DOCSLIB.ORG

Aeolian Sands and Sandstones

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aeolian Sands and Sandstones Durham E-Theses Aeolian sands and sandstones Steele, Richard Patrick How to cite: Steele, Richard Patrick (1981) Aeolian sands and sandstones, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7504/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk AEOLIAN SANDS AND SANDSTONES RICHARD PATRICK STEELE, B.Sc. Collingwood College A thesis submitted to the University of Durham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Geological Sciences December 1981 VOLUME I OP II The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. ii VOLUME I; CONTENTS Page List of figures viii Abstract xvii Preface xix CHAPTER 1 MODERN ERGS 1 Section 1.1 Climate and vegetation 1 Definition of the term desert 1 Causes of deserts 2 Vegetation in ergs 3 Section 1.2 The dimensions of ergs 4 Section 1.3 Erg development 7 Constraints on the growth of ergs 7 A model for the development of ergs 11 Section 1.4 Ergs and associated facies 14 Summary 16 CHAPTER 2 THE WIND, BEDPORMS AND CROSS-BEDDING 18 Introduction 18 Section 2.1 The wind 18 Section 2.2 Aeolian bedforms and their origins 20 General 20 Ripples 23 Megaripples 29 Dunes and draa 3"1 Section 2.3 Cross-bedding 37 General 37 The generating bedforms 38 The cross-bedding pattern 43 Section 2.4 Implications for palaeocurrents 54 Section 2.5 The analysis of cross-bedding 57 iii Page Summary 60 CHAPTER 3 THE LAMINATION AND GRAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF AEOLIAN SANDS 61 Introduction 61 Section 3.1 Lamination 61 Section 3«2 Grain size 71 Section 3«3 Grain shape and surface texture 84 Summary 86 CHAPTER 4 THE LOWER PERMIAN SETTING IN BRITAIN 88 Introduction 88 Section 4.1 Stratigraphic terminology 88 Section 4»2 The Permian climate in Britain 89 Section 4-3 Erosion, deposition and tectonics ^ CHAPTER 5 THE YELLOW SANDS - INTRODUCTION AND SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES 94 Section 5«1 The lithology and definition of the formation 94 Exposures 97 Section 5«2 Form and internal structures 99 Distribution and thickness 98 Descriptions of localities 101 Palaeocurrents 126 Summary of the sedimentary features at the top of the formation 127 Summary 130 CHAPTER 6 THE DEPOSITION OF THE YELLOW SANDS 131 Introduction 131 Section 6.1 Bedforms, bounding surfaces and wind regime 131 The palaeocurrent diagram 133 Wind regime 136 iv Page Sand-sheet deposits 139 Bounding surfaces 143 Dune size 145 The rate of deposition of the formation 146 Section 6.2 The Zechstein transgression 147 Previous work 147 The evidence of the sedimentary structures 149 Mass "balance and palaeogeographical considerations 153 Discussion 154 The history of development of the Yellow Sands erg 156 CHAPTER 7 THE LAMINATION, GRAIN SIZE CHARACTERISTICS AND PETROLOGY OF THE YELLOW SANDS 158 Section 7.1 Lamination and grain size characteristics 158 Introduction 158 Lamination 158 The grain size data - description 159 The grain size data - deductions and interpretation 165 Section 7.2 The petrology of the Yellow Sands 167 Introduction 167 Methods 168 Colour 170 Framework grains 171 Pigmenting and associated minerals 174 Authigenic dolomite 181 Grain overgrowths 182 Calcite cement 182 Other minerals 186 Porosity and compaction 187 Section 7«3 The provenance and diagenesis of the Yellow Sands Provenance The diagenetic sequence Summary CHAPTER 8 THE BRIDGNORTH SANDSTONE Section 8.1 Introduction, stratigraphy and distribution Section 8.2 Sedimentary structures Introduction Description and interpretation of the cross-bedding Other structures Section 8.3 Lamination and grain size Methods Lamination Grain size characteristics Section 8.4 Petrography and diagenesis Colour and general characteristics Framework grain composition Grain shape and surface texture Porosity and compaction Pigment and pore-lining clays Feldspar dissolution and overgrowths Pore-filling clays Other minerals Paragenesis Section 8.5 A comparison with the Yellow Sands Summary CHAPTER 9 THE PENRITH SANDSTONE vi Page Introduction 239 Section 9»1 Stratigraphy and location 239 General 239 Palaeogeography 241 Section 3.2 Sedimentary structures 242 Cross-bedding 242 Lamination 244 Other structures 244 Section 9-3 Petrography 247 Previous work 247 Composition 249 Pigment and pore-lining clays 250 Quartz overgrowths 252 Other minerals 253 Po rosity and compaction 254 Section 3.4 Interpretation of the diagenesis 255 Summary CHAPTER 10 THE SIGNIFICANCE, CHARACTERISTICS AND IDENTIFICATION OP AEOLIAN SANDS 260 Introduction 260 Section 10.1 The palaeogeographic and stratigraphic significance of aeolian sandstones in the U.K. 260 Stratigraphy 260 Wind regime and climate 263 Section 10.2 The characteristics of aeolian sandstones 266 Cross-bedding 266 Lamination 277 Grain size characteristics 282 Grain shape and surface texture 285 Diagenesis 286 Facies relationships 290 vii Page Reservoir properties 292 Section 10.3 The identification of aeolian sandstones 293 General 293 Aeolian v. shallow marine sands 294 Identifying criteria and their pitfalls 299 Summary 303 APPENDIX OTHER AEOLIAN SANDSTONES IN THE U.K. 305 REFERENCES 311 viii VOLUME II: CONTENTS DIAGRAMS, PHOTOGRAPHS, TABLES AND ENCLOSURES Pa,ge CHAPTER 1 MODERN ERGS FIG. 1.1 World map showing deBerts and ergs 2 FIG. 1.2 Size histogram of ergs 3 FIG. 1.3 Ergs, subsidence and tropospheric flow 4 FIG. 1.4 Weathering and deflation rates 5 FIG. 1.5 Erg models 6 FIG. 1.6 Facies in tectonically Stable deserts 7 FIG. 1.7 Facies in tectonically active deserts 8 CHAPTER 2 THE WIND, BEDFORMS AND CROSS-BEDDING FIG. 2.1 Types of aeolian bedform 10 FIG. 2.2 Wind ripples 11 FIG. 2.3 Ripple patterns and the ballistic mechanism 12 FIG. 2.4 The rebound of saltating grains 13 FIG. 2.5 The behaviour of saltating grains where the path length has a finite standard deviation 13 FIG. 2.6 Bedform pattern types 14-15 FIG. 2.7 Transverse dunes on sinuous transverse draa in the Rub' al Khali, Saudi Arabia 16 FIG. 2.8 Wind regime and bedform patterns 17 FIG. 2.9 Migrating and climbing draa in two dimensions 18 FIG. 2.10 Factors governing first order Bet thickness 19 FIG. 2.11 Factors governing third order set thickness 20 FIG. 2.12 Preservation in linguoid and lunate patterns 21 FIG. 2.13 Cross-bedding pattern produced by a sinuous transverse bedform migrating and climbing uniformly 22 FIG. 2.14 Cross-bedding pattern developed by two superposed orders of sinuous transverse bedform 23 FIG. 2.15 The development of mod if icotioa surfaces 24 ix Page FIG. 2.16 Cross-bedding pattern produced by two superimposed orders of sinuous transverse bedform with partly random behaviour 25-26 FIG. 2.17 Bedform shapes and potential palaeocurrent azimuths 27 CHAPTER 3 THE LAMINATION AND GRAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF AEOLIAN SANDS FIG. 3.1 Wind-ripple lamination 29 FIG. 3.2 Sandflow lamination 30 FIG. 3*3 Sand-sheet lamination y\ CHAPTER 4 THE LOWER PERMIAN SETTING IN BRITAIN FIG. 4«1 Permian stage names and time scale 33 FIG. 4' Late Permian continent reconstruction 34 FIG. 4«3 Palaeowinds from the British Lower Permian 35 CHAPTER 5 THE YELLOW SANDS - INTRODUCTION AND SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES FIG. 5-1 Distribution of the Yellow Sands and Basal Breccias 37 F G. 5-2 Lower Permian palaeogeography and isopachs, NW Europe 38 FIG 5-3 Comparative Rotliegendes sequences 39 FIG. 5«4 The subsurface distribution of the Yellow Sands 4° FIG. 5*5 Specimen of the pebble lag layer, Cullercoats 41 FIG. 5.6 Base of the Yellow Sands, Tynemouth 42 FIG. 5.7 Base of the Yellow Sands, North Hylton 43 FIG. 5.8 Overthrust laminae, McCall's Quarry 44 FIG. 5.9 View of the top of the Yellow Sands, McCall's Quarry 45 FIG. 5.10 Lingula credneri at McCall's Quarry 46 FIG. 5.11 ?Permophorus costatus at McCall's Quarry 47 FIG. 5.12 The north face of Hetton Downs Quarry 48 FIG. 5-13 Minor ridges on the top of the Yellow Sands, Hetton Downs Quarry 49 X Page FIG. 5.14 West face of Sherburn Hill Sand Pit 50 FIG. 5.15 Crime Rigg Quarry 51 FIG. 5-16 Measured sections of the top of the Yellow Sands, Sherburn Hill Sand Pit 52 FIG. 5.17 Deformation, Sherburn Hill Sand Pit 53 FIG. 5.18 Bioturbation, Sherburn Hill Sand Pit 54 - FIG. 5.19 Top of the Yellow Sands, Bowburn Quarry 55 FIG. 5.20 Top of the Yellow Sands Bowburn Quarry 56 FIG. 5-21 ?Permophorus costatus. Bowburn Quarry 57 FIG. 5.22 Deformation, Bowburn Quarry 58 FIG. 5'23 Deformation, Bowburn Quarry 59 FIG. 5-24 Deformation of the planar-bedded zone, Bowburn Quarry 60 FIG, 5«25 Cross-bedding and red sand, Bowburn Quarry 61 FIG. 5-26 Measured sections of the top of the Yellow Sands, Quarrington Hill Quarry 62 FIG. 5-27 Possible water-lain cross-lamination, Quarrington Hill Quarry 63 FIG.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Official List of Houston County Qualified Voters State of Alabama Houston County
    OFFICIAL LIST OF HOUSTON COUNTY QUALIFIED VOTERS STATE OF ALABAMA HOUSTON COUNTY As directed by the Code of Alabama, I, PATRICK H. DAVENPORT, Judge of Probate, hereby certify that the within constitutes a full and correct list of all qualified electors, as the same appears from the returns of the Board of Registrars, on file in this office, and who will be entitled to vote in any election held in said county. Notice is hereby given to any voter duly registered whose name has been inadvertently, or through mistake, omitted from the list of qualified voters herein published, and who is legally entitled to vote, shall have ten days from the date of thispublication to have his or her name entered upon the list of qualified voters, upon producing proof to the Board of Registrars of said County that his or her name should be added to said list. This list does not include names of persons who registered after Jan 16, 2020. A supplement list will be published on or before Feb 25, 2020. PATRICK H. DAVENPORT Judge of Probate ANDREW BELLE ANNETTE BURKS DELISA THOMAS CUNNINGHAM KYLE JACOB EDWARDS MICHAEL WAYNE GOODWIN SHARRON ANNELLE COMM CENTER BLACK MORRIS K BURNEY HANSEL CURETON JAMES T EDWARDS MICHELLE MAIRE GOOLSBY KIMBERLY SHANEDRA ABBOTT CLARISSE ANN BLACK NATASHA LYNETTE BURNSED ROBERT AUSTIN III CURLIN STACY DENISE EIKER REBECCA GORDON MAE EVELYN ABBOTT EARL LEIGHTON III BLACK SARAH FRANCIS BURROUGHS APRIL ANTRONN CURRY ANTHONY DWAYNE ELLARD GRANADA IRENE GORLAND KIMBERLY DARLINE ADAMS CHANEY ALEDIA BLACKBURN MICHAEL EDWARD BURROUGHS KHAALIS
    [Show full text]
  • Tyne Catchment Flood Management Plan Policies and Measures for Managing Flood Risk Ouseburn Policy Unit
    Tyne Catchment Flood Management Plan Policies and measures for managing flood risk Ouseburn policy unit Revision 2: February 2012 Policies and measures for managing flood risk: Lower Tyne Tidal policy unit 1 Revision 2: January 2012 We are the Environment Agency. It’s our job to look after your environment and make it a better place – for you, and for future generations. Your environment is the air you breathe, the water you drink and the ground you walk on. Working with business, Government and society as a whole, we are making your environment cleaner and healthier. The Environment Agency. Out there, making your environment a better place. Published by: Environment Agency Rivers House 21 Park Square South Leeds, West Yorkshire LS1 2QG Tel: 08708 506 506 © Environment Agency XX2012 All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced with prior permission of the Environment Agency. 2Policies and measures for managing flood risk: Lower Tyne Tidal policy unit Revision 2: January 2012 Introduction I am pleased to introduce the policy appraisal for the Ouseburn policy unit. This document provides the evidence for the preferred approach for managing flood risk, from all sources, within this policy area over the next 50 to 100 years and the measures required to implement this approach. The Tyne CFMP is listen to each others progress, discuss what one of 77 CFMPs has been achieved and consider where we for England and Wales. Through the CFMPs, may need to update parts of the CFMP. As we have assessed inland flood risk across all such this document remains ‘live’.
    [Show full text]
  • Literature in the Louisiana Plantation Home Prior to 1861: a Study in Literary Culture
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1937 Literature in the Louisiana Plantation Home Prior to 1861: A Study in Literary Culture. Walton R. Patrick Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Patrick, Walton R., "Literature in the Louisiana Plantation Home Prior to 1861: A Study in Literary Culture." (1937). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 7803. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/7803 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MANUSCRIPT THESES Unpublished theses submitted for the master^ and doctor*s degrees and deposited in the Louisiana State University Library are available for inspection* Use of any thesis is limited by the rights of the author* Bibliographical references may be noted, but passages may not be copied unless the author has given permission# Credit must be given in subsequent written or published work* A library which borrows this thesis for use by its clientele is expected to make sure that the borrower is aware of the above res trictions * LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY LITERATURE IN THE LOUISIANA PLANTATION HOME PRIOR TO 1861 A STUDY IN LITERARY CULTURE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENGLISH Walton Richard Patrick M.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposed School on Hetton Primary School Site
    Economy and Place Directorate Jack Crawford House Commercial Road Sunderland, SR2 8QR Proposed School on Hetton Primary School Site Transport Statement December 2020 Hetton Primary School Transport Statement December 2020 Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Existing Site Information…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2 2.1. Site Description ....................................................................................................................... 2 2.2. Surrounding Road Network .................................................................................................... 2 2.3. Accident Records..................................................................................................................... 3 3. Accessibility by Sustainable Modes of Transport……………………………………..………………………………..4 3.1. Pedestrian Accessibility ........................................................................................................... 4 3.2. Accessibility by Cycle ............................................................................................................... 4 3.3. Accessibility by Rail ................................................................................................................. 5 3.4. Accessibility by Bus ................................................................................................................. 6 4. Proposed School Operations..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Splendors of and Made Themselves Accessible for Questions.”
    “Libya has some of the best Roman and Greek archaeological sites I’ve ever seen and they are not overrun with other tourists. Our leaders are excellent sources of information SplendorS of and made themselves accessible for questions.” “Excellent tour—the sites, people, libya guides and cultural experiences were wonderful. It’s a must see and March 16 – 30, 2011 (15 days) experience tour. Thanks for an out- October 19 – November 2, 2011 (15 days) standing experience.” Travel with Dr. Susan Kane, Director of the Cyrenaica Archaeological Project at Cyrene, Libya, and advisor to the Libyan Department of Antiquities. VISIT LIBYA’S SPECTACULAR UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES: • Spend a full day at Cyrene, one of the greatest ancient Greek city-states. Its vast ruins include the Temple of Zeus, which is larger than the Parthenon of Athens. • Admire the magnificent coastal site of Leptis Magna, one of the largest and Above, Leptis Magna’s 16,000 seat amphitheater overlooking the best-preserved Roman cities in the world. Mediterranean. Below, the theater at • Marvel at the Roman city of Sabratha, where the aquamarine sea surrounds Sabratha is considered one of the finest in the remains of partially excavated temples, houses and extensive baths. the Roman world. • Explore the legendary caravan city of Ghadames (Roman Cydamus). HISTORICAL & CULTURAL TREASURES • Discover Tripoli’s Arch of Marcus Aurelius, the Ahmad Pasha al Qaramanli Mosque, and lively souks with a myriad of wares. • Visit the traditional Berber village of Nalut, scenically situated alongside the Jabal Nafusa mountain range, where the Berber settlement dates back to the 11th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Limestone Landscapes: a Geodiversity Audit and Action Plan for The
    Limestone Landscapes - a geodiversity audit and action plan for the Durham Magnesian Limestone Plateau Geology and Landscape England Programme Open Report OR/09/007 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOLOGY AND LANDSCAPE ENGLAND PROGRAMME OPEN REPORT OR/09/007 Limestone Landscapes - a geodiversity audit and action The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used plan for the Durham Magnesian with the permission of the Con- troller of Her Majesty’s Station- ery Office. Limestone Plateau Licence No: 100017897/ 2009. Keywords geodiversity, Durham, Permian, D J D Lawrence Limestone, Landscape. National Grid Reference Editor SW corner 429800,521000 Centre point 438000,544000 A H Cooper NE corner 453400,568000 Front cover The Magnesian Limestone at Marsden Bay Bibliographical reference LAWRENCE, D J D. 2009. Limestone Landscapes - a geodiversity audit and action plan for the Durham Magnesian Limestone Plateau. British Geological Survey Open Report, OR/09/007. 114pp. Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Sur- vey, Keyworth, E-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. Maps and diagrams in this book use topography based on Ord- nance
    [Show full text]
  • The Western Desert Is Part of the Driest Region on Earth, Where The
    Chapter 10 WIND PAÏTtiKNS IN THK WESTERN DEbERT FARUUK EL-ÜAZ and R. W. WOLFE cJational Air and Space Museum Smitnsonian Institution Washington, D.C. 2Û30U AtíSTKAüT The Western Desert is part of the driest region on Earth, where the inaident solar radiation is capable of eva- porating 200 times the amount of precipitation^ For this reason wind is the main agent of erosion and deposition in a sompletely eolian environment. Data on wind velocity and direction are analysed in this paper to establish their relationships to sand transport and orientation of dunes. Surface wind data are swrmarized for 42 meteorological sta- tions between 15° and 35° N latitude and 15° and 41° E longitude. The summaries are presented in the form of graphs showing the patterns of sand-moving winds in wind roses, sand-drift potential in resultants, and streamlines. The basic patterns agree with the overall southward, direc- tion of prevailing wind, and thus of general sand transport directions. Variations from this general pattern are believed to be due to interaction between the wind and local topography. Prevailing wind directions in the Western Desert are also analyzed in terms of seasonal wind cir- culation patterns in North Africa. Because of the scarcity of data, it is recommended that automated meteorological stations be used to gather information cm local winds in the open desert, particularly in the southwestern part, which is important for analog correlations with Mars, INTKUUÜLTIOLSI As part of the eastern Sahara, the Western Desert is one of the driest places on Earth, The "aridity index" of much of this desert is 200, Which means tnat the incident solar energy is capable of eva- porating 2U0 times the amount of precipitation received (Henning and Fiohn, 1977).
    [Show full text]
  • Wildlife Corridors Network Review BURTON REID
    Wildlife Corridors Network Review Final Report (Consultation Draft) Client Gateshead Council South Tyneside Council Sunderland City Council | December 2020 | BR0465/LDP/A | BURTON REID ASSOCIATES Wildlife Corridors Network Review December 2020 Gateshead Council | South Tyneside Council | Sunderland City Council BR0465/LDP/A Report Burton Reid Associates, Suite 8 Buckfastleigh Business Centre, 33 Chapel St, produced by Buckfastleigh, Devon TQ11 0AB Document ref: BR0465/LDP/A Client: Gateshead Council South Tyneside Council Sunderland City Council Project: Wildlife Corridors Network Review Report Burton Reid Associates, Suite 8 Buckfastleigh Business Centre, 33 Chapel St, produced by Buckfastleigh, Devon TQ11 0AB Author(s) Chrissy Mason MSc EcIA MCIEEM; Laura Snell BSc (Hons) MCIEEM Verified by Jenni Reid BSc (Hons) CEnv MCIEEM Issue date 11 December 2020 Revision 20 November 2020 Partial Draft 27 November 2020 Final Rev B 07 December 2020 Final Rev C 11 December 2020 Final Report A BURTON REID ASSOCIATES 2 Wildlife Corridors Network Review December 2020 Gateshead Council | South Tyneside Council | Sunderland City Council BR0465/LDP/A ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Burton Reid Associates are grateful for the input and support throughout the project of Claire Dewson (Sunderland City Coun- cil), Clare Rawcliffe (South Tyneside Council), Peter Shield (Gateshead Council), Gary Baker (Sunderland City Council) Deborah Lamb (South Tyneside Council) Grant Rainey (Gateshead Council) Chris Carr (Gateshead Council) and Mike Oxford. The authors are also grateful for the permission of the case studies partners including: Stephanie Evans (Chichester District Council) Nicky Court (Hampshire Biodiversity Information Centre) Maria Clarke (Dorset Local Nature Partnership) Maurice Maynard (Merseyside Environmental Advisory Service) Natalie Rutter (Newcastle City Council) Jackie Hunter (North Tyneside Council) and Dan Wrench (Shropshire Council).
    [Show full text]
  • THE LONDON GAZETTE, NOVEMBER 24, 1901 ?60I
    THE LONDON GAZETTE, NOVEMBER 24, 1901 ?60i North-street freehold (back street), Middle- Level crossings on the Herrington Colliery street freehold (back street), South-street free- Railway in the road leading from East Barn- hold (back street), road from Hetton Back-lane well Farm to West Herrington. *: by Pittington Bank-cottages over disused Level crossings on the Philadelphia Branch railway towards Moorsley Banks, road from of the Lambton Railway in the road from Hetton Back-lane by Field House to Homer Spring Gardens to Catherine-terrace New Hill. Herrington and at Philadelphia. In the parish of Moor House :—Eoad from Level crossings on the Hetton Colliery Rail* Woodside by Mally Gill along riverside to way at Plains Farm Silksworth in North Moor- Brasside Old Bridge. lane Silksworth, in the road from Hangman's- In the parish of Moorsley:—Road leading lane Warden Law to Warden Law North from Quarry House through Moorsley Bottoms Farm, and in the road-leading from Warden to High Moorsley, Moorsley Banks, road leading Law to Mill House. from Moorsley Banks by High Moorsley disused Level crossing on the Penshaw Foundry quarry to Pittington, road leading from Moors- Railway in Success-road. ley Banks and across North Eastern Raihvay Level crossing on the Houghton Branch of towards Pittington Bank-cottages. the Lambton Railway, at Sunnyside, in the road The railways which the Company propose to from Newbottle to Mary Pit. take power to break up are :— Level crossings on the Newcastle, Leamside In the urban district of South wick-on-Wear—
    [Show full text]
  • Three Five Four Three Two Two One Three
    Central Station Metro Bus and Metro tickets Area map and local bus services Transfare tickets Network One tickets to St James’ Park to Monument Map Key Nexus E Nearest bus stops for 9 minutes T 8 minutes R Road served by bus S Are you making one journey using Are you travelling for one day or one week on different onward travel W A A Bus stop (destinations listed below) ES R H Stop Stop no. Stop code TG E ATE C Metro bus replacement R different types of public transport types of public transport in Tyne and Wear? ø A 08NC95 twramgmp OAD GS N T G I J Metro line B 08NC94 twrgtdtw O The Journal K A HN ST N L I National Rail line C 08NC93 twramgmj R in Tyne and Wear? For one day’s unlimited travel on all public transport in Tyne Theatre D T M G National Cycle Network (off-road) D D 08NC92 twramgmg D Alt. J S E Tyne and Wear*, buy a Day Rover from the ticket machine. Hadrian’s Wall Path E 08NC91 twramgmd R Dance U Newcastle P A Transfare ticket allows you to buy just one ticket W A Gallery W Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright 2015. P ES F T 08NC90 twramgma V City IN TGA E Arts Arena T E K E R for a journey that involves travelling on more than For one week’s travel on all public transport in Tyne and Wear*, G 08NC87 twramgjt E OA L LA D Metro bus R H 08NC86 twramgjp U T simply choose which zones you need S one type of transport – eg Metro and bus.
    [Show full text]
  • Sailing the Great Sand Sea
    People and Place Curriculum Resources on Human-Environmental Interactions Hemispheres is a joint project of: Teresa Lozano Long Institute of Latin American Studies Center for Middle Eastern Studies Center for Russian, East European & Eurasian Studies South Asia Institute in the College of Liberal Arts at The University of Texas at Austin Hemispheres People and Place Curriculum Resources on Human-Environmental Interactions Primary Authors: Natalie Arsenault, Outreach Coordinator Teresa Lozano Long Institute of Latin American Studies Christopher Rose, Outreach Coordinator Center for Middle Eastern Studies Allegra Azulay, Outreach Coordinator Center for Russian, East European & Eurasian Studies Jordan Phillips, Outreach Coordinator South Asia Institute People and Place Curriculum Resources on Human-Environmental Interactions Final Version Original Compilation Date: June 2005 Final Publication Date: April 2007 Permission is granted to reproduce this unit for classroom use only. Please do not redistribute this unit without prior permission. For more information, please see: http://www.utexas.edu/cola/orgs/hemispheres/ Permission to include copyrighted materials in this unit is indicated in citations. sailing the great sand sea TEACHER NOTES GOALS In this unit, students will understand the ways in which North African traders were able to adapt to the harsh environment of the Sahara desert in order to extract natural resources and engage in trans-desert trade for economic gain. They will understand: (1) the factors that define a desert and the different types of deserts; (2) that the introduction of the camel to North Africa provided a solution that made trans-Saharan trade possible; and (3) the natural resources available in the desert and the advantages to be had from harnessing them.
    [Show full text]
  • Village Atlas Sections 11
    THE HETTON VILLAGE ATLAS A Community, its History and Landscape HETTON LOCAL & NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY THE HETTON VILLAGE ATLAS THE LANDSCAPE, HISTORY AND ENVIRONMENT OF HETTON-LE-HOLE AND NEIGHBOURING COMMUNITIES Lyons Cottages at Hetton Lyons, with the cottage lived in by Robert Stephenson during construction of the Hetton Colliery Railway shown nearest to the camera. Edited by Peter Collins, Alan Rushworth & David Wallace with text and illustrations by The Archaeological Practice Ltd, Peter Collins, Ivan Dunn, Brenda Graham, Alan Jackson, Ian Roberts, Pat Robson, Peter Ryder, Bob Scott, Sue Stephenson, Mary Stobbart, Susan Waterston, Paul Williams, David Witham and Peter Witham, Hetton Local and Natural History Society Lifting the track of the Hetton Colliery Railway in Railway Street, Hetton, in 1959 © Hetton Local and Natural History Society and the individual authors and contributors Published by Hetton Local and Natural History Society Printed by Durham County Council CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PREFACE: Peter Witham 1. INTRODUCTION FEATURE: Hetton-le-Hole and Hetton-le-Hill 2. LOCATION AND LANDSCAPE 3. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE HISTORIC MAP FEATURE: Hetton Mapped through Time 4. THE GEOLOGY OF THE HETTON AREA (Paul Williams & Peter Witham) 5. LANDSCAPE AND BIO-DIVERSITY (Pat Robson, Bob Scott, Peter Witham & Ivan Dunn) 6. HYDROLOGY (Pat Robson, Bob Scott & Peter Witham) 7. HISTORIC SITE GAZETTEER 8. HISTORIC BUILDINGS (Peter Ryder) 9. COMMUNITIES AND SETTLEMENTS 10. HISTORICAL SYNTHESIS UP TO 1850 APPENDIX: Signposts to a Lost Landscape Charters 11 MINING IN HETTON: PART 1 THE MAJOR COLLIERIES (David Witham & Peter Witham) 12 MINING IN HETTON: PART 2 THE MINOR COLLIERIES (David Witham & Peter Witham) 13.
    [Show full text]