/pdfs/clothing.pdf The brochure should include a description of the Note: pdf files download to your computer and topography, climate, special places of interest, the should automatically open in Acrobat Reader. top agricultural commodities, mining sites, and a map that shows the location of the main rivers, Create a collage of products made from the metals, cities, and highways in the region. minerals, and agricultural resources from your region.
Food, Clothing, Shelter ALL Come from Our Natural Resources Discover who you are dependent upon for your life-style
www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 3 Idea Starters to find out about Natural Resources We Use Language Arts, Social Studies, & Science Connections This same information, with links, is available at www.mii.org/lessons.html Pick a Topic and expand it ANY FILE WITH PDF IN ADDRESS IS A DIRECT DOWNLOAD, NOT A VIEW ON SCREEN UNLESS YOU HAVE PROGRAMMED A Bright Smile from Toothpaste and YOUR COMPUTER TO DO SO. Minerals: A listing of the various minerals and metals used in toothpaste, and the role each of them plays in keeping your teeth The History of Gold Is the History of bright and healthy. the World: Gold — it conquered www.mii.org/toothpaste.html nations and settled the world. It has more history than perhaps any other Find Out What’s Beyond the Looking natural resource. www.mii.org/ Glass: The magic of at least six different goldhist.html minerals, in the right combination, make glass. It’s been around for nearly 5,000 years How Many Minerals & Metals Does It and today we can’t live without it. Take to Make A Light Bulb? With so www.mii.org/glass.html much science and technology behind something so common, it’s a wonder it What’s Really in was ever invented. Paper Besides Wood? More www.mii.org/lightbulb.html than 250 million tons are produced every year, but paper can’t exist Mineralized Map of Alaska: without the special feature that Major mineralization is minerals provide. known to occur in Alaska. www.mii.org/paper.html www.mii.org/pdfs/ alaskamap.pdf Money, Made of Metal and Promises: One of the greatest Is It Animal, Vegetable, or inventions of all time. Mineral? Take your pick from the www.mii.org/money.html items on these two pages. It’s not as easy as you think. www.mii.org/pdfs/anminveg.pdf Eat Your Broccoli, It Contains Selenium - The Brain Food: Health and nutrition are A Classroom Full of Resources: 4 pages. Includes dependent upon minerals. guide and suggested Without them, life is not activities for students to possible. realize everything in the www.mii.org/nutrition.html school and home is made of resources. Includes What’s In A Pencil classroom identification Besides Wood: and coloring page. Two- Natural resources from a half dozen states and at least page list and description of two countries are necessary to make something as how mineral resources are simple as a wood pencil. How was it ever invented? used throughout their www.mii.org/pencil.html home. www.mii.org/pdfs/classroom.pdf
Find Out Where the Sidewalk Clothing Matters, Let’s Begins: Almost anybody can Learn About Clothes: 2 build a sidewalk but can your pages. What are clothes community make a sidewalk? made from? Living or non- There is more to the ingredients living resources. Extensive of a good sidewalk than you connections and activities, think. plus student work sheet to find out what they are www.mii.org/sidewalk.html wearing. www.mii.org/pdfs/clothing.pdf www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 4 Idea Starters to find out about Natural Resources We Use
How Much Electricity Does It Take to Light Your MII Baby: Graphic showing the Classroom: Or your entire school or your house. Plus 3.7 million pounds of various map and facts page on where coal comes from, plus a minerals and metals the average math guide for you to look at the electricity use in your American will need in their home. www.mii.org/pdfs/coalmath.pdf lifetime. www.mii.org/pdfs/miibaby.pdf Home on the Range: Was the original song really written by mining prospectors high in the Colorado A World of Resources: Almost everything we have Rockies? Read the history, study the verses, and find and use comes from our mineral resources, yet no out what the original publisher of the song says. country in the world is self-sufficient in producing these www.mii.org/pdfs/cohome.pdf resources to meet their needs. Find out a little about the U.S. and the resources we don’t produce. Uses of Common Minerals: 3 pages of brief www.mii.org/pdfs/worldresources.pdf descriptions of the most common minerals and their uses. Good for reference and/or quick study. Copper- The Ancient Metal: www.mii.org/pdfs/mineraluses.pdf Used for at least 4,000 years. The history of Mining Long Ago & Today: Two copper, its uses, and coloring pages to help recognize description of the the difference between the image various copper ores. of the lone prospector a hundred www.mii.org/pdfs/ years ago, and today’s mining copper.pdf industry. www.mii.org/pdfs/mining.pdf Farming Long Ago & Today: Two coloring pages to help recognize the difference between the romantic, Natural Resources Matter: Everything is made from but hard working image of farming a hundred years a natural resource. Classroom instructions and games ago, and farming today. www.mii.org/pdfs/farming.pdf are included. 4 pages. www.mii.org/pdfs/natresmatter.pdf Geology and Natural Resource Development: Two page description of what geology is, the formation of An Appreciation of the Earth mineral resources, and the steps involved in making a and All It Provides: An mineral resource useful. www.mii.org/pdfs/geology.pdf introduction to recognizing and appreciating the Earth as the Mineral Import Reliance Chart: Chart showing 37 source for all the natural different minerals and metals that the U.S. needs to resources we depend upon. 3 import from other countries to meet our needs and pages, including two coloring sustain our economy and jobs. www.mii.org/pdfs/ pages. imports.pdf www.mii.org/pdfs/ naturallyyours.pdf Land Poster: One page graphic showing all the different ways land is used. www.mii.org/pdfs/ The Earth - Nature’s landposter.pdf Storehouse: 2 pages. What are mineral resources? How How Do We Use Our Land: A sequential, six-page are they distributed in nature? thinking and writing activity to help people look at land, How are they used to supply think about what it could, should, or must be, and decide food? And more. what they would do if they were “King of the Land.” www.mii.org/pdfs/ Includes a poster showing many of the uses we want naturestorehouse.pdf our land to provide. www.mii.org/pdfs/landuse.pdf
Per Capita Use of Minerals Mining Legends: Legend of the Lost Dutchman (with in the U.S.: Every year, map activity) and historic facts of the first authenticated 47,000 pounds of new gold discovery in the United States. 4 pages. minerals must be mined for www.mii.org/pdfs/legends.pdf every person in the United States just to maintain our Project Vadar: What if you had to colonize Mars? What standard of living. Graphic would you need to take? What skills and talents would shows which minerals and you have to have? Believe me, Michael Jordan and metals, and how much. Madonna have no place in this world. www.mii.org/pdfs/percapita.pdf www.mii.org/pdfs/mars.pdf www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 5 Idea Starters to find out about Natural Resources We Use
Role of Minerals in Plant Growth & Health: 7 coloring & activity pages of information about Your House: Where do all the the important role of nitrogen, materials used to build your house potassium, and phosphate in come from? healthy plants. There are 13 other www.mii.org/pdfs/your house.pdf elements necessary for healthy plants. www.mii.org/pdfs/plants.pdf Why Do We Mine? Statistics and examples of the Recycling Metals: Aluminum isn’t the only metal being long list of mineral resources in a variety of materials. recycled, nor is it the most recycled metal. There’s lots Life expectancy; the more than 40 minerals found in a going on and these two pages will provide you with a car; consumption of minerals 1776 vs. today; and more. little information. www.mii.org/pdfs/recycle.pdf www.mii.org/pdfs/every/why1.pdf
The Sound of Music is the Sound of People and the Earth: How ancient people used Metals at Work: Almost every instrument minerals, definitions of an ore body, and games. ever made contains metals. www.mii.org/pdfs/peopleandearth.pdf www.mii.org/music.html Pan For Gold In Your Classroom: Experience the greatest classroom activity Our Basic Needs- Food, Clothing, Shelter: An ever. Use it to demonstrate gravity or introductory list to think about “Where Things Come have your students experience Gold From.” www.mii.org/pdfs/basicneeds.pdf Rush Fever when they study the westward movement. Map: Sand & Gravel Mines in the U.S.: Map of counties www.mii.org/panforgold.html in the U.S. where sand & gravel and crushed rock are mined to build your roads, buildings, and many other Map: Major Coal Fields in the U.S.: Showing the major things you use every day. regions where the four different types of coal are found www.mii.org/pdfs/sgmines.pdf and mined. www.mii.org/pdfs/coalmap.pdf
Known Occurrences of Mineral Resources in the Minerals Make Christmas: More than United States. 2 pages. 20 minerals play a vital role in helping www.mii.org/pdfs/stateminerals.pdf us celebrate the Christmas Holidays. Find out how in this 2-page activity. Build A Volcano: A cut-color-paste activity to learn www.mii.org/pdfs/xmastree.pdf about the different types of volcanoes, showing the Map: Known Oil and Gas Fields underground workings that in the lower United States. make them “work.” 3 pages. www.mii.org/pdfs/oilgasmap.pdf www.mii.org/pdfs/volcano.pdf Map: Mineralized Areas of the Common Minerals: Listing, U.S.: Where are the major with photographs, of the most common minerals and mineral deposits in the United how we use them. www.mii.org/commonminerals.html States? www.mii.org/pdfs/ mineralmap.pdf www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 6 Uses of Aggregates Hospitals, Schools & Colleges, 2% We All Use Aggregates Commercial Buildings, Other Buildings, 4% In the U.S., we mine and 10% use about 2 3 /4 billion tons of Highways & Streets, 27% aggregates every year.
Residential Housing, 30% Water & Sewer Facilities, 5%
Riprap, Railroad Ballast, & Non-Construction Uses, such as Local Transit Facilities, 2% Landscape Aggregate, Specialty Sand, Other Constructions, Filtering Sand, & Snow & Ice Grit, 7% such as Dams, Canals, & Airports, 13%
Source:www.mii.org California Department of Conservation, Mineral Division Information of Mines and Institute Geology Page 6 Idea StartersStates to find Where out about Minerals Natural Are FoundResources and MinedWe Use
Minerals can be found only where they exist and not every place was created equal. Using a map of the U.S. find out which minerals occur in only certain regions of the country. . Antimony ID. Lithium minerals NV, NC. Asbestos CA. Magnesite NV. Barite NV, GA, TN. Magnesium compounds MI, CA, UT, FL, DE, TX. Beryllium UT. Magnesium metal TX, UT, WA. Boron CA. Manganiferous ore SC. Bromine AR, MI. Mercury NV, CA, UT. Brucite NV. Mica NC, GA, NM, SC, SD. Cement (Masonry) IN, FL, AL, SC, PA, AZ, AR, CA, Molybdenum CO, AZ, UT, ID, MT, NM. CO, GA, HI, ID, IA, KS, KY, ME, Olivine WA, NC. MD, MI, MO, MT, NE, NM, NY, Palladium MT. OH, OK, OR, SD, TN, TX, Peat FL, MI, ME, IL, MN, CO, IN, IA, VA, WA, WV. MA, MT, NJ, NY, NC, OH, PA, Cement (Portland) CA, TX, PA, MI, MO. All other WA, WV, WI. States, except AK, CT, DE, LA, Perlite NM, AZ, CA, OR, NV. MA, MN, NH, NJ, NC, ND, RI, Phosphate rock FL, ID, NC, UT. VT, WI. Platinum metal MT. Clays- Ball TN, KY, TX, MS, MO. Potash NM, UT, MI, CA. Clays- Bentonite WY, MT, AL, MS, UT, AZ, CA, Pumice OR, NM, CA, ID, AZ, KS. NV, OR, TX. Rare-earths CA. Clays- Common AL, NC, TX, GA, OH. All other Salt LA, TX, NY, KS, OH, AL, AZ, States, except AK, DE, HI, ID, CA, MI, NV, NM, OK, UT, WV. NV, NH, RI, VT, WI. Sand & gravel CA, MI, TX, OH, WA. All other Clays- Fire OH, MO, CA, AL, KY, NM. (Construction) States. Clays- Fuller's Earth GA, MS, FL, IL, MO, CA, KS, Sand gravel IL, MI, CA, TX, WI. All other NV, TN, TX, UT, VA. (Industrial) States, except AK, CT, DE, HI, Clays- Kaolin GA, SC, AL, AR, CA, FL, NV, KY, ME, NH, NM, OR, SD, UT, NC, PA, TN, TX. VT, WY. Copper AZ, UT, NM, NV, MT, AK, ID, Silica stone AR, WI, OH. MO, TN, WI. Silver NV, AK, ID, AZ, UT, CA, CO, Diatomite CA, NV, OR, WA. MO, MT, NM, NY, SC, SD, TN, Emery OR. WA, WI. Feldspar NC, CA, VA, OK, GA, ID, SD. Soda ash WY, CA. Garnet ID, NY, MT. Sodium sulfate CA, TX. Gemstones TN, KY, AZ, CA, MT. All other Stone (Crushed) PA, TX, OH, FL, VA. All other States. States, except DE and ND. Gold NV, CA, UT, SD, AK, AZ, CO, Stone (Dimension) IN, VT, MA, WI, NM. All other ID, MT, NM, SC, WA, WI. States, except AK, DE, FL, HI, Greensand marl NJ. IL, IA, KY, LA, MS, NE, NV, NJ, Gypsum OK, TX, IA, MI, CA, AZ, AR, ND, OR, RI, UT, WY. CO, IN, KS, LA, NV, NM, NY, Sulfur LA, TX. OH, SD, UT, VA, WA, WY. Talc MT, TX, VT, NY, NC, CA, OR, Helium- Crude KS, TX, OK. VA. Helium- Grade-A KS, WY, TX, OK, UT, CO. Titanium FL, CA. Iodine OK. Tripoli IL, OK, AR, PA. Iron ore MN, MI, MO, SD, NM, CA. Vanadium ID. Kyanite VA. Vermiculite SC, VA. Lead MO, AK, ID, MT, CO, NY, TN. Wollastonite NY. Lime MO, KY, OH, AL, PA. All other Zeolites NM, TX, OR, AZ, NV, WY. States, except AK, CT, DE, FL, Zinc AK, TN, NY, MO, MT, CO, ID. HI, KS, ME, MD, MS, NH, NJ, Zircon FL. NM, NY, NC, RI, SC, VT. www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 7 Idea Starters to findState out aboutMineral Natural Production Resources We Use Rank* Alabama17 Coal, stone, cement, lime, sand and gravel, crude oil & natural gas. Alaska15 Crude oil, zinc, gold, lead, silver, coal, sand and gravel, natural gas. Arizona1 Copper, sand and gravel, cement, molybdenum, stone, coal. Arkansas29 Bromine, stone, cement, sand and gravel, coal, crude oil. California3 Crude oil, sand and gravel, cement, boron, stone, natural gas, soda ash, coal. Colorado26 Coal, crude oil & natural gas, sand and gravel, cement, stone, gold, molybdenum. Connecticut45 Stone, sand and gravel, clays (common), gemstones. Delaware50 Sand and gravel, magnesium compounds, gemstones. Florida4 Phosphate rock, stone, cement, sand and gravel, crude oil, titanium concentrates. Georgia6 Clays (kaolin), stone, cement, clays (fuller's earth), sand and gravel. Hawaii43 Stone, cement, sand and gravel, gemstones. Idaho31 Phosphate rock, silver, sand and gravel, molybdenum, gold. Illinois18 Coal, stone, cement, sand and gravel, crude oil, lime. Indiana21 Coal, stone, cement, sand and gravel, lime. Iowa30 Stone, cement, sand and gravel, gypsum (crude), lime. Kansas25 Crude oil & natural gas, cement, salt, stone, helium, coal. Kentucky28 Coal, stone, lime, cement, sand and gravel, crude oil, clays (ball). Louisiana32 Crude oil & natural gas, salt, sulfur (Frasch), sand and gravel, stone, coal. Maine46 Sand and gravel, cement, stone, peat. Maryland34 Stone, cement, sand and gravel, coal. Massachusetts40 Stone, sand and gravel, lime, clays (common). Michigan9 Iron ore, cement, sand and gravel, stone, crude oil, magnesium compounds. Minnesota7 Iron ore, sand and gravel, stone. Mississippi41 Crude oil, sand and gravel, cement, clays (fuller's earth), stone. Missouri10 Coal, stone, cement, lead, lime, zinc. Montana27 Coal, crude oil, palladium, copper, gold, cement, platinum. Nebraska42 Cement, sand and gravel, stone, lime. Nevada2 Gold, sand and gravel, silver, lime, diatomite. New Hampshire47 Sand and gravel, stone, gemstones. New Jersey38 Stone, sand and gravel, greensand marl, peat. New Mexico14 Crude oil & natural gas, coal, copper, potash, sand and gravel, cement, perlite. New York16 Stone, cement, salt, sand and gravel, zinc. North Carolina19 Stone, phosphate rock, sand and gravel, feldspar. North Dakota48 Coal, crude oil, sand and gravel, lime, stone, clays (common). Ohio13 Coal stone, sand and gravel, crude oil, salt, lime, cement. Oklahoma33 Crude oil & natural gas, stone, cement, sand and gravel, helium (Grade-A), coal. Oregon37 Stone, sand and gravel, cement, diatomite, lime. Pennsylvania11 Stone, cement, sand and gravel, lime. Rhode Island49 Stone, sand and gravel, gemstones. South Carolina23 Cement, stone, cement, sand and gravel, gold. South Dakota36 Gold, cement, sand and gravel, stone. Tennessee20 Stone, zinc, cement, sand and gravel, clays (ball), coal. Texas5 Cement, stone, sand and gravel, coal, lime, salt. Utah8 Copper, crude oil, magnesium metal, gold, sand and gravel, cement. Vermont44 Stone, sand and gravel, talc and pyrophyllite, gemstones. Virginia22 Coal, stone, cement, sand and gravel, lime, clays (fuller's earth). Washington24 Sand and gravel, stone, magnesium metal, cement, gold. West Virginia39 Coal, stone, cement, sand and gravel, lime, salt. Wisconsin35 Stone, sand and gravel, lime. Wyoming12 Coal, crude oil & natural gas, soda ash, clays, helium (Grade-A), cement, stone. www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 8 * Rank in value, not counting coal, oil and natural gas Page 8 Idea StartersIf it’s electronic, to find out it aboutcontains Natural most Resources of these minerals We Use 35 different minerals and metals What’s in a computer? Weight in Material 50 lb. computer Use/Location Plastics 13.8 (lbs.) Includes organics, oxides other than silica Fifty years ago some of these metals and elements Lead 3.8 (lbs.) Metal joining, radiation shield CRT, PWB hadn’t even been discovered. Do you think the computer Aluminum 8.5 (lbs.) Structural, conductivity/housing, could have been invented without these elements? CRT, PWB, connectors What would your life be like without plastics (made Germanium < 0.1 (lbs.) Semiconductor/PWB Gallium < 0.1 (lbs.) Semiconductor/PWB from fossil fuels)? Iron 12.3 (lbs.) Structural, magnetivity/(steel) . . . without aluminum? housing, CRT, PWB . . . without copper? Tin 0.6 (lbs.) Metal joining/PWB, CRT Copper 4.2 (lbs.) Conductivity/CRT, PWB, . . . without iron? connectors . . . without electricity? Barium < 0.1 (lbs.) In vacuum tube/CRT Nickel 0.51 (lbs.) Structural, magnetivity/ (steel) housing, CRT, PWB Zinc 1.32 (lbs.) Battery, phosphor emitter/PWB, How Much Electricity CRT Tantalum < 0.1 (lbs.) Capacitors/PWB, power supply Do Computers Need in Cyperspace Indium < 0.1 (lbs.) Transistor, rectifiers/PWB Vanadium < 0.1 (lbs.) Red phosphor emitter/CRT For every 2 megabytes of data moved on the Terbium trace Green phosphor activator, Internet, the energy from one pound of coal is needed dopant/CRT, PWB Beryllium < 0.1 (lbs.) Thermal conductivity/PWB, to create the necessary kwh. Order a book from connectors Amazon.com and you burn about half a pound of coal. Gold < 0.1 (lbs.) Connectivity, conductivity/PWB, connectors Research by Mark Mills, scientific advisor to the Europium < 0.1 (lbs.) Phosphor activator/PWB Greening Earth Society: “The Internet Begins with Titanium < 0.1 (lbs.) Pigment, alloying agent, (aluminum) housing Coal: A Preliminary Exploration of the Impact of the Ruthenium < 0.1 (lbs.) Resistive circuit/PWB Internet on Electricity Consumption.” Cobalt < 0.1 (lbs.) Structural, magnetivity/(steel) housing, CRT, PWB The Internet uses about eight percent of total U.S. Palladium < 0.1 (lbs.) Connectivity, conductivity/PWB, electricity consumption according to Mills, assuming connectors Manganese < 0.1 (lbs.) Structural, magnetivity/(steel) there are 100 million computers using the Internet. This housing, CRT, PWB demand for electricity didn’t exist 10 years ago. Silver < 0.1 (lbs.) Conductivity/PWB, connectors Antinomy < 0.1 (lbs.) Diodes/housing, PWB, CRT Bismuth < 0.1 (lbs.) Wetting agent in thick film/PWB Chromium < 0.1 (lbs.) Decorative, hardener/(steel) We Need to Stop Throwing Them Away housing Every year, another 24 million computers in the Cadmium < 0.1 (lbs.) Battery, blue-green phosphor emitter/housing, PWB, CRT United States become "obsolete.” Only about 14% Selenium 0.00096 (lbs.) Rectifiers/PWB (3.3 million) will be recycled or donated. The rest— Niobium < 0.1 (lbs.) Welding alloy/housing Yttrium < 0.1 (lbs.) Red phosphor emitter/CRT more than 20 million computers in the U.S.— will be Rhodium trace Thick film conductor/PWB dumped, incinerated, shipped as waste exports or put Platinum trace Thick film conductor/PWB into temporary storage in attics, basements, etc. Mercury < 0.1 (lbs.) Batteries, switches/housing, PWB Arsenic < 0.1 (lbs.) Doping agents in transistors/ In contrast, for major appliances such as PWB washing machines, air conditioners, refrigerators, Silica 15 (lbs.) Glass, solid state devices/CRT, PWB dryers, dishwashers and freezers, the proportion CRT- cathode ray tube recycled in 1998 was about 70 percent of the number PWB- printed wire boards (circuit boards) put on the market that year. Source: www.svtc.org/cleancc/pubs/sayno.htm#etoxics.htm www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 9 Idea Starters toHow find isout your about electricity Natural created?Resources We Use
Oil 5%
Oil 7%
Coal
Coal 12%
25%
55%
Nuclear
9%
Nuclear 73%
Renewables
Coal
58%
Gas 6%
Gas 3%
Renewables 5%
New England
28%
Nuclear
Gas 7%
Renewables 1%
Oil 6%
Mid Atlantic
Coal
73%
South Atlantic
Gas 1%
The types of electricity generation change. Also with the national power grid, electricity is shared among the regions and even across country borders.
25%
Nuclear
Coal
70%
East North Central
Oil 1%
Renewables 4%
Central
22%
Nuclear
East South
Gas 4%
Coal
75%
.
Administration;
17%
Gas 0%
Nuclear
Renewables 4%
West North West Central
Coal
Oil 1%
45%
Oil 3%
1%
15%
Renewables
Nuclear
Gas
West South Central West
38%
Coal
70%
Mountain
Electric Power Monthly www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/reps/states/maps/
12%
Renewables
Gas 8%
10%
Nuclear
Source of statistics: Energy Information
Coal 2%
Gas 7%
Oil 61%
19%
Gas
29%
, biomass,
Nuclear
8%
Coal 4%
Renewables
70%
Pacific Contiguous
Pacific Noncontiguous
Renewables
Renewables
Different Regions of the Country Rely on Different Generation Mixes for Electricity
primarily means hydropower but also includes wind, solar geothermal, and others. www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 10 IdeaThings Starters you to never find out knew about were Natural made Resourcesof coal, oil, We and Use gas
Coal Tree courtesy of West Virginia Coal Association
In addition to providing fuel, there are nearly 3,000 different products made from coal, oil, and gas. They are used to make virtually all of our synthetic and plastic materials, along with products such as inks, crayons, bubble gum, detergents, deodorants, eyeglasses, tires, and a thousand other things. www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 11 Idea StartersSources to find of out Energy about in Natural the United Resources States We Use Energy History of the U.S. 100
80
Oil and Gas 60
40 Wood Coal 20 Hydro Nuclear Percent of total consumptions Percent Biofuels & other 1850 1900 1950 2000 Year
Name ______
1. In what year was Wood consumption the greatest? ______
2. What was the percentage of Coal consumption in 1910? ______
3. In 1960, what was the total percentage of consumption of Oil & Gas, and Coal? ______
4. In 2000, what forms of energy provide the least percentage of consumption? ______
5. Today, what forms of energy provide the greatest percentage of consumption? ______
6. In what year did Coal and Oil & Gas provide the same amount of total energy consumption? ______
Source: Statistics from Energy Information Administration
150 years ago, the average frontier home in the American West burned 17.5 cords of wood for heating and cooking. If you had lived back then, what tools would you have to help gather and cut that wood?
Answers: 1- 1850; 2- 80%; 3- 90%; 4- Hydro, Biofuels & other (solar, wind, geothermal); 5- Oil & Gas; 6- 1948. Tools available: Only hand-powered tools, and maybe a pack animal and wagon, unless you were very, very rich. www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 12 Idea StartersSources to find outof Energy about Natural in the United Resources States We Use
1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 19991 1993 1995 1997 1999
Name ______1. In what year did Nuclear energy first provide 10% of total energy ______
2. In that same year, what percentage of our total energy did Coal provide? ______
3. In 1999, what percentage of our total energy did each of the following provide? Coal ______Nuclear ______Oil ______Natural Gas ______Hydro ______Solar, Wind, Geothermal ______Biomass ______
4. What were the three largest providers of energy in 2000? U.S. Daily Per Capita Consumption of Energy by Type, 1995— nearly 1 million Btu per day per person ______Type of Energy Type of Unit 1995 ______Petroleum Products gallons 2.8 ______Motor Gasoline gallons 1.2 Natural Gas cubic feet 225 5. In what year did Natural Gas Coal pounds 19.6 provide the lowest percentage of Hydroelectricity kilowatt hours 3. 1 total energy?______Nuclear Electricity kilowatt hours 7.0 Total Electricity kilowatt hours 31 .2 The highest? ______Total Energy thousand Btu 945
Source: Statistics from Energy Information Administration
Answers: 1- 1996; 2- 33%; 3- Coal- 32%, Nuclear- 11%; Oil- 17%; Natural Gas- 30%, Hydro- 5%, Solar, etc.- 1%, Biomass- 5%; 4- Coal, Natural Gas, & Oil; 5- 1949, 1971. Biomass usually means wood, wood wastes, trash, alcohol— things that are burned other than the fossil fuels. www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 13 Idea Starters to findThe out Cost about To Produce Natural ResourcesEnergy We Use
1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 19991 1993 1995 1997 1999
Name ______1. In 1981, what was the difference in price between Crude Oil and Natural Gas? ______
2. What was the price of Natural Gas in 1991? ______
3. Which energy source has the lowest overall fluctuation in price?______
4. Which form of energy had a price of $4.00 in 1979? ______
5. In 2000, which form of energy is showing a decrease in price? ______
6. In what year was the price of Natural Gas and Coal $2.00 each? ______
7. In what year did Crude Oil reach its highest price? ______What was that price? ______
8. In what year did Crude Oil reach its lowest price? ______What was that price? ______
The price information in this graph is expressed in “per million Btu’s.” One Btu is roughly equal to the energy released from striking a match. One million Btu equals about 8 gallons of gasoline about 100 pounds of coal about 4 days of energy for the average single-family household The Btu is a precise measure of energy--the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit
Source: Statistics from Energy Information Administration
Answers: 1- about $5.50; 2- about $1.65; 3- Coal; 4- Crude Oil; 5- Coal; 6- 1979; 7- 1981, $8.78; 8- 1972, $1.84. www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 14 Idea StartersENERGY: to find Where out Itabout Comes Natural From Resources — How We We Use Use It
Energy Produced in the United States Top Coal Producing States 1 Wyoming 10 North Dakota 18 Maryland 2-3 Kentucky - West Virginia 11 Colorado 19 Tennessee 4 Pennsylvania 12 New Mexico 20 Louisiana 5 Texas 13 Ohio 21 Oklahoma 6 Montana 14 Utah 22 Alaska 7 Illinois 15 Alabama 23 Missouri 8 Indiana 16 Arizona 24 Kansas 9 Virginia 17 Washington
Top Natural Gas Top Crude Oil Producing States Producing States 1 Texas 11 Mississippi 1 Texas 2 Alaska 12 Utah 2 Louisiana 3 California 13 Montana 3 Oklahoma 4 Louisiana 14 Illinois 4 New Mexico 5 Oklahoma 15 Alabama 5 Wyoming 6 New Mexico 16 Michigan 6 Colorado 7 Wyoming 17 Ohio 7 Kansas 8 North Dakota 18 Arkansas 8 Alaska 9 Kansas 18 Florida 9 Alabama 10 Colorado 20 Kentucky 10 California
How We Use That Energy
Transportation m n o Residential & Commercial k light-duty vehicl es l a space heating l freight trucks a b space cooling m air transport c water heating n marine d lighting orail e all other k Tr ansportation 26.3% Residential & b Commercial 35.8% c
d j Industrial 37.9% e
i f
Industrial h g Figure 7.2, U. S. energy f r efining end use consumption g pulp & paper by sector in 1997. h chemicals, rubber & elastics i primary metals Electricity Generation in the U.S. is fueled by j others Natural All ClCoal NNruclear GsGas HHoydro OOlil OOrther* 5%2% 1%9 1%5 9%3%2
* Includes Solar, Wind, Geothermal, etc. www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 15 GainIdea Startersan appreciation to find outfor allabout the thingsNatural each Resources of us use, We every Use day, and the demand this puts on our natural resources
In One Day In order to maintain our standard of living, every day: ¥ 18,000,000 tons of raw material must be mined, cut or harvested to meet the demands of U.S. citizens (about 150 pounds for every man, woman and child); ¥ 640 acres (one square mile) of carpeting is woven using barite and limestone/dolomite; ¥ 9,700,000 square feet of plate and window glass (about 223 acres) are used, enough to cover 200 football fields, using silica sand and trona; ¥ 2,750 acres of pavement are laid, enough concrete and asphalt to make a bicycle path 7 feet wide from coast to coast using sand, gravel, stone aggregate, and limestone; ¥ 4,000,000 eraser-tipped pencils are purchased (enough erasers to correct all mistakes from 1,500 miles of notebook paper - about 129 acres of "goofs") using graphite, kaolin, pumice, copper and zinc; ¥ 426 bushels of paper clips (35,000,000) are purchased. Seven million are actually used, 8- 9 million are lost and almost 5 million are twisted up by nervous fingers during telephone conversations, all using iron, clay, limestone, trona and zinc; ¥ 164 square miles of newsprint is used to print 62.5 million newspapers (enough to line a bird cage 12 miles wide and 13 miles long) using trona and kaolin; ¥ 400 acres of asphalt roofing are nailed down, utilizing silica, borate, limestone, trona, feldspar, talc, and silica sand; ¥ 187,000 tons of cement are mixed (enough to construct a four foot wide sidewalk from coast to coast) using limestone, sand, gravel, and stone aggregate; ¥ 36,000,000 light bulbs are purchased, all made from tungsten, trona, silica sand, copper and aluminum; ¥ 10 tons of colored gravel is purchased for aquariums; ¥ 80 pounds of gold are used to fill 500,000 dental cavities; ¥ 50,000 pounds of toothpaste (2.5 million tubes) are used (enough to fill a small jet liner) requiring calcium carbonate, zeolites, trona, clays, silica and fluorite; ¥ 1,000,000 photographs are snapped (more than 29 acres of wallet sized photos) using silver and iodine.
Statistics based on (approximately) 1995 information.
Credited to: "All Just In One Day! Who Says We Do Not Need Minerals!” adapted from the April, 1996, "Blaster's Newsletter" Tom Parker, author of In One Day. Peter Harben and Jeanette Harris, Mined It!
Have your students identify and count various products they and their families use at home and determine an average for the classroom. Then predict the numbers of those products needed to supply your state, country, or the world. www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 16 IdeaMan Starters’s ingenuity to find has out solved about almost Natural every Resources problem We (challenge) Use These were all smart people, but their predictions weren’t quite right. Force your students to defend these statements to help them gain a perspective of our habit to put limits on technology and on human ingenuity. Ask, “What challenge do we face today that you think we cannot solve?” Then research what the experts are saying about those issues.
What use could this company make of an electrical toy? Western Union president William Orton, rejecting Alexander Graham Bell’s offer to sell his struggling telephone company to Western Union for $100,000 I confess that in 1901, I said to my brother Orville that man would not fly for fifty years. Ever since, I have distrusted myself and avoided all predictions. Wilbur Wright, U.S. aviation pioneer, 1908 I must confess that my imagination ... refuses to see any sort of submarine doing anything but suffocating its crew and floundering at sea. H. G. Wells, British novelist, 1901 Airplanes are interesting toys but of no military value. Marshal Ferdinand Foch, French military strategist and future World War I commander, 1911 [Man will never reach the moon] regardless of all future scientific advances. Dr. Lee de Forest, inventor of the Audion tube and a father of radio, Feb. 25, 1967 [Television] won’t be able to hold on to any market it captures after the first six months. People will soon get tired of staring at a plywood box every night. Darryl F. Zanuck, head of 20th Century-Fox, 1946
There is no reason for any individual to Every year, more than 48,148 pounds of new minerals must be provided for have a computer in their home. every person in the United States to maintain our standard of living Kenneth Olsen, president and founder of Digital Equipment Corp., 1977 Computers in the future may ... perhaps 12,528 lbs. 9,385 lbs. 888 lbs. 418 lbs. 309 lbs. 280 lbs. 729 lbs. only weigh 1.5 tons. Stone Sand & Gravel Cement Salt Phosphate Clays Other Nonmetals (estimated) Popular Mechanics, forecasting the development of computer technology, 1949 589 lbs. 73 lbs. 24 lbs. 14 lbs. 13 lbs. 6 lbs. .0285 T oz. 20 lbs. Iron Ore Aluminum Copper Lead Zinc Manganese Gold Other Metals Everything that can be invented has been (Bauxite) (estimated) Plus invented. Charles H. Duell, U.S. commissioner of
patents, 1899 7,578 lbs. 7,643 lbs. 7,985 lbs. 1/4 lb. Petroleum Coal Natural Gas Uranium Who the hell wants to hear actors talk? To Generate Harry M. Warner, Warner Brothers, 1927 the energy equivalent to 300 persons working around the clock for each U.S. citizen We don’t like their sound. Groups of guitars are on the way out. Decca Records, rejecting the Beatles, 1962
© 2001, Mineral Information Institute, Golden, Colorado Based on 2000 consumption and population www.mii.org Mineral Information Institute Page 17 There is more to Forest Products than trees The average American uses 18 cubic feet of wood and 749 pounds of paper— equal to a FromFrom AA toto ZZ 100-foot tree with an 18 inch trunk— each year. ThingsThings thatthat comecome fromfrom TreesTrees What do a dollar bill, the Declaration of Independence, the Mayflower, a guitar, chewing gum and a glass of orange juice have in common? They were all made possible by trees! Paper, wood and other forest products are a part of America’s history and a part of our everyday lives. Native Americans used wooden tools to hunt for food and provide shelter for their families. Settlers sailed to America in wooden ships, and our nation’s most important religious and legal documents—from the bible to the Bill of Rights—are preserved on paper. Today, paper is used for the books, magazines and newspapers we read, as well as the letters we write. Scientists use tree extracts in many of the health products we use, and the foods we eat. Wood provides us with housing and heating—and probably the desk and chair you use each day at school. “Wood” you believe It? More than 5,000 things are made from trees. Thanks to today’s new technologies, close to 100 Tree extracts — cologne, baby food, clothing, percent of a tree is used—with hardly any waste. carpeting, football helmets, milk Which forest products does your family use? shakes, hair spray, deodorant, Hardwood products — and toothpaste. lumber for building new homes, furniture, pencils, baseball bats, Lignin (lig’ nan) is a sticky substance found in the fibers Paper products — skateboards, of trees. It is used in many boxes, computer paper, hammers, Tree bark — food and health products. library books, grocery crutches, cork boards, shoe polish bags, newspapers, and and garden mulch. napkins, envelopes and fences. movie tickets.
The rubber for bicycle tires comes from the Sawdust and wood shavings, saved from Rubber tree. manufacturing wood products, are recycled to help make paper grocery bags, corrugated Cinnamon is actually the inner bark of the boxes, and other products. cinnamon tree. About 1.5 million tons of cacao beans, from the Rayon, a fabric used in today’s clothes, is tropical cacao tree, are used each year to made from wood. make chocolate and cocoa products. That’s Ice cream, shampoo and toothpaste all greater than the weight of 300,000 elephants. contain a wood fiber called cellulose. Forests are oxygen factories. To grow a pound of Some chewing gums are made from the sap wood, a tree uses 1.47 pounds of carbon of the Sapodilla tree. dioxide and gives off 1.07 pounds of oxygen.
For more information, visit Copyrighted by American Forest & Paper Association, Inc. and reprinted www.afandpa.org/kids_educators/index.html with permission of American Forest & Paper Association, Inc. Page 18 Agricultural Products mean more than just food The most valuable agricultural product in the U.S. provides more than food
Other parts you may eat are the heart, liver, kidney and tongue. There are many other things Short you eat that contain various parts of a cow that you Rib Sirloin Rump Chuck Loin may not be aware of. Such as marshmallows, chewing gum, cookies, ice cream, yogurt, Flank Round mayonnaise and different “light” products, gelatins, cheeses, candies and, of course, milk. Brisket Shortplate The leather from a cow is also used to make many different products, such as: shoes and boots, Shank luggage, leather sporting goods, upholstery and textiles. Of course, we all know what we do with the manure provided by cows.
top loin steak t-bone steak rib roast tenderloin steak or roast rib steak top loin steak ribeye roast porterhouse steak chuck eye roastor steak blade roast tenderloin steak or roast or steak sirloin steak ground beef rolled rump stew meat round steak bottom round roast or steak eye of round chuck shortribs arm pot roast or steak tip steak tip roast flank steak heel of stew meat ground beef round brisket ground beef short ribs stew meat ground beef crosscut shank stew meat chuck shortribs ground beef cross rib pot Graphics from University of Kentucky roast www.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/agmania/meatid/beefcuts.htm
Now look at all the other things that are made from a cow. candles shaving cream bone china asphalt crayons glue hydraulic brake fluid printing ink deodorants fabric softeners lubricants cement blocks soaps violin strings machine oils explosives toothpaste paints car polishes and waxes whitener for paper insecticides cosmetics pet foods plastics And there are medicines and medical uses in photographic film detergents surgery, research, and routine health care. shampoo floor wax From: www.beefbyproducts.com Page 19 It's Contagious WatchWatchOut!!Out!! GoldGold FeverFever Bring history and the GOLD RUSH to your students and help them discover for themselves the lure that GOLD provided in settling the West. Pan for GOLD in your classroom MII's Gold Panning Kit, provided by GEODEK INC, has everything you need but the stream, and you can provide that with a sink or washtub.
Contains: 12" Gold Pan GOLD ORE for hand panning (with guaranteed gold) Instruction book Only Printed in English, French, $11.95 Japanese, German, Spanish, Greek, Italian, Korean Consumables only $3.95 each Swedish and Chinese. Hand Lens - Magnet - Eyedropper Every student can have a Gold sample Display Vial for GOLD "Secrets of Gold Panning" book
Name Credit Cards Accepted Address Master Card ___ Visa ___ Zip Name on card Phone Acct. No
School Purchase Orders accepted. All other must pre-pay. US dollars only. Billing Zip Code Quantity Description Price Each Amount Expires ____-____ Gold Panning Kit $ 11.95 ea $ $ Gold Pans $ 5.00 ea. Mineral Information Institute Gold-bearing Sand Refill $ 3.95 ea. $ 501 Violet Street SUB TOTAL $ Golden, CO 80401 $ 303/277-9190 If applicable, Colorado Sales Tax (4.2% Golden; 2.9% Colo.) Fax 303/277-9198 Shipping & Handling (add greater of $5 or 10%) $ On line at www.mii.org Total Cost of Order $ Publications abloid Rock & Mineral News
T Rocks and Minerals Are All Around Us
ge them at 154% A special report by
ents with a (your name)
Special Report: Rocks ...... Page 2 Our Natural Resources Special Report: Minerals . . . . Page 3
There are more than 3,000 different kinds of rocks and minerals. This Special Report is about
(Rock name) and
(Mineral name)
report pages for your students to use. Enlar Everything We Have Comes Remember From Our Natural Resources The most important thing I want people to remember from my report is In addition to the air and water, we use natural resources every day. Here are 3 things I use
OVERSIZE that are made from our natural resources. 1. 2. 3.
Below are pictures of the rock and mineral resources I studied for this report. On the left is the rock . On the right is the mineral .
for their reports.
This page, along with the next 3 pages, is intended to provide you with onto 11 " by 17" paper. If you have an aide, copy them front and back, then tape together along the edge and provide your stud " by 17" paper. onto 11 Newspaper Draw or paste pictures for your rock and mineral report above.
© 2004, Mineral Information Institute, Golden, CO Teachers have permission to reproduce for use in their classroom. www.mii.org Page 2 Rock & Mineral News Special Report About Rocks The rock I am writing about is (name of your rock)
Identify the type of rock you have and how it was formed. Geology g Fact Interestin t my rock ow abou I didn’t kn
Enlarge to 154%
Tabloid Newspaper
Is your rock common and found in many places? Or is it rare, and found only in a few, special places? Where(rock name) is Found
report, page 2
(rock name) is is not found near where I live.
Rocks occur in all sizes, from smaller than sand to bigger than houses. My rock is _____ inches high, Most rocks are used to build things you use every day. _____ inches wide, and Is there a special or famous use for your rock? _____ inches deep. How is Used (rock name)
Deep (from front to back) High
Wide
I had a real rock sample to study to help research and write this report. I did not have a sample to study. Rock & Mineral News Page 3 Special Report About Minerals The mineral I am writing about is (name of your mineral) It was discovered in by . (year) (name of person)
Geology g Fact l Interestin y minera I can identify minerals by studying their special characteristics. d about m I learne This is what I found out studying (name of your mineral) Color is Weight— is heavy for its size Yes No Magnetic— is attracted to a magnet Yes No Hardness— can be scratched by a nail Yes No — can scratch other rocks and minerals? Yes No If so, which ones? Luster is Floats on water? Yes No
report, page 3 Some minerals are rare and are not found in many places? Which U.S. states, Canadian provinces, and other countries have deposits of your mineral.
Where(mineral name) is Found States/Provinces Major Countries (mineral name) is is not found in the state where I live
Tabloid Newspaper Tabloid
I had a mineral sample to study to help research and write this report.
Enlarge to 154% Enlarge I did not have a mineral sample to study.
Most minerals have many uses. Is there a special or famous use for your mineral. Uses of (mineral name)
I didn’t know (mineral name) was used to make Is there a substitute material (a different mineral) that can be used if we run out of your mineral? What Do You Think? Paste or draw a picture of the most useful product you use that is made with your mineral. Yes No Page 4 Rock & Mineral News
Design a billboard advertisement for your rock or mineral.
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Tabloid Newspaper
The Sources of Information for My Report Were: report, page 4 People I spoke with:
Books, Magazines, Newspapers:
Internet Sites: Other Sources:
www. www. Which was your most important source? Why?
MII, 501 Violet Street, Golden, CO 80401 18 Teachers: Return the completed reports and we’ll send you a FREE set for next year’s class. Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado 303/277-9190 Teacher Guide Primary & Elementary Grades and Lessons and Activities of Discovery and Appreciation Student Pages • Everything Is Made of Something •
Contains: Student Pages Teacher Pages Everything Comes From Our Background Sheets Video and Reading Lists Natural Resources
Everything Copyable
○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Adaptable to your style, and AA the abilities and learning styles of your students. StudyStudy Activities suitable for individual, group or full class presentations. ofof Using Science to learn Geography, and Music to learn History. Integrated thethe learning without stretching.
Easy Remediation For EarthEarth Kindergarten & First Grades,
and Special Needs Students. Let’s appreciate the Earth and our place on it.
○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○
• Where in the World Do Our Natural • Legends and Lost Gold Mines Resources Really Come From • Identifying Organics & Inorganics • Is It Plant, Animal, or Mineral • What Are Clothes Made Of • How Many Countries Does It Take to • If You Were King of the Land Make A Light Bulb • Discover The Resources That Made • Coloring Pages and Word Searches Your Classroom
© 2001, Mineral Information Institute Teachers have permission to reproduce all materials for use in their class. www.mii.org Source: Alaska Mineral and Energy Resource Education Fund (AMEREF)
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 2 NATURALLY YOURS An Appreciation of the Earth and All It Provides ost people live each day without thinking If we do think about how these things are created, many M about the role natural resources plays in their of us probably imagine farms, factories and power lives. They know where to buy the things they want, stations. But without minerals and mining, we could but they seldom consider the origins of these items. not till our soil, build our machines, heat and cool our They think food comes from a grocery store, homes, transport our goods or maintain our society electricity comes from a wall socket, clothes from a beyond the most primitive level. store, cars from a dealer, appliances from a department Everything comes from something, and that store…and so on. "something" is our natural resources. Exploring the Earth A Study of the Earth Classroom Experience • Using a globe, have the students identify which parts are solid, liquid, and gas. • Have the students discuss where on Earth they are and where they have been on vacation. • Demonstrate how day and night work by turning off the lights and using light from a window to illuminate the globe. • More than 70% of the surface of the Earth is covered with water. Describe how snow and rain get to the rivers and eventually the ocean, and back again to land.
Visualization If visualization is difficult for the students, try this: Show a photograph of you or one of your students. Student Page: Reading/Activity/Discussion Show a photograph of the entrance to your school Dig A Little Deeper that students are familiar with, stating that you The demand for more resources comes (students) are inside the building. Show aerial photo with every breath you take. When you of school (administration office should have one), breathe, the air contains about 21% stating that this is how the school looks from up in oxygen. When you exhale, it is the sky. Then show photo or sketch of Earth in Space, about 19% oxygen. pointing out where your school (town) is located. Try to find out how many natural resources you use every day. Elements Comprising the Earth’s Crust Think of things you use. Oxygen 46.6% Silicon 27.7% Aluminum 8.1% Iron 5.0% Calcium 3.6% Sodium 2.8% Think of things you use up Potassium 2.6% Magnesium 2.1% All Other 1.5% AT HOME Discuss with families what life would be like if we didn't use natural resources. Discuss If You Can See It, Touch It, Taste It, why we need to use our natural resources wisely. Smell It, Or Hear It, Can you think of a resource we can do without? It's A Natural Resource
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 3 Everything we have and everything we use comes from our natural resources. The Earth is the source for all of it. The air we breathe, the food we eat, the clothes we wear, and the houses we live in all come from our natural resources. We must use them wisely and treat them with respect.
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 4 NATURAL RESOURCES MATTER Objective: To develop the concept that everything is made from a natural resource. A Few Facts Everything is either plant, animal or mineral. There is no excep- tion. Each natural resource can be classified according to its state of matter – solid, liquid or gas. Each can also be divided into organic and inorganic matter. Organic matter is (or once was) alive; it can live and die. Matter that can be derived from something that was alive is also organic, such as coal and some types of limestone. If something contains carbon, it's organic. Inorganic matter, such as rocks, water and air, are not alive. • Organic matter needs inorganic matter to live. • Inorganics can exist without organics. All jobs are related to natural resources – some more directly than others. All jobs are involved in upgrading (manufacturing) or using (service industry) natural resources. Only a few jobs are involved in actually developing the natural resources upon which everything else is dependent. They are: Farmers, ranchers and fishermen: work to make the food we need from organic natural resources. Timber workers: work in the forest to help us use the wood from the trees. Miners and oil field workers: produce mineral resources from the ground to help us make things such as steel, glass, concrete, oil, plastics, electricity, etc. Read More About It! Classroom Experience Check out these books for your class: In order to better understand the composition of the things around • Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules us: Verne (many editions available) Title a piece of paper "Natural Resources." Rule the paper into • Coal: How It is Found & Used by Michael three wide columns, and label each column with one state of Hansen; Enslow Publications matter. • From Gold to Money, From Graphite to Pencil, Divide each column vertically again with a dotted line. Label the From Sea to Salt and From Swamp to Coal, columns "organic" and "inorganic, " or, “grown” and “mined.” (four books) by Ali Mitgutsch; Carolrhoda Brainstorm with the students and come up with a list of items to Books insert into the chart under the correct classification. Include • The Magic Schoolbus Inside the Earth, by everything in sight in the classroom and even those things out Joanna Cole; Scholastic of sight, such as air. • Rocks Tell Stories, by Sidney Horenstein; Absolutely everything that's mentioned can be categorized first Millbrook Press as a solid, liquid or gas, and then as organic or inorganic. • From Seed to Plant by Gail Gibbons; Holiday Dig A Little Deeper House Is there anything that isn’t made from a natural resource? Have groups of students Video Deal challenge one another to research something Rock Odyssey, 30 minutes. that doesn't come from natural resources. In our opinion, this is the best rocks & (They won't find anything.) minerals video ever created. Check Integrating the Curriculum www.mii.org to see how to get one. 1. Explore the various ways to measure the three states of matter. 2. Prepare a list of rock formations that have become geographic symbols of countries or specific parts of countries, such as Teachers are developing one of Gibraltar, Mt. Rushmore, etc. our greatest natural resources – 3. "Colorado Home" was written by gold prospectors during the Our Children. winter of 1884. Was it the original "Home on the Range"? Check the words (available from MII), the tune and the dates. Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 5 Everything Is Made of Something Everything the Earth is made of is called a natural resource. The land, the oceans, and the air in our atmosphere are natural resources. All the plants and ani- mals are natural resources. People are natural resources.
Some natural resources Natural resources are not alive, like most can be a solid, a rocks, water, and air. liquid or a gas. These natural resources are called inorganic.
The darker words on this page are hidden in this word search. Can you find them?
INWATERYUI NATURALHLR ORE SOURCEO RWX 1 DOO F K C
GFOFGUPSKK Some of our natural resources are AJRGASDOAS alive, like plants and animals. They are called organic. Something is NHER I I HL I D organic if it can grow and die. IJGHUWQIRA CK J QGOLDOP
DW I E R T Y Y U O Almost all of the food we SLWHDYOOOW eat is organic, because it came from things that were alive. ATMOSPHERE OM I N E R A L SW
Minerals occur all around us. Inorganic natural resources have When there is a lot of a special many special uses. Rocks that have mineral in one place, the mineral special uses are called minerals. is called ore.
Can you think of something that is not made from our natural resources? Facts about natural resources are hidden in this word search. Can you find them? Your teacher has a list, if you need help.
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 6 Everything Is Made of Something Everything the Earth is made of is called a natural resource. The land, the oceans, and the air in our atmosphere are natural resources. All the plants and animals are natural resources. People are natural resources.
Natural resources can be a solid, a liquid or a gas. Some natural resources are not alive, like most rocks, water, and air. These natural resources are called inorganic.
The darker words on this page are hidden in this word search. Can you find them?
AIRSTOREHOUSEER SNATURALHHOFPLM DO I TWORRE SOURCE FRRIMRMEEROEAAN Some of our natural SGHOEOEUDWR L L H E resources are alive, like FARMTLSDEKEWI IR plants and animals. They are called organic. GNNPAL I PGL FOODG Something is organic if it HISDLURPHSODSTY can grow and die. JCWMQGOLDEPRWDL JLCIERCNBURITOP Almost all of the food KALNWFKGWATEREK we eat is organic, FORESTSQSCEHUI P because it came from KCE SDRBSLAREN IM things that were alive. LAGGREGATEWERTN POIUUYTGRAVELRE
Inorganic natural resources have Minerals occur all around us. When many special uses. Rocks that have there is a lot of a special mineral in special uses are called minerals. one place, the mineral is called ore.
These other natural resource words are hidden in this word search. Can you find them? Gold Farm Energy Forests Coal Oro Petroleum Oil Soil Mine Gravel Metal Ranch Sand Storehouse Fuel
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 7 1 2345678 9 10 12345678911 012131 14 15 a I WA T E R a AIRSTOREHOUSE b NATURAL R b NATURAL F c ORE SOURCEO c ONT O RESOURCE d R DOOF C d RC M M OE N e G O S K e SGH EO U RLL E
f A RGASDOAS f FARMT SDE E I R
g N E I LI g NN A IP LFOODG
h I U IR h I DLUR H O S Y i i C QGOLD C MQGOL DE R j L I C R T j I k ALN K WA T E R E k L l FORESTS P l ATMOSPHERE m C SLARENIM m MINERALS n AGGREGATE Page 6: Word— Beginning letter o GRAVEL Natural Resource— b1, c2 Page 7: Word— Beginning letter Ore— e3 Food—d8, backward Solid— e8 Water— a3 Natural Resource— b2, c8 Inorganic— a2 Petroleum— l15 Minerals— m2 Inorganic— a1 Atmosphere— b3, diagonal Organic— c2 Oil— g13 Liquid— k2, diagonal Air— f9 Solid— c10, diagonal Food—g11 Soil— h13 Gas—f4 Gold— i5 Liquid— k3, diagonal Ore— d11 Mine— i4 Organic— c1 Atmosphere— l1 Minerals— m15, backward Gold— i6 Gravel— o8 Rocks— b10 Gas—o8 Farm— f1 Metal— d5 Rocks— h7 Energy— c15 Ranch— a3 Water— k9 Forests— l1 Sand— e1 Air— a1 Coal— m2 Storehouse— a4 Oro— a6 Fuel— b12
abcdef ghijklmnop 1 M TLUAFOREBODY E Pages 13-14 Word— Beginning letter 2 O I TUNGSTEN A Agate L12 Marble d11 3 U T ORE YA S SAR Anticline o19 Minerals 06 4 N AJADE M T Arch f23 Mining m4 5 TEN H J GI H Assay o3 Mountains a1 6 AR I E HCSLAREN IM Brick p10 Mud j19 Obsidian c12 7 IOULFA S MI Canyons e23 Chert g6 Oil a11 8 NCMBOLEADP SN Clay g11 Opal c12 9 SL RR I E GL Drill Core b13 Ore f3 10 L AMT F RRKC I RB Dunes p15 Orebody h1 11 OILM ECLAYE ME Earth p1 Potash b21 12 ROBS I D IANVASEN Earthquake p24 Quarry c17 13 DP TIN LGCS I Fault g1 Quartzite a14 14 QUARTZ I TE IAITL Flint h10 Science m12 15 V L UIE STEOCD Form e7 Silver k15 16 AH RN KPV ENN IU Gas m20 Stratigraphic a24 17 LSQGQC AA O CETN Gems l5 Tin f13 18 LAUNU R DU LELNE Gold f21 Titanium c1 19 ETAIOT L MQ C AS Halite f6 Tungsten g2 20 YORG I O HU HGAS Jade d4 Turquoise e14 21 SPRGSG C D T N Jasper j5 Trap f19 22 YOE R R O Lead f8 Valleys a15 Limestone n9 Volcano j16 23 LCANYONS A Logging d23 Zinc f14 24 STRAT IGRAPHIC E
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 8 Was Home On the Range written by cowboys or miners
During the bleak winter of 1884-1885 in the boomtown of Leadville, Colorado, few diversions were at hand to occupy the evenings of those lonely prospectors who preferred to avoid the saloons, gambling halls, and scarlet ladies. But for Crawford O. "Bob" Swartz and his friends, there was music to make. Bob and Bill McCabe and Bingham Graves and "Jim" (surname probably Fouts) had a fiddle, harmonica, and banjo band, and they would lounge about their shanty, which they called the "Junk Lane Hotel," and play and sing. "I can still see," Bob wistfully wrote years later, and these are his spellings, "the whole gang setting around on soap boxes & on the bed, all trying to make the liens rhyme so they Swartz died on March 12, 1932, convinced that sounded like poetry. Then when they got a verse so it his, and not the other, was the original of "Home On sounded good, I would play the tune & Bill McCabe The Range." Concerned that her brother may have with the banjo & his nice tenor voice would lead in written an American classic for which he received singing. I can see them all yet." neither recognition nor recompense, Swartz's sister, Laura M. Anderson of Parkland, Pennsylvania, wrote One of the tunes Bob and friends wrote was titled to the Paull-Pioneer Music Corporation, publisher of "Colorado Home," and the first verse began "Oh! Give "Home on the Range," inquiring of the song's origin. me a home/ Where the buffalo roam/ And the deer She included a copy of the 1885 letter written by her and the antelope play." brother, citing the lyrics to "Colorado Home." Bob jotted the words in the musical notebook he Kenneth S. Clark of the Paull organization, who always carried, and in a letter to his parents dated had supervised Paull's publishing of "Home On The February 15, 1885, he described the writing of the Range," responded: song: "We have originated a new song, music and all, & it's creating quite a stir among the boys all around. [Writing of "Colorado Home"] was as close to I got up the tune and Bill most of the words, but we general public recognition as Mr. Swartz came all had a hand in it. As the cabin was full that night & during his lifetime, for he died . . . without having every body help make it up, if it keeps on going it will received credit before the world for the part become a popular western song." played by himself and his comrades in the creating of what is now the favorite song of many Soon the Junk Lane Gang broke up and scattered Americans, including President Franklin D. in all directions, Swartz returning to his home in Roosevelt. The story may therefore make us Pennsylvania. reflect meditatively that there must have been Many years passed, and radio was invented, and many other anonymous authors of our songs of from these electronic loudspeakers wafted a hit song the Far West who passed to the Great Round-Up, titled "Home on the Range." Imagine the surprise of as did Mr. Swartz, without receiving the least Swartz to hear "his" song on the radio—even though public recognition of their contributions to our some of the verses were different. folk literature.
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 9 To assuage whatever wrongs may have been per- [The] spread of the song (Home on the Range) in petrated against Bob Swartz and his friends, Paull- the Far West was typical of what are commonly Pioneer in 1933 published sheet music of "Colorado known as fold songs—songs of no known Home," with lyrics as written in Leadville. The sheet authorship which have become songs of the also included the original jottings from Bob's note- people. . . . It is probable that the [Junk Lane book, a copy of the letter to his parents, an affidavit crowd] performed it for their friends and from his sister, a photo of Swartz and of Leadville associates, and thus it came to be generally sung including the Junk Lane Hotel, and, most importantly, without anyone's knowing who had written it. the assertion in bold print that "Colorado Home" was: That is the case with many of most folk songs. . . "The Original of 'Home on the Range' Together with Thus it was recognized by the publisher of "Home the Entire Story of the Writing of the Song in 1885." on the Range" that the Junk Lane musicians were es- Added was a sympathetic explanation of the whole sentially the song's composers. affair by Mr. Clark of the Paull organization:
PROSPECTORS' SONG COLORADO HOME The Original of "Home On The Range"
Oh, give me a home where the buffalo roam, Oh, give me the mines where the prospector finds And the deer and the antelope play; The gold in its own native land; Where seldom is heard a discouraging word, With the hot springs below, where the sick people go, And the sky is not cloudy all day. And camp on the banks of the Grand.
Oh, give me the hill and the ring of the drill, Oh, show me the camp where the prospectors tramp, In the rich silver ore in the ground; And business is always alive; And give me the gulch, where the miners can sluice, Where dance halls come first and fare banks burst, And the bright yellow gold can be found. And every saloon is a dive.
Oh give me the gleam of the swift mountain stream, Chorus And the place where no hurricanes blow; A home, a home, Where the deer and the antelope play; And give me the park with the prairie dog bark, Where seldom is heard a discouraging word, And the mountains all covered with snow. And the sky is not cloudy all day.
nd there the matter rested until 1935, when the Junk Lane Hotel boys may indeed have written five New York attorney Samuel Moanfeldt was stanzas not in the original but instead which suited their A retained to investigate the origins of "Home own prospecting circumstances and their Colorado on the Range" in conjunction with a $500,000 copyright environment. infringement lawsuit brought by William and Mary Moanfeldt and subsequent sources ascribe "Home Goodwin of Tempe, Arizona. They contended that their on the Range" not to Leadville, Colorado, but instead "An Arizona Home" was the parent song of "Home on to Smith Center, Kansas (indeed, in 1947 it became the Range." the Kansas state song). The melody is thought to have Moanfeldt performed a thorough investigation which been written by carpenter and musician Daniel E. Kelly, took him to several states and cities, including Leadville and the words by itinerant alcoholic physician Brewster and other Colorado points, interviewing survivors and M. Higley, and first published in a December 1873 issue acquaintances of Swartz, Graves, Fouts, and McCabe. of the Smith County Pioneer under the title "Oh, Give Moanfeldt's conclusions were (a) that the Goodwins had Me a Home Where the Buffalo Roam." no case; (b) that the growing number of persons asserting authorship of "Home on the Range" was remarkable; Sources: Clark Secrest, © Colorado Heritage magazine, (c) that the original song was probably much older than Colorado Historical Society, and Mary B. Cassidy, Leadville 1885 when Swartz claimed to have written it; (d) that historian extraordinaire. Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 10 CLOTHING MATTERS Objective: To discover the natural resources that create our clothing. A Few Facts Clothes of the distant past were made from organic (living) materials. Almost all synthetic fabrics and materials used today are made from petroleum or natural gas. Tennis shoes are a great example: Some of the rubber is natural (latex from trees), but most tennis shoe rubber is synthetic. Shoelaces can be both natural and man-made materials. The uppers can be of leather, canvas, vinyls or other man-made materials. Almost all modern buttons are made of plastic. Thread and labels are generally cotton, polyester or blends of the two. Recent years have seen a renewal of interest in clothing made of natural fibers, but those fibres are fertilized and grown, processed, sewn, packaged, and transported by processes and machines made of minerals and metals. Classroom Experience Research the origins of the following clothing fibers: Cotton, silk, rayon, nylon, polyester or acrylic fibers, ramie and wool. How are these different materials colored and made into clothing? Discover what your clothes are made of. Student Page Ask each student to choose a partner, and taking turns, read the labels in one another's clothing. Students can then make a chart listing the different fibers they are wearing and the sources of those fibers. Read More About It! Discuss the purpose of clothing labels. • Which materials are man-made and which are natural? Check out these children's books for your class: • What properties of fiber make it attractive for clothing use? • Cotton by Millicent Selsam; Morrow • Analyze the "content" and "care" information. Determine the Junior Books characteristics of different clothing materials. Why can some be • Adventures with Atoms and Molecules: washed in hot water, others only in cold? Why can't some be put in a Chemistry Experiments for Young clothes dryer or ironed? What about bleach? People Gr. 4-9; Enslow Publishers • The Keeping Quilt by Patricia Polacco; Dig A Little Deeper Simon & Schuster • Make life-size replicas of the clothing worn at different • The Rag Coat by Lauren Mills; Little times in the history of the country; Pilgrims and Indians, Brown the Civil War, World War II; and label each piece of clothing • 18th Century Clothing and 19th and the origin of its fiber. Century Clothing by Bobbie Kalman; • Write an advertisement for a new line of clothing using Crabtree Publishing only man-made (synthetic) materials. • Cotton in Your T-Shirt by Aline Riquier; • Levi's were "invented" for miners during the California Gold Rush. What Young Discovery Library other special clothes were necessary if you lived 100 years ago? Video Deal Integrating the Curriculum Out of The Rock, 30 minutes. A broad 1. How much does a wool sweater weigh? In about the same style look at the importance of minerals and size, how much does an acrylic sweater weigh? Do they use and mining in the past and present the same amount of space when folded? and technological challenges of the 2. What is the process that makes raincoats waterproof and how does future. Return postage required. it work? Write: GEO Center, U.S. Geological Survey Library, Mail Stop 914, P.O. 3. Have students search their homes for other labels such as these: Box 25046, Denver, Colorado nutrition & health – cereal boxes and vitamins; safety – electric 80225-0045. Phone: 303/236-1015. hair dryer; operating instructions – appliances.
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 11 Let's Learn About Clothes
What do you think clothes are made of?
Clothes must be made from organic or inorganic natural resources.
You can find out by reading the label sewn into your clothes. All clothes that come from a store must have a label to tell you what materials were used to make the clothes.
Some organic materials used to make clothes are cotton, wool, and special animal skins, like leather and fur. Silk is also an organic material used to make clothes. Things that are made from organic materials are called "Natural Materials."
Many clothes are made from special minerals that are inorganic. Cloth made from inorganic minerals is called synthetic. Synthetic materials are made by man. If the label on your clothes says "Man Made," it is synthetic.
Polyester, Acrylic, Rayon, and Nylon are names of "Man Made" materials that are used in clothes. All plastics are synthetic materials.
Look at your shoes. Do you think they are made of "Natural Materials" or "Man Made" materials? Or both?
With a friend, read the labels on your clothes. List the materials written on the labels. Are they natural or man made? Are they made from, plants, animals, or minerals? Type of Clothing Natural or Man Made Plant, Animal, or Mineral Shirt, pants, shoes, coat Organic or Inorganic Some can be all three
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 12 PEOPLE AND EARTH’S MINERALS There are 48 words in bold-face. These words can be found in the Word Search puzzle on next page.
Ancient people used minerals that came from the When economic amounts of a mineral are found it Earth. They used chert, flint, jasper, obsidian and is called an ore body. As an example, halite (salt) is quartzite for tools and weapons which they shaped found in almost pure form in the state of Kansas. Halite by using deer antlers (which are shed every year) or is usually mined underground by the room-and-pillar other hard-pointed sticks or rocks. mining method. This method is also used to mine trona Ancient people used clay to make pots for cooking and potash. Potash is used as a fertilizer. Marble (the and jars to hold water or store food. Some minerals metamorphic form of limestone) is mined by the quarry and gems, such as agate, jade, opal, and turquoise, method. It is taken out of the ground in big blocks and were prized possessions and were often used for is used for buildings, flooring, and for art works such trading and bartering. as statues. Ancient people learned how to mix soil and water An ore body may contain a combination of metals to make mud. Straw and grass were added to the such as tin, titanium, lead, zinc, tungsten, gold, and mud to make it stronger. This mixture was then formed silver. When more than one mineral is found in an ore into brick-like shapes and dried. The bricks, called body a scientist (metallurgist) has to decide which adobe, could be stacked and stuck together with more processes will be needed to recover each mineral. mud. Today, bricks are made of clay. Processing several metals/minerals can be expensive. Even ancient people experienced the violent To determine the size and value of an ore body, actions of earthquakes or volcanoes that change geologists drill holes in the Earth. The drill they use is Earth’s form. The land we live on has many forms called a core drill. The entire core is brought to the and is always changing. In some places there are surface where the geologist inspects its mineral content. mountains. In other places there are canyons and Geologists call this core “drill core.” The logging valleys. Each type of land form has a name. In the (recording) of the drill core is very important. The San Luis Valley of Colorado you will find sand dunes. geologist records the depth at which the core was taken The wind action keeps the dunes in one area but their and the amount of mineral present. Assays by a chemist shapes are constantly changing. In Utah there is a land are made to determine the quantity and quality of the form called Arches National Monument. The wind, mineral or metals present. Sometimes many holes have rain, and snow have actually worn huge holes all the to be drilled to show the outline of the ore body. After way through limestone outcrops. Forms that look like the drilling data is plotted on a map the geologist can rock bridges are called arches. There are many odd determine whether the ore body is large enough to mine shapes formed by the erosion of wind and water. Some at a profit. even look like people. Oil and gas are also mined, but in a different way Modern people have an easier way of life than the than metals and minerals. Holes (called wells) are ancient people because of advances in science and drilled into the ground until they hit rocks containing technology. All of the products we use today also economic amounts of oil or gas. Oil and gas fill the come from the Earth. The raw materials used to make tiny spaces between the grains of porous rocks, usually the products we need have to be mined. sandstone. Oil and gas move upward in these porous rocks until they are stopped (trapped) by nonporous Mining for minerals is done in many ways. Some rocks, usually a shale called caprock. There are three minerals are found near the surface of the Earth. They types of traps. An upward bulge of rock layers is called can be mined by the open pit or strip mining method. an anticline trap. Where caprock is moved by faulting Minerals that are hidden deep in the Earth are extracted on top of oil and gas-bearing beds, the trap is called a by digging a deep shaft straight down. Horizontal fault trap. The hardest place to find oil is in a drifts are mined off certain levels of the shaft. All stratigraphic trap, A stratigraphic trap is where a body mining depends on where economic concentration of of sandstone (like a sandbar or river channel) is enclosed minerals (ore) are found. by nonporous rock.
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 13 Formations containing oil and gas, coal, as well as minerals and metals may lie under mountains, deserts, marshes, or Agate seas. They may be two or three miles Anticline below the surface. Some are deeper. Arch Assay Natural resources are a gift to Earth’s Brick people. We should use and conserve Canyons them wisely. The quest for a better life- Chert style has brought untold benefits to the Clay human beings who inhabit our Earth— Drill Core none of which would exist but for the Dunes ingenuity and thought processes of the Earth human mind. Earthquake To investigate more about our Earth TRONA MINING and USES Fault and its natural resources, just for fun— Flint The world’s largest deposit of trona is try your school or local library . . . which Form found in Wyoming’s Green River Basin, book will you use for starters? Gas located in the southwestern part of the state. Gems This deposit produces about 95% of the Gold United States supply of natural soda ash. Halite (Note: there are only 5 diagonal words.) Jade MQ T L UA F OREBODYTE Jasper OY I UGKTUNGSTENRA Lead UTTGROREGOYASSAR Limestone NXA J ADERHTUOMTOT Logging Marble TENYUNHEA J HG I XYH Minerals AR I ELHCSLAREN IMB Mining IOULFATHESIMINAG Mountains NCMBOLEADPE SNTAC Mud SLURR IOTPEHEGLBE Obsidian Oil PLEAMTXFWRRKCIRB Opal OILMXECLAYELAMER Ore RROBS I D IANVASENU Orebody KDPE I T I NLOLGCS I O Potash QUARTZ I TETIAITLY Quarry Quartzite VOLQU I EHAE STEOCD Science AH I URNXKPVMENN I U Silver LSQGQCLAALOGCETN Stratigraphic LAUNUKRTDUXLELNE Tin ETAIOTWLPMQECKAS Titanium YORG I KO J HUUHGASD Tungsten Turquoise SPRGSGWCNDAWTLNY Trap TIYOEXRYEMKJEREO Valleys EVOLCANYONSYT I AB Volcano STRAT IGRAPHICGNE Zinc
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 14 A CLASSROOM FULL OF RESOURCES Objective: To reinforce the concept that natural resources are all around us. A Few Facts Natural resources are substances we obtain from the land, water, and air around us. Our food, shelter and amenities of life – cars, bicycles, tents, baseballs and bats – all are made from our natural resources. Look around the room you are in. The odds are very high that the majority of what you see is made from mineral products. In schools, unless it is a hardwood floor, it will be made of various rocks and minerals. Walls will almost always be brick or concrete block, sometimes drywall (gypsum) or wallpaper (almost always a vinyl). Wood is usually a major part of most desks and tables, and doors. There can be a lot of variety in the ceiling materials, but rest assured there were either grown or mined. If your students seem reluctant, get MII's Dig A Little Deeper Student Page guides to provide a few hints. Also see "Your House Comes From A Mine" on page 17.
Read More About It! Classroom Experience Label as many resources as possible that are found in the classroom. Check out these children's books for your class: • Prairie Visions: The Life and Times Divide students into several teams. Assign an area of the classroom (or of Solomon Butcher by Pam Conrad; wherever you choose) to each team and provide each group with peel-off sticky labels. Harper-Trophy Ask the students to label all of the natural resources in their designated • What's the Big Idea, Ben Franklin? areas and to list each item they label. They can then cooperatively sort the by Jean Fritz; Putnam Publishing list into common components, such as wood, metals (steel or aluminum), • If You Sailed on the Mayflower in minerals (brick & concrete blocks), or synthetics. Explain their decisions. 1620 by Ann McGovern; Scholastic Suggest they do the same at home and discuss the different materials • Woodworking, Los Angeles Unified in each student’s home – tile vs. linoleum, brick vs. wood, carpet vs. wood School District Staff (gr. 7-9); floors, metal vs. wooden window and door frames, etc. Glencoe (Macmillan) Integrating the Curriculum • The Erie Canal by Peter Spier; 1. Where does electricity come from? How do we harness it? Doubleday 2. What is a board foot of lumber? Suggest that the children interview a few • Weather by Howard E. Smith; local builders or carpenters and report back to the class on the skills these Doubleday professionals feel they need. • Mineral Resources A-Z by Robert 3. What effect do the various climactic changes have on construction of houses Bates; Enslow Publishers and buildings in any one area. How are buildings made "earthquake- proof?" • The Evolution of Useful Things by Henry Petroski; First Vintage Books 4. Why do we paint our houses? What do we use? 5. What are computers made of? Computers make a great themed study from manufacture, to programming, to use in schools, businesses and the home. Dig A Little Deeper • Draw the cafeteria and label its natural resources. • Find out what minerals used in your classroom are mined in your community, state or nation. • Study a bicycle. How many different materials are needed to make it? Why is it important to use metal in the frame?
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 15
Resources
Natural
your classroom? Remember, classroom? your mined. be to had it grown, wasn't it if Can you find the different the find you Can build to used were that resources natural
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 16 Your House Comes From A Mine The foundation and sidewalk are probably concrete If your house is painted, (limestone, clay, paint is manufactured shale, gypsum and ag- with mineral fillers and gregate) and the driveway—concrete or pigments. asphalt (petroleum and aggregate).
The exterior walls may be of concrete Your electrical wiring block, brick (clay), is of copper or alumi- stone or aluminum num (bauxite). siding, all provided by mining.
The lumber in the walls, Your plumbing roof and floor will be fixtures may be fastened together with made of brass nails and screws (copper & zinc) (iron ore & zinc). or stainless steel (iron, nickel & chrome).
The roof may be covered with Your toilets, sinks and asphalt shingles (petro- bathtubs are made of leum and a variety of col- porcelain (clay) over ored silicates), fiberglass iron, or plastic (petro- (silica sand), clay, or corru- leum). gated iron.
Your windows are The gutters can be Your sewer system is made of glass (trona, made of galvanized made of clay or iron pipe silica, sand and feld- steel (iron and zinc ), (plastic pipes are made spar). aluminum (bauxite), or from petroleum); if you plastic (petroleum). have a septic tank it is concrete and the leach field is filled with sand and gravel.
The insulation in the Your door knobs, locks The carpet in you home walls may be glass and hinges are brass or is made from synthetic wool (silica, feldspar, steel (copper, zinc, iron fibers (petroleum). The trona) or expanded ore, & alloys). back is filled with lime- vermiculite (avail- stone, even if your car- able from mining). pet is made of wool.
Your fireplace may be And finally, your mort- made of rock, brick, or gage or rental contract The interior walls are you may have a wood/ is written on paper usually wallboard, coal burning stove made from wood or cloth made of gypsum. (steel, iron, alloys, fibers. The fibers are etc.). Your furnace is filled with clay and other made of steel (iron and alloys). minerals to determine its color and texture.
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 17 MINING LEGENDS Objective: To enrich and expand a study of natural resources with literature and history. A Few Facts The first documented discovery of gold in the United States was made by 12-year-old Conrad Reed in 1799 while shooting fish with a bow and arrow in a North Carolina stream. Because gold was unknown in this part of the country, the boy's father kept the piece for several years and used it as a doorstop. In 1802, it was properly identified by a jeweller as gold. Gold was mined in the U.S. prior to the Revolutionary War, but authentication of those discoveries is still missing. Some regions of Arizona have been mined for more than 600 years. The fabled Seven Cities of Cibola directed Spanish exploration of the New World in the 1500's. The discovery of gold lured thousands of people to the American Frontier, and these prospectors settled the West and Canada. The first authenticated U.S. gold rush was in Georgia in 1828, (though many believe that the lure of gold in Georgia did not create a true gold rush). The famous California Gold Rush began in 1849; it was followed by Student Page Colorado in 1859, South Dakota in 1874, Alaska in 1898 and Nevada in 1902. • Gold is weighed in Troy ounces: 1 pound avoirdupois = 14.58 Troy oz. • Gold content in jewelry and other applications is measured in karats. Read More About It! 1 karat = 1Ú24th part. 24k is pure gold; 18k is 18 parts gold and 6 parts Check out these children's books for other metals. Most gold jewelry is 14k gold. your class: • Gold!… by Milton Meltzer; Scholastic Classroom Experience • One Earth (A National Audubon Discuss the term "legend." What is fact? What is fiction? Series) by Ron Hirschi; Bantam Working alone or in groups, students can create their own treasure maps Doubleday Dell based on various myths, legends and books. By exchanging maps, they • Klondike Fever by Michael Cooper; may locate the well-known treasure from the map and clues provided. Clarion Dig A Little Deeper • White Fang and Call of the Wild, by • Research other mining legends or legends of the Old West. Jack London; Macmillan Children's Book Group • To recreate the emotion of the California Gold Rush, pan • Robert Service Series and Yukon for gold in your own classroom. Special classroom Poems by Robert Service; Putnam panning kits are available from MII. Publishing Group • Write the legend of your classroom, or have students create their own legends and share them if they wish. • Every state has legends of buried treasure or lost wealth waiting to be rediscovered. Research your local treasures. Integrating the Curriculum 1. Form several groups and have each select a decade of your state’s history to research and present to the class. 2. The Egyptians used a great deal of gold. Where did they find it? How was it mined? How much does the gold sarcophagus of King Tut weigh? 3. Why is there a Russian influence in Alaska? 4. What is the basis weight for Troy weight? (12 ounces = 1 pound) Why is it called Troy? How many Troy ounces does each student weigh? 5. Secure a street map of your community and locate the origin of its street names. Were they named for any important historical events, places or people?
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 18 Treasure Map The secret map to the GOLD of the Lost Dutchman Gold Mine, in the Superstition Mountains of Arizona
Weaver's Superstition Needle Mountains Listen to the Legend of the Lost Dutchman Gold Mine Military Trail below and see if you can find the true location of the richest
natural gold mine in the hidden face arroyo Wiser's Trail American Frontier. high cliffs to Phoenix Wagoner Map
S Wagoner's mapped trail to the ledge of rose quartz bonanza cave Cover Before copying E W ore which he found in the Teacher's Note north-south Superstitions N cover before copying three canyon Teacher's Note red LOST DUTCHMAN S Students will not be hills MINE Students will not be able to TRAILS able to find many clues find many clues at all that E W willat alllead that them will tolead the them mine.
to the mine. That's why Whitlow's – – That's why it is still lost. Ranch N it is still lost. – – Whitlow Have the students use the
– – Canyon symbolsHave below the students to create
– – – – theiruse ownthe treasuresymbols maps. below
– – – – – – – – to create their own
– – – – treasure maps.
– – Frazer Canyon
– – – – Red ? Picacho Tank – – – – Butte Randolph Canyon – – – – Canyon xHowland Ore The Dutchman's – – x – – – – – – – – lost mine map, modernized – – – – – – – – – – – – – – to show the location clues LaBarge Canyon To Phoenix about which he told, and Wiser's Trail.
TRAVELING SIGNS DIRECTION SIGNS
Trail or line to treasure may Trail to treasure; Mines or mineral nearby ORO Gold nearby designate landmark Travel on Mine in region below In a tunnel Trail to mine or treasure; Trail to treasure or mine Travel on Other signs further on In a shaft or cave Fifty varas away
Travel on to next sign on a Any pointing dog or horse Treasure on this side Treasure on opposite side trail to wealth indicates the direction Toward treasure or mine Treasure divided as shown Travel to triangle marked out Travel around a bend from a by trees or rocks marked out triangle E 3 Stop or turnabout Travel opposite direction Change directions Turnabout LOCATION SIGNS
Treasure here Treasure under Wealth under Mineral here Pointing out wealth Church treasures below Mine location In or near (locator dot) Pointing out treasure Pointing toward treasures Mineral below a marked out triangle
i 21 Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 19 THE LEGEND OF THE LOST DUTCHMAN America’s Most Famous Gold Mine he Lost Dutchman Gold Mine, still hidden in the Back in the Supersti- Superstition Mountains east of Phoenix, Arizona, has tions, the Dutchman had T it all—fabulous wealth, Spanish treasure maps, gathered up his first sack of Apaches, claim jumping and murders, including mysterious fabulous ore and gone to Florence, 20th Century deaths and disappearances. where word of his strike spread like 450 years ago, Coronado searched the area for the Seven wildfire. There he squandered his Golden Cities of Cibola, the legendary wealth of earlier gold in an uproarious manner and civilizations of the Indian and Mexican empires. For centuries, regaled everyone who would listen the Apaches watched as foreign men brought invading hordes with expansive tales of old Spanish in search of gold in the mountains that were their god—the workings and unbelievable amounts Superstition Mountains. of gold. But of its location—ah, that was the secret worth a king’s ransom! In the winter of 1847-48 the Apaches began to attack in earnest; and when all foreigners had been destroyed, the Walz vanished from Florence as abruptly as he medicine men holding solemn council upon the matter stated had appeared. Then, weeks later, he turned up again with that, should foreigners come again to disturb the gods, the more of his fantastic ore, but this time in Phoenix for another Apaches might be “forever cursed by storms and floods and drunken spree. He told even wilder tales than before of his all manner of the natural disasters which angry deities could bonanza, which promptly whipped the little village into such contrive.” So it was decreed that a band of thirty squaws and a frenzy that practically every able-bodied man there made two youths would be sent back into the Superstitions to cover immediate and secret preparations to follow the Dutchman. the mines and destroy all traces of the fabulous workings. However, Walz was no fool, drunk or sober. He vanished suddenly one night, dragging a blanket behind him to wipe And there in the mountains this work party labored for out his trail. one full moon, throwing ore and hastily abandoned tools back into the shafts. Then they covered the mines with stout logs, A few weeks later, he reappeared. This time after his which in turn were covered with the natural caliche cement usual spree, the Dutchman, upon leaving town, not only that hardens into rock. Over this they placed in cunning Indian found a stampede-sized crowd waiting to follow but saw fashion yet another covering of dirt and surface stones to that many more were already camped out upon the desert match the surrounding ground. hoping to intercept him. After that, he continuously changed his course. His tracks often ended abruptly, as though he In 1871, with the help of old Spanish treasure maps, Jacob had sprouted wings and flown off. Walz, “The Dutchman” and his partner, Wiser, were prospecting the Needles Canyon area of the Superstitions Shortly afterward, he appeared in Tucson with two looking for lost Spanish gold. Both were well known burro-loads of ore. It was there it was discovered that Walz throughout Arizona as “thorough-going scoundrels, capable had never recorded his claim, meaning anyone who found of most anything.” At the unmistakable sound of hammering it could own it. By this time everyone in Arizona was by miners, Walz grabbed his .45-90 Sharpes, and Wiser his convinced the Dutchman was secretly working a hidden .45-70 Springfield, and they proceeded to ambush two miners bonanza. In fact, there could have been no doubt of it in the (Jacobs and Ludi) near Weaver’s Needle. Jacobs and Ludi, face of his well-known ore sales and continued production both mortally wounded, fled with Ludi dying soon. Jacobs of the same fabulous ore for more than six years. stumbling on alone, finally reached Andy Starr’s cabin in the In Phoenix, he rented a plot of ground and an adobe hut desert, where he collapsed in Starr’s arms, babbling wildly near Henshaw Road and 16th Street and settled down at last about Spanish-mapped mines and hidden ambushers before to a life of ease and the prosaic pastime of raising chickens he, too, died. and wine grapes. There he guarded his secret with all the Meanwhile, Walz and Wiser were examining the mine in delighted perversity of a child who knows something but a veritable frenzy of activity, for the fantastic ore was almost won’t quite tell it. a third solid yellow gold. And, thought the Dutchman, Whenever he needed money for himself or for his small wouldn’t that ill-gotten wealth be worth twice as much to group of friends (who were in frequent need), he simply one of them alone? The Sharpes fired again, and Wiser was went into his backyard to a certain spot, but different each left to die in the mine. However, Wiser, like the miners before time, and dug up a tin can containing gold dust and nuggets. him, was able to crawl from the mine and, when found He did that for the next 14 years, until he died on February delirious in the desert by friendly Pima Indians, was taken to 22, 1891. Col. Walker’s ranch near Florence. There for days Wiser The Dutchman gave numerous clues, and even drew hovered between life and death, telling his incredible story of maps to the site of his now legendary mine, and more than a murder, bonanza gold and greedy treachery before he, too, dozen have died trying to find it. The clues and maps are died. readily available, but America’s most famed lost gold mine Source: Thunder Gods Gold, by Barry Storm is still lost.
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 20 The First Authenticated Gold Discovery in America 1799 There is no doubt that gold mining occurred in "America" before the country was founded, but authentic records of discovery cannot be found. Therefore, the generally accepted first gold discovery is credited to the seventeen-pound nugget found by 12-year-old Conrad Reed in Cabarrus County, North Carolina in 1799. According to Historical Sketches of North Carolina 1584 to 1851, by John H. Wheeler:
he first piece of gold found at the mine was Mr. Reed to leave the metal with him and said he in the year 1799, by Conrad Reed, a boy of would flux it. Mr. Reed left it, and returned in a T about twelve years old, a son of John Reed, short time, and on his return the jeweller showed the proprietor. The discovery was made in an ac- him a large bar of gold, six or eight inches long. cidental manner. The boy above named, in com- The jeweller then asked Mr. Reed what he would pany with a sister and younger brother, went to a take for the bar. Mr. Reed, not knowing the value of small stream, called Meadow Creek, on a Sabbath gold, thought he would ask a "big price" and so he day, while their parents were at church, for the pur- asked three dollars and fifty cents ($3.50)! The jew- pose of shooting fish with bow and arrow, and while eller paid him his price. engaged along the bank of the creek, Conrad After returning saw a yellow sub- home, Mr. Reed ex- stance shining in amined and found the water. He went gold in the surface in and picked it up, along the creek. He and found it to be then associated some kind of metal, Frederick Kisor, and carried it James Love, and home. Mr. Reed Martin Phifer with examined it, but himself, and in the gold was unknown year 1803, they in this part of the found a piece of gold country at that in the branch that time, he did not weighted twenty- know what kind of eight pounds. Nu- metal it was: the merous pieces were piece was about the found at this mine size of a small weighting from six- smoothing iron. teen pounds down to Mr. Reed car- the smallest par- ried the piece of ticles. The whole metal to Concord, surface along the creek for nearly a mile was very and showed it to a William Atkinson, a silversmith, rich in gold. but he not thinking of gold, was unable to say what The veins of this mine were discovered in the kind of metal it was. year 1831. They yielded a large quantity of gold. Mr. Reed kept the piece for several years on The veins are flint and quartz. his house floor, to lay against the door to keep it I do certify that the foregoing is a true statement from shutting. In the year 1802, he went to market of the discovery and history of this mine, as given to Fayetteville, and carried the piece of metal with by John Reed and his son Conrad Reed, now both him, and on showing it to a jeweller, the jeweller dead. immediately told him it was gold, and requested George Barnhardt January, 1848
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 21 A WORLD OF RESOURCES Objective: To discover that worldwide cooperation is necessary to make most products. A Few Facts In today's world, no country is truly self-sufficient; not one can produce all of the different minerals needed to maintain its own economy and society. Larger countries (because of their size) come close to self-sufficiency, but none have achieved it yet. The economics of entire nations can depend on mineral resources. Half of the world's known gold reserves are in South Africa; petroleum is in Arab nations, copper in Chile and other minerals and metals in Canada, Siberia and Peru. The U.S. has to import: • 97% of the bauxite needed to make aluminum • 75% of the chromium needed to make stainless steel • 80% of its tungsten (used in light bulbs and special steels) • 100% of its columbium, graphite, manganese, strontium, titanium, yttrium and arsenic • 70% (or more) of its tin, nickel and zinc (for food and medical industries) • 47% of its petroleum (to provide the energy we all use)
Classroom Experience Who comes closest to self-sufficiency? Group students into six teams for the six main continents. Let each team explore and determine who controls the majority of the world's resources. Is there a Read More About It! concentration of minerals in one major area of a continent? In just one country? Check out these books for your class: Are the countries that have more minerals more or less developed? On which • Environmental Issues Series: The countries does the U.S. most depend for minerals? Challenge of Mineral Resources, The Assign different metals to the class to find out: Challenge of Supplying Energy from Why doesn't the U.S. mine bauxite? Where are minerals found? Where does mining occur? Enslow Publishers • Industrial Minerals: How They Are Dig A Little Deeper Found and Used, by Robert Bates; • What effect, if any, does the availability of natural Enslow Publishers resources have on your life-style? Has the need for • In Coal Country by Judith resources ever caused war? Headershot; Knopf • What causes famine in some countries? Is it lack of • How Things Are Made, A Child’s First food or politics? Encyclopedia; Random House • Can a country maintain its independence and quality of life without a Video Deal dependable supply of natural resources? If yes, for how long? If no, Scientists and the Alaska Oil Spill, 22 what can that country do to continue its existence? minutes. Learn how scientists determined the best ways to clean Note: Check any current event involving conflict. What role does the shorelines. . Write: Education the scarcity of resources play? Remember, resources include Video; Exxon Company; P.O. Box the Earth's natural resources and man-made resources. 2180; Houston, TX 77252-2180
Integrating the Curriculum 1. Explore how important it is to speak the language of those countries from which one wishes to buy natural resources. 2. What effect did the gold rush have on the settlement of the western frontier? On the United States? Some students might explore the origin of the word "sourdough" and then make sourdough bread. 3. What are the difficulties of extracting minerals from the Earth? Is it different in Alaska than it is in South Africa?
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 22 Where Do Our Resources Come From? Something as common as a light bulb is made from the minerals and metals from nearly a dozen different countries.
Using other reference sources, find the reason why different metals are needed to make a light bulb, and the major countries where these metals are produced. Bulb Gas Soft glass is generally used, made from Usually a mixture of nitrogen Support wires silica, trona (soda ash), lime, coal, and and argon to retard evaporation Molybdenum wires support salt. Hard glass, made from the same of the filament. the filament. minerals, is used for some lamps to withstand higher temperatures and for Button & Button Rod protection against breakage. Glass, made from the same materials Filament listed for the bulb (plus lead), is used to Usually is made of tungsten. The support and to hold the tie wires in it. filament may be a straight wire, a coil, Heat Deflector or a coiled-coil. Used in higher wattage bulbs to reduce Lead-in-wires the circulation of hot gases into the Made of copper and nickel to carry the neck of the bulb. It's made of aluminum. current to and from the filament. Base Tie Wires Made of brass ( copper and zinc) or Molybdenum wires support lead-in aluminum. One lead-in wire is soldered wires. to the center contact and the other Stem Press soldered to the base. The wires in the glass are made of a Don't forget the mineral fuels needed to combination of nickel-iron alloy core generate the electricity to light up the bulb. In and a copper sleeve. the United States, these are the sources of our Fuse fuels used to make electricity (1998). Protects the lamp and circuit if the Natural All filament arcs. Made of nickel, ClCoal NNruclear GGsas HHoydro OOlil OOrther manganese, copper and/or silicon alloys. 5%2% 1%9 1%5 9%3%2
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 23 RECYCLING METALS Objective: To appreciate our roles in producing and sharing our natural resources. A Few Facts In the U.S., 5,500,000 metric tons of aluminum are used each year, and 50% of that is made from recycled aluminum products. But believe it or not, when it comes to recycled metals, aluminum is not the leader. The recycling of other metals isn't generally well-known because it's done by industry, not by consumers. The more industrialized countries (Europe and North America), while nearly void of the geologic resources to mine bauxite – the principle ore of aluminum – are deeply involved in the processing stages, called the "downstream products." Important Metals Used and Recycled in the U.S.
Kind of metal % Recycled Kind of metal % Recycled Aluminum 50 Mercury 16 Antimony 43 Nickel 30 Chromium 26 Platinum group metals 67 Cobalt 25 Selenium 20 Copper 24 Silver 49 Gold 60 Tin 35 Iron & steel scrap 100 Tungsten 33 Student Page Lead 65 Zinc 29 Magnesium metal 24 Read More About It!
Classroom Experience Check out these books for your class: What do minerals have to do with world development? • Garbage Pizza, Patchwork Quilts Track and research the economic, manufacturing and industrial and Math Magic by Susan Ohanian; developments and trends in mainland China and the former Soviet Union. W.H. Freeman and Company Will the regions with more mineral resources be developed more rapidly? • Captain Conservation: All About Will there be less natural famine, a higher standard of living, opportunities Recycling; National Geographic for a better education, etc.? • Recycling: Learning the Four R's: Debate the various uses for different metals – the benefits of one metal versus Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover, another for the same application. by Martin Gutnik; Enslow With mapping exercises, help the students discover that bauxite mining does Publications indeed occur close to the equator, while aluminum processing occurs not • Gardens From Garbage: How to only in other countries, but on other continents as well. Grow Plants from Recycled Kitchen Scraps by Judith Handelsman; Dig A Little Deeper Millbrook Press Have your students form groups and research these questions: • 50 Simple Things Kids Can Do to • Why is aluminum used in beverage cans, storm window and door Recycle; Earth Works Group frames, bicycles and backpacks? • If the price of aluminum increases, should we still use it to make Video Deal beverage cans? • Why is recycling aluminum so popular? The Original Recyclers, 10 minutes. • Why can we make more 12-ounce cans today from a pound of Traces history of U.S. recycling since aluminum than we could 20 years ago? the 19th century. Free loan, call 1- • How can people help recycle metals other than aluminum? 800-243-6877; request video #24974. Integrating the Curriculum 1. Research the energy efficiency of automobiles required by Congress and the EPA and its effect on oil self-sufficiency. Are we producing a cleaner environment through efficiency and innovation? Can we recycle our way to self-sufficiency in minerals? 2. 68% of all aluminum beverage cans were recycled, yet aluminum represents about 2% of all recovered recyclables. Study your home or school trash to see what else can be recycled. 3. Help your students pick a project that supports the environment and develops community pride, such as using the proceeds from a recycling drive
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 24 Recycling It's More Than Aluminum Cans
Aluminum can recycling is now so efficient that it is A U.S. study found that 63% of the households possible for a beverage to be purchased at a grocery store, recycle aluminum. About 52% of the households brought home and consumed, recycled into a new alumi- recycle newspapers; 46% recycle plastic; 42% num can, filled with a product, stocked on a grocery store recycle glass; and only 25% recycle steel and tin. shelf, and sold again–all within 90 days. Where does aluminum come from As aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust, the supply of raw material is almost limitless. NS Yet, there is virtually no aluminum mined in the U.S or Canada CA PLASTIC because the base mineral (bauxite) is not found. The raw material required for the production of primary aluminum is aluminum oxide, a white powder refined from bauxite. Bauxite deposits currently being mined are mainly found in a wide belt around the Equator. PAP Recycling one pound of aluminum can save eight pounds ER of bauxite, four pounds of chemical products, nearly 6.5 kilo- watt-hours of electricity, and won't take up valuable space in a landfill. About 20% of all recycled aluminum comes from cans. Countries involved in providing aluminum, More than 60% of all aluminum cans are recycled. and their % of world production. Recycling is good for the environment Bauxite (Al O •H O) and good for the economy. 2 3 2 is mined in Australia ...... 36% Number of 12-ounce cans that can be made More than 110 million Central America ...... 26% tons mined (as much as 2 Africa ...... 17% from one pound of aluminum. tons of crude ore must be mined to produce 1 ton of Asia (ex. China) ...... 6% usable bauxite) Europe ...... 4% North America ...... 0.0% Other countries * ...... 11%
and processed into Cans Made per lb. of Aluminum Alumina (Al2O3) in 1972- 21.75 1986- 27.00 Australia ...... 28% 1973- 22.25 1987- 27.40 Central America ...... 18% 1974- 22.70 1988- 28.25 Nearly 40 million Africa ...... 2% tons produced 1975- 23.00 1989- 29.30 Asia (ex. China) ...... 6% 1976- 23.30 1990- 28.43 Europe ...... 13% 1977- 23.47 1991- 28.87 North America ...... 14% Other countries * ...... 19% 1978- 23.65 1992- 29.29 1979- 23.69 1993- 29.51 which is further processed 1980- 24.24 1994- 30.13 (by electricity) into primary 1981- 24.45 1995- 31.07 Aluminum (Al) in 1982- 25.21 1996- 31.92 Australia ...... 8% Less than 20 million Central America ...... 7% 1983- 25.70 1997- 32.57 tons produced 1984- 26.00 1998- 33.04 Africa ...... 3% 1985- 26.60 1999- 33.10 Asia (ex. China) ...... 7% Europe ...... 20% North America ...... 31% Other countries * ...... 21% * Includes Poland, Rumania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) and China.
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 25 HOW DO WE USE OUR LAND? Objective: To appreciate our roles in producing and sharing our natural resources. A Few Facts Almost all property in the United States and Canada is controlled by land use regulations. Invite your local land use official to visit your class to discuss local permit rules. Some interesting areas to explore are: • Land use: zoning laws, building permits, sewage disposal permits, well permits and business licenses. • Living off the land: hunting and fishing licenses, mining and lumbering permits, housing code approval. How big is an acre? Unless you live in an agricultural community, acres and hectares are hard for most people to visualize, yet almost all land uses are related to these two measurements. • 1 acre = 43,560 sq. feet 1 hectare = 107,600 sq. feet A high school football field equals about an acre. A hectare equals about 21Ú2 football fields.
Classroom Experience Student Page Visit a football field with your class. Encourage them to measure it in many different ways. (They could measure it in time; it would take a 10-year-old nearly 3 minutes to run around one acre.) Estimate how Read More About It! many houses would fit in that space. How large should each house Check out these children's books for your class: and yard be? • Sugaring Time by Kathryn Lasky; Cooperatively have the class decide what support space would be Macmillan Children's Book Group needed and shared, for roads, some open space, utility poles, etc. • Cranberries by William Jasperson; The class can then draw up a list of the people to be employed to Houghton Mifflin develop the football field into housing. • Farming by Gail Gibbons; Holiday Research and discuss: Not all land is suitable for all uses. House • Reflections of a Black Cowboy by You need land (somewhere) for agriculture so you can eat. Robert Miller; Silver Burdett Press You need land (somewhere) for houses so you have a place to live. • Luck of the Roaring Camp by Bret You need land (somewhere) for mining to make the things you need. Harte; Dover Publications Our interdependence as a society relies on a limited amount of land • The Amazing Potato by Milton and the need to have a continual supply of resources and different Meltzer; HarperCollins uses from that land. Is there a land use we can really do without? Integrating the Curriculum 1. Develop a plan for a new city, with all support services as well as transportation to other cities. Give the class a limited amount of space and have them discuss (and compromise on) use of land for Dig A Little Deeper athletic fields or a homeless shelter. • Have your class develop a land use that 2. Borrow soil testing materials (and an expert if you can) from your "fits" on a football field. Ask a local Soil Conservation Service. Test the soil around the school representative from the Planning and Zoning and discuss soil assays' role in land development. What soil makes agency to come and discuss why – or why the best ballpark? What soil supports a building best? not – building permission would be given. 3. Read a report on the quarrels between ranchers and farmers in the • Research the building of early frontier towns and the settlement of the west. Suggest that your class construct and role- building of towns in the thirteen original colonies. play a court case involving these two warring factions. Were housing problems different? 4. If a cellular company needed to put a tower in your neighborhood, how would you feel? Why? What are the alternatives?
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 26 How Do We Use Our Land?
Observation Let’s pretend that the picture above is Do any animals eat the plants? ______your property. Look at it very closely. Do you think any of the animals you see eat Is there water? ______any of the other animals? ______
Is it fresh or saltwater? ______Is there anything under the ground? ______
Does anything live in the water? ______Explain ______
Are there plants and trees? ______The way the land looks, does it have anything to do with the animals who live here? What animals visit or live on your property, ______the land, in the water, or in the air?______How does the underground affect the surface? ______Do any animals live on or in the plants or trees? ______What do you think the weather is like? ______
Source: Alaska Mineral and Energy Resource Education Fund (AMEREF) Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 27 Imagination Look at the property again. Draw a picture Imagine that this property has been owned of yourself in the middle of it. by your family for many many years. Although your family has always lived in the nearby What other questions would you ask? town, most of the time in the past you have ______visited the property during vacation. ______What will you do with the property in the next year?______How do you think you would like living ______here? ______What could you do with the property in the next five years? How might you use it? What do you like most about this place? ______What kinds of things would you do when ______you are on your property? What kind of hobby You have made a land use decision. You did could you have? ______this based on what you know about the land and ______how you feel about it. ______Name your property. Write a short story As a land manager this was the first of many about how you spend a day there. decisions you will make about your land.
Decision Making Look at the picture again. Things have Remember, when you make decisions about changed since you first received your land. how to use your resources, you are making an Your family finds itself without a source of economic choice. income. Your property is your only means of You have just made land management support. You must make a living from your decisions based on your economic needs and property and provide food, shelter, and a cash wants. This is part of what a good land manager income to provide for your other needs. must do. How could you provide your food? ______When you had to make decisions about your ______land, were you wishing you had more land? ______Maybe you wanted one piece of property with How will you provide shelter for your which to make money and another piece of land family? ______to enjoy. The problem you faced is the same one ______other landowners everywhere face. There is only ______so much land on our Earth from which we make our living and receive pleasure. What resources on your property could you use to make money? How would you do so? Being able to live off the land and also enjoy ______it, requires good problem solving and decision ______making skills. Many times, land can provide more ______than just one use.
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 28 When a mine is finished, the land will be reclaimed so it can be used again, either by man or by nature.
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 29 Minerals Imported by the United States In spite of its size and mineral wealth, the United States is not able to produce all of the minerals it needs to be self-sufficient. To maintain our life-style and provide all of the consumer products and infrastructure we use everyday, various amounts of the following minerals must be imported from foreign countries. United States Imports of Selected Nonfuel Minerals & Metals 50 percent Countries Suppling the U.S. with minerals Arsenic 100% China, Chile, Mexico Columbium 100% Brazil, Canada, Germany, Thailand, Nigeria Graphite (strategic) 100% Mexico, Canada, China, Brazil, Madagascar Manganese 100% South Africa, France, Brazil, Australia Mica (sheet) 100% India, Belgium, China, Argentina Strontium (celestite) 100% Mexico, Germany, Spain, China Thallium 100% Belgium, Canada, United Kingdom Yttrium 100% Australia Bauxite & Alumina 99% Australia, Guinea, Jamaica, Surinam Gemstones 98% Israel, Belgium, India, United Kingdom Diamonds (industrial) 95% South Africa, Ireland, United Kingdom, Zaire Asbestos 95% Canada, South Africa, Tungsten 94% China, Bolivia, Peru, Germany Platinum-Group Metals 91% South Africa, Russia, United Kingdom Fluorspar 88% South Africa, Mexico, China Tantalum 86% Germany, Australia, Canada, Brazil Tin 84% Brazil, Bolivia, China, Indonesia Barite 82% China, India, Mexico Cobalt 79% Zambia, Zaire, Canada Chromium 75% South Africa, Turkey, Zimbabwe, Yugoslavia Potash 74% Canada, Israel, Former U.S.S.R., Germany Nickel 66% Canada, Norway, Australia, Dominican Republic Stone (dimension) 65% Italy, Spain, Canada Antimony 62% China, Mexico, South Africa Iodine 58% Japan, Chile Cadmium 50% Canada, Mexico, Australia, Belgium Peat 49% Canada Zinc 41% Canada, Mexico, Peru, Spain, Australia Selenium 39% Canada, Japan, Philippines, Belgium Silicon 39% Brazil, Norway, Canada, Venezuela Gypsum 35% Canada, Mexico, Spain Sulfur 18% Canada, Mexico Nitrogen 15% Canada, Mexico, Former U.S.S.R., Trinidad Iron Ore 12% Canada, Brazil, Venezuela, Mauritania Salt 12% Canada, Mexico, Bahamas Lead 8% Canada, Mexico, Peru, Australia 1994Cement 7% Canada, Mexico, Japan, Spain
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Note: Other imported minerals and metals not shown above, include: antimony, gold, mercury, silver, pumice, and volcanic cinder and vanadium.
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 30 THE EARTH—NATURE’S STOREHOUSE The Earth is a huge storehouse. It holds the water pressure—that plant material has become today’s coal. Oil and food that plants need to grow. It has a great and natural gas have come from algae, spores, and plant supply of other natural materials. Materials people material. Minerals may be everywhere, but only in a few use are called natural resources. places are they concentrated enough to make them valuable Natural resources are useful materials found on to us. and under the Earth’s surface. You use a variety of Mineral resources such as oil and gas, coal, copper, natural resources everyday. Food is a natural and tin, are called nonrenewable resources. Once they are resource—so is water. Other resources include soil, removed from the Earth, they will not be replaced in our trees, and minerals. lifetimes. However, new mineral wealth is being created by such natural forces as volcanic activity and earthquakes. HOW ARE MINERAL RESOURCES DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE EARTH? Minerals are not evenly distributed in the Earth’s crust. Concentrations of mineral resources profitable to extract are found in just a few small areas. Mineral deposits are really freaks of nature. In other words, a special set of circumstances happened in or on the Earth to create mineral deposits. There had to be a supply of certain elements available in the Earth, a process to concentrate them, and a host rock to trap the mineral or minerals. Many minerals like to be together, such as: quartz and gold; molybdenum, tin and tungsten; copper, lead and zinc; platinum and palladium—to name a few. The signs of a mineral deposit are often small and WHAT ARE MINERAL RESOURCES? difficult to recognize. Locating deposits requires the experience and knowledge of a trained geologist. Geologists Mineral resources are found on and in the Earth’s crust. search for years before finding an economic mineral deposit. More than 3,500 different minerals have been identified. We Deposit size, its mineral content, extracting efficiency, and will study three classes of mineral resources—metals, costs—ALL determine if a mineral resource can be profitably nonmetals, and fuels. Copper, nickel, gold, silver, and iron developed. are examples of metallic mineral resources. Common materials like sand, gravel, clay, limestone, and salt are HOW ARE MINERAL RESOURCES USED TO examples of nonmetallic mineral resources. Nonmetallic SUPPLY FOOD? minerals are often called industrial minerals. Minerals used Our food supply depends on mineral and energy for fuel are oil, gas, and coal. They are called fossil fuels. resources. Farming starts with seeds in the ground and ends Uranium is a metallic fuel. with food for us to eat. Plants come directly to us as fruits Minerals are everywhere around us. For example, it is and vegetables—or—indirectly as food from animals that estimated that more than 70 million tons of gold is in the supply dairy products and meat. Growing plants get food ocean waters. It would be much too expensive to recover (nourishment) from minerals in the soil. Fertilizers—such as because it is so scattered. Minerals need to be concentrated potash, phosphate, nitrogen, and sulfur—are necessary to into deposits by Earth’s natural processes to be useful to us. produce abundant crops. Some of Earth’s natural processes concentrate mineral That is just a start. The farmer’s truck, tractor, and resources into valuable deposits. Moving water places sand other machines are made from steel and other metal products. and gravel along stream and river banks and ocean beaches. Power to operate the equipment is provided by fossil fuels Water erodes gold-bearing rock from upland mountains and such as gasoline and diesel fuel. The food products from the deposits gold in gravels along some rivers and streams. farm are shipped to processors or to markets in trucks, railway Inside the Earth, rocks are melting and cooling. Melting cars, and airplanes—all made from iron, manganese, nickel, and cooling can concentrate metals such as copper, molybdenum, and aluminum and many other minerals. The molybdenum, nickel, and tin in a rock mass along with other roads, highways, railroads, and airports used for food common minerals like quartz and feldspar. transportation are made using other mineral resources. Food is processed using equipment made from metal. Food On the surface of the Earth, dead plants accumulated packaging commonly is made of metal or containers made in swamps millions of years ago. Through time, heat and from petroleum products (such as plastic).
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 31 WHAT PRODUCTS ARE MADE FROM HOW ARE MINERALS USED IN MINERAL RESOURCES? TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS? Nearly ALL of the products we need to make our life We now travel more and faster. We communicate by more comfortable are made from mineral resources. Our telephone, radio, and television. What has made this possible? society as we know it today could not function without a large Technology! and varied supply of minerals. Aren’t we glad that someone in our past invented the train? All products used at home, at play, and at work come (It sure beats the horse and buggy or the wagon train.) The from the Earth. Food, shelter, water supply, clothing, health train, made of steel and wood, was fired by coal (eventually aides, transportation, and communication all depend on converted to diesel-fueled engines) that made it the mineral resources. We can see products made from minerals transportation mode of the day. Today, we have airplanes as in the kitchen and on the dining room table. Stoves, well as trains and automobiles. refrigerators, dishwashers, toasters, forks, knives are good The airplane—all of its components come from the raw examples. materials of Earth—the same as the train and car! But, what Nickel, copper, stainless steel, aluminum, and silver are makes it fly? What fuels it?—A highly refined kerosene made necessary in cooking and eating. These products are more from petroleum, giving it power. It is made of light weight convenient and long-lasting and are more beneficial to our metals (aluminum, and specialty steels called alloys), and safety and health than wooden spoons, ice boxes, and plastics that come from petroleum products. Its speed, because dishpans. it is lightweight, makes it possible for us to travel from one coast to another in 6-1/2 hours or less. HOW DO MINERAL RESOURCES CONTRIBUTE TO THE HOME AND INDUSTRY? The telephone—sure beats smoke signals! A review of history tells how exciting it was to listen to the radio and to The raw materials of Earth are used to make equipment call a friend instead of writing a letter. Today, radios, and consumer products. They are sometimes used by telephones, and television sets command your attention. None themselves, copper for example, or in combination with other of these conveniences could have been made, except minerals, for example: chrome, carbon and iron to make “someone” was interested in the advancement of society and stainless steel. The output of our mines and wells makes knew how to use minerals. An understanding of minerals— almost every other product possible. We depend on mineral the connectors so vital in today’s communications—is resources—they are the “building blocks” of civilization. important. As you work with your classroom computers At home, we have instant clean water by turning on the remember that it was just a few years ago that they were made faucet. The water treatment plant and the chemicals used for available to your school. And who could have imagined what purification, the pipes and plumbing parts which bring us our a quartz crystal could do? But that quartz crystal (silicon water, and our waste disposal systems—are made entirely chip) could not work alone if other minerals were not used at from mineral resources. the same time. We are lucky! Our clothing depends on the production of mineral WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF MINERAL resources. Natural fibers grown with the aid of fertilizers are RESOURCES IN THE WORLD? made into cloth with tools and machines made from minerals. Some textiles are made from coal and petroleum. They are The growing use of mineral and energy resources called synthetic materials. Many coloring dyes come from throughout the world creates several important questions. Will minerals. Not only are these dyes used in our clothing, but we reach a time when our resources are gone? It is doubtful are used in paints—both for household and industrial usage because we are so creative and continue to develop new and works of art. technology that makes minerals we use go further. We also have learned, and continue to learn, how to use our resources Homes, apartments, office buildings and factories are built more efficiently and how to recycle and conserve them. Will using minerals. The structures use steel beams, gypsum for technological development, economic factors, and wallboard, copper wiring for telephones and electricity, and conservation methods overcome fears of running out of our in equipment such as elevators. Zinc-coated heating ducts mineral and energy resources? Will we someday mine the prevent corrosion (or rusting). The buildings sit on concrete ocean and resources in outer space? The answers to these foundations made of sand, gravel, and cement in which questions will help determine our way of life in the future. reinforced steel rods are embedded. You will be challenged to develop new ideas and new When we begin to think and investigate, we find the use technology in the years ahead. of minerals is more dramatic and exciting than one can realize.
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 32 GEOLOGY and NATURAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
Geology is a study of the Earth and its history as from the Earth. Some things not so obvious— recorded in the rocks. The study of geology involves toothpaste, hair combs, chalk, cups and glasses—also understanding the relationship between the rocks of the come from the Earth. All plastics and many fibers of crust of the Earth and envelopes of air and water. which our clothes are made come from coal or oil. Geology is a study of processes—processes that form Mineral resources are so important to us that we continents and ocean basins, mountains and oceanic count stages of history by them. We had the Stone Age, deeps, glaciers and lakes, sand bars and rocky cliffs, and the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. deposits of minerals, coal and oil and gas. Geologists By examining different kinds of rock formations and study rocks to determine what the Earth was like by studying the Earth’s surface, geologists know the thousands, millions, and billions of years ago. Geologists geologic environments in which mineral resources may study volcanoes, lavas, earthquakes, and landslides. be found. They discover how our mineral deposits formed. They give us theories on how the Earth was formed, how it For a long time people were able to find enough developed, and what the core of the Earth is like. The mineral resources on the surface of the Earth. This is Earth is about 4.5 billion years old. Geology tells us not the case with many mineral resources today. Once how the Earth has changed and continues to change. a vein of silver or a bed of coal has been mined, it cannot Hills are worn down to form lowlands that may be be replaced. This means we must plan well ahead to covered by the sea. Millions of years later, rocks from look for new mineral deposits. under the sea may be raised up to form high mountains. Today, geologists use a variety of tools and The Earth is the geologists’ laboratory. instruments to help locate mineral resources. Airplanes WHY IS AN UNDERSTANDING OF and helicopters with photographic equipment are used GEOLOGY IMPORTANT TO ME? by geologists. They also use magnetic and gravity- The Earth is where we live. We are dependent upon detecting equipment. This equipment gives information our Earth. Our water supply and our farm land formed about the Earth’s subsurface. Geologists sometimes use by geologic processes. All our minerals, fuels, and pictures taken from satellites in their search for hidden construction materials come from the Earth’s crust. The mineral resources. Earth will remain a nice place to live if we use our HOW ARE MINERAL RESOURCES FORMED? resources wisely and control our wastes and garbage. As the Earth changes, different types of rocks are There are natural earth hazards like floods, landslides, formed. There are three types of rocks: igneous, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. The understanding sedimentary, and metamorphic. of geology can lead us to the safest areas in which to Igneous rocks are formed from magma (hot melted build cities, dams, schools, or roads and tunnels. If we rock) as it cools and becomes solid. As hot magma understand geologic processes we will know the best cools, minerals such as chromite (chrome is used in places to dispose of our wastes and garbage, and the stainless steel) and platinum (used in catalytic best geologic environments for finding oil, gas, and coal. converters) form. If we understand geology we can learn ways to use Sedimentary rocks are formed from particles of the resources of the Earth and at the same time protect it older rocks. The particles are deposited in a body of from harm. water, a valley, or a low plain. The collection of particles HOW DOES GEOLOGY RELATE TO MINERAL is known as sediment. After the particles are deposited, RESOURCES AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT? new sediment is deposited on top burying the earlier Mineral resources are those minerals and other earth deposited materials. When sediments are buried, they materials that supply the things we need and want. Look become cemented to form sedimentary rock. Limestone around you. Things made from mineral resources are in (used to make cement and statues) and clay (used to plain sight. Some are obvious, others are less obvious. make dishes) are examples of sedimentary rocks. Obviously, metal paper clips and building stone come
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 33 Metamorphic rocks are formed in the Earth where are being created on ocean floors by volcanic activity. there is high temperature and great pressure. The heat Our Earth is, indeed, an exciting place to be! and pressure change one kind of rock into another kind What is Mineral Resource Development? of rock. This process of change is known as Mineral resource development is finding, removing, metamorphism. You can think of the change from and processing valuable mineral resources from our brownie dough to brownies as metamorphism. Marble Earth. Mineral resources may be solid (coal or copper), (used in buildings) is metamorphosed limestone. A liquid (petroleum), or gaseous (natural gas). mineral from which tungsten (light bulb filaments are When a mineral resource is developed, it is taken made of tungsten) is produced is formed by from the Earth and changed into a usable form. All the metamorphism. As igneous, sedimentary, and work involved in doing this has one aim: to provide us metamorphic rocks are made, minerals may be so with the products we need or want in our everyday lives. concentrated to become resources for us to use. A mineral resource is developed only when enough The Earth is always changing. Rocks are slowly of it is found concentrated in one location and its removal worn down by the forces of weathering and erosion. and processing can be done profitably. Exploration for Rocks can be lifted or pushed downward. They also mineral resources is a very risky business and much of can be moved sideways and tilted. it is unsuccessful. Mineral resources are scarce and For example, dead trees and plants accumulate in difficult to find. Great sums of money are spent for years bogs and later are buried between layers of clay and before any money is ever made by a company on its mud. The layers become sedimentary rock. The dead mining or drilling operations. Mineral resources can be trees and plants are slowly changed to coal. We might developed only if their extraction can pay for the say metamorphosed to coal. Oil and gas also formed in investment, labor and machinery, and taxes. If there is sedimentary rock, from decayed animals and plants. no profit left over, there is no reason to invest in such a Today, these processes continue. New coal beds business. are being formed in bogs and swamps, mineral deposits
What Must Happen To A Mineral Resource Before It Becomes Useful? Mineral and energy resources are the ingredients in REFINING. Some minerals have to be smelted and nearly all of the products we use everyday. These refined before they can be made into useful products. resources must go through a number of steps or processes When oil is pumped from the Earth, it is in crude form. before usable items can be produced. We call these steps The crude oil is sent to a refinery where it is processed the journey from prospect to production. into oils, solvents, fuels, and petrochemicals. EXPLORATION. First, the mineral and energy MANUFACTURING. After the mineral and energy resources must be found! The people who look for these resources are refined, these raw materials are made into resources are called geologists. They explore the Earth products. Their transformation into consumer products to find deposits or wells that can be produced. is almost limitless. Products ranging from fertilizers to EXTRACTION. After the resources are located, they plastic; from bicycles to airplanes are made by man and must be removed from the Earth. This process is called machinery. This is called manufacturing. extraction. People build surface or underground mines MARKETING. Once the products are made, they are to extract mineral resources. To get oil, holes are drilled sold or marketed. When you need a product, you usually deep into the Earth. Mining and drilling are two ways go to a store. Marketing is when some product is sold to we extract and produce mineral resources. someone. The mineral and energy resource company PROCESSING. Valuable minerals are in ordinary sells the mineral resource to a manufacturer. The looking rock when they are taken from the Earth. They manufacturer makes a product and sells it to stores. The are often hidden as tiny particles in the rock. The stores then sell the product to us. valuable minerals are removed from the rock and concentrated. This is called processing or crushing, grinding, and milling.
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 34 COPPER—THE ANCIENT METAL
Man’s first use of the Earth’s natural resources was in the form of grasses, trees, animals and stone. Tools and weapons were made from wood, bone and stone. Flint was one of the stones first because it is a hard, dense mineral. It is one of the purists native forms of silica. A steel knife, today, is no sharper than an obsidian knife or spear point. Obsidian is a hard, glassy rock that is formed by volcanic eruptions. Ancient people were our first “geologists” and “miners.” They not only determined which rocks were best to use, but they learned how to make them mining and separating them, we would not have into tools, hunting spears, arrows, fishhooks and enough copper to take care of our needs today. ornaments. Shaping the stone was done by flaking it When copper tarnishes, it turns green to black on with sharp blows on the edges using another stone or the surface. Some of the biggest deposits of copper deer antlers. were found by accident when prospectors noticed Stone-Age people knew nothing of metal. Colorful greenish rock sticking out of the ground (this is called minerals were used for decoration or for barter. When an outcrop). Many of these discoveries were huge emerald-green malachite (a copper ore) or a rusty-red mountains of copper ore that also contained other hematite iron ore were found, they would be ground important minerals. to a powder and used as pigments to decorate the face Throughout the thousands of years since native and body. They also used these and other colorful copper was discovered, man has made great use of this minerals pigments to paint the walls of caves and element. Copper has a chemical symbol, as do all protected coves. Today, many minerals are used for elements. It is Cu. Minerals are seldom found in a paint pigments. pure state. They are found bonded together with other Can you imagine how excited these people were minerals. when they found native copper? It could be formed Copper is one of the most useful of the metals, and into decorative shapes and tools more easily by probably the one first used by man. It is found native pounding it with a stone on a hard surface. This was and in a variety of combinations with other minerals. after 6000 B.C. and is known as the Copper Age. It is often a by-product from silver and other mining. Both methods—flaking and pounding— were Copper has many colors from yellowish-to-reddish society’s first forms of manufacturing. Therefore, brown, red, pink, blue, green, and black. The colors Earth’s resources were converted for man’s use! The are determined by the other elements (minerals) island of Cyprus, from which the word copper is combined with the copper. derived, was a major source of copper for the Roman Copper is malleable, ductile and long lasting. empire. Copper conducts heat and electricity better than any Over 4,000 years ago, when it was discovered that other metal except silver. It has a wide use in electric minerals could be melted, curiosity led man to combine and electronic equipment. It is used for tubing and melted metals (alloys). By accident they made bronze pipes for plumbing and can be made into sheets for by adding tin to copper (the Bronze Age). Another roofing. Copper also is used in chemical compounds. combination of zinc and copper made brass. Both Copper chemicals are used in plant sprays and to treat bronze and brass are stronger than pure copper. They swimming pools to keep algae from growing. Copper do not corrode in air or water. Without these and its alloys are important for parts of automobiles, combinations of minerals and man’s knowledge of airplanes, missiles and satellites. Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 35 Recycling of copper has been ongoing for many, while gold appears the same at all angles. Chalcopyrite many years. It is collected as scrap metal and separated is the primary ore of copper and is prevalent wherever from other metals and materials by smelting and copper ore is being mined below the surface zone. refining. Recycled copper is called secondary copper Chalcocite is a copper sulfide. It is one of the highest and it is used at brass mills and made into new things grade and most important ores of copper and is opaque for our use. with a dark lead gray to black color. Chalcocite is often Since ancient man and his use of flint and obsidian associated with and shows alteration to azurite, bornite, we have learned a lot about our Earth and its many covellite, malachite, and native copper. Important resources. deposits are found in Arizona’s Bagdad, Jerome, and Each day, scientists learn more about the mineral Superior areas. Other localities include Bingham, Utah; wealth locked in our planets crust. More is learned Santa Rita, New Mexico; Ely, Nevada, and the Genesee about new mineral wealth being born through volcanic Valley district in California. activity. Earthquakes sometimes take away ore Bornite is a copper-iron sulfide. Its color is a natural deposits. And at other times earthquakes bring new bronze, but on exposure it tarnishes to the varigated mineral deposits closer to the Earth’s surface. colors that have caused it to be nicknamed “Peacock Science and technology have shown us how to ore.” It is rarely found on the surface but is prevalent in find, extract, process, and use mineral resources to deeper levels of copper mines. the benefit of man. We are lucky to live in this time of Turquoise is a hydrous aluminum phosphate with copper. history. To be desirable for gems the color should be green blue. COPPER FACTS The color is due to the presence of copper and is found Copper is a native element. The crystal system near the surface of copper deposits. Sometimes in may of native copper is cubic. It has a metallic luster and appear as an outcrop. a specific gravity of 8-9 with a hardness of 2-1/2 to 3 Chrysocolla has various shades of blue to green and is a and can be easily scratched with a knife. Native copper hydrous copper silicate. It is often found with azurite and has no cleavage. This element is heavy, ductile and malachite. Although its color is attractive, it is too soft malleable. Native copper is copper red on fresh to make good gem stones. Be aware of this fact when fracture but may be greenish or bluish or tarnished if buying jewelry. Sometimes chrysocolla is passed off as weathered. It is often found with small amounts of turquoise. arsenic, antimony, bismuth, iron, and silver. Copper Ores DIG A LITTLE DEEPER Malachite (pronounced mala-kite) is usually a bright • What other elements are classified as native? green color and has a nonmetallic luster. It has a light • Take the new words you have learned today green streak and can always be scratched with a knife. and put them in a list. Now, use them to make Malachite, a copper carbonate, is an important ore of a Word Search. Try your word search on a copper and is a good indicator of copper deposits. In classmate or someone at home. its pure form it contains 57% copper, the rest is made • If there is copper or another mineral in your up of carbonate and water. area, is it being mined? If so, write a letter to Azurite also is a copper carbonate. It’s streak is light the mining company to find out if they give blue. Malachite and azurite frequently occur together school tours. Maybe the company has a and are found in the upper weathered (oxidized) zones speaker who would come to your class to tell of copper ore bodies. Azurite is the scarcer of the two you more. Ask! has a soft blue color. • If you look around your classroom or your Chalcopyrite is an iron-copper sulfide. It has a brass home you will find many things in which yellow color. It is distinguished from pyrite by being copper is used. Some are hidden — like the softer and yellower. Its golden glint when in small wiring inside a wall that brings electricity into specks in quartz often is mistaken for gold. The glint your home or school. How many other uses will disappear when turned at certain angles to the light can you discover?
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 36 Oil and Gas Fields
Oil Gas Oil and Gas
Coal Fields
Coal Anthracite Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 37 Mineralized Areas 29% 52% 30% 64% 48%
66% 86% 36% 45% 44%
34%
Mineralized Heavily Mineralized % Portion of State devoted to Public Lands
Alaska's Mineralized Zones
Highly favorable for Metallic and Related Nonmetallic Deposits Favorable for Metallic and Related Nonmetallic Deposits
66% of Alaska is owned by the Federal Government
This Alaska map is to scale with the above map of the U.S.
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 38 © Maclean Hunter Publishing Company
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 39 DID YOU KNOW— it takes more than 33 elements and minerals to make a computer? List the minerals and elements used in computers and find out which States they are found.
Those vital computer ingredients consist of: aluminum, antimony, barite, beryllium, cobalt, columbium, copper, gallium, germanium, gold, indium, iron, lanthanides, lithium, manganese, mercury, mica, molybdenum, nickel, platinum, quartz crystals, rhenium, selenium, silicon, silver, strontium, tantalum, tellurium, tin, tungsten, vanadium, yttrium, zinc, and zirconium. And, we can’t forget the petroleum industry’s role in the computer. All the components noted above are housed in plastic.
CONTACT your State Geologist for a list of publications, maps, and services available to help you. Geologist: One engaged in geologic study or • studies seismic, gravitational, electrical, thermal, and investigations; one versed in geology. magnetic phenomena to determine structure and A geologist— composition of Earth’s surface; • studies the physical nature, structure and history of • employs theoretical knowledge and research data to the Earth’s crust; locate mineral, oil and gas deposits, and determines the probable area, slope, and accessibility of ore • conducts research into the formation and dissolution deposits; of rock layers; • prepares reports, maps and diagrams of regions • analyzes fossil and mineral content of layers and explored. endeavors to fix historical sequence of development by relating characteristics to known geologic Geologists love their profession because of the influences; challenge of solving complex scientific problems. They especially enjoy the out-of-doors field work. Geologists • studies dynamic processes that bring about changes also gain great satisfaction when their knowledge in the Earth’s crust- great internal pressure and heat; benefits humanity by finding resources, recognizing volcanic eruptions; earth- quakes; and air, water, and geologic hazards, or providing data for land-use glacial erosion; decisions.
Every American Born Will Need . . . 1.64 million lbs 997lbs. . 32,061 lbs. Stone, Sand, & Gravel Zinc 21,476 lbs Salt 1,841 lbs. Clays 81,585 gallons Copper Petroleum 2.196 Troy oz. 68,110 lbs . Gold Cement
586,218 lbs. +57,448 lbs. Coal . 5.9 millionOther cu. Minerals ft. of & Metals 5,599 lbs. 23,700 lbs 45,176 lbs. Aluminum 1,074 lbs. natural gas Phosphate Lead Iron Ore 3.7 million pounds of minerals, metals, and fuels in his/her lifetime © 2001 Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 40 MINERAL USES 40 common minerals and metals Why Are They Important
Aluminum: The most abundant metal in the aircraft industry. Beryllium concretes; insulating compositions; element in the Earth’s crust. Bauxite salts are used in fluorescent lamps, fertilizer; poultry grit; tarred roofing is the main source of aluminum. in X-ray tubes and as a deoxidizer materials; and as a sizing (or filler) Aluminum is used in the United in bronze metallurgy. Beryl is the in textiles and paper. States in packaging (31%), gem stones emerald and aquamarine. Fluorite (fluorspar): used in transportation (22%), and building Chromite: 99 percent of the world’s production of hydrofluoric acid, (19%). Guinea and Australia have chromite is found in South Africa which is used in the pottery, 46 percent of the world’s reserves. and Zimbabwe. Chemical and ceramics, optical, electroplating, and Other countries with major reserves metallurgical industries use 85% of plastics industries; in the include Brazil, Jamaica, and India. the chromite consumed in the U.S. metallurgical treatment of bauxite, which is the ore of alumina; as a flux Antimony: A native element; Cobalt: used in superalloys for jet in open hearth steel furnaces and in antimony metal is extracted from engines; chemicals (paint driers, metal smelting; in carbon electrodes; stibnite and other minerals. catalysts, magnetic coatings); emery wheels; electric arc welders; Antimony is used as a hardening permanent magnets; and cemented toothpaste; and paint pigment. alloy for lead, especially storage carbides for cutting tools. Principal batteries and cable sheaths; also used cobalt producing countries include Gold: used in dentistry and medicine; in bearing metal; type metal; solder; Zaire, Zambia, Canada, Cuba, and in jewelry and arts; in medallions and collapsible tubes and foil; sheet and the former Soviet Union. Cobalt coins; in ingots as a store of value; pipes; and, semiconductor resources in the United States are for scientific and electronic technology. low grade and production from these instruments; as an electrolyte in the Asbestos: because this group of deposits is not economically electroplating industry. South Africa silicate minerals can be readily feasible. has about half of the world’s resources. Significant quantities are separated into thin, strong fibers that Columbite-tantalite group also present in the U.S., Australia, are flexible, heat resistant, and (columbium is another name for Brazil, Canada, China, and the chemically inert, asbestos minerals niobium): the principal ore of former Soviet Union. are suitable for use in fireproof niobium and tantalum, used mostly fabrics, yarn, cloth, paper, paint as an additive in steel making and in Gypsum: processed and used as filler, gaskets, roofing composition, superalloys; used in metallurgy for prefabricated wallboard or as reinforcing agent in rubber and heat-resistant alloys, rust-proofing industrial or building plaster; Used plastics, brake linings, tiles, (stainless steel), and electromagnetic in cement manufacture; agriculture electrical and heat insulation, superconductors. Brazil and Canada and other uses. cement, and chemical filters. are the world’s leading producers. Halite (Sodium chloride—Salt): used Barium: used as a heavy additive in Copper: used in electric cables and in human and animal diet, food oil-well-drilling mud; in the paper wires, switches, plumbing, heating; seasoning and food preservation; and rubber industries; as a filler or roofing and building construction; used to prepare sodium hydroxide, extender in cloth, ink, and plastics chemical and pharmaceutical soda ash, caustic soda, hydrochloric products; in radiography (“barium machinery; alloys (brass, bronze, acid, chlorine, metallic sodium; used milkshake”); as getter (scavenger) and a new alloy with 3% beryllium in ceramic glazes; metallurgy; curing alloys in vacuum tubes; deoxidizer that is particularly vibration of hides; mineral waters; soap for copper; lubricant for anode rotors resistant); alloy castings; manufacture; home water softeners; in X-ray tubes; sparkplug alloys. electroplated protective coatings and highway deicing; photography; Also used to make an expensive undercoats for nickel, chromium, herbicide; fire extinguishing; nuclear white pigment. zinc, etc. The leading producer is reactors; mouthwash; medicine (heat Bauxite: a general term for a rock Chile, followed by the U.S., the exhaustion); in scientific equipment composed of hydrated aluminum former Soviet Union, Canada, for optical parts. Single crystals used oxides; it is the main ore of alumina Zambia, and Zaire. for spectroscopy, ultraviolet and infrared transmission. to make aluminum; also used in the Feldspar: a rock-forming mineral; production of synthetic corundum industrially important in glass and Iron Ore: used to manufacture steels and aluminous refractories. ceramic industries; pottery and of various types. Powdered iron: Beryllium: used in the nuclear industry enamelware; soaps; abrasives; bond used in metallurgy products; and in light, very strong alloys used for abrasive wheels; cements and magnets; high-frequency cores; auto Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 41 industry; and ammunition. The U.S. furnace parts. Major producing quartz, etc. Because of its is the world’s largest producer and countries are Canada, Chile, and the piezoelectric properties quartz is consumer of lead metal. Other major U.S. used for pressure gauges, oscillators, mine producers include Australia, Nickel: vital as an alloy to stainless resonators, and wave stabilizers; Canada, and the former Soviet steel; plays key role in the chemical because of its ability to rotate the Union. and aerospace industries. Leading plane of polarization of light and its Lithium: lithium compounds are used producers include Australia, transparency in ultraviolet rays it is in ceramics and glass; in primary Canada, Norway and the former used in heat-ray lamps, prism, and aluminum production; in the Soviet Union. Largest reserves are spectrographic lenses. Used in the manufacture of lubricants and found in Cuba, New Caledonia, manufacture of glass, paints, greases; rocket propellants; vitamin Canada, Indonesia, and the abrasives, refractories, and precision A synthesis; silver solders; Philippines. instruments. underwater buoyancy devices; Perlite: expanded perlite is used in roof Rare Earth Elements: industrial batteries. insulation boards; as fillers, filter consumption of rare earth ores was Manganese: essential to iron and steel aids, and for horticultural. primarily in petroleum fluid cracking catalysts, metallurgical additives, production. The U.S., Japan, and Platinum Group Metals (includes ceramics and polishing compounds, Western Europe are all nearly platinum, palladium, rhodium, permanent magnets, and phosphors. deficient in economically minable iridium, osmium, and ruthenium): Rare earth elements are lanthanum, manganese. South Africa and the they are among the scarcest of the cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, former Soviet Union have over 70% metallic elements. Platinum is used promethium, samarium, europium, of the world’s reserves. principally in catalysts for the gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, Mica: micas commonly occur as flakes, control of automobile and industrial holmium, erbium, thulium, scales, or shreds. Sheet muscovite plant emissions; in catalysts to ytterbium, and lutetium. (white) mica is used in electronic produce acids, organic chemicals, insulators (mainly in vacuum tubes); and pharmaceuticals. PGMs used in Silica: used in manufacture of glass and ground mica in paint, as joint cement, bushings for making glass fibers refractory materials; ceramics; as a dusting agent, in well-drilling used in fiber-reinforced plastic and abrasives; water filtration; muds; and in plastics, roofing, other advanced materials, in component of hydraulic cements; rubber, and welding rods. electrical contacts, in capacitors, in filler in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, paper, insecticides; rubber Molybdenum: used in alloy steels conductive and resistive films used reinforcing agent, especially for high (47% of all uses) to make automotive in electronic circuits; in dental alloys adhesion to textiles; anti-caking parts, construction equipment, gas used for making crowns and bridges; agent in foods; flatting agent in transmission pipes; stainless steels in jewelry. The former Soviet Union paints; thermal insulator. (21%) used in water distribution and South Africa have nearly all the systems, food handling equipment, world’s reserves. Silver: used in photography, chemistry, chemical processing equipment, Potash: a carbonate of potassium; used jewelry; in electronics because of its home, hospital, and laboratory as a fertilizer; in medicine; in the very high conductivity; as currency, requirements; tool steels (9%) chemical industry; used to produce generally in some form of an alloy; bearings, dies, machining decorative color effects on brass, in lining vats and other equipment components; cast irons (7%) steel bronze, and nickel. for chemical reaction vessels, water distillation, etc.; catalyst in mill rolls, auto parts, crusher parts; Pyrite: used in the manufacture of manufacture of ethylene; mirrors; super alloys (7%) in furnace parts, sulfur, sulfuric acid, and sulfur electric conductors; batteries; silver gas turbine parts, chemical dioxide; pellets of pressed pyrite plating; table cutlery; dental, processing equipment; chemicals dust are used to recover iron, gold, medical, and scientific equipment; and lubricants (8%) as catalysts, copper, cobalt, nickel, etc.. paint pigments, corrosion inhibitors, electrical contacts; bearing metal; Quartz (Silica): as a crystal, quartz is smoke and flame retardants, and as magnet windings; brazing alloys, used as a semiprecious gem stone. a lubricant. As a pure metal, solder. Silver is mined in 56 Cryptocrystalline forms may also be molybdenum is used because of its countries. Nevada produces over gem stones: agate, jasper, onyx, high melting temperatures (4,730 30% of the U.S. silver. Largest silver carnelian, chalcedony, etc. °F.) as filament supports in light reserves are found in the U.S., Crystalline gem varieties include bulbs, metalworking dies and Canada, Mexico, Peru, and the amethyst, citrine, rose quartz, smoky former Soviet Union.
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 42 Titanium: a metal used mostly in jet catalyst for production of maleic fungicides; nutrition (essential growth engines, airframes, and space and anhydride and sulfuric acid; in dyes element); chemicals; roof gutters; missile applications; produced in the and mordants; as target material for engravers’ plates; cable wrappings; westerns and central U.S., the United X-rays. The former Soviet Union organ pipes; in pennies; as sacrificial Kingdom, China, Japan, and the and South Africa are the world’s anodes used to protect ship hulls from former Soviet Union. largest producers. Large reserves galvanic action; in catalysts; in fluxes; Tungsten: used in metalworking; in the U.S. and China. in phosphors; and in additives to construction and electrical Zeolites: used in aquaculture (fish lubricating oils and greases. Zinc machinery and equipment; in hatcheries for removing ammonia oxide: in medicine, in paints, as an transportation equipment; as from the water); water softener; in activator and accelerator in filament in light bulbs; as a carbide catalysts; cat litter; odor control; vulcanizing rubber; as an electrostatic in drilling equipment; in heat and and for removing radioactive ions and photoconductive agent in radiation shielding; textile dyes, from nuclear plant effluent. photocopying. Zinc dust: for primers, paints, sherardizing, precipitation of enamels, paints, and for coloring Zinc: used as protective coating on noble metals; removal of impurities glass. Major producers are China, steel, as die casting, as an allying from solution in zinc electrowinning. Korea, and the former Soviet Union. metal with copper to make brass, Zinc is mined in over 50 countries with Large reserves are also found in the and as chemical compounds in Canada the leading producer, followed U.S., Bolivia, Canada, and The rubber and paints; used as sheet zinc by the former Soviet Union, Australia, Federal Republic of Germany. and for galvanizing iron; Peru, and China. In the U.S. most Vanadium: used in metal alloys; electroplating; metal spraying; production comes from Tennessee, important in the production of automotive parts; electrical fuses; Missouri, New York and Alaska. aerospace titanium alloys; as a anodes; dry cell batteries;
MAJOR MINERAL and ENERGY OCCURRENCES - UNITED STATES
There are known reserves of the following mineral materials in nearly every state: construction sand and gravel, crushed stone, a variety of industrial minerals, and gemstones.
Alabama: Asphalt (At); Bauxite (Al); Copper (Cu); Gold (Au); Gypsum Florida: Clay (Cl); Limestone (Ls); Clay (Cl); Coal (C); Iron Ore (Fe); (Gp); Iron Ore (Fe); Lead (Pb); Peat (Pe); Phosphates (P); Titanium Limestone (Ls); Marble (Mr); Mica Lithium (Lt) Magnesium (Mg); (Ti); and, Zirconium (Zr). (Mi); Salt (Na); and, Petroleum (O). Marble (Mr); Mercury (Hg); Georgia: Barite (Ba); Bauxite (Al); Alaska: Beryl (Be); Coal (C); Copper Molybdenum (Mo); Natural Gas Clay (Cl); Gold (Au); Granite (Gn); (Cu); Gold (Au); Iron Ore (Fe); (G); Petroleum (O); Platinum (Pt); Iron Ore (Fe); Manganese (Mn); Mercury (Hg); Molybdenum (Mo); Potash (K); Rare Earths (RE); Salt Marble (Mr); Mica (Mi); Slate (Sl); Natural Gas (G); Petroleum (O); (Na); Silver (Ag); Talc (Tc); Talc (Tc); and, Titanium (Ti). Tungsten (W); and, Zinc. Platinum (Pt); Tungsten (W); Hawaii: Clay (Cl). Volcanic activity Uranium (U), and, Zinc (Zn). Colorado: Beryl (Be); Clay (Cl); Coal is building unknown mineral wealth Arizona: Asbestos (Ab); Copper (Cu); (C); Copper (Cu); Fluorspar (F); at this time. Gold (Au); Iron Ore (Fe); Lead (Pb); Gold (Au); Gypsum (Gp); Lead (Pb); Idaho: Antimony (Sb); Cobalt (Co); Marble (Mr); Mica (Mi); Mercury (Hg); Molybdenum (Mo); Copper (Cu); Gold (Au); Iron Ore Molybdenum (Mo); Natural Gas Silver (Ag); Uranium (U); Vanadium (Fe); Lead (Pb); Mercury (Hg); (G); Petroleum (O); Silver (Ag); (V); and, Zinc (Zn). Phosphates (P); Silver (Ag); Tungsten (W); Uranium (U); Arkansas: Barite (Ba); Bauxite (Al); Thorium (Th); Titanium (Ti); Vanadium (V); and, Zinc (Zn). Bromine (Br); Clay (Cl); Coal (C); Vanadium (V); Tungsten (W); and, Diamonds (D); Gypsum (Gp); Connecticut: Clay (Cl); and, Mica Zinc (Zn). (Mi). Marble (Mr); Natural Gas (G); Illinois: Clay (Cl); Coal (C); Fluorspar Petroleum (O); Soapstone (Sp), and, Delaware: Marl (Greensand) and (F); Lead (Pb); Limestone (Ls); Zinc (Zn). Magnesium (Mg+) Compounds Petroleum (O); and Zinc (Zn). California: Asbestos (Ab); Borax (from sea water) (Bx); Bromine (Br); Clay (Cl); Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 43 Mississippi: Clay (Cl); Iron Ore (Fe); North Carolina: Asbestos (Ab); Clay Texas: Asphalt (At); Clay (Cl); Granite Natural Gas (G); and, Petroleum (O). (Cl); Copper (Cu); Gold (Au); (Gn); Graphite (Gr); Gypsum (Gp); Missouri: Barite (Ba); Clay (Cl); Coal Granite (Gn); Lithium (Lt); Marble Helium (He); Iron Ore (Fe); (C); Copper (Cu); Iron Ore (Fe); (Mr); Mica (Mi); Phosphates (P); Limestone (Ls); Natural Gas (G); Lead (Pb); Limestone (Ls); Marble Talc (Tc); and, Tungsten (W). Petroleum (O); Salt (Na); Silver (Mr); Natural Gas (G); Silver (Ag); North Dakota: Clay (Cl); Lignite (Ag); Sulfur (S); Talc (Tc); and and, Zinc (Zn). (Lg); Natural Gas (G); Petroleum Uranium (U). Montana: Copper (Cu); Gold (Au); (O); Salt (Na); and, Uranium (U). Utah: Asphalt (At); Beryllium (Be); Graphite; Gypsum (Gp); Lead (Pb); Ohio: Clay (Cl); Coal (C); Gypsum Clay (Cl); Coal (C); Copper (Cu); Manganese (Mn); Natural Gas (G); (Gp); Limestone (Ls); Natural Gas Gallium (Ga); Germanium (Ge); Petroleum (O); Palladium (Pd); (G); Petroleum (O); Salt (Na); and, Gold (Au); Gypsum (Gp); Iron Ore Phosphates (P); Platinum (Pt); Silver Sandstone (Ss). (Fe); Magnesium (Mg); Molybdenum (Mo); Natural Gas (Ag); Thorium (Th); Tungsten (W); Oklahoma: Coal (C); Copper (Cu); (G); Petroleum (O); Phosphates (P); Vermiculite; and, Zinc (Zn). Gypsum (GP); Helium (He); Lead Potash (K); Salt (Na); Silver (Ag); Nebraska: Clay (Cl); Natural Gas (G); (Pb); Limestone (Ls); Natural Gas Uranium (U); and Vanadium (V). and Petroleum (O). (G); Petroleum (O); and, Zinc (Zn). Vermont: Asbestos (Ab); Granite Nevada: Barite (Ba); Clay (Cl); Oregon: Gold (Au); Mercury (Hg); (Gn); Marble (Mr); Slate (Sl); and, Copper (Cu); Gold (Au); Gypsum Silver (Ag); and, Uranium (U). Talc (Tc). (Gp); Lead (Pb); Lithium (Lt); Pennsylvania: Clay (Cl); Coal (C); Virginia: Clay (Cl); Coal (C); Gypsum Magnesium (Mg); Mercury (Hg); Cobalt (Co); Iron Ore (Fe); (Gp); Lead (Pb); Limestone (Ls); Molybdenum (Mo); Petroleum (O); Limestone (Ls); Natural Gas (G); Slate (Sl); Soapstone (Sp); Titanium Salt (Na); Silver (Ag); Sulfur (S); Petroleum (O); Sandstone (Ss); (Ti); and, Zinc (Zn). Tungsten (W); and, Zinc (Zn). Slate (Sl); and, Zinc (Zn). Washington: Clay (Cl); Coal (C); New Hampshire: Beryl (Be); Granite Rhode Island: Sand and Gravel (SG) Copper (Cu); Gold (Au); Gypsum (Gn); Mica (Mi); and, Thorium (Th). and Crushed Stone (CS) (Gp); Lead (Pb); Magnesium (Mg); New Jersey: Clay (Cl); Titanium (Ti); South Carolina: Clay (Cl); and, Mica Marble (Mr); Silver (Ag); Talc (Tc); and, Zinc (Zn). (Mi). Uranium (U); Tungsten (W); and, New Mexico: Coal (C); Copper (Cu); South Dakota: Beryl (Be); Gold Zinc (Zn). Gold (Au); Gypsum (Gp); Lead (Pb); (Au); Granite (Gn); Mica (Mi); West Virginia: Clay (Cl); Coal (C); Marble (Mr); Molybdenum (Mo); Petroleum (O); Silver (Ag); Limestone (Ls); Natural Gas (G); Natural Gas (G); Petroleum (O); Uranium (U); and, Vanadium (V). Petroleum (O); and, Salt (Na). Potash (K); Salt (Na); Silver (Ag); Tennessee: Clay (Cl); Coal (C); Uranium (U); Vanadium (V); and, Wisconsin: Copper (Cu); Iron Ore Copper (Cu); Iron Ore (Fe); Zinc (Zn). (Fe); Lead (Pb); Limestone (Ls); Limestone (Ls); Marble (Mr); and, Zinc (Zn). New York: Clay (Cl); Emery; Garnet; Phosphates (P); Pyrites (S); Wyoming: Clay (Cl); Coal (C); Gypsum (Gp); Iron Ore (Fe); Lead Sandstone (Ss); and, Zinc (Zn). (Pb); Limestone (Ls); Natural Gas Diamonds (D); Iron Ore (Fe); (G); Petroleum (O); Salt (Na); Natural Gas (G); Petroleum (O); Sandstone (Ss); Silver (Ag); Slate Phosphate (P); Uranium (U); and, (Sl); Talc (Tc); Titanium (Ti); and, Vanadium (V). Zinc (Zn). What's The Difference mineral An inorganic substance occurring in nature, though not necessarily of inorganic origin, which has (1) a definite chemical composition or, more commonly a characteristic range of chemical composition, and (2) distinctive physical properties or molecular structure. metal An opaque, lustrous, elemental, chemical substance that is a good conductor of heat and electricity and, when polished, a good reflector of light. industrial mineral Rocks and minerals not produced as sources of the metals but excluding mineral fuels.
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 44 FROM: ISOP External Affairs CLASSIFIED AND CONFIDENTIAL Page 1 of 2 CLEARANCE AA REQUIRED Project Vadar TO: Routing Below Government Document For Your Eyes Only Ref. 1 ebd 3977-64F
ROUTING White House UN Security AA Clearance Document : Pentagon National Palace Divulging this information is Prime Minister NASA-Cape Canaveral illegal and considered NASA-Houston Project Team treasonous,TOP punishment SECRET as NAA Acknowledge Receipt Class 1 Offense.
On February 4, astronomers at Kitt Peak Observatory in Arizona accidentally sighted a giant comet about to enter our solar system. The comet was observed and its position carefully plotted over a period of two months. Initial calculations indicated that the comet would pass very, very close to Earth and, in fact, with the estimated experimental errors, a collision with Earth was deemed highly possible. Because of this possibility and because of the apparent size of the comet, North American government officials have declared a consolidated national emergency (Priority A-1). Public disclosure is being deferred until a later date. The gravity of the situation was considered to be sufficient for the North American Alliance governments to provide priority funding for a study of the comet. That study was completed last week. The report states: “We have firmly established that Comet Vadar is on a collision course with Earth. We have also firmly established that the mass and velocity of Vadar are sufficiently large to cause the collision to be fatal. The collision will change the Earth’s axis of rotation by more than 2 degrees. At a minimum, this will result in massive tidal waves, extremely high velocity winds and abrupt and severe weather changes. The effect on orbit is unknown. Collision will occur 227 days from today’s date. The decision has been made not to inform the peoples of the world of these facts until a well thought out program has been established. (Outstanding psychologists, psychiatrists, members of the clergy, scientists, sociologists, government officials and selected U.N. representatives will draw up the plan.) In the meantime, the governments of the North American Alliance have decided to undertake a project to colonize Mars. Mars was selected in that it is the closest object now known that can, with some ingenuity, support life as we know it. It was also decided that because of the psychological barriers involved in such a project, both a team of scientists and a team of lay people would be engaged to work on the project. You are gathered here today because you have been selected as members of the lay person team. If you choose to accept that assignment, you are to begin immediately on the first item—the selection of materials and participants for the mission. The world’s combined availability of space craft will limit you to sending 10 rockets with two passengers and a payload of 100,000 pounds each. It has tentatively been determined that the first launching will begin in approximately eight months. All ten rockets are to be launched in a period of time not to exceed one month. Public announcement of the exact nature of this project and of the Earth’s situation will be made no less than two weeks after the last rocket is launched and no more than 2 months before Vadar strikes Earth. Today you are to make preliminary decisions on two critical questions. You will then meet with the scientists and finalize the selections. Final decisions are to be made in two weeks. The NASA ecosystem analysis (attached to this document) will help you in these decisions. Of utmost importance is the need to establish a sustainable, permanent colony. There is no return and opportunities for resupply appear unlikely.
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 45 CLASSIFIED AND CONFIDENTIAL Page 2 of 2 Project Vadar: CLEARANCE AA REQUIRED A Voyage To Mars Government Document Ref. 1 ebd 3977-64F
ROUTING AA Clearance Document: White House UN Security Divulging this information is Pentagon National Palace illegal and considered Prime Minister NASA-Cape Canaveral treasonous, punishment as NAA NASA-Houston Project Team Class 1 Offense. Acknowledgment of Receipt CONFIDENTIAL Decision Document • What skills should be included in the list of the 20 people who will make the trip? • What are the ten most important items you will need to bring life from Earth to Mars, and to sustain that life?
Characteristic: Earth Mars EQUATORIAL DIAMETER 1 0.53 (EARTH = 1 OR 7,926.4 MILES
MASS (EARTH = 1) 1 0.11
VOLUME (EARTH = 1) 1 0.15
DENSITY (WATER = 1) 5.52 3.95
EQUATORIAL SURFACE GRAVITY 1 0.38 (EARTH = 1)
ROTATION ON AXIS 1 day 1.03 days (EARTH = 1 day)
REVOLUTION AROUND SUN 1 year 1.88 years (EARTH TIME)
WATER COVER 71% No liquid water, but polar ice caps & appears to have ground water.
ATMOSPHERE 78% = N , 21% = O 2 2 95% = CO2, 3% = N2 1% = CO , A & others 2 >1% O2
MAGNETIC FIELD Yes Weak
LAND SURFACE Chiefly Silicates A typical weathered volcanic soil.
TEMPERATURE moderate variations At the equator: mostly below zero min. = -127° F min. = -150° F max. = 136° F max. = 80° F
LIFE Abundant, many forms, heavily depending Little protection against the sun's radiations on liquid water, and in most cases, oxygen. that UV would quickly kill any unprotected Earth organisms.
SOLAR INPUT (at surface) watts watts ≅ 1000 m2 ≅ 500 m2 From a copyrighted activity of Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Global Science: Energy, Resources, Environment
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 46 Every year, more than 48,427 pounds of new minerals must be provided for every person in the United States to maintain our standard of living
12,695 lbs. 8,945 lbs. 895 lbs. 395 lbs. 361 lbs. 304 lbs. 672 lbs. Stone Sand & Gravel Cement Salt Phosphate Clays Other Nonmetals (estimated)
553 lbs. 77 lbs. 25 lbs. 14 lbs. 13 lbs. 6 lbs. .0233 T oz. 21 lbs. Iron Ore Aluminum Copper Lead Zinc Manganese Gold Other Metals (Bauxite) (estimated) Plus
7,782 lbs. 7,662 lbs. 7,803 lbs. 1/4 lb. Petroleum Coal Natural Gas Uranium To Generate the energy equivalent to 300 persons working around the clock for each U.S. citizen
© 2000, Mineral Information Institute, Golden, Colorado Based on 1999 consumption and population
What's the difference between Pounds of minerals and metals used today and 200 years ago? every year by the average American 1776 1999 To maintain our standard of living requires the continual A07luminum 7 production of raw materials. In fact, it requires the production C2ement 1589 of 48,000 pounds of new minerals, metals, and energy fuels C0lay 140 30 every year, for every person in the United States. C0oal 427,66 Those minerals provide our food, our homes, schools, C15opper 2 hospitals, and factories, and the equipment and energy to make G10lass 15 them operate. I0ron Ore 2355 Every day we are surrounded by minerals that help make L24ead 1 our lives a little easier. P00hosphate 34 In 1776, when America became independent, people's P14otash 4 needs were more simple, requiring fewer natural resources. S45alt 39 Most people never travelled more than 20 miles from their S0and, gravel, stone 10,00 21,64 birthplace in their entire lifetime. S11ulfur 11 Z5inc 03. 1
Mineral Information Institute Golden, Colorado www.mii.org 47