Index

Page numbers given in bold refer to glossary definitions. Page numbers given in italics refer to Figures or Tables.

Adnet Limestone 126-7 APWP see apparent polar wander path Adria (peninsular ) Aqaba Gulf-Dead rotation 341 microplate/promontory motion ! 0, 241,250 Arakapas fault belt 312 palaeogeography 128-9 archaeomagnetism 16 palaeomagnetic analysis calibration curve construction history of research 119-21 methods 386 Jurassic-Cretaceous data 122-3 results 386-94 Permo-Triassic data 121-2 results discussed 394-8 (North) 277 history of research 373-5 geophysical analysis 283-4 problems in interpretation 380-2 history of tectonic research 277-80 recent research palaeomagnetic data 280-3 direction 375-8 petrological analysis 284 intensity 378-80 tectonic synthesis 284-5 ARM see anhysteretic remanent magnetization aeromagnetic anomalies 147-8 Axios-Chalkidiki ophiolite zone 290, 294 effect of AMS 149-51 effect of NRM 151-2 B~ier-Bassit ophiolite 315,317 interference effects 148 baked contact test 403 shape effects 148-9 Balearic Sea extension phase 145 AF see alternating field demagnetization bedding correction 403 Beni Bousera peridotite 48, 49, 50 APWP 1-3,121,123-5,230-1 Betic Cordillera 5-7,233 tectonic regimes 225--6 External Zone 20 Aggtelek-Rudab~inya Mts 179-80,182 high resolution study 23 (North) 265-7 palaeodeclination 27-8 geodynamic study 267-74 remanence 24-7 Alpine orogeny 10,225-6 rotation 28-30 Carpathians 175 structure 22-3 Iberian extension 111 Internal Zone plate setting 119 Ronda peridotites palaeomagnetism 44-7 Alps tectonic significance 47-51 Northern Calcareous Alps 119, 126-8 Western Zone Southern Alps 121-3 Neogene remagnetization study 33-41 alternating field (AF) demagnetization 401-2 Bey Daglari microplate 245 methods of measurement 327 Biga Peninsula 285 regional studies biostratigraphy, Carpathians (West) 191-2 Betic Cordillera 46 Biscay Bay opening 111 North Hungary 156, 161 Bitlis Suture Zone 15,299,300,301 Sinai (SW) 333-4,338 blocking temperature 40:3--4 AMS see anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility Betic Cordillera 24 Anatolides 15,299,300 Neapolitan Yellow Tuff 360 anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) 46,402 North Anatolian Fault Zone 304 anisotropy (magnetic) in archaeomagnetism 394-5 Sinai (North) 327 anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) 402 blocking temperature spectra 404 effect on aeromagnetic anomalies 149-51 Lusitanian Basin 112 Neapolitan Yellow Tuff 362 blocking volume 404 Vall6s-Pened6s Basin 94-5 Boyar corridor 22 antiferromagnetism 402 bricks, palaeomagnetic character of 379,380 Apennines Biikk Mts 154, 164-5, 166-7 NRM measurements 134-8 demagnetization data 156-60 rotation studies 145 Bulgaria, archaeomagnetism studies 376--7,378, 379, see also Monte Raggeto 380 apparent polar wander path (APWP) 402-3 Bulgarian Basin 278 Africa 1-2, 3,121,123,124-5,230-1 bulk susceptibility 404 1,2, 83,122-3,125-6,230 123-4 Caledonian orogeny 225 Apulia 120, 137,144, 152,241,250 calpionellid stratigraphy, Carpathians (West) 192-3 INDEX 417

Caitanissetta Basin archaeomagnetic record 374-8 lithostratigraphy 205-7 Betic Cordillera 25, 27-8, 38, 39, 40, 46-7 magnetostratigraphy 207-11 Biga Peninsula 285 sedimentation rate 211-13 Carpathians 178, 181,189 Campi Flegri caldera see Neapolitan Yellow Tuff 293, 294 carbonate magnetostratigraphy see Monte Raggeto Hungary 171,386, 396 Carpathians (West) 12,175-6 Iberian Ranges 63, 88 J-K boundary recognition 185 Italy 143,201,362, 369 biostratigraphy 191-2 Lusitanian Basin 113, 114 magnetostratigraphy 191 54 mineralogy 185-8 Pyrenees 104 NRM 188-9 Santorini 350 Permian-Neogene palaeomagnetic analysis Sinai 331, 339, 341 history of research 176-7 Turkey 306 magnetic properties 177-80 detrital remanent magnetization (DRM) 405 tectonic significance 180-3 hazards in interpretation 91-2 Carthage, archaeomagnetism studies 377 Iberian Ranges 69 , palaeopole study 231 Vall6-Pened6s fan 96-8 characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) 404 diamagnetism 405 Albanides 271 Dinarides, tectonic setting 119 Iberian Ranges 71 Directional Consistency Index 334 North Anatolian Fault Zone 307 dm 405 Sinai (SW) 339 domains 405 Vall6s-Pened6s fan 96 dp 405 chemical remanent magnetization (CRM) 404 Drama plate 244,245 Iberian Ranges 70, 71 DRM see detrital remanent magnetization Santorini 347,348,350 chitinoidellidstratigraphy, Carpathians (West) 192-3 Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone 301 ChRM see characteristic remanent magnetization Edrinal, Sierra del 2! chromite, Valle Ricca 222 Cimmeria 246 archaeomagnetism study 379 cleaning 404 Nubian Sandstone 325-31 coercivity 404 Tertiary limestone 333-9 Lusitanian Basin 112 Eo-Hellenic orogenic phase 290 Sinai (North) 327 Eocene coercivity spectra 404 Greek ophiolite remagnetization 293,294,295 coins, archaeomagnetic evidence from 381 North Anatolian volcanism 309 confidence limits on magnetic poles 404 North Hungary 162,170-1 conglomerate test 404 Sinai 335, 336, 337, 338, 339 contact metamorphism in tectonic analysis 112 Ephesus, archaeomagnetism studies 377 Corsica-Sardinia block rotation 145 Esna Shales 333 Cretaceous studies Etna Adria 122-3,128 flow archaeomagnetism 375,375-6,380 Albanides evolution 272 lava dates 370 Carpathians 182,183 European plate Lusitanian Basin 114-15 APWP 1-3,230 microcontinent motion 244, 245 tectonic regimes 225,226 Monte Raggeto 196-202 palaeopoles 233 ferrimagnetism 405-6 Sinai (North) 325-31 ferromagnetism 406 Tethyan seafloor spreading 250-1 field tests 406 CRM see chemical remanent magnetization Fisherian statistics 406 cryogenic magnetometers 408 flattening factor 92 Cserhgit Mts 167 fluxgate magnetometers 408 Cukali-Krasta zone 265,267,268 fold test 406 Curie temperature 404--5 Betic Cordillera 37, 38 Biikk Mts 158 Iberian Ranges 86 Cusano Formation 134 Trabia-Tallarita section 209 see Troodos terrane Folgerhaiter, Giuseppe (Father of archaeomagnetism) 373-4 rotation 341 , archaeomagnetism studies 375 declination (D) 405 Aegean 280, 281 GAD see geocentric axial dipole Albania 274 geocentric axial dipole (GAD) 406 418 INDEX geographic coordinates 407 susceptibility 62 Gerakini massif 290 igneous intrusions in tectonic analysis 112 Gessoso Solfifera Formation 206-7 ilmeno-hematite, Iberian Ranges 66-7, 79 Gevgueli complex 290 in situ directions 407 Gharandal Group 333 inclination (I) 374-8, 4117 Arc 33, 48-50 Aegean 280, 282-3 global palaeomagnetic database 13,225 Albania 274 APWP results Betic Cordillera 26-7, 37-8, 46-7 Africa 230-1 Carpathians 178, 181,189 230 Greece 293, 294 Mobile Tethys Belt 231-4 Hungary 171,386, 396 data filtering procedures 226-30 Iberian Ranges 62-3, 88 goethite 4117 Italy 143,201, 362, 369 Iberian Ranges 66-7 Lusitanian Basin 113, 114 Sinai (North) 327-8 Morocco 54 Sinai (SW) 335 Pyrenees 104 gravitational torque 91 Santorini 350 great circle analysis 4117 Sinai 331, 339, 341 Greece Turkey 306 archaeomagnetism studies 377-8,379 Vall6s-Pened6s Basin 91-2 ophiolite geodynamics 289-97 inclination shallowing 96-7,407 greigite, Valle Ricca 222 intensity of magnetization, archaeological study 378-80 Hallstatt sediments 128 119 Hatay ophiolite 317 Ionian Zone 277-8 Hellenides, tectonic setting 13, 14, 119 IRM see isothermal remanent magnetization hematite 4117 iron sulphides, 143,222 Albanides 270 Ischia, lava dates 370 Betic Cordillera 23, 46 isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) 381, Carpathians (West) 177, 187 4117-8 Iberian Ranges 66-7, 79 methods of measurement 327 North Anatolian Fault Zone 303 regional studies Sinai 327-8,335,337 Aegean 282 Vall6s-Pened6s Basin 94 Albanides 270 Hercynian orogeny 9, 53, 111,225 Betic Cordillera 23, 24, 46 Hungary Hungary 159, 169 archaeomagnetic calibration curve 386-98 Iberian Ranges 65-6, 86 Carpathians (West) 175--6 Italy 136,221-2 J-K boundary recognition 185 Sinai 327,334-6 biostratigraphy 191-2 Italy 233-4 magnetostratigraphy 191 archaeomagnetism studies 375-6,377, 378 mineralogy 185-8 Campi Flegrei 359--63 NRM 188-9 Matese Mts 134-8 Permian-Neogene palaeomagnetic analysis Monte Raggeto 196-201 history of research 176-7 Tuscan-Latium-Tyrrhenian margin 141-5 magnetic properties 177-80 Valle Ricca 219-22 tectonic significance 180-3 see also Adria North Central Range rotation studies 153-71 Transdanubian Central Range APWP 125-6 Jurassic studies 231-3,243 Adria 122-3 Iberian Meseta 5, 9 Albanides evolution 272 Iberian microplate 83 111 Betic Cordillera 23 Iberian Ranges 83-5 Carpathians 181,182 Jurassic limestone study 85-90 Greek ophiolites 293,294,295--6 Middle Triassic formations 59 Iberian Range 85-90 components analysis 70-3 Lusitanian Basin 111, 114 IRM 65-6 magnetostratigraphy 73-9 k 4118 mineralogy 66-70 Betic Cordillera 25, 46--7 NRM 61 Iberian Ranges 88 stratigraphy 60-1 Italy 369 structure of remanence 61-2 Lusitanian Basin 113 controls on 79-80 Morocco 54 direction 62-5 Sinai 331, 339 INDEX 419

Turkey 306 mineralogy Kannaviou Formation 313 Albanides 270 Kaval pluton 284 Betic CordilLera 23, 46 Kavala-Komotini-Xanthi fault 285 Carpathians (West) 177,185-8 Komotini-Xanthi basin 283 Iberian Ranges 66-70, 86 Koronia Formation 315 Italy 137,143,195,197,221-2,362,369 Krapa Hills 294,295 Greek ophiolites 292 Krizn~i nappe 177-9 Lusitanian Basin 112 North Anato|ian Fault Zone 303 Larnaca graben 318,319 Sinai 327-8,335-7 , palaeopole study 233 Vall6s-Pened6s Basin 94 Lefkara Formation 313,315 Minoan civilization Lemnos block 279 effect of Santorini eruption 346-7,353-6 Leptokarya granite 283-4 evidence from archaeomagnetism 381 Ligurian-Piemont 128 Miocene studies Limassol Forest Complex 312,320 Matese Mts rotations 134-8 Lisbon volcanic complex 111 North Hungary 163,171 locality 408 Sinai 331-2,335, 336, 337, 338, 339 Lonano Formation 134,135 Sub-Betic rotation 49 Lusitanian Basin Vall6s-Pened6s Basin 93-8 origins 111 Mirdita zone 265,267,270 tectonic tilt study 112-16 Mitsero graben 318 Moni melange 317 MAD 408 Monopigadhon granite 294 maghemite 408 Monte Raggeto 196 North Anatolian Fault Zone 303 carbonate magnetostratigraphy Sinai (SW) 336 methods of analysis 196-7 magnetic components 408 results magnetic intensity 408 magnetic periodicity 201-2 magnetite 408 mineralogy 197 Betic Cordillera 23, 46 stratigraphy 199-201 Carpathians (West) 186,188 Moravia see Carpathians (West) Greek ophiolite 292 Morocco 9, 50, 53 Iberian Range 86 archaeomagnetism studies 377 Italy 143,195,197,222,362,369 palaeomagnetic measurements 53-5 North Anatolian Fault Zone 303 tectonic significance 55-6 Sinai (SW) 335 Vall6s-Pened6s Basin 94 natural remanent magnetization (NRM) 409 magnetization 408 methods of measurement 291,327,333 magnetometers 408 effect on aeromagnetic anomalies 151 magnetostratigraphy regional studies Caltanissetta Basin 207-11 Albanides 270 Carpathians 191 Betic Cordillera 23, 37, 46 Iberian Ranges 73-9 Caltanissetta Basin 208,210 Italy 199-201,219-21,367-70 Carpathians (West) 188-9 Mamonia terrane 317,320-1 Iberian Ranges 61, 86 Matese Mts Italy 134-8,220 NRM measurements 134-8 Sinai 327,328-31,337-8 see also Monte Raggeto Troodos terrane 314 MD 408 Vall6s-Penedds Basin 95-6 mean direction of magnetization 408-9 Navazo Alto 22-3 11, 14, 120, 278 Neapolitan Yellow Tuff 359-60 evolution see Tethys Ocean emplacement temperature 16 Mercury, Temple of 374,381 method of analysis 360-2 Meso-Hellenic orogenic phase 290 results 362 Mesogean Ocean 297 results discussed 362-3 Mesohellenic Trough 278 theory of method 360 Messinian salinity crisis 13,205 Neogene studies Mediterranean record 213-15 magnetic overprinting 8, 33--41 Sicilian record rotation 144,153-71,179-80,182 lithostratigraphic record 206-7 Neotethys 240,246,252 magnetostratigraphic record 207-11 net tectonic rotation 409 sedimentation rates 211-13 N6gragid Basin 163 timing 215-16 North American APWP 123-4 420 INDEX

North Anatolian Fault Zone 15,274,299,300 Pliocene studies deformation 302 Sinai 332 palaeomagnetic analysis 303-9 Valle Ricca 13,219-21 tectonic modelling 302-3 plunge correction 410 Northern Aegean Basin 278 Pontides 299,300 Northern Calcareous Alps 119,126-8 Portugal see Lusitanian Basin NRM see natural remanent magnetization post-depositional remanent magnetization (PDRM) Nubian Sandstone 325 410 methods of analysis 326-7 hazards in interpretation 91 palaeomagnetic characteristics 327-32 Iberian Ranges 69 numismatics, archaeomagnetic evidence for 381 pottery, palaeomagnetic characteristics of 380 Pozzolana 359 Oligocene, North Hungary 162,171 precision parameter 410 ophiolites primary magnetization 410 Greece 289-91 principal component analysis (pea) 410 geodynamic analysis 297 Neapolitan Yellow Tuff study 360 Mirdita 271,273 progressive thermal demagnetization (PTD) 360,361 Tethyan 252,255-7 PTRM see partial thermal remanent magnetization Oreokastro massif 290 Puy de Drme 374 orogenic belt remagnetization problems 83 Pyrenees (Eastern) 10, 103 orogenic episodes deformation 105-7 Alpine 225-6 palaeomagnetic data analysis 103 Caledonian 225 tectonic rotation 103-5 Variscan-Hercynian 225 thrust geometry reconstruction 107 orthogonal magnetization diagram 409 pyrite overprint 409 Carpathians (West) 188 Valle Ricca 222 Pakhna Formation 313 pyrrhotite 410-11 Palaeocene Sinai 335, 336, 337, 338, 339 reference direction 411 Palaeogene relaxation time 411 Pyrenean thrusting 107 remagnetization 411 palaeogeography 128-9,296 in orogenic belts 83 palaeohorizonta1409 remagnetization circles 411 palaeointensity 409 remagnetization directions, Betic Cordillera (West) palaeolatitude 409 37-8 palaeomagnetic pole 40%10 remanent magnetization 411 palaeomagnetic rotation 410 reversal test 411 Palaeotethys 240,246,252 Rhodope Massif 14,283--4 Paliouri massif 290,292,293,295 Rif Mts 20 Pannonian Basin 120 Rillo Mudstone and Sandstone Formation 60-1,73--4 paramagnetism 410 Ronda peridotites 43-4 partial thermal (thermo)remanent magnetism 16, palaeomagnetic characters 44-7 347,380 tectonic significance 47-51 see also thermal (thermo)remanent magnetization rotation studies pca see principal component analysis Aegean 284-5 PDRM see post-depositional remanent Betic Cordillera 28-30, 38-40, 47-8 magnetization Carpathians 179-80, 182 Pelagonian-Menderes-Tauride microplate 245 Cyprus 314-17 Penninic Ocean 128 Greece 295-7 Perapedhi Formation 313,315 Hungarian North Central Range 153-71 Periadriatic Belt 119 Iberia 89-90, 111 Permian studies Italy 137-8, 143-5 Adria 122 Carpathians 181,182 Sakarya microplate 245 microcontinent motion 242 salinity crisis see Messinian salinity crisis Tethyan rifting 248--9 Santorini 16,345 Pietraroia Formation 134 archaeomagnetism studies 381 Pindos Ocean 128, 129,255 eruption history 346-7 plate motions 3-4, 6, 103 emplacement temperature measurement Pleistocene studies methods 348-9 Italy (South) 144 results Plio-Pleistocene studies lithic breccia 349-53 Italy (South) 143-4 middle pumice airfal1353 INDEX 421

Minoan eruption 353-6 Svoula flysch 245 pumice 356 syn-folding remanence 413 theory 347-8 Syrian arc rotation 340-1 Sardinian anomaly 147-8 SD 412 Taurides 300 secondary magnetization 412 temperature measurement in volcanics secular variation (SV) 382,397-8,412 methods 348-9 Serbo-Pelagonian microcontinent 245 results from Santorini study shape effects in archaeomagnetism 394 lithic breccia 349-53 shear remanent magnetization (SRM) 379-80 middle pumice airfal1353 Shkoder-Pec line 265 Minoan eruption 353-6 Sicani basin 233 pumice 356 Sicily theory 347-8 Etna archaeomagnetism 370,375,375-6,380 Tertiary studies Messinian salinity crisis Lusitanian Basin 115 lithostratigraphy 206-7 Sinai 333--40 magnetostratigraphy 207-11 see also Palaeocene; Eocene; Oligocene; Miocene; sedimentation history 2113 Pliocene; Pleistocene; Palaeogene; Neogene palaeopole study 233 tesla 413 Silica nappe 177 Tethys Belt Sinai 15-16 defined 226 Nubian Sandstone study 325 palaeopole study 234 method of analysis 327 Tethys Ocean 128 results 327-31 closure 257 results discussed 332 role in Eastern Mediterranean evolution 13 sampling 326-7 tectonic models Tertiary limestone study 333 current research 247-57 methods 333-4 evaluation of 257-8 results history of development 240-6 magnetization 337-9 Thebes Formation 333 mineralogy 334-7 Thera see Santorini results discussed 339-40 thermal demagnetization 413 Sintra plutonic complex 111 method 85-6,334 site 412 regional studies Sithonia massif 14,293,295 Betic Cordillera 35 Slovakia see Carpathians (West) Iberian Ranges 65, 79, 86 Solea graben 318,319 North Hungary 157, 160, 168 Southern Alps palaeomagnetic analysis Santorini 348, 349 Jurassic-Cretaceous 122-3 Sinai (SW) 338 Permo-Triassic 122 thermal (thermo)remanent magnetization (TRM) 413 Southern Troodos Transform Fault Zone 312,319-20 theory of use 347,360 see Betic Cordillera; Iberian Ranges; Pyrenees; tilt correction 403 Vall6s-Pened6s Basin titanomaghemite specimen 412 Sinai (SW) 336 SQUID 408 titanornagnetite 413--14 SRM see shear remanent magnetization Greek ophiolite 292 stability index 334 Lusitanian Basin 112 stepwise demagnetization 412 Matese Mts 137 stratigraphic coordinates 412 North Anatolian Fault Zone 303 Suez Gulf, rotation of 341 Sinai (SW) 335 sun compass 412 Torete Multicoloured Mudstone Formation 61, 74-9 superparamagnetism 412-13 Transdanubian Central Range 120,125-6 susceptibility 413 transit plates 244 methods of measurement 291 Triassic studies regional studies Adria 122 Albanides 270-1 AIbanides evolution 272 Betic Cordillera 23, 46 Carpathians 182 Caltanissetta Basin 208 Iberian Ranges 59-80 granite building stones 381 Lusitanian Basin extension 111 Iberian Ranges 62-5 microcontinent motion 242 North Anatolian Fault Zone 303-4 Tethyan rifting 249 Sinai (North) 328-31 Tripoli Formation Vall6s-Penedds Basin 94-5 Licata section 209-11,211 SV see secular variation Trabia-Tallarita section 207-9,211,213 422 INDEX

TRM see thermal (thermo)remanent magnetization Vall6s-Pened6s Basin 9-10, 93 Troodos terrane 15 fan facies study microplate rotations fabric 96-8 mechanism 31 6-17 methods 93--4 palaeomagnetic evidence 314-15 mineralogy 94 spreading axes associations 318-19 NRM 95-6 timing 315-16 susceptibility 94-5 transform fault zone associations 319-20 Vardar Ocean 128, 129,245 setting 3112 closure 254-5 pelagic cover 313-14 Vardar Struma Fault System 274 sheeted dyke complex 312-13 Vardar-Axios ophiolite 289,290 tumbler 414 Variscan orogeny 225 , palaeopole study 233 vector component diagram 414 Turkey Vesuvius archaeomagnetism studies 377,379 ash archaeomagnetism 16,376,380 North Anatolian Fault Zone 274,299,300 magnetic stratigraphy deformation 302 method of analysis 368 palaeomagnetic analysis 303-9 results 368--70 tectonic modelling 302-3 theory of method 367-8 TVRM see viscous remanent magnetization (thermo) VGP see virtual geomagnetic pole Villaluenga del Rosario 22-3, 26-7 evaporites 213 virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) 414 palaeomagnetic analysis of North margin 145 viscous components, problems of 86 rotation 151,152 viscous remanent magnetization (VRM) 414-15 Vocontian Trough 128 Umbria-Marche Apennines volcano studies see Etna; Santorini; Vesuvius APWP 122-3,125 Vourinos massif 290 rotation 145 Vourinos-Pindos-Othrys ophiolite 289 unblocking temperature 414 VRM see viscous remanent magnetization unbiocking temperature spectra 414 Western Subbetics 33 Valais Trough 128 Valle Ricca 13 Xanthi granite 283-4 magnetic mineralogy 222 magnetostratigraphy zeolitization in Neapolitan Yellow Tuff 362,363 method of measurement 219 Zijderveld plots 37, 87, 415 results 220-1