Analysis of Indirect Taxation in Ukraine: Modern State and Directions of Improvement
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ЕКОНОМІКА: реалії часу №5(27), 2016 ECONOMICS: time realities UDK 336.22 (339.924) ANALYSIS OF INDIRECT TAXATION IN UKRAINE: MODERN STATE AND DIRECTIONS OF IMPROVEMENT Yu.V. Kovtunenko, PhD in Economics, Associate Professor A.S. Suhoveeva A.O. Revutskaya Odessa National Polytechnic University, Odessa, Ukraine Ковтуненко Ю.В., Суховєєва А.С., Ревуцька А.О. Аналіз непрямого t the present stage of economic development оподаткування в Україні: сучасний стан та напрями вдосконалення. the formation of centralized financial В статті проаналізовано сучасний стан непрямого оподаткування в Україні. Проведено аналіз структури і динаміки непрямих податків за resources in the form of income generated останні три роки. Досліджено роль непрямого оподаткування у A mainly through tax revenues [1]. Indirect формуванні доходів Державного бюджету України. Виявлені недоліки непрямого оподаткування та запропоновані напрями його taxes occupy a leading place in Ukrainian tax system, вдосконалення. Зауважено, що більшу частину доходів Державного which are not only the main source of filling the state бюджету України забезпечують непрямі податки. Аналіз проведений в даній статті дозволяє прийти до висновку про серйозні недоліки в budget, but also an important means of influence on системі оподаткування, такі як: зниження рівня економічного зростання the economy as a whole, and on the volume of та інвестиційної активності в країні. Система адміністрування країни не consumption [2]. Indirect taxes affect on the general здатна повною мірою виключити можливість ухилення від сплати податків. Можливими шляхами вирішення даної проблеми є price level of goods produced in the country, that is, удосконалення організації податкового контролю в Україні та the higher rate, the greater impact. The introduction of диференціювання ставок непрямих податків залежно від рівня споживання тих чи інших товарів і від рівня доходів споживачів. indirect taxes or an increase in their rates could lead to Ключові слова: податкова система, податок, непряме higher prices in the country, even when the level of оподаткування, податок на додану вартість, акцизний податок, мито, Податковий кодекс України the immutability of all major internal and external economic factors. Therefore it is necessary to improve Ковтуненко Ю.В., Суховеева А.С., Ревуцкая А.А. Анализ косвенного налогообложения в Украине: Современное состояние и направления the organization of tax control in Ukraine and the совершенствования. differentiation of rates of indirect taxes in order to В статье проанализировано современное состояние косвенного налогообложения в Украине. Проведен анализ структуры и динамики improve the functioning of the national economy and косвенных налогов за последние три года. Исследована роль косвенного to create a solid foundation for the development of налогообложения в формировании доходов Государственного бюджета small and medium-sized businesses and to promote Украины. Выявлены недостатки косвенного налогообложения и предложены направления его совершенствования. Замечено, что the production of stable revenues to the state большую часть доходов Государственного бюджета Украины budget [3]. обеспечивают косвенные налоги. Анализ, проведенный в данной статьи, позволяет прийти к выводу о серьезных недостатках в системе Analysis of recent researches and publications налогообложения, таких как: снижение уровня экономического роста и инвестиционной активности в стране. Система администрирования An important contribution to the Research of страны не способна в полной мере исключить возможность уклонения questions tax ensuring of socially necessary state от уплаты налогов. Возможными путями решения данной проблемы является совершенствование организации налогового контроля в expenditures made outstanding representatives of Украине и дифференцирование ставок косвенных налогов в Western economic thought: Blankart Sh., 2000, зависимости от уровня потребления тех или иных товаров и от уровня доходов потребителей. Galbraith J. 1973, Keynes J. 1936, Laffer A. 1979, Ключевые слова: налоговая система, налог, косвенное Lindahl E. 1958, Ricardo D. 1852, Samuelson P. налогообложение, налог на добавленную стоимость, акцизный налог, 1993, Smith A. 1776, labor which contain пошлина, Налоговый кодекс Украины fundamentals of formation of conceptual provisions Kovtunenko Yu.V., Suhoveeva A.S., Revutskaya A.O. Analysis of indirect taxation in Ukraine: Modern state and directions of improvement. for further developments in the field of taxation. The article is devoted to the analysis of the current situation of indirect Currently the problem of indirect taxes is taxation in Ukraine. The authors have analyzed the structure and dynamic of interesting for many economists and scientists. Study indirect taxes for last three years. In addition, the role of state budget revenues of Ukraine was investigated. It identified drawbacks of indirect of these problems are devoted to a number of taxation and the way of its improvement. It is noticed that most of the scientists, among which are the domestic scientists, revenues of the state budget of Ukraine one provided by indirect taxes. The analysis conducted in this article allows to conclude that there are serious namely: V. Bech, M.P. Kucheryavenko, A.V. Skryp- shortcomings in the tax system, such as a decline in economic growth and nyk, A.I. Krysovaty, P.V. Melnik, T.F Yutkina and investment activity in the country. The administration system of the country is not able to stop the possibility of tax evasion in full measure. Possible others. solution of this problem is improving of the organization of tax control in The aim of the article is to analyze the current Ukraine and the rates differentiation of indirect taxes depending on the level state of indirect taxation in Ukraine, as well as in the of consumption of certain goods and income of consumers. Keywords: tax system, tax, indirect tax, good and service tax, excise tax, analysis of the structure and dynamics of indirect Tax code of Ukraine taxes for the past three years, covering the role of 17 Проблемні питання економіки України та її регіонів Economics of Ukraine and its regions: problematic issues indirect taxation in the formation of the state budget The Ukrainian tax system identifies two groups of of Ukraine, to identify the advantages and taxes: direct and indirect. disadvantages of indirect taxation. Direct taxes are paid by payers’ income and The main part property. The amount of tax payers caused property condition of. The purpose of the article is to analyze the current Indirect taxes are included in the price of goods state of indirect taxation in Ukraine, as well as in the and service, their amount for each taxpayer is analysis of the structure and dynamics of indirect determined by consumer and is not dependent on his taxes for the past three years, covering the role of income. indirect taxation in the formation of the state budget Indirect taxes are ones of the most important and of Ukraine, to identify the advantages and complex taxes that exist in the national tax system. In disadvantages of indirect taxation. A significant role the context of solving fiscal problems indirect taxes in ensuring the implementation of the state functions are always more effective then direct ones. Indirect of regulating economic processes belong taxes. They taxes are divided into four attributes, each of which are, first, provide the financial base of the state, and has two types (fig. 1). secondly - is the main means to achieve its economic and social interests. Classification Types of indirect taxes The economic nature of tax Excise, dues Scope of tax Universal, specific The mechanism of tax collection Single-stage, multistage The cumulative tax Cascade, isn’t cascade Fig. 1. Classification of indirect taxes Source: Compiled by the author according to the material [4] According to the economic nature of the indirect 2) multi – an indirect tax to be collected at each taxes are divided into: stage of the trade – the value added tax. 1) excises – this is an indirect tax on certain goods If there is a cumulative (cascade) effect of indirect (products), which are included in the price of goods taxes are divided into: (products) (value added tax and excise tax) 1) cascade – indirect taxes collection mechanism 2) duties – is an indirect tax on goods and other which provides for the re-taxation of goods and items that cross the border of Ukraine. services at all stages of their treatment; They are set in a surcharge on the customs value 2) does not cascade – indirect taxes collection of the goods. mechanism which eliminates the possibility of re- In scope of application the indirect taxes are taxation of goods and services, providing the same tax divided into: revenues for the same goods and services, regardless According to the economic nature of the indirect of the number of stages of their treatment on the way taxes are divided into: from producer to consumer [4]. 1) excise tax – this indirect tax on certain goods Indirect taxes play an important role in the state (products), which are included in the price of goods forming the largest share of revenues of the State (products) (VAT and excise tax) Budget of Ukraine (table 1). 2) dues – an indirect tax on goods and other items The table shows that the main source of income of that cross the border of Ukraine [5]. the state budget of Ukraine (SBD) are tax revenues, They are installed in the form of allowances to the which during 2013 – (third quarter) 2016. They have customs